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106-694: In the twilight of the Liang dynasty (548–557), the Houjing Disturbance ( 侯景之乱 ) occurred. The insurrection caused the downfall and ruin of the Liang. In 557, Chen Baxian a former high-ranked Liang general, took the initiative to establish a new empire in Southern China: the Chen dynasty. Its founder Chen Baxian had been granted the title of "Prince of Chen", and on taking the throne he followed

212-524: A relic believed to be a Buddha 's tooth and held a major Buddhist festival. He also, following the lead of Liang's Emperor Wu, offered himself to Buddha's service on one occasion. He made several requests to Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou to return Chen Chang and Chen Xu, and while Northern Zhou promised to do so, they would actually not be returned in Emperor Wu's lifetime. Chen dynasty emperors including Chen Baxian claimed descent from

318-605: A campaign to join the fight against Hou, sending messengers to Emperor Wu's son Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, the governor of Jing Province (荊州, central and western Hubei ), pledging support and loyalty to Xiao Yi, then commonly viewed as the leader of the remaining Liang provinces not under Hou's control. For the next year, Chen advanced north through modern Jiangxi, fighting the various local warlords and generals loyal to Hou, with his main struggle against Li Qianshi (李遷仕). In spring 551, he captured and killed Li. Xiao Yi made him

424-703: A complete list of county-level divisions . The Politics of Jiangxi is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Jiangxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangxi Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary , colloquially termed

530-497: A nephew of Emperor Wu, Xiao Tui the Marquess of Xiangyin, as emperor, but was defeated. As the relationship between Emperor Yuan and Western Wei was deteriorating, in 555, Western Wei army sacked Jiangling, forcing Emperor Yuan to surrender, and killed Emperor Yuan as well as his sons before installing Xiao Cha as emperor of (Western) Liang at Jiangling. Liang generals led by Wang Sengbian declared Xiao Fangzhi Prince of Jin'an,

636-493: A number of Northern Qi generals, whom Chen executed. Meanwhile, Hou Tian, having been defeated by another general, Hou Ping (侯平), chose to submit to Chen. During the next year, Chen began to receive greater titles and offices, progressing from Marquess of Changcheng to Duke of Changcheng to Duke of Yixing to Duke of Chen to Prince of Chen. In 557, Xiao Bo declared a resistance against Chen from Guang Province. Soon, however, Zhou defeated Xiao Bo's general Ouyang Wei (歐陽頠), and Xiao Bo

742-455: A planning area of 1 km (0.39 sq mi) and now has built 0.31 km (0.12 sq mi). It enjoys simple and convenient customs clearances, and special preferential policies both for Nanchang National Export Expressing Zone and NCHDZ. Nanchang National High-tech Industrial Development Zone (NCHDZ for short hereafter) is the only national grade high-tech zoned in Jiangxi, it

848-775: A proper burial. In the following years, Chen continued to make minor gains against Northern Qi, but was not making major attacks. In winter 576, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou launched a major attack on Northern Qi, quickly capturing, in succession, Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, Chen Taiyuan , Shanxi ) and capital Yecheng . Soon, he captured the Northern Qi emperor Gao Wei and annexed most of Northern Qi's territory by spring 577. Oddly enough, Emperor Xuan believed that he could seize part of Northern Qi territory after Northern Zhou's victory, and he sent Wu Mingche to again advance north. In winter 577, Wu put Pengcheng (彭城, Chen Xuzhou , Jiangsu ) under siege, and Emperor Xuan

954-657: A rendezvous with the new governor of Giao Châu Province, Yang Piao (楊瞟), and another nephew of Emperor Wu's, Xiao Bo (蕭勃), to attack Lý Bôn. Xiao Bao did not want to set out on the campaign, and therefore tried to persuade Yang not to advance. Chen persuaded Yang otherwise, and in spring 545, Yang, with Chen as his lieutenant, attacked Lý Bôn, defeating him and forcing him to flee into the mountains and conduct guerilla warfare instead. In 548, Lý Bôn died of illness, and when Lý Bôn's brother Lý Thiên Bảo succeeded him and attacked Ái Province (愛州, around modern Thanh Hóa Province , Vietnam ), Chen defeated Lý Thiên Bảo. Emperor Wu made Chen

1060-598: A son Chen Shubao . For reasons unclear in history, Chen Xu left the throne empty for more than a month, but finally took the throne in spring 569 (as Emperor Xuan). He honored Grand Empress Dowager Zhang as empress dowager instead, while Emperor Wen's wife Empress Dowager Shen became known as Empress Wen. He created his wife Princess Liu empress and his heir apparent Chen Shubao crown emperor. Emperor Wen's sons continued to have honored positions as imperial princes and held key posts, but none had particularly high power. In fall 569, Emperor Xuan, suspicious that Ouyang He (歐陽紇)

1166-500: A state that had just lost its emperor and withdrew his forces. He also sent ambassadors to mourn Emperor Xuan's death, and his letter to Chen Shubao referred to himself by his personal name—a sign of humility. Chen Shubao's return letter included the sentence, "May it be that when you govern your state, all things can be well, and that between heaven and earth, there will be peace and quiet." The states exchanged ambassadors often and generally had peaceful relations, although Sui's Emperor Wen

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1272-420: Is 1,200 to 1,900 millimetres (47 to 75 in), much of it falling in the heavy rains occurring in late spring and summer. Nanchang , the provincial capital and the most densely populated city, is one of the largest Chinese metropolises . Nanchang is the hub of Jiangxi civilization throughout its history, which plays a leading role in the commercial, intellectual and industrial and political fields. Ganzhou

1378-530: Is an inland province in the east of the People's Republic of China . Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang . Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into hillier areas in the south and east, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to the northwest. The name "Jiangxi"

