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107-571: The Strong Republic Transit System (SRTS) was a program initiated by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on June 14, 2003, aimed at integrating the various rail lines providing public transport in Metro Manila , Philippines . It aimed to provide a "reliable, seamless and integrated mass transit system that would be at par with international standards" by unifying existing rail infrastructure under one transit system and fare structure. The Manila Light Rail Transit System ( Line 1 and Line 2 ),
214-612: A likewise revolutionary constitution . Consequently, this government is today officially considered to be the proper "first republic" and is also called the Malolos Republic , after its capital Malolos in Bulacan ; its congress (formally "National Assembly") and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well. Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until
321-529: A mark of cultural respect. The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office: "I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to
428-512: A minority of Chinese Filipinos whose ancestral roots trace all the way back from the Guangdong or Guangxi provinces of Southern China . Most Chinese Filipinos raised in the Philippines, especially those of families of who have lived in the Philippines for multiple generations, are typically able and usually primarily speak Philippine English , Tagalog or other regional Philippine languages (e.g., Cebuano , Hiligaynon , Ilocano , etc.), or
535-569: A national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued the Philippine Republic which was the culmination of several governments headed by Emilio Aguinaldo that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture. Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president. In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before
642-576: A standardized version of Tagalog , as the national language and an official language along with English . Filipino is regulated by Commission on the Filipino Language and serves as a lingua franca used by Filipinos of various ethnolinguistic backgrounds. Republic Act 11106 declares Filipino Sign Language or FSL as the country's official sign language and as the Philippine government's official language in communicating with
749-670: Is Bongbong Marcos , who was sworn in on June 30, 2022, at the National Museum of Fine Arts (formerly the Legislative Building). The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title in Filipino is Pangulo ( cognate of Malay penghulu "leader", "chieftain"). In the other major languages of the Philippines such as the Bisayan languages , presidente
856-405: Is an official language of education, but less important than English as a language of publication (except in some domains, like comic books ) and less important for academic-scientific-technological discourse. Filipino is used as a lingua franca in all regions of the Philippines as well as within overseas Filipino communities, and is the dominant language of the armed forces (except perhaps for
963-437: Is between the regional languages and the minority languages. Here, we label the regional languages as acrolects while the minority languages as the basilect . In this case, the minority language is spoken only in very intimate circles, like the family or the tribe one belongs to. Outside this circle, one would speak in the prevalent regional language, while maintaining an adequate command of Filipino for formal situations. Unlike
1070-609: Is considered to be the 16th president. While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States' jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War ; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate. Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States when they gave
1177-540: Is more common when Filipinos are not actually code-switching with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, President Rodrigo Duterte broke precedent by not using the honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials. The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under Japanese occupation of
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#17327984807861284-520: Is the prevalence of code-switching to English when speaking in both their first language and Tagalog. The Constitution of the Philippines provides for the use of the vernacular languages as official auxiliary languages in provinces where Filipino is not the lingua franca . Filipinos by and large are polyglots ; in the case where the vernacular language is a regional language, Filipinos would speak in Filipino when speaking in formal situations while
1391-555: Is the sentence "Were you there at the market for a long time?" translated into certain varieties of Bikol. The translation is followed by dialect and corresponding language , and a city/town in Bicol where they are spoken. The final translation is in Tagalog. Below is a chart of Philippine languages. While there have been misunderstandings on which ones should be classified as language and which ones should be classified as dialect ,
1498-614: Is used in official documents of business, government, the legal system, medicine, the sciences and as a medium of instruction. Filipinos prefer textbooks for subjects like calculus, physics, chemistry, biology, etc., written in English rather than Filipino. However, the topics are usually taught, even in colleges, in Tagalog or the local language. By way of contrast, native languages are often heard in colloquial and domestic settings, spoken mostly with family and friends. The use of English attempts to give an air of formality, given its use in school, government and various ceremonies. A percentage of
1605-586: Is used primarily in religious activities and education (such as in a madrasa or Islamic school) and rarely for official events or daily conversation. In this respect, its function and use is somewhat like the traditional roles of Latin and Spanish in Filipino Catholicism vis-à-vis other currently spoken languages. Islamic schools in Mindanao teach Modern Standard Arabic in their curriculum. The first significant exposure of Filipinos to
1712-657: The Batanic languages which includes Ivatan , Babuyan, and Itbayat of the Batanes . Below are the numbers of Filipinos who speak the following 20 languages as their native languages based on the 2020 Census of Population and Housing by the Philippine Statistics Authority . The number of speakers of each language is calculated from the reported number of households by assuming an average household size of 4.1 persons as of 2020. Native languages in
