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93-615: JIC members include the South Moravian Region, the statutory city of Brno, Masaryk University , Brno University of Technology , Mendel University in Brno , and the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences . Companies that were supported by JIC include Kiwi.com , Flowmon Networks , Y Soft , Safetica Technologies, Sewio, FlowUp or Webnode . JIC was established in 2003 as an association of legal entities. JIC

186-531: A parliamentary democracy during the entirety of the interwar period . After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Nazi Germany systematically took control over the Czech lands. Czechoslovakia was restored in 1945 and three years later became an Eastern Bloc communist state following a coup d'état in 1948. Attempts to liberalize the government and economy were suppressed by a Soviet -led invasion of

279-711: A 3% stake. GINA Software develops a mapping system for mobile devices that enables navigation in challenging terrain, team coordination, and efficient exchange of geographical information. Since then JIC VENTURES has invested in a variety of innovative companies, showcasing a commitment to supporting growth and development in diverse sectors. This portfolio includes Myco, focusing on sustainable solutions; NenoVision, pioneers of in-situ correlative microscopy; Arbo Technologies, developing environmental technologies; Localazy, offering software localization tools; Harangi Sound, specializing in audio technology; Wereldo, enhancing logistics efficiency. This Czech Republic -related article

372-577: A company (Packung) in significantly boosting its revenue and order fulfillment efficiency through the implementation of a new ERP system. JIC VENTURES was founded in 2015 with the aim of investing in current and former JIC program participants. The company supports the development of proven companies with investments of hundreds of thousands to millions of Czech crowns. It plans to use successfully realized shares to support other JIC clients. The company invests alone or with other investors. The first investment of JIC VENTURES went to GINA Software in exchange for

465-517: A lack of money for development. The fragile state of public finances in 1923–1925 and 1933–1934 led to proposals to abolish both the Faculty of Arts and the Faculty of Science. Both faculties eventually survived until 17 November 1939 when the whole university was closed following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . A number of professors of Masaryk University were executed or tortured; for example,

558-550: A number of other names for the country have been used, including Czech/Bohemian lands , Bohemian Crown , Czechia , and the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslaus . When the country regained its independence after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the new name of Czechoslovakia was coined to reflect the union of the Czech and Slovak nations within one country. After Czechoslovakia dissolved on

651-777: A series of dynastic wars, the House of Luxembourg gained the Bohemian throne. Efforts for a reform of the church in Bohemia started already in the late 14th century. Jan Hus ' followers seceded from some practices of the Roman Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419–1434) defeated five crusades organized against them by Sigismund . During the next two centuries, 90% of the population in Bohemia and Moravia were considered Hussites . The pacifist thinker Petr Chelčický inspired

744-421: A temperate climate, situated in the transition zone between the oceanic and continental climate types, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. The temperature difference between summer and winter is due to the landlocked geographical position. Temperatures vary depending on the elevation. In general, at higher altitudes, the temperatures decrease and precipitation increases. The wettest area in

837-529: A third through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as well as due to the war, disease and famine . The Habsburgs prohibited all Christian confessions other than Catholicism . The flowering of Baroque culture shows the ambiguity of this historical period. Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded Moravia in 1663. In 1679–1680 the Czech lands faced the Great Plague of Vienna and an uprising of serfs. There were peasant uprisings influenced by famine. Serfdom

930-457: A university sports center at Pod Hradem Gym. As of 2014, Masaryk University has over 35,000 students and over 2,200 pedagogical staff and offers over 200 bachelor, 290 masters and 130 doctoral full-time study programs, some of them being offered in English or German as well as in combined form. The Office of International Studies helps facilitate incoming and outgoing student mobility. In

1023-584: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an organization in Europe is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Masaryk University Masaryk University ( MU ) ( Czech : Masarykova univerzita ; Latin : Universitas Masarykiana Brunensis ) is the second largest university in the Czech Republic , a member of the Compostela Group and