1484-401: Is approximately 39.66 million. 99.73% of that is Han Chinese , predominantly Gan and Hakka . Ganzhou , Jiangxi's largest city, has an especially large number of Hakka. Ethnic minorities include She . Jiangxi and Henan both have the most unbalanced gender ratios of all Chinese provinces. Based on a 2009 British Medical Journal study, the ratio is over 140 boys for every 100 girls in

1590-655: Is centered on the Gan River valley, which historically provided the main north–south transport route of south China. The corridor along the Gan River is one of the few easily traveled routes through the otherwise mountainous and rugged terrain of the south-eastern mountains. This open corridor was the primary route for trade and communication between the North China Plain and the Yangtze River valley in

1696-468: Is comparatively lower in altitude. The Gan River flows through the province. Although the majority of Jiangxi's population is Han Chinese , Jiangxi is linguistically diverse. It is considered the center of Gan Chinese ; Hakka Chinese , is also spoken to some degree. Jiangxi is rich in mineral resources, leading the provinces of China in deposits of copper , tungsten , gold , silver , uranium , thorium , tantalum , niobium and lithium . Jiangxi

1802-566: Is derived from the circuit administrated under the Tang dynasty in 733, Jiangnanxidao . The abbreviation for Jiangxi is " 赣 ", for the Gan River which runs across from the south to the north and flows into the Yangtze River. Jiangxi is also alternately called Ganpo Dadi which literally means the "Great Land of Gan and Po ". After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Jiangxi became one of

1908-458: Is involved in ancestor veneration , while 2.31% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 73.64% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, folk religious sects . Jiangxi is the main area of concentration of the Gan varieties of Chinese , spoken over most of

2014-632: Is rich and distinctive. Flavors are some of the strongest in China, with heavy use of chili peppers and especially pickled and fermented products. Jingdezhen is widely regarded as the producer of the best porcelain in China. Jiangxi also was a historical center of Chan Buddhism . Prominent examples of Hakka architecture can be found in Jiangxi. As of January 2015, Jiangxi had two Yangtze River crossings , both in Jiujiang. The Beijing–Kowloon Railway and Shanghai–Kunming Railway crisscross

2120-461: Is rich in mineral resources, leading the provinces of China in deposits of copper , tungsten , gold , silver , uranium , thorium , tantalum , niobium , among others. Noted centers of mining include Dexing (copper) and Dayu County (tungsten). It is located in extreme proximity to some of the richest provinces of China ( Guangdong , Zhejiang , Fujian ), which are sometimes blamed for taking away talent and capital from Jiangxi. Jiangxi has

2226-516: Is the largest subdivision of Jiangxi. Major cities in Jiangxi include: Jiangxi is divided into eleven prefecture-level divisions : all prefecture-level cities : These prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 100 county-level divisions (27 districts , 12 county-level cities , and 61 counties ). Those in turn are divided into 1566 township-level divisions (830 towns , 560 townships , 8 ethnic townships , and 168 subdistricts ). See List of administrative divisions of Jiangxi for

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2332-681: The Lunyu . Tombs of a number of members of the ruling Xiao family, with their sculptural ensembles, in various states of preservation, are located near Nanjing. The best surviving example of the Liang dynasty's monumental statuary is perhaps the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu, located in Qixia District east of Nanjing .   - Liang emperors   - Western Liang emperors   - Liang throne pretenders Jiangxi Jiangxi

2438-535: The Mufu Mountains , Jiuling Mountains , and Luoxiao Mountains on the west; Huaiyu Mountains and Wuyi Mountains on the east; and the Jiulian Mountains ( 九连山 ) and Dayu Mountains in the south. The southern half of the province is hilly with ranges and valleys interspersed; while the northern half is flatter and lower in altitude. The highest point in Jiangxi is Mount Huanggang ( 黄岗山 ) in

2544-632: The Northern Qi . At times, when Xiao Yi summoned Wang on campaigns, Wang would put Chen in charge of Jiankang. In 554, Western Wei launched a major attack on Jiangling, and Emperor Yuan summoned Wang to come to his aid, putting Chen in charge of Jiankang. Before Wang could reach Jiangling, however, Western Wei had already captured Jiangling, killing Emperor Yuan and declaring his nephew Xiao Cha emperor instead (as Emperor Xuan). Wang and Chen refused to recognize Emperor Xuan; instead, in spring 555, they welcomed Emperor Yuan's 11-year-old son Xiao Fangzhi

2650-653: The Southern Liang ( Chinese : 南梁 ; pinyin : Nán Liáng ) or Xiao Liang ( Chinese : 萧梁 ; pinyin : Xiāo Liáng ) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. It was preceded by the Southern Qi dynasty and succeeded by the Chen dynasty . The rump state of Western Liang existed until it

2756-566: The Southern and Northern Dynasties , Jiangxi was under the control of the southern dynasties, and the number of zhou slowly grew. During the Sui dynasty , there were seven commanderies and twenty-four counties in Jiangxi. During the Tang dynasty , another commandery and fourteen counties were added. Commanderies were then abolished, becoming zhou (henceforth translated as "prefectures" rather than "provinces"). Circuits were established during

2862-563: The Tang dynasty as a new top-level administrative division. At first Jiangxi was part of the Jiangnan Circuit (lit. "Circuit south of the Yangtze"). In 733, this circuit was divided into western and eastern halves. Jiangxi was found in the western half, which was called Jiangnanxi Circuit (lit. "Western circuits south of the Yangtze"). This is the source of the modern name "Jiangxi". The Tang dynasty collapsed in 907, heralding

2968-846: The Xiushui Tuolin Reservoir in the northwest of the province on the Xiushui River , and the Wan'an Reservoir(zh) in the upper section of the Gan. Jiangxi has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa under the Köppen climate classification ), with short, cool, damp winters, and very hot, humid summers. Average temperatures are about 3 to 9 °C (37 to 48 °F) in January and 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F) in July. Annual precipitation