1819-561: The EDSA Revolution of 2001 that removed Joseph Estrada from office. The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana . Ladies must wear baro't saya (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the barong tagalog . Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as
1926-628: The English language occurred in 1762 when the British invaded Manila during the Seven Years' War , but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946, and remains an official language of the Philippines. On August 22, 2007, three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English , in order to promote
2033-561: The Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. The following are the four Philippine languages with more than five million native speakers: In addition, there are seven with between one and five million native speakers: One or more of these is spoken natively by more than 90% of the population. A Philippine language sub-family identified by Robert Blust includes languages of north Sulawesi and
2140-674: The Manila Metro Rail Transit System ( Line 3 ) and the Philippine National Railways (PNR) Northrail and Southrail lines were covered by the SRTS project. The SRTS project provided seven "links", i.e. interchange stations , where commuters can transfer from one line to another. When the program was initiated, four links were in use. The Santa Mesa and Recto Link were added in April 2004, when
2247-867: The Office of the President . The president also exercises general supervision over local government units. The president has the power to give executive issuances , which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987: executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders. The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment. The president can grant amnesty with
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#17327984807862354-579: The Philippines . The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . The president is directly elected by the citizens of the Philippines and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the vice president of the Philippines . However, four vice presidents have assumed
2461-675: The Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite . The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan . It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina ), "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas ) and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan ). Months later, Aguinaldo
2568-627: The Treaty of Paris of 1898 , signed in December of that year. The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldo's government. His government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March. The current government of the Republic of the Philippines considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be
2675-745: The United States Navy sailed for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy . Aguinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel and renewed the revolution. He formed a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898, and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. During this brief period he took
2782-695: The Yami language of Taiwan , but excludes the Sama–Bajaw languages of the Tawi-Tawi islands, as well as a couple of North Bornean languages spoken in southern Palawan . Eskayan is an artificial auxiliary language created as the embodiment of a Bohol nation in the aftermath of the Philippine–American War . It is used by about 500 people. A theory that the Brahmic scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and
2889-511: The regional languages are spoken in non-formal settings. This is evident in major urban areas outside Metro Manila like Camarines Norte in the Bikol -speaking area, and Davao in the Cebuano -speaking area. As of 2017 , the case of Ilocano and Cebuano are becoming more of bilingualism than diglossia due to the publication of materials written in these languages. The diglossia is more evident in
2996-447: The vice president takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During Quezon 's inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start. Custom has enshrined three places as
3103-469: The "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution. This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means. Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution, including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime, which gave the president legislative powers, as well as the unicameral legislature called
3210-404: The 135 living languages in the country, (2) "video documentation" of all Philippine languages, (3) "revival of the ancient scripts of the Philippines" where each ethnic group's own script shall be revived and used in schools along with the currently-used Roman script in communities where those script/s used to be known, (4) "teaching of ethnic mother languages first" in homes and schools before
3317-526: The 14th century. Along with Malay , Arabic was the lingua franca of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay aristocracy . The 1987 Constitution mandates that Arabic (along with Spanish) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. As of 2015 Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southernmost parts of Philippines. It
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3424-514: The 1898 Declaration of Independence). The president of the Philippines , being the chief executive, serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines . The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the Cabinet and all executive departments . There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under
3531-489: The 1935 Commonwealth of the Philippines , the First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never internationally recognized , and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it (and they) claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people. The Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by
3638-547: The Batasang Pambansa (literally National Legislature in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights. This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution. Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon
3745-537: The Commission on the Filipino Language , reporting directly to the President and tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote research for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages . On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92–1, specifying that Filipino is the ...indigenous written and spoken language of Metro Manila and other urban centers in