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1116-843: Is a welfare state with a European social model , universal health care and free-tuition university education . It ranks 32nd in the Human Development Index . The Czech Republic is a member of the United Nations , NATO , the European Union , the OECD , the OSCE , the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group . The traditional English name "Bohemia" derives from Latin : Boiohaemum , which means "home of

1209-607: Is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy . The Parliament ( Parlament České republiky ) is bicameral, with the Chamber of Deputies ( Czech : Poslanecká sněmovna , 200 members) and the Senate ( Czech : Senát , 81 members). The members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected for a four-year term by proportional representation , with a 5% election threshold . There are 14 voting districts, identical to

1302-519: Is actively involved in supporting innovation and entrepreneurship in the Czech Republic. Its connections with EEN (Enterprise Europe Network) and ESA BIC (European Space Agency Business Incubation Centre) are indicative of its involvement in the European innovation ecosystem. JIC also operates projects and subsidiaries. INTEMAC is an organization that specializes in fostering innovation within

1395-416: Is as high as 10 °C (50 °F). The country's capital, Prague, has a similar average temperature, although this is influenced by urban factors. The coldest month is usually January, followed by February and December. During these months, there is snow in the mountains and sometimes in the cities and lowlands. During March, April, and May, the temperature usually increases, especially during April, when

1488-674: Is currently housed in the Veterinary University campus and focuses on pharmacy education through six departments, with plans to move to the Brno-Bohunice campus in the future. Faculty of Economics and Administration Established in 1990, the Faculty of Economics and Administration is one of the younger faculties, located on Lipová Street in Brno-Pisárky. It offers programs in economics, financial business, management, public administration, and regional development at

1581-544: Is designed to support the entrepreneurial ecosystem in South Moravia, facilitating connections with experts, investors, and potential partners locally and internationally. JIC assists innovative companies, students with original ideas, researchers, and inventors. Entrepreneurs who started in JIC incubators include Václav Muchna, co-owner of the company Y Soft, who won the title of the Czech Republic's Emerging Entrepreneur of

1674-467: Is modeled on the U.S. Senate , but each constituency is roughly the same size and the voting system used is a two-round runoff. The president is a formal head of state with limited and specific powers, who appoints the prime minister, as well the other members of the cabinet on a proposal by the prime minister. From 1993 until 2012, the President of the Czech Republic was selected by a joint session of

1767-461: Is still warm and dry. During October, temperatures usually fall below 15 °C (59 °F) or 10 °C (50 °F) and deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves. By the end of November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point. The coldest temperature ever measured was in Litvínovice near České Budějovice in 1929, at −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) and the hottest measured,

1860-504: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , the country took in half a million Ukrainian refugees , the largest number per capita in the world. The Czech Republic lies mostly between latitudes 48° and 51° N and longitudes 12° and 19° E . Bohemia , to the west, consists of a basin drained by the Elbe ( Czech : Labe ) and the Vltava rivers, surrounded by mostly low mountains, such as

1953-723: The Austrian Empire . During the 18th and 19th century the Czech National Revival began its rise, with the purpose to revive Czech language , culture, and national identity. The Revolution of 1848 in Prague, striving for liberal reforms and autonomy of the Bohemian Crown within the Austrian Empire, was suppressed. It seemed that some concessions would be made also to Bohemia, but in the end,

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2046-609: The Boii " (a Gallic tribe). The current English name ultimately comes from the Czech word Čech . The name comes from the Slavic tribe ( Czech : Češi, Čechové ) and, according to legend, their leader Čech , who brought them to Bohemia, to settle on Říp Mountain. The etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root * čel- , meaning "member of the people; kinsman", thus making it cognate to

2139-712: The Circumboreal Region , within the Boreal Kingdom . According to the World Wide Fund for Nature , the territory of the Czech Republic can be subdivided into four ecoregions : the Western European broadleaf forests , Central European mixed forests , Pannonian mixed forests , and Carpathian montane conifer forests . There are four national parks in the Czech Republic. The oldest is Krkonoše National Park ( Biosphere Reserve ), and