3074-731: The Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese from helping downed American airmen. The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians of China while searching for Doolittle's men. Jiangxi came under the full control of the CCP upon the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The Republican provincial government was evacuated to Taichung in Taiwan Province before dissolving itself that same year. Mountains surround Jiangxi on three sides, with

3180-471: The "Jiangxi CCP Party Chief". Jiangxi was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. Rice is the dominant crop in Jiangxi. Cash crops commonly grown include cotton and rapeseed . Jiangxi is the leading producer of kumquats in China, particularly Suichuan County . Mining-related industries are a major part of Jiangxi's economy. Jiangxi

3286-469: The 1–4 age group. In 2019 the most-common surname in Jiangxi was Liú (刘), the only province where this was the case. Overall Liu is the fourth-most common surname in the country. Religion in Jiangxi The predominant religions in Jiangxi are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 24.05% of the population believes and

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3392-650: The 6th century, is the earliest surviving of these specially significant paintings. They reflect foreign embassies that took place, particularly regarding the three Hephthalite (Hua) ambassadors, in 516–520 CE. The original of the work was lost, and the only surviving edition of this work was a copy from the Song dynasty in the 11th century, and is currently preserved at the National Museum of China . The original work consisted of at least twenty five portraits of ambassadors from their respectively country. The copy from

3498-442: The Chen capital Jiankang. Only then did Chen Shubao realize the seriousness of the situation, but instead of resisting in earnest, he panicked, leaving Shi in effective control of the situation. Eventually, the general Xiao Mohe convinced Chen Shubao that he should be allowed to engage Heruo, despite opposition from the general Ren Zhong ( 任忠 ). Heruo defeated Xiao Mohe and captured him, and the rest of Chen troops collapsed, allowing

3604-599: The Chen dynasty in 589. Chen Shubao was the last ruler of the Chen dynasty, and his family held high positions in the Sui royal court. The Sui was an important dynasty for subjugating the East Tujue , Tuyuhun , and Goguryeo to the north and east as well as starting the Grand Canal project, much of which was based in Chen dynasty territory. Many members of the Chen royal family became high-ranking officers or married into

3710-494: The Chen generals continued to resist, but were quickly defeated, particularly because at the Sui forces' request, Chen Shubao wrote letters to the Chen generals ordering them to surrender. Chen was at its end. Soon, the Sui army escorted Chen Shubao and his household to the Sui capital Daxing (大興, near Chang'an). In the north, a new power emerged, the Sui dynasty . The Sui destroyed the Northern Zhou and eventually absorbed

3816-465: The Chinese practice of using his former princely title as the name of the new dynasty. Chen Baxian was a visionary leader whose conquests helped revived the economy and culture of South China, bringing it to new heights. Near the start of the dynasty, Chen's northern neighbors the Eastern and Western Wei were later replaced by the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi, with the north of the Yangtze river held by

3922-479: The Emperor Wu of Liang created Chen the Viscount of Xin'an and had an artisan draw a portrait of Chen. In January 544, Lý Bôn proclaimed himself emperor and named his small state Vạn Xuân. In winter 544, Xiao Ying died, and initially, Chen started escorting Xiao Ying's casket back to Jiankang for burial. On the way, while he was still at Dayu Mountain (大庾嶺, on the borders of modern Jiangxi and Guangdong ), he made

4028-499: The Northern Qi and was created Prince of Liang in 570. The small and weak Western Liang state existed until 587 when the Sui dynasty destroyed it. In 617, Xiao Xian from Western Liang imperial clan claimed himself Liang Emperor in light of the disturbance in the end of Sui dynasty. His realm was destroyed by Tang dynasty in 621. The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang by the Emperor Yuan of Liang, Xiao Yi , dated to

4134-659: The Northern Qi general Liu Damo (柳達摩) had captured, under siege. Liu sought peace, but requested Chen to send his relatives as hostages to Northern Qi. Most officials advocated peace, and Chen, despite his skepticism about such a peace holding, agreed, and sent his nephew Chen Tanlang (陳曇朗), Emperor Yuan's grandson Xiao Zhuang the Prince of Yongjia, and Wang Min (王珉), the son of the key official Wang Chong (王沖), as hostages, permitting Northern Qi forces to withdraw, and Xu and Ren withdrew with them. By spring 556, Du had either been captured or surrendered to Zhou and Chen Qian, and Chen Baxian executed Du. Wang Sengzhi fled to Northern Qi, and

4240-527: The Northern Qi general in charge of defending the city, the former Liang general Wang Lin . The entire region between the Yangtze and Huai was now in Chen hands. Emperor Xuan was so pleased that he, in an elaborate ceremony, conferred a variety of honors on Wu. He also displayed Wang's head on the Jiankang city gate, although after a request by Zhu Yang (朱瑒), in which Zhu pointed out that Wang was faithful to Liang and should be honored, he returned Wang's head for

4346-518: The Northern and Southern Dynasties in terms of surviving written material. It was a period of brilliant literary accomplishments and produced important texts like the official histories of the Liu Song and Southern Qi dynasties, the literary anthology Wenxuan , the poetry anthology Yutai xinyong , the literary criticism works Wenxin diaolong and Shi pin , and Huang Kan's commentary on

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4452-518: The Prince of Hedong, forcing Xiao Yu's younger brother Xiao Cha Prince of Yueyang to surrender to the Western Wei ; Xiao Yi also attacked his sixth brother Xiao Guan Prince of Shaoling, forcing him to surrender to Northern Qi. Both Xiao Cha and Xiao Guan were created Prince of Liang. However, as Xiao Yi also allied with Northern Qi, Northern Qi gave up their support of Xiao Guan; Xiao Guan was defeated by Hou and finally killed by Western Wei. Xiao Ji