3852-607: The Filipino Deaf. While Filipino is used for communication across the country's diverse linguistic groups and in popular culture , the government operates mostly using English. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Filipino than English in the Philippines. The other regional languages are given official auxiliary status in their respective places according to the constitution but particular languages are not specified. Some of these regional languages are also used in education. The indigenous scripts of
3959-712: The National Historical Institute (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines ) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's first Supremo , but rather Deodato Arellano . In 2013, the Manila City Council passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as
4066-628: The Philippine nation and people as the "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People". According to Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo , including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of
4173-571: The Philippines Below are the country's top ten languages by the number of households in which they are spoken, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority. There are a total of 26,388,654 households in the country. ^Boholano, Tausug/Bahasa Sug, Maranao, Karay-a/Kinaray-a, Bukidnon/Binukid-Akeanon/Aklanon, Masbateño/ Masbatenon, Surigaonon, and Zamboagueño-Chavacano Endangered and extinct languages in
4280-520: The Philippines distinguished the government of then-president José P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government-in-exile under President Manuel L. Quezon . The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines restored the title of "President of the Philippines" enacted in the 1935 constitution. The 1973 constitution, though generally referring to
4387-579: The Philippines (such as the Kulitan , Tagbanwa and others) are used very little; instead, Philippine languages are today written in the Latin script because of the Spanish and American colonial experience . Baybayin , though generally not understood, is one of the most well-known of the Philippine indigenous scripts and is used mainly in artistic applications such as on current Philippine banknotes , where
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4494-660: The Philippines are based on the 3rd world volume released by UNESCO in 2010. Degree of endangerment (UNESCO standard) In a separate study by Thomas N. Headland, the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Dallas, and the University of North Dakota called Thirty Endangered Languages in the Philippines , the Philippines has 32 endangered languages, but 2 of the listed languages in the study are written with 0 speakers, noting that they are extinct or probably extinct. All of
4601-818: The Philippines are descended from an early form of the Gujarati script was presented at the 2010 meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Philippine languages are often referred to by Filipinos as dialects , partly as a relic of the inaccurate vocabulary used in literature during the American period (1898–1946). While there are indeed many hundreds of dialects in the Philippines, they represent variations of no fewer than 120 distinct languages, and many of these languages maintain greater differences than those between established European languages like French and Spanish. The vast differences between
4708-697: The Philippines independence through the Tydings–McDuffie Act . He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election. During the Second World War , the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments. One was Quezon and the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D.C. , and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic. Notably, Laurel
4815-556: The Philippines used as the language of communication of ethnic groups . In 2013, President Noynoy Aquino 's government launched the country's mother tongue -based multi-lingual education program for students in kindergarten to Grade 3, effectively reviving the usage and proliferation of various indigenous languages in the country. The program also strengthened the Filipino language and English language learning capabilities of students. In 2018, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act 11106, declaring Filipino Sign Language (FSL) as
4922-456: The Philippines. A National Script bill has been filed in Congress in support of the third and fifth proposal, however, the bill only mandates the usage of the ancient script compatible with the national language, which is Filipino. Arabic is used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the arrival of Islam and establishment of several Sultanates in
5029-491: The Pilipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language , to be known as Filipino . In addition, Spanish regained its official status when President Ferdinand Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155, s. 1973. The 1987 Constitution under President Corazon Aquino declared Filipino to be the national language of the country. Filipino and English were named as
5136-576: The Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino: Pangulo ng Haring Bayan ). While the term Katipunan (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: República Tagala ; Filipino: Republika ng Katagalugan ), and the term haring bayan or haringbayan as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots as res publica . Since Presidente Supremo
5243-643: The Supreme Assembly), or Pangulo ng Haring Bayan (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings. Although the word Tagalog refers to the Tagalog people , a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southern Luzon , Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipinos , which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of
5350-418: The United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946. On the same day, Manuel A. Roxas , the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines, also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines. A new Constitution ratified on January 17, 1973, under
5457-408: The United States to establish a government in exile in the United States. On August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, Laurel officially dissolved the republic. The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II, with Vice President Sergio Osmeña becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944. It remained in effect after