2232-600: The Holy Roman Empire . In 1212, Přemysl Ottokar I extracted the Golden Bull of Sicily from the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his descendants' royal status; the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a Kingdom . German immigrants settled in the Bohemian periphery in the 13th century. The Mongols in the invasion of Europe carried their raids into Moravia but were defensively defeated at Olomouc . After

2325-499: The Human Development Index ranked it as a nation of "Very High Human Development". From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as part of Czechoslovakia and since 1993 in its own right, has been a member of the Visegrád Group and from 1995, the OECD . The Czech Republic joined NATO on 12 March 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 21 December 2007 the Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area . Until 2017, either

2418-725: The Krkonoše range of the Sudetes . The highest point in the country, Sněžka at 1,603 m (5,259 ft), is located here. Moravia, the eastern part of the country, is also hilly. It is drained mainly by the Morava River , but it also contains the source of the Oder River ( Czech : Odra ). Water from the Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea , Baltic Sea , and Black Sea . The Czech Republic also leases

2511-662: The Moldauhafen , a 30,000-square-meter (7.4-acre) lot in the middle of the Hamburg Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslovakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles , to allow the landlocked country a place where goods transported down river could be transferred to seagoing ships. The territory reverts to Germany in 2028. Phytogeographically , the Czech Republic belongs to the Central European province of

2604-728: The Potsdam Conference . In the 1946 elections , the Communist Party gained 38% of the votes and became the largest party in the Czechoslovak parliament, formed a coalition with other parties, and consolidated power. A coup d'état came in 1948 and a single-party government was formed. For the next 41 years , the Czechoslovak Communist state conformed to Eastern Bloc economic and political features. The Prague Spring political liberalization

2697-670: The United Nations and is used by other organizations such as the European Union , NATO , the CIA , Google Maps , and the European Broadcasting Union . In 2022, the American AP Stylebook stated in its entry on the country that "both [Czechia and the Czech Republic] are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that

2790-524: The Utrecht Network . Founded in 1919 in Brno as the second Czech university (after Charles University established in 1348 and Palacký University existent in 1573–1860), it now consists of ten faculties and 35,115 students. It is named after Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , the first president of an independent Czechoslovakia as well as the leader of the movement for a second Czech university. In 1960

2883-426: The 1950s. It rejoined the university in 1964 and is located on Poříčí Street. The faculty offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs in humanities, sciences, and arts, covering languages, history, psychology, pedagogy, biology, physics, chemistry, geography, mathematics, music, and art education. Faculty of Pharmacy The Faculty of Pharmacy originally existed from 1952 to 1960 and was reestablished in 2020. It

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2976-621: The 2012/13 academic year the university hosted over 1,000 international students. Students with special needs are assisted by the Teiresiás centre. The university opened the Mendel Museum in 2007, creating an exhibition ground dedicated to the popularization of the scientific work and life of Gregor Johann Mendel who conducted his experiments in the Augustinian abbey where the museum is now located. The Mendel Lectures given by

3069-577: The 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo , supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled Avars , became the ruler of the first documented Slavic state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire . The principality of Great Moravia , controlled by Moymir dynasty , arose in the 8th century. It reached its zenith in the 9th (during the reign of Svatopluk I of Moravia ), holding off the influence of

3162-901: The Brno University of Technology campus and the other, a Biotechnological Incubator, on the university campus in Brno-Bohunice. Since 2020, it also operates the creative hub KUMST in the center of Brno. Within the KUMST initiative, the Czech Republic's first gaming incubator, Gamebaze, was established, which also falls under the JIC. JIC offers services tailored for different stages of business development, including for startups, scale-ups, and top regional companies. These services range from educational programs, mentoring, and competitions for students with innovative ideas, to acceleration programs for startups, expert business consultations for SMEs aiming to expand internationally, and networking opportunities for established companies seeking growth. Each service