4558-523: The Prince of Jin'an—Emperor Yuan's only surviving son—to Jiankang, preparing to make him emperor and first having him take the title Prince of Liang. When Jiankang fell, Chen's son Chen Chang and nephew Chen Xu , who had been serving in the imperial administration, were captured and taken to the Western Wei capital Chang'an as honored captives. At this time, however, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi had other ideas, and he sent his brother Gao Huan (高渙)

4664-552: The Prince of Shangdang to command an army to escort Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang—whom Eastern Wei had taken captive in 547—back to Liang to be emperor. Wang initially rejected Xiao Yuanming, but after his forces lost a few battles to Northern Qi forces, changed his mind and decided to accept Xiao Yuanming as emperor after extracting a promise from Xiao Yuanming to make Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. In summer 555, Xiao Yuanming arrived at Jiankang to take

4770-734: The Prince of Wuling the youngest son of Emperor Wu claimed imperial title. In 551, Hou forced Emperor Jianwen to abdicate to his grandnephew Xiao Dong the Prince of Yuzhang, then killed Emperor Jianwen and forced Xiao Dong to abdicate to him. Hou established a new dynasty named Han. In 552, Xiao Yi destroyed Han and claimed the imperial title as Emperor Yuan of Liang . He also ordered his subordinates to kill Xiao Dong and Xiao Dong's younger brothers. He created his headquarter Jiangling capital instead of returning to Jiankang. He also managed to eliminate Xiao Ji, but in order to do this he allied with Western Wei, who in turn conquered Yi Province ( Sichuan ). In 553, Northern Qi attacked Liang, aiming to install

4876-475: The Prince of Wuxing, instead creating Consort Zhang's son Chen Yuan crown prince. He also considered deposing Empress Shen and replacing her with Consort Zhang, but did not get a chance to do so before Sui launched a major attack in spring 588 as well. By winter 588, the Sui attack was in full operation, with three major prongs commanded by Emperor Wen's sons, Yang Guang (later Emperor Yang of Sui ) and Yang Jun , and Yang Su, and with Yang Guang in overall command of

4982-533: The Qi, and the southwest including Sichuan was held by the Zhou. Chen Baxian defeated the Northern armies in one swoop, securing the prosperity and dominance of the Chen dynasty, and making further territorial gains in the north. In 541, the people of Giao Châu Province (Chen northern Vietnam ) rebelled under Lý Bôn . Xiao Ying sent the generals Sun Jiong (孫冏) and Lu Zixiong (盧子雄) to attack Lý Bôn, with Xiao Ying overseeing

5088-513: The Song dynasty has twelve portraits and descriptions of thirteen envoys, with the envoy from Dangchang missing a portrait. The envoys from right to left were: the Hephthalites (滑/嚈哒), Persia (波斯), Korea (百濟), Kucha (龜茲), Japan (倭), Malaysia (狼牙脩), Qiang (鄧至), Yarkand (周古柯), Kabadiyan (呵跋檀), Kumedh (胡蜜丹), Balkh (白題), and Mohe (末). The Liang is the best represented of

5194-565: The Southern dynasties reached their apex during the Chen dynasty. In literature, Xu Ling (徐陵) was an influential writer during the Chen dynasty, with his literary collection "New Songs of Yutai" being passed down for generations. One of the most famous chapters from New Songs of Yutai is "Peacock Flying Southeast" (《孔雀东南飞》). In art, Yao Zui's (姚最) "Continued Paintings" has the greatest influence. Once Chen Baxian became emperor he immediately took steps to officially sanction Buddhism, as he displayed

5300-469: The Sui forces to enter the capital. In panic and abandoned by his officials, Chen Shubao hid in a well with Consorts Zhang and Kong, but was discovered and captured. When he was brought before Heruo Bi, he was so fearful that he prostrated himself before Heruo Bi act that brought words of contempt from Heruo. However, he and his household were generally treated well by the Sui generals, although Gao, blaming Consort Zhang for Chen's collapse, executed her. Some of

5406-488: The Wuyi Mountains, on the border with Fujian . It has an altitude of 2,157 metres (7,077 ft). The Gan River dominates the province, flowing through the entire length of the province from south to north. It enters Lake Poyang in the north, the largest freshwater lake of China; that lake in turn empties into the Yangtze River , which forms part of the northern border of Jiangxi. Important reservoirs include

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5512-562: The Yang ruling family of the Sui dynasty, such as Consort Chen (Wen) . The Sui also suppressed the Rau peoples to the south, who had resumed raids against the region of Jiaozhi (Vietnam). From 590 to 618, the short-lived Sui dynasty experienced numerous rebellions, not just from the former Chen territory, but also the Wang, Liu, and Li clans. Sui general Yang Su tried to suppress the rebellions in

5618-548: The Yuzhang River ( 豫章江 , Gan: Ì-zong Kong), the original name of Gan River. "Gan" has become the abbreviation of the province. In 201, eight counties were added to the original seven of Qin, and three more were established in later years. Throughout most of the Han dynasty the commandery's eighteen counties covered most of the modern province of Jiangxi. The county seats of Nanchang, Gan, Yudu, Luling among others were located at

5724-491: The armies opposed to him in the name of Emperor Wu. In 549, Emperor Wu died; Emperor Wu's third son Crown Prince Gang (the later Emperor Jianwen) then ascended the throne under Hou's shadow; Emperor Jianwen was also effectively under house arrest. Hou also attempted to suppress those who would not submit to him. At the same time the Liang princes fought with each other rather than try to eliminate Hou: Emperor Wu's seventh son Xiao Yi Prince of Xiangdong killed his nephew Xiao Yu