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#17327984807865564-403: The already-under-construction Line 2 became fully operational. The Northrail project was cancelled in September 2012; because of this, the Caloocan Link is missing. The proposed extension of Southrail services to Caloocan, a part of SRTS, was not executed either. The closing of the loop has, as of 2015, almost been completed by extending Line 1 with five new stations, unlike originally outlined by
5671-596: The archipelago as a whole may go as far back as the early 10th century during the Song dynasty . Mandarin Chinese is the medium of instruction and subject matter being taught for Chinese class in Chinese schools in the Philippines . However, the Lan-nang-ue variant of Hokkien Chinese is the majority household and heritage language of the Chinese Filipinos who, for generations, mostly trace roots from Southern Fujian province in China . Other varieties of Chinese such as Yue Chinese (especially Taishanese or Cantonese ), Teochew , and Hakka are spoken among
5778-444: The basis that it was the most widely spoken and developed local language. Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. In 1939, President Manuel L. Quezón renamed the Tagalog language as Wikang Pambansa ("national language" in English translation). The language was further renamed in 1959 as Pilipino by Secretary of Education José E. Romero . The 1973 constitution declared
5885-423: The board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in
5992-523: The case of other languages such as Pangasinan , Kapampangan , Bikol , Waray , Hiligaynon , Sambal , and Maranao , where the written variant of the language is becoming less and less popular to give way to the use of Filipino. Although Philippine laws consider some of these languages as "major languages" there is little, if any, support coming from the government to preserve these languages. This may be bound to change, however, given current policy trends. There still exists another type of diglossia, which
6099-462: The case of the regional languages, these minority languages are always in danger of becoming extinct because of speakers favoring the more prevalent regional language. Moreover, most of the users of these languages are illiterate and as expected, there is a chance that these languages will no longer be revived due to lack of written records. In addition to Filipino and English, other languages have been proposed as additional nationwide languages. Among
6206-407: The chart confirms that most have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. These languages are arranged according to the regions they are natively spoken (from north to south, then east to west). There is a language spoken by the Tao people (also known as Yami) of Orchid Island of Taiwan which is not included in the language of the Philippines. Their language, Tao (or Yami) is part of
6313-442: The commonwealth according to Justice George A. Malcolm . Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Army on May 2, 1942. On October 14, 1943, José P. Laurel became president under a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupation . Laurel, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines , had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to Corregidor and then to
6420-437: The concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Congress . The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. The president has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain . The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and
6527-417: The consent of the Commission on Appointments , the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials. The members of the Supreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from
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#17327984807866634-519: The constitution, Filipino is in practice almost completely composed of the Tagalog language as spoken in the capital, Manila; however, organizations such as the University of the Philippines began publishing dictionaries such as the UP Diksyonaryong Filipino in which words from various Philippine languages were also included. The present constitution is also the first to give recognition to other regional languages. Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, by President Corazon Aquino, created
6741-468: The country's official language for the Filipino deaf community. Filipino is a standardized version of Tagalog , spoken mainly in Metro Manila. Both Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, with third local languages often being used at the same time. Filipino has borrowings from, among other languages, Spanish, English, Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Nahuatl . Filipino
6848-464: The country's official languages, with the recognition of regional languages as having official auxiliary status in their respective regions (though not specifying any particular languages). Spanish and Arabic were to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. Filipino also had the distinction of being a national language that was to be "developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages." Although not explicitly stated in
6955-429: The existing native languages." On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President Manuel L. Quezón appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages . Their aim was to select a national language among the other regional languages . Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language on December 30, 1937, on
7062-518: The first president of the Philippines-based specifically on his presidency of the Malolos Republic, not any of his various prior governments. Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by
7169-455: The first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines. A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President Benigno Aquino III to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president. In the same year, representatives of the Philippine House of Representatives passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as
7276-425: The first president. A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016. According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president. In March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of a new revolutionary government at
7383-457: The government. Between 1898 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American military governors-general and eleven civil governors-general. In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines , which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a constitution ratified on May 14 of that year. During its first five years,