3255-501: The Brno-Bohunice campus in 2010. It collaborates with several local hospitals, including the University Hospital Brno. The faculty offers a six-year General Medicine program, a five-year Dentistry program, and various bachelor's degrees in fields like nursing, midwifery, and paramedic studies. Doctoral studies (Ph.D.) are also available. Faculty of Science The Faculty of Science began its activities gradually after

3348-510: The Czech Republic in the European round of the competition in the "Entrepreneurial Environment Development Award" category. At the end of 2011, JIC placed third in the international The Best Incubator Award in the category of the best internationally involved incubator for the year 2011. #brnoregion has been awarded the European Entrepreneurial Region (EER) 2024 award, becoming the first recipient of this title from

3441-600: The Czech Republic is found around Bílý Potok in Jizera Mountains and the driest region is the Louny District to the northwest of Prague . Another factor is the distribution of the mountains. At the highest peak of Sněžka (1,603 m or 5,259 ft), the average temperature is −0.4 °C (31 °F), whereas in the lowlands of the South Moravian Region , the average temperature

3534-406: The Czech Republic. This achievement reflects twenty years of effort to develop the region, closely linked to the activities of the JIC. JIC has three subsidiaries: Intemac Solution, which operates the research center INTEMAC, JIC VENTURES, and FabLab Brno. JIC was involved in the establishment of the network of Czech and Slovak innovation centers, Ynovate. The JIC (South Moravian Innovation Centre)

3627-408: The Czech word člověk (a person). The country has been traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia ( Čechy ) in the west, Moravia ( Morava ) in the east, and Czech Silesia ( Slezsko ; the smaller, south-eastern part of historical Silesia , most of which is located within modern Poland) in the northeast. Known as the lands of the Bohemian Crown since the 14th century,

3720-712: The Czechoslovaks for their anti-Nazi resistance. The German occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of the Soviet and American armies and the Prague uprising . Most of Czechoslovakia's German-speakers were forcibly expelled from the country, first as a result of local acts of violence and then under the aegis of an "organized transfer" confirmed by the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain at

3813-564: The Emperor Franz Joseph I affected a compromise with Hungary only. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the never realized coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Bohemia led to a disappointment of some Czech politicians. The Bohemian Crown lands became part of the so-called Cisleithania . The Czech Social Democratic and progressive politicians started the fight for universal suffrage. The first elections under universal male suffrage were held in 1907. In 1918, during

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3906-480: The Environment Cetocoen. In 2013, university signed a long-term lease with the city of Brno, creating University Cinema Scala in place of movie theatre with over 80 years tradition which was closed down in 2011. The place has various academic functions, hosting official university ceremonies as well as lectures and conferences. Cinema's programming is managed by Aeropolis, which shares the costs with

3999-626: The Faculty of Arts in 1998, focusing on sociology, psychology, and political science. It is located on Joštova Street and offers programs in media studies, environmental studies, social policy, and international relations at all academic levels. Faculty of Sports Studies The youngest faculty, established in 2002, the Faculty of Sports Studies is located in the Brno-Bohunice campus. It has departments for athletics, swimming, outdoor sports, gymnastics, kinesiology, sports pedagogy, health promotion, social sciences, sports management, and sports games. It offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs and has

4092-606: The Faculty of Economics and Administration in 1991, the Faculty of Informatics in 1994, the Faculty of Social Studies in 1998, and the Faculty of Sports Studies in 2002. A new university campus has been under construction in Brno-Bohunice since 2002. The last stage of development should be completed in 2015. Campus houses most Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Sports Studies, part of Faculty of Sciences as well as several research facilities such as Central European Institute of Technology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in

4185-547: The Faculty of Law in 1969. But conditions changed again rapidly with the Normalization of the 1970s after the 1968 invasion of Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia. The university was renamed Masaryk University in Brno in 1990, then regaining its original name by dropping the "in Brno" from the title in 2006. A new era of development began after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 and the establishment of

4278-518: The Faculty of Science lost one quarter of its teaching staff. Many of the executions took place in the Mauthausen concentration camp in 1942. The renewal of university life after the end of World War II was interrupted by the Communist takeover . The percentage of students expelled in various faculties ranged from 5 percent at the Faculty of Education to 46 percent at the Faculty of Law, which