5830-540: The capital region was largely under Chen Baxian's control. Meanwhile, Northern Qi forces were preparing another attack, but they invited Xiao Yuanming to their camp to discuss peace. Chen sent Xiao Yuanming to Northern Qi camp, but before talks could begin, Xiao Yuanming died from a severe infection on his back. By summer 556, Northern Qi forces were again descending on Jiankang, but once there, their forces stalemated with Chen's forces. Northern Qi forces' food supplies soon ran out, and Chen defeated them, killing Xu and capturing

5936-464: The circuit was divided into thirteen different circuits, and Jiangxi Province was established for the first time. This province also included the majority of modern Guangdong . Jiangxi acquired (more or less) its modern borders during the Ming dynasty after Guangdong was separated out. There has been little change to the borders of Jiangxi since. After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Jiangxi became one of

6042-511: The control of the regent Gao Cheng , enticed the governor of Guang Province, Yuan Jingzhong (元景仲), a member of Northern Wei's imperial Yuan clan, to join him. When Chen received the news, he publicly announced Yuan's treachery and gathered the troops of the nearby generals to attack Yuan. Yuan committed suicide, and Chen welcomed Xiao Bo, then the governor of Ding Province (定州, roughly Guangxi ) to take over Guang Province. In winter 549, against Xiao Bo's request, Chen took his troops and embarked on

6148-524: The division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Jiangxi first belonged to Wu ( 吳 , Gan: Ng), then to Southern Tang ( 南唐 , Gan: Nām-thóng). Both states were based in modern-day Nanjing , further down the Yangtze River . During the Song dynasty , Jiangnanxi Circuit was reestablished with nine prefectures and four army districts (with sixty-eight districts). During the Yuan dynasty ,

6254-720: The earliest bases for the Communists and many peasants were recruited to join the growing people's revolution. The Nanchang Uprising took place in Jiangxi on August 1, 1927, during the Chinese Civil War . Later the Communist leadership hid in the mountains of southern and western Jiangxi, hiding from the Kuomintang's attempts to eradicate them. In 1931, the Chinese Soviet Republic 's government

6360-404: The earliest bases for the Communists and many peasants were recruited to join the growing people's revolution. The Nanchang Uprising took place in Jiangxi on August 1, 1927, during the Chinese Civil War . Later the Communist leadership hid in the mountains of southern and western Jiangxi, hiding from the Kuomintang's attempts to eradicate them. In 1931, the Chinese Soviet Republic 's government

6466-589: The early 590s, but eventually the Sui collapsed, and Yang Su's sons were executed. Li Yuan then murdered the last emperor Yang You of the Sui dynasty and founded the Tang dynasty . During the Tang, numerous members of the former Chen family became high-ranked officials in the Tang court, with some like Chen Shuda holding powerful political offices. Jiankang, the capital, was an important cultural, political and religious center, attracting businessmen and Buddhist monks from Southeast Asia and India . The culture of

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6572-468: The fact that Chen Shubao was still supposed to be in mourning period for Emperor Xuan, he was spending much time in feasting. When the official Mao Xi ( 毛喜 ) tried to persuade him to change his ways, Chen Shubao demoted Mao and sent him out of the capital. Around the new year 584, Chen Shujian, prayed that he would be restored to grace. When this was discovered, Chen Shubao considered executing Chen Shujian, but after Chen Shujian reminded him how Chen Shujian

6678-462: The following year, Chen and Zhou launched a fierce battle in Luliang, Chen defeated the Zhou and made further advances north. Chen Bozong married Empress Wang (Chen dynasty) , and they had a son Chen Zhize. During his reign, important matters were also trusted to his uncle Chen Xu, as well as Kong, Dao Zhongju (到仲舉), Yuan Shu (袁樞), and Liu Shizhi (劉師知). Emperor Chen Xu married Liu Jingyan and had

6784-550: The governor of Gaoyao Commandery (高要, Chen Zhaoqing , Guangdong ) as well as the commander of the forces of the surrounding commanderies. In summer 548, Hou Jing , formerly a general of Eastern Wei (a successor state of the Northern Wei ), rebelled and in 549 captured Jiankang, taking Emperor Wu of Liang and his son and crown prince Xiao Gang hostage. After Jiankang's fall, Hou, who had initially claimed that he wanted to restore Northern Wei's imperial clan to power, from

6890-500: The governor of Guang Province (廣州 Guangzhou , Guangdong ) would rebel, summoned Ouyang back to Jiankang. Ouyang was himself suspicious of Emperor Xuan's intentions, and therefore refused the order and rebelled. Emperor Xuan sent the official Xu Jian (徐儉, Xu Ling's son) to try to persuade Ouyang to change his mind, but Ouyang would not relent. Emperor Xuan then sent the general Zhang Zhaoda (章昭達) to attack Ouyang. By spring 570, Zhang captured Ouyang and delivered him to Jiankang, where Ouyang

6996-401: The governor of Jiang Province (江州, around Jiangxi ). By fall 551, he had rendezvoused with Xiao Yi's main general, Wang Sengbian , at Xunyang (尋陽, Chen Jiujiang , Jiangxi ). In 552, after they had sworn a solemn oath to Liang, they advanced east toward Jiankang, where Hou had killed Xiao Gang (who had succeeded Emperor Wu as Emperor Jianwen) and taken the throne himself as Emperor of Han. Chen

7102-414: The great defeat, in fall 578, Emperor Xuan held a ceremony in which the officials reaffirmed their loyalty to the state. In winter 579, Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou launched an attack on Chen, commanded by the general Wei Xiaokuan . Chen's Emperor Xuan mobilized his troops to resist. However, all of the cities that they had captured from Northern Qi previously quickly fell. By new year 580, nearly all of

7208-603: The internal cleansing of the Red Army and the cleaning of the post-war government) caused a large number of deaths or escapes, causing the population of Jiangxi to drop by 40%, until only 13.8 million people were left in 1936. In 1936, after the opening of the Yuehan Railway in Hunan, Jiangxi lost its important position regarding north–south traffic. In 1937, the east-west Zhegan Railway was opened to traffic, which changed