7490-451: The inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the president of the tagalog provinces, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo ; Filipino : Kataas-taasang Pangulo ) of the Katipunan , a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of
7597-461: The languages can be seen in the following translations of what has been asserted to be the Philippine national proverb: The amount of dialectal variation varies from language to language. Languages like Tagalog, Kapampangan and Pangasinan are known to have very moderate dialectal variation. For the languages of the Bicol Region , however, there is great dialectal variation. There are cities and towns which have their own dialects and varieties. Below
7704-816: The list of nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council . Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments . As per Article 6, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral Congress , which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives . However, the president has some legislative power. The president has the power to veto any bill passed by Congress. Article 6, Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to
7811-492: The listed languages are Negrito languages, the oldest languages in the Philippines. There have been numerous proposals to conserve the many languages of the Philippines. According to the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino , there are 135 ethnolinguistic groups in the country, each having their own distinct Philippine language. Among the proposals include (1) "establishing a dictionary & sentence construction manual" for each of
7918-401: The lowest in English out of all of the subjects on their licensing exams. A large influx of English ( American English ) words have been assimilated into Tagalog and the other native languages called Taglish or Bislish . There is a debate, however, on whether there is diglossia or bilingualism, between Filipino and English. Filipino is also used both in formal and informal situations. Though
8025-534: The manner provided by law. The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately. The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally,
8132-562: The masses would prefer to speak in Filipino, government officials tend to speak in English when performing government functions. There is still resistance to the use of Filipino in courts and the drafting of national statutes. In parts of Mindanao, English and Tagalog blend with Cebuano to form "Davao Tagalog". Diplomatic ties with the Ming dynasty among some established states or kingdoms in Luzon and direct interactions and trade overall within
8239-542: The media such as cable television and newspapers are also in English; major television networks such as ABS-CBN and GMA and all AM radio stations broadcast primarily in Filipino, as well as government-run stations like PTV and the Philippine Broadcasting Service . However, a 2009 article by a UNICEF worker reported that the level of spoken English language in the Philippines was poor. The article reported that aspiring Filipino teachers score
8346-473: The medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called " Thomasites ") who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to "take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of
8453-407: The most prominent proposals are Spanish and Japanese . According to Ethnologue , a total of 182 native languages are spoken in the nation and four languages have been classified as extinct: Dicamay Agta, Katabaga, Tayabas Ayta and Villaviciosa Agta. Except for English , Spanish , Chavacano and varieties of Chinese ( Hokkien , Cantonese and Mandarin ), all of the languages belong to
8560-541: The national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University College of Law following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines . De la Rama said it was the dream of former Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna , Cavite , Quezón , Nueva Écija , Batangas , Rizal , and Metro Manila. English
8667-664: The oath of office in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. , and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in Butuan . She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao . Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on January 20, 2001, during
8774-642: The official language of the First Philippine Republic . National hero José Rizal wrote most of his works in Spanish. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the use of Spanish declined gradually. Spanish then declined rapidly because of the Japanese occupation in the 1940s. Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as
8881-623: The plan. Line 1 would require one more station to connect it with Line 2. In order of operation, the following links have been realized (colour coding has since changed): The project aimed to unify fare systems on the lines through contactless smart cards , similar to the Octopus card in Hong Kong and the EZ-Link card in Singapore . The integrated system was not implemented, as the project
8988-409: The power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article 3, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. With
9095-414: The presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation. Filipinos generally refer to their president as pangulo or presidente in their local language. The president is limited to a single six-year term. No one who has served more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again. The current president of the Philippines
9202-479: The presidency: Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos. The Constitution also provides term limits where
9309-488: The president as "President of the Philippines", Article XVII, Section 12 once used the term, "President of the Republic." In the text of Proclamation No. 1081 that placed the country under martial law in September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines." Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered
9416-531: The president could serve for a six-year term that cannot be renewed. It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms. When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to the Empire of Japan in World War II , Quezon appointed Chief Justice José Abad Santos as his delegate, which in effect the acting president of
9523-451: The president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of Joseph Estrada who was elected president in 1998 , deposed in 2001 , and again ran for the presidency in 2010 , the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election" remains unclear as his case