4371-593: The Faculty of Social Studies (FSS) in 1998, and the Faculty of Sports Studies (FSpS) in 2002. The Faculty of Law closed in 1950 and reopened in 1969. The Faculty of Education became an independent school in 1953 and rejoined the university in 1964. The Faculty of Pharmacy operated briefly from 1952 to 1960, then re-established in 1991 under a different university, and reintegrated into Masaryk University in 2020. From 1990 to 1991, two faculties in Silesia (Faculty of Arts in Opava and Faculty of Business and Entrepreneurship in Karviná) were part of Masaryk University before forming

4464-423: The Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, with a role being played by the Byzantine mission of Cyril and Methodius . They codified the Old Church Slavonic language, the first literary and liturgical language of the Slavs , and the Glagolitic script . The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the Přemyslid dynasty . Bohemia was from 1002 until 1806 an Imperial Estate of

4557-417: The Germanic tribes of the Marcomanni and Quadi settled there. Slavs from the Black Sea – Carpathian region settled in the area (their migration was pushed by an invasion of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe into their area: Huns , Avars , Bulgars and Magyars ). In the sixth century, the Huns had moved westwards into Bohemia, Moravia, and some of present-day Austria and Germany. During

4650-407: The Habsburgs became first the elected and then in 1627 the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. Between 1583 and 1611 Prague was the official seat of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court. The Defenestration of Prague and subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the Thirty Years' War . In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain and

4743-586: The Silesian University in 1991. Faculty of Law The Faculty of Law, established in 1919, is one of the oldest faculties at Masaryk University. Temporarily closed during the communist regime, it was reopened in 1969. The faculty is housed in a building originally intended for the university's campus on Veveří Street. It offers a five-year master's program in Law and various bachelor's and doctoral programs in public administration and business, with 11 specializations in Czech and four in English. Faculty of Medicine The Faculty of Medicine, also founded in 1919, moved to

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4836-405: The United Nations of the Czech republic (2006– ), before he was Ambassador to the United States for the Czech Republic between 2001 and 2005. Alumni also include director František Vláčil , playwright Milan Uhde , composer Antonín Tučapský and poets Jan Skácel and Ivan Blatný . Athlete Šárka Kašpárková and ice hockey players Jiří Holík and Josef Augusta also attended

4929-424: The Year 2006 in a competition organized by Ernst & Young. The Šabatka (father and son) from IDEA StatiCa also received the EY Entrepreneur of the Year award in 2020. JIC also operates FabLab, which is an open digital workshop in the Czech Technology Park in Brno, established in 2017. The company FabLab Brno was founded in 2022. In 2010, JIC won the national round of the European Enterprise Awards and represented

5022-415: The bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels. Faculty of Informatics Founded in 1994, the Faculty of Informatics was created by separating the informatics department from the Faculty of Science. It is situated on Botanická Street and offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs in Informatics and Applied Informatics. Faculty of Social Studies The Faculty of Social Studies became independent from

5115-411: The centre-left Czech Social Democratic Party or the centre-right Civic Democratic Party led the governments of the Czech Republic. In October 2017, the populist movement ANO 2011 , led by the country's second-richest man, Andrej Babiš , won the elections with three times more votes than its closest rival, the Civic Democrats. In December 2017, Czech president Miloš Zeman appointed Andrej Babiš as

5208-451: The cinema on the occasion of International Students' Day (Student Seventeen) since 2014. Masaryk University together with other institutions of higher education participate in CEITEC – a research centre for both basic and applied research in the field of life sciences. The university owns and operates Mendel Polar Station in Antarctica . The station facilitates basic biological, geological and climatological research. The station

5301-485: The collapse of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent republic of Czechoslovakia , which joined the winning Allied powers, was created, with Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk in the lead. This new country incorporated the Bohemian Crown . The First Czechoslovak Republic comprised only 27% of the population of the former Austria-Hungary, but nearly 80% of the industry, which enabled it to compete with Western industrial states. In 1929 compared to 1913,