7314-598: The legendary Emperor Shun . More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the Southern dynasties who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei. Tuoba Xianbei Princess Nanyang (南阳长公主) was married to Xiao Baoyin (萧宝夤), a Han Chinese member of Southern Qi royalty. Liang dynasty The Liang dynasty ( Chinese : 梁朝 ; pinyin : Liáng Cháo ), alternatively known as

7420-584: The lowest wages and third lowest property prices in all of China., As of 2016 Jiangxi's nominal GDP was CNY 1.84 trillion or US$ 276.48 billion, and a per capita of CNY 40,400 or US$ 6,082. Nanchang National Export Expressing Zone is located in Nanchang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, it was approved by the State Council on May 8, 2006, and passed the national acceptance inspection on Sep 7th, 2007. It has

7526-462: The nine surrounding provinces, soon surrendered to Chen, seeking Chen aid. Emperor Xuan sent the generals Fan Yi (樊毅), Ren Zhong (任忠), and Chen Huiji (陳慧紀) to attack Northern Zhou's southern provinces to aid Sima, whom he created the Duke of Sui. However, Wei Xiaokuan quickly defeated Yuchi, forcing Yuchi to commit suicide, and Sima's own forces collapsed. He was forced to flee to Chen territory, and all of

7632-571: The north and the territory of modern Guangdong province in the south. As a result, Jiangxi has been strategically important throughout much of China's history. Jiangxi was outside the sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang dynasty (16th to 11th centuries BC). It is likely that peoples collectively known as the Baiyue inhabited the region. During the Spring and Autumn period ,

7738-414: The northern part of modern Jiangxi formed the western frontier of the state of Wu . After Wu was conquered by the state of Yue (a power based in modern northern Zhejiang ) in 473 BC, the state of Chu (based in modern Hubei ) took over northern Jiangxi and there may have been some Yue influence in the south. Chu subjugated Yue in 333 BC. In 223 BC, when Qin conquered Chu, a majority of the Jiangxi area

7844-464: The northern two-thirds of the province. Examples include the Nanchang dialect , Yichun dialect and Ji'an dialect . The southern one-third of the province speaks Hakka . There are also Mandarin , Huizhou , and Wu dialects spoken along the northern border. Ganju (Jiangxi opera) is the type of Chinese opera performed in Jiangxi. Although little known outside of the province, Jiangxi cuisine

7950-413: The officials, who were previously immune to taxes, were also required to pay them, causing general discontent from those classes. Further, at Kong Fan's urging, Chen Shubao transferred much of the military command to civilian officials, further causing the generals to be disgruntled. In spring 585, Zhang Dabao ( 章大寶 ) the governor of Feng Province (豐州, Chen Fuzhou , Fujian ), accused of corruption and on

8056-507: The only living son of Emperor Yuan, as Prince of Liang at Jiankang, aiming to crown him the new emperor, but the Northern Qi army defeated them, forcing them into an agreement to recognise a nephew of Emperor Wu, Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang, as emperor instead. Wang requested that Xiao Fangzhi be created Crown Prince and Xiao Yuanming agreed. General Chen Baxian launched a raid that killed Wang in favor of Xiao Fangzhi while denouncing Wang for surrendering to Northern Qi. Xiao Yuanming

8162-461: The operation, assisted by Gao Jiong . Reports from the upper Yangtze, however, were being suppressed by Shi Wenqing and Shen Keqing ( 沈客卿 ) and never reached Chen Shubao, as Shi, not realizing the seriousness of the Sui threat, did not want anything to interfere with his own plans to become the governor of Xiang Province (湘州, Chen Changsha , Hunan ). Yang Su, who attacked from the upper Yangtze, therefore faced no serious opposition and soon controlled

8268-464: The operations. In spring 542, Xiao Ying and Xiao Zi ordered Sun and Lu to attack, but they lost to Lý, and soon infighting broke out between Sun, Lu, and another general Zhou. Xiao Ying then sent Chen Baxian to clean up the situation, and Chen Baxian defeated all of them, killing Du Tianhe and capturing Du Sengming and Zhou. Believing that Du Sengming and Zhou were both good soldiers, he released them and retained them on his staff. For this accomplishment,

8374-613: The original traffic patterns in Jiangxi to a large extent. The Jiujiang Port ( 九江港 ) began to decline in importance. Following the Doolittle Raid during World War II , most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began

8480-625: The particularly known songs, Yushu Houting Hua ( 玉樹後庭花 ) and Linchun Yue ( 臨春樂 ), were written to praise the beauties of Consorts Zhang and Kong. Chen Shubao would often hold Consort Zhang on his lap and have Consort Zhang, who was considered intelligent, read and rule on the petitions submitted to him. Meanwhile, Consort Kong and Kong Fan, who were not related, began to refer to each other as sister and brother, and used their relationship to further their power as well, so Consorts Zhang and Kong became exceedingly powerful. To finance Chen Shubao's construction projects, taxes were raised, and soldiers and

8586-521: The sites of modern major cities. Other counties, however, have been moved or abolished in later centuries. Under the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty , Yuzhang Commandery was assigned to Yangzhou Province , as part of a trend to establish provinces ( zhou ) all across China. In 291 AD, during the Western Jin dynasty , Jiangxi became its own Zhou called Jiangzhou ( 江州 , Gan: Kong-chiu). During

8692-560: The suggestion of Xu Ling, selected Wu Mingche, who alone among the generals was resolute as to his support for the campaign, as the commander of the forces, with Pei Ji (裴忌) and Huang Faqu as Wu's deputies. Wu's forces made quick gains against Northern Qi, and by summer 573 had gained most of the territory between the Yangtze River and the Huai River . By fall 573, Wu put the important city Shouyang (壽陽, Chen Lu'an , Anhui ) under siege, and he captured Shouyang in 573, capturing and killing