9630-480: The president takes the oath of office, a 21-gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state, and the presidential anthem " We Say Mabuhay " is played. The president delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds to Malacañang Palace to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of
9737-407: The president, after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days, veto the bill, or take no action within the timeframe, in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a two-thirds vote of both houses. The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but
9844-620: The rule of Ferdinand Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government. Marcos instituted himself as prime minister while serving as president in 1978. Marcos later appointed César Virata as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos. The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino . On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or
9951-810: The service of the Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.] The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of Fidel V. Ramos , Joseph Estrada , Benigno Aquino III , and Bongbong Marcos reads: "Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.) As soon as
10058-440: The small part of the commissioned officer corps from wealthy or upper-middle-class families) and of a large part of the civil service , most of whom are non-Tagalogs. There are different forms of diglossia that exist in the case of regional languages . Locals may use their mother tongue or the regional lingua franca to communicate amongst themselves, but sometimes switch to foreign languages when addressing outsiders. Another
10165-521: The state rooms. Languages of the Philippines There are some 130 to 195 languages spoken in the Philippines , depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called Chavacano along with some local varieties of Chinese are also spoken in certain communities. The 1987 constitution designates Filipino ,
10272-410: The teaching of Filipino and foreign languages (English, Spanish and Arabic), and (5) "using the ethnic mother language and script first in public signs" followed by Filipino and foreign languages (English, Spanish and Arabic) and scripts, for example, using Cebuano first followed by Filipino and English underneath the sign. Currently, only the fourth proposal has been made by the national government of
10379-471: The title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such. On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a revolutionary government and became known as "President" again. On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo was then elected president of the " Philippine Republic " (Spanish: Republica Filipina ), a new government constituted by a revolutionary congress under
10486-597: The traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: Barasoain Church in Malolos City , Bulacan ; in front of the old Legislative Building (now part of the National Museum ) in Manila; or at Quirino Grandstand , where most have been held. Some presidential have broken precedent, either due to extraordinary circumstances or In 2004, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered her pre-inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took
10593-467: The veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. By exerting their influence on Congress, the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process. The State of the Nation Address also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda. Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding
10700-675: The word "Pilipino" is inscribed using the writing system. Additionally, the Arabic script is used in the Muslim areas in the southern Philippines. Tagalog and Bisaya are the most commonly spoken native language groups. Filipino and English are the official languages of the Philippines. The official languages were used as the main modes of instruction in schools, allowing mother tongues as auxiliary languages of instruction. The Philippine Department of Education (DepEd) has put forth initiatives in using mother tongues as modes of instructions over
10807-514: The years. Spanish was the official language of the country for more than three centuries under Spanish colonial rule, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced universal education , creating free public schooling in Spanish . It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution , and the 1899 Malolos Constitution effectively proclaimed it as
10914-652: Was again elected president at Biak-na-Bato , Bulacan in November, leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas ), commonly known today as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato . Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897. In April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out, and afterwards, the Asiatic Squadron of
11021-513: Was dropped. Instead, a weekly ticket, valid on Lines 1-3, was introduced in 2004. For ₱ 250, one can make unlimited rides per day on Lines 1-3 during one calendar week with the so-called Flash Pass Card . President of the Philippines The president of the Philippines ( Filipino : pangulo ng Pilipinas , sometimes referred to as presidente ng Pilipinas ) is the head of state , head of government and chief executive of
11128-472: Was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon. Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents until Diosdado Macapagal's administration. Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of
11235-476: Was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president. The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May. The latest election was held in 2022 . The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by
11342-476: Was shortened to Supremo in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader" in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historian Xiao Chua , Bonifacio did not refer himself as Supremo but rather as Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President), Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan (President of
11449-416: Was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one, while Roxas was the first president of an independent Philippines. The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors. Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous. For instance, Rodrigo Duterte,
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