5394-404: The context of Industry 4.0, focusing on the digitalization of production processes. It provides a testing environment for companies to explore advancements in smart manufacturing, automation, and robotics. INTEMAC also offers support in the development and optimization of new solutions, compliance with norms, client specifications, and technology presentation spaces. An achievement includes assisting

5487-458: The country during the Prague Spring in 1968. In November 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended communist rule in the country and restored democracy . On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved , with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic is a unitary parliamentary republic and developed country with an advanced , high-income social market economy . It

5580-404: The country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic." Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlements in the area, dating back to the Paleolithic era. In the classical era , as a result of the 3rd century BC Celtic migrations, Bohemia became associated with the Boii . The Boii founded an oppidum near the site of modern Prague. Later in the 1st century,

5673-404: The country's administrative regions. The Chamber of Deputies, the successor to the Czech National Council , has the powers and responsibilities of the now defunct federal parliament of the former Czechoslovakia. The members of the Senate are elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round runoff voting for a six-year term, with one-third elected every even year in the autumn. This arrangement

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5766-401: The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Crown lands became part of the Austrian Empire . In the 19th century, the Czech lands became more industrialized; further, in 1918, most of the country became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic following the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I . Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain

5859-453: The first president of Czechoslovakia , contributed greatly to the establishment of Masaryk University. ( Masaryk in his scientific and political activities paid attention to the development of Czechoslovak universities and since the 1880s he emphasized the need for broad competition in scientific work. In this context, he pointed out that the only Czech university at that time needed a competitive institution for its development.) The founding of

5952-422: The following grant schemes: The university is a highly research-intensive institution. It puts "a great deal of emphasis on international cooperation with prestigious foreign universities and [other] research institutions". The university has maintained its position within the world best 600 universities for years 2016–2018. Amongst all universities in the EU-countries joined the EU since 2004, Masaryk University

6045-400: The gross domestic product increased by 52% and industrial production by 41%. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held 10th place in the world industrial production. Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a liberal democracy throughout the entire interwar period. Although the First Czechoslovak Republic was a unitary state , it provided certain rights to its minorities,

6138-417: The independent countries of the Czech Republic and Slovakia . Both countries went through economic reforms and privatizations , with the intention of creating a market economy , as they have been trying to do since 1990, when Czechs and Slovaks still shared the common state. This process was largely successful; in 2006 the Czech Republic was recognized by the World Bank as a "developed country", and in 2009

6231-424: The largest Czech faculty. It is primarily located on Arne Nováka Street. The faculty offers numerous programs in languages, literature, history, philosophy, psychology, and the arts at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels, through its various departments and institutes. Faculty of Education Founded in 1946, the Faculty of Education was temporarily replaced by a higher pedagogical school and an institute in

6324-403: The largest being Germans (23.6% in 1921), Hungarians (5.6%) and Ukrainians (3.5%). Western Czechoslovakia was occupied by Nazi Germany , which placed most of the region into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia . The Protectorate was proclaimed part of the Third Reich, and the president and prime minister were subordinated to Nazi Germany's Reichsprotektor . One Nazi concentration camp

6417-473: The last day of 1992, Česko was adopted as the Czech short name for the new state and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic recommended Czechia for the English-language equivalent. This form was not widely adopted at the time, leading to the long name Czech Republic being used in English in nearly all circumstances. The Czech government directed use of Czechia as the official English short name in 2016. The short name has been listed by

6510-684: The months of May to August (average around two such days per month). Severe thunderstorms , producing damaging straight-line winds, hail , and occasional tornadoes occur, especially during the summer period. As of 2020, the Czech Republic ranks as the 21st most environmentally conscious country in the world in Environmental Performance Index . It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 1.71/10, ranking it 160th globally out of 172 countries. The Czech Republic has four National Parks ( Šumava National Park , Krkonoše National Park , České Švýcarsko National Park , Podyjí National Park ) and 25 Protected Landscape Areas. The Czech Republic