8798-550: The territory he controlled was retained by Northern Zhou. Yang Jian soon seized the throne in spring 581, destroying the Northern Zhou and establishing the Sui dynasty . In spring 582, Emperor Xuan died. After a failed attempt by his son Chen Shuling (陳叔陵), allied with Emperor Wen's son Chen Bogu (陳伯固), to seize the throne, Crown Prince Shubao took the throne. Initially, Chen Shubao was still recovering from his injuries, and Empress Dowager Liu governed as regent , assisted by Chen Shujian. As Chen Shubao did not favor Empress Shen, she

8904-456: The territory north of the Yangtze had fallen to Northern Zhou, leading to a large wave of refugees who fled across the Yangtze to Chen territory. In summer 580, Northern Zhou's Emperor Xuan died suddenly, and his father-in-law Yang Jian seized power as regent . The generals Yuchi Jiong rose against Yang, and he was joined by the generals Sima Xiaonan (司馬消難) and Wang Qian (王謙). Sima, the governor of Xun Province (勛州, Chen Xiaogan , Hubei ) and

9010-516: The territory of Chen, helping the economy recover and flourish. Emperor Wen was succeeded by Chen Bozong (Emperor Fei), who was then succeeded by Chen Xu (Emperor Xuan). Both Chen Bozong and Chen Xu were also very effective and capable rulers who further strengthened and expanded the state, rivaling and even defeating the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi . In the ninth year of Taijian (太建 577), Northern Zhou dynasty destroyed Northern Qi. In

9116-419: The throne from Emperor Wu, he did not posthumously honor his father Chen Daotan as an emperor as might otherwise have been expected, but, in order to make sure that his father would be properly venerated (which would require Chen Daotan's legal heir—Emperor Wen's brother Chen Xu—to be present to offer sacrifices to him), he created his own son Chen Bomao (陳伯茂) the Prince of Shixing instead, and created Chen Xu, who

9222-426: The throne was passed to his nephew Chen Geng or Emperor Wen of Chen . Chen Geng eliminated separatist forces within the empire and reformed the former Liang's policies, making the dynasty more stable. Over time, the economy of major cities was restored. Emperor Wen honored Empress Zhang as empress dowager . He created his wife Princess Shen Miaorong empress and her son Chen Bozong crown prince . As he inherited

9328-514: The throne, and he created Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. Wang and Chen continued to be in charge of the military. Chen, however, was unhappy about the situation, believing Xiao Yuanming to be unworthy of the throne. Despite Wang Sengbian's knowledge of Chen's displeasure, however, Wang did not suspect Chen of having any rebellious intentions, as they had been friendly, and Wang and Chen had agreed on having Wang Sengbian's son Wang Wei (王頠) marry Chen's daughter. In fall 555, believing reports that Northern Qi

9434-411: The upper Yangtze, not allowing any Chen forces which might have wanted to head downstream to aid the capital to be able to get through. In spring 589, the Sui general Heruo Bi ( 賀若弼 ) crossed the Yangtze from Guangling (廣陵, Chen Yangzhou , Jiangsu ), and the Sui general Han Qinhu ( 韓擒虎 ) crossed the Yangtze at Caishi (采石, Chen Ma'anshan , Anhui ), without opposition from Chen forces and sandwiching

9540-478: The verge of being replaced by Li Yun ( 李暈 ), instead ambushed Li and killed him, starting a rebellion. However, Zhang was soon defeated and killed. In fall 587, while Emperor Jing of Western Liang was at the Sui capital to meet with Sui's Emperor Wen, the Western Liang officials Xiao Yan (蕭巖, Emperor Jing's uncle) and Xiao Huan (蕭瓛, Emperor Jing's brother), in fear that the Sui general Cui Hongdu ( 崔弘度 )

9646-561: Was actually intending to attack the Western Liang capital Jiangling, surrendered to Chen Shubao's cousin Chen Huiji ( 陳慧紀 ) the Marquess of Yihuang with the people of Jiangling. Chen Shubao accepted the surrender and made Xiao Yan and Xiao Huan provincial governors. In spring 588, Chen Shubao, believing Consorts Zhang's and Kong's accusations that Chen Yin resented him for not favoring Empress Shen, deposed Chen Yin and created him

9752-477: Was beheaded. Zhang, encouraged by the victory, then attacked Western Liang's capital Jiangling, but after some initial gains, nearly capturing Jiangling, he suffered defeats by the Northern Zhou general Lu Teng (陸騰) and withdrew. Despite this campaign, after this point on, Chen and Northern Zhou largely had peaceful relations, often exchanging embassies, forming an alliance against Northern Qi. In spring 573, Emperor Xuan resolved to attack Northern Qi. Emperor Xuan, at

9858-477: Was confident that Wu would soon be able to capture the region south of the Yellow River . When the official Cai Jingli (蔡景歷) warned otherwise, he was so displeased that he demoted Cai to the post of a commandery governor. In spring 578, the Northern Zhou general Wang Gui (王軌) thoroughly crushed Wu, capturing him. Regretting his actions, Emperor Xuan recalled Cai to the capital. With the people's hearts shaken by

9964-644: Was conquered in 587 by the Sui dynasty . During the Liang dynasty, in 547 a Persian embassy paid tribute to the Liang, amber was recorded as originating from Persia by the Book of Liang . In 548, the Prince of Henan Hou Jing started a rebellion with Xiao Zhengde , the Prince of Linhe, nephew and a former heir of the Emperor Wu of Liang , and installed Xiao Zhengde as emperor. In 549, Hou sacked Jiankang, deposed and killed Xiao Zhengde, seized power and put Emperor Wu effectively under house arrest . He dismissed

10070-803: Was established in Ruijin , which is sometimes called the "Former Red Capital" ( 红色故都 , Gan: Fūng-set Kū-tu), or just the "Red Capital". In 1935, after complete encirclement by the Nationalist forces, the Communists broke through and began the Long March to Yan'an . From 1930 to 1934, the National Government carried out five military campaigns against the Jiangxi Soviet area. Its brutal two-party battles and cleansing (including

10176-526: Was established in Ruijin , which is sometimes called the "Former Red Capital", or just the "Red Capital". In 1935, after complete encirclement by the Nationalist forces, the Communists broke through and began the Long March to Yan'an . The southern half of Jiangxi is hilly and mountainous, with ranges and valleys interspersed; notable mountains and mountain ranges include Mount Lu , the Jinggang Mountains and Mount Sanqing . The northern half

10282-464: Was established in Mar. 1991. The zone covers an area of 231 km (89 sq mi), in which 32 km (12 sq mi) have been completed. NCHDZ possesses unique nature condition and sound industry foundation of accepting electronics industry. NCHDZ has brought 25% industrial added value and 50% industrial benefit and tax to Nanchang city by using only 0.4% land area. The population of Jiangxi

10388-427: Was forced to abdicate to Xiao Fangzhi, who was known as Emperor Jing of Liang , and Chen seized power. He initially claimed Liang a subject of Northern Qi but later defeated the army of Northern Qi. In 557, Chen Baxian established the new powerful Chen dynasty . Liang general Wang Lin also claimed Xiao Zhuang Prince of Yongjia grandson of Emperor Yuan emperor. In 560, the Chen dynasty defeated Xiao Zhuang who fled to

10494-671: Was going to attack, Wang sent his secretary Jiang Gan (江旰) to Jingkou to alert Chen. Chen took over control of the imperial government, forcing Xiao Yuanming to abdicate and making Xiao Fangzhi emperor (as Emperor Jing). Chen initially sent his nephew Chen Qian and his general Zhou Wenyu against Du and Du's ally Wei Zai (韋載). Meanwhile, Xu and Ren, aided by Northern Qi, made a surprise attack on Jiankang, nearly capturing it, but were repelled by Chen's general Hou Andu . Soon, Chen defeated Wei and Wei surrendered, and Chen returned to Jiankang, leaving Zhou to face Du. Despite Northern Qi aid, Xu and Ren could not defeat Chen, and Chen put Shitou, which

10600-454: Was gradually building up military power on the Yangtze . In spring 583, displeased that Chen Shujian was becoming overly powerful, Chen Shubao, encouraged by his associates Kong Fan ( 孔範 ) and Shi Wenqing ( 施文慶 ), made Chen Shujian the governor of Jiang Province (江州, Chen Jiujiang , Jiangxi ) to remove him from power. He subsequently kept Chen Shujian at the capital by promoting him to the honorary post of Sikong ( 司空 ). Meanwhile, despite

10706-401: Was instrumental in the subsequent siege of Jiankang, and they defeated Hou together, causing Hou to flee. Subsequently, Hou was killed by his own men. For Chen's contributions, Xiao Yi created Chen the Marquess of Changcheng—Chen's home county. Wang put Chen in charge of the important city Jingkou (京口, Chen Zhenjiang , Jiangsu ). For the next two years, Chen fought several border battles against

10812-633: Was killed by his own generals. At the same time, Wang Lin , who controlled modern Hunan and eastern Hubei , suspicious of Chen's intentions, refused his summon to Jiankang and prepared for battle instead. Chen sent Zhou and Hou Andu against Wang Lin. In winter 557, Chen had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, establishing the Chen dynasty as its Emperor Wu. He created Emperor Jing the Prince of Jiangyin. He posthumously honored his parents emperor and empress , his deceased wife Lady Qian empress, and his deceased son Chen Ke crown prince. He created his wife Zhang Yao'er empress. In 559, Chen Baxian fell ill, and

10918-412: Was not allowed to attend to him during his recovery period. Rather, Consort Zhang did. After Chen Shubao recovered, Empress Dowager Liu returned imperial authorities to him and did not again govern. When Emperor Xuan died, Northern Zhou's successor state, the Sui dynasty, had been attacking, but upon hearing about Emperor Xuan's death, Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian) decided that it was improper to attack

11024-464: Was recorded to be put under Jiujiang Commandery situated in Shouchun ( 壽春 ). However the commandery was ineffective and ended shortly when Qin falls. Yuzhang Commandery ( 豫章 , Gan: Ì-zong) was established in Jiangxi at the beginning of the Han dynasty , possibly before the death of Xiang Yu in 202 BC, and it was also the first commandery set up by Chinese dynasty in Jiangxi. It was named after

11130-757: Was responsible for saving him from Chen Shuling, Chen Shubao spared him but removed him from his posts. In 584, Chen Shubao built three particularly luxurious pavilions within his palace—Linchun Pavilion ( 臨春閣 ), Jieqi Pavilion ( 結綺閣 ), and Wangxian Pavilion ( 望仙閣 ), residing himself at Linchun Pavilion, while having Consort Zhang reside at Jieqi Pavilion and Consorts Gong and Kong share Wangxian Pavilion. He often spent his days feasting with his concubines, headed by Consort Zhang, as well as those ladies in waiting and officials who had literary talent (including Jiang Zong, whom he made prime minister, Kong Fan, and Wang Cuo 王瑳 ), having those officials and ladies in waiting sing or write poetry to praise his concubines' beauty. Two of

11236-441: Was then still at Chang'an , the capital of Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou , the Prince of Ancheng. In 563, Emperor Wen himself began to offer sacrifices to Chen Daotan using ceremonies due to an emperor, but never honored his father as an emperor. In the Book of Chen , the historian Yao Silian wrote about Emperor Wen (referring to Emperor Wen by his temple name Shizu): Emperor Wen further solidified and unified

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