6603-430: The movement of the Moravian Brethren (by the middle of the 15th century) that completely separated from the Roman Catholic Church. On 21 December 1421, Jan Žižka , a successful military commander and mercenary, led his group of forces in the Battle of Kutná Hora , resulting in a victory for the Hussites. He is honoured to this day as a national hero . After 1526, Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg control as

6696-426: The new prime minister. In the 2021 elections , ANO 2011 was narrowly defeated and Petr Fiala became the new prime minister. He formed a government coalition of the alliance SPOLU ( Civic Democratic Party , KDU-ČSL and TOP 09 ) and the alliance of Pirates and Mayors . In January 2023, retired general Petr Pavel won the presidential election , becoming new Czech president to succeed Miloš Zeman. Following

6789-437: The northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate . The capital and largest city is Prague ; other major cities and urban areas include Brno , Ostrava , Plzeň and Liberec . The Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the late 9th century under Great Moravia . It

6882-691: The others are Šumava National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Podyjí National Park , and Bohemian Switzerland . The three historical lands of the Czech Republic (formerly some countries of the Bohemian Crown) correspond with the river basins of the Elbe and the Vltava basin for Bohemia, the Morava one for Moravia, and the Oder river basin for Czech Silesia (in terms of the Czech territory). The Czech Republic has

6975-507: The parliament for a five-year term, with no more than two consecutive terms ( Václav Havel and Václav Klaus were both elected twice). Since 2013, the president has been elected directly. Some commentators have argued that, with the introduction of direct election of the President, the Czech Republic has moved away from the parliamentary system and towards a semi-presidential one. The Government 's exercise of executive power derives from

7068-470: The second Czech university was possible only after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy because of the resistance of the German-controlled city council, which feared giving power to the Czech residents of Brno. Brno was at that time a bilingual city. A notable demonstration in favour of establishing a university in Brno happened in 1905. From the beginning, the university suffered from

7161-491: The temperature and weather tends to vary during the day. Spring is also characterized by higher water levels in the rivers, due to melting snow with occasional flooding. The warmest month of the year is July, followed by August and June. On average, summer temperatures are about 20–30 °C (36–54 °F) higher than during winter. Summer is also characterized by rain and storms. Autumn generally begins in September, which

7254-709: The ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were strengthened. The leaders of the Bohemian Revolt were executed in 1621 . The nobility and the middle class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country. The following era of 1620 to the late 18th century became known as the "Dark Age". During the Thirty Years' War, the population of the Czech lands declined by

7347-437: The university was renamed Jan Evangelista Purkyně University after Jan Evangelista Purkyně , a Czech biologist. In 1990, following the Velvet Revolution it regained its original name. Since 1922, over 171,000 students have graduated from the university. Masaryk University was founded on 28 January 1919 with four faculties: Law, Medicine, Science, and Arts. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , professor of Charles University and later

7440-400: The university's founding in 1919, with facilities on Kounicova, Veveří, and Kotlářská Streets. It later expanded to the Brno-Bohunice campus. The faculty offers a wide range of programs in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, geography, anthropology, and geology at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels. Faculty of Arts The Faculty of Arts, the fourth oldest at the university, is

7533-516: The university. Czech Republic – in Europe  (green & dark gray) – in the European Union  (green)  –  [ Legend ] The Czech Republic , also known as Czechia , and historically known as Bohemia , is a landlocked country in Central Europe . The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to

7626-430: The university. Masaryk University comprises ten faculties. Established in 1919 are the Faculty of Law (PrF), Faculty of Medicine (LF), Faculty of Science (PřF), and Faculty of Arts (FF). The Faculty of Education (PdF) was added in 1946, the Faculty of Pharmacy (FaF) in 1952 (closed in 1960 and reopened in 2020). The Faculty of Economics and Administration (ESF) was founded in 1990, the Faculty of Informatics (FI) in 1994,

7719-528: The university. Alumni politicians include former Prime Minister of the Czech Republic Petr Nečas , former Governor of South Moravian Region Michal Hašek , former Minister of Health Tomáš Julínek or as of 2014, the leader of Czech Green Party Ondřej Liška . Politician, dissident , human rights activist Jaroslav Šabata also studied there. Martin Palouš is Permanent Representative to

7812-479: The world's top scientists in genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology and medicine have been held in the Mendel Museum . The University Cinema Scala has been operated by the Masaryk University since October 2013 as the first university cinema in the Czech Republic. The Freedom Lecture , a public debate on a current social topic with outstanding personalities has been held annually at

7905-596: Was abolished between 1781 and 1848. Several battles of the Napoleonic Wars took place on the current territory of the Czech Republic. The end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 led to degradation of the political status of Bohemia which lost its position of an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire as well as its own political representation in the Imperial Diet . Bohemian lands became part of

7998-523: Was at 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in Dobřichovice in 2012. Most rain falls during the summer. Sporadic rainfall is throughout the year (in Prague, the average number of days per month experiencing at least 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) of rain varies from 12 in September and October to 16 in November) but concentrated rainfall (days with more than 10 mm (0.39 in) per day) are more frequent in

8091-506: Was built in 2005 and 2006 and is staffed during Antarctic summers. The Technology Transfer Office of Masaryk University was established in 2005 and aims to put research results into practice and support and facilitate cooperation between the scientific community and industry. Grant Agency of Masaryk University (GAMU) is an internal organizations of Masaryk University providing students, internal and external researchers and research teams with funding in all phases of their research career via

8184-476: Was completely closed in 1950. In 1953, the Faculty of Education (founded in 1946) was separated from the university. In August 1960, a government decree abolished the Pharmaceutical Faculty and the university was renamed Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Brno . Relaxation occurred in 1964 with the reintegration of the Faculty of Education into the university and with the reestablishment of

8277-448: Was established based on the regional innovation strategy of the South Moravian Region as one of the elements that should help build a knowledge region. JIC operates three business incubators in Brno (the technological incubator JIC INTECH, the biotechnological incubator JIC INBIT, and the third incubator, JIC INMEC, focused on advanced materials and technologies) and the creative hub KUMST. JIC manages two technological incubators: one on

8370-731: Was formally recognized as an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire in 1002 and became a kingdom in 1198. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, all of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy . Nearly a hundred years later, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt led to the Thirty Years' War . After the Battle of White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule. With

8463-615: Was located within the Czech territory at Terezín , north of Prague. The vast majority of the Protectorate's Jews were murdered in Nazi-run concentration camps . The Nazi Generalplan Ost called for the extermination, expulsion, Germanization or enslavement of most or all Czechs for the purpose of providing more living space for the German people. There was Czechoslovak resistance to Nazi occupation as well as reprisals against

8556-885: Was ranked at 7. According to a recent ranking by QS Students City, the Masaryk university shares fifth place worldwide with Berlin, Vienna, Stockholm and Amsterdam before New York, London and Sydney but behind Prague in the category "student's view". Masaryk University has over 170,000 alumni, some of the notable ones are listed here. The most accomplished scientists include astronomer Jiří Grygar and Luboš Kohoutek , mathematician Otakar Borůvka and František Wolf , psychiatrist Leo Eitinger , sociologist Miloslav Petrusek , paediatric geneticist Renata Laxova and anthropologist Jaroslav Malina . Paleontologist Josef Augusta , who together with illustrator Zdeněk Burian created accurate reconstructions representing all forms of prehistoric life. Neurologist Michal Vytopil also attended

8649-477: Was stopped by the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia . Analysts believe that the invasion caused the communist movement to fracture, ultimately leading to the Revolutions of 1989. In November 1989, Czechoslovakia again became a liberal democracy through the Velvet Revolution . However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened ( Hyphen War ) and on 31 December 1992, the country peacefully split into

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