60-678: Sabarmati Ashram (also known as Gandhi Ashram ) is located in the Sabarmati suburb of Ahmedabad , Gujarat , adjoining the Ashram Road , on the banks of the River Sabarmati, 4 miles (6.4 km) from the town hall. This was one of the many residences of Mahatma Gandhi who lived at Sabarmati (Gujarat) and Sevagram ( Wardha , Maharashtra ) when he was not travelling across India or in prison. He lived in Sabarmati or Wardha for
120-498: A rigid indentor which controlled the overall wedge shaped geometry of the orogen. Lithology of area shows that the base rocks of Aravalli are of Mewar Gneiss formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from preexisting formations that were originally sedimentary rock with earliest life form that were formed during the archean eon, these contain fossils of unicellular organism such as green algae and cyanobacteria in stromatolitic carbonate ocean reefs formed during
180-510: A buffer against pollution, 51% of which is caused by the industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles, 8% by crop burning and 5% by diwali fireworks . It was proposed several times form the 1990s, but as of 2024 the project is still in the planning stage. The Sariska–Delhi leopard wildlife corridor or the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor is a 200 km long important biodiversity and wildlife corridor which runs from
240-571: A convergent plate boundary) of the oceanic crust along the Rakhabdev lineament, flattening and eventual wrenching (also called strike-slip plate fault, sideways horizontal movement of colliding plates with no vertical motion) parallel to the collision zone. Associated mafic igneous rocks show both continental and oceanic tholeiitic geochemistry (magnesium and iron-rich igneous rocks) from phanerozoic eon (541–0 million) with rift-related magmatic rock formations. The Aravalli-Delhi Orogen
300-539: A craton where basement rock crops out at the surface and it is the relatively oldest and most stable part that are undeformed by the plate tectonics . The Aravalli Craton (Marwar-Mewar Craton or Western Indian Craton) covers Rajasthan as well as western and southern Haryana . It includes the Mewar Craton in the east and Marwar Craton in the west. It is limited by the Great Boundary Fault in
360-594: A law. This amendment will reduce the Haryana's Natural Conservation Zones (NCZs) by 47% or 60,000 acres from 122,113.30 hectares to only 64,384.66 hectares. This is in violation of multiple guidelines of the Supreme Court of India as well as " NCR Planning Board " (NCRPB) notification which states the original 122,113.30 hectares ecologically sensitive forest of South Haryana is a forest, "The major natural features, identified as environmentally sensitive areas, are
420-602: A museum, the Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya . This had originally been located in Hridaya Kunj, Gandhi's own cottage in the ashram. Then in 1963, having been designed by the architect Charles Correa , the museum was built. The Sangrahalaya was then re-located into the well-designed and well-furnished museum building and was inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru , Prime Minister of India on 10 May 1963. Memorial activities could then continue. Many buildings in
480-536: A rigid Archaean continent banded gneissic complex around 2.2 Ga with the coexisting formation of the Bhilwara aulacogen in its eastern part and eventual rupturing and separation of the continent along a line parallel to the Rakhabdev (Rishabhdev) lineament to the west, simultaneous development of a passive continental margin with the undersea shelf rise sediments of the Aravalli-Jharol belts depositing on
540-536: A south-west direction, starting near Delhi , passing through southern Haryana , Rajasthan , and ending in Ahmedabad Gujarat . The highest peak is Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu at 1,722 m (5,650 ft). The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest geological features on Earth , having its origin in the Proterozoic era. The Aravalli Range is rich in natural resources and serves as check to
600-702: A total of twelve years with his wife Kasturba Gandhi and followers, including Vinoba Bhave . The Bhagavad Gita was recited here daily as part of the Ashram schedule. It was from here that Gandhi led the Dandi March , also known as the Salt Satyagraha on 12 March 1930. In recognition of the significant influence that this march had on the Indian independence movement , the Indian government has established
660-643: A walking tour can be organised. This 90-minute guided tour starts with a slide show and ends at the Library. The tour visits the following places: [REDACTED] Media related to Sabarmati Ashram at Wikimedia Commons Sabarmati The Sabarmati River is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India. It originates in the Aravalli Range of the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets
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#1732772932753720-867: Is along the Ferozpure Jhirka-Nuh Aravali range as well as Delhi South Ridge (Faridabad-Gurugram) to Farrukhnagar area on the Delhi–Haryana border, with reports of sightings in Saidpur, Lokri and Jhund Sarai Viran villages near the KMP expressway; Bhukarka 7 km from Pataudi; Pathkori, Bhond, Mandawar in Ferozepur Jirka region. In May 1992, some parts of the Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and Haryana were protected from mining through
780-474: Is an orogen event that led to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle, such as Aravalli and Himalayas fold mountains) due to the interaction between tectonic plates when a continental plate is crumpled and is pushed upwards to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called orogenesis . The archean basement had served as
840-519: Is part of the Indian Shield that formed from a series of cratonic collisions. In ancient times, Aravalli were extremely high but since have worn down almost completely from millions of years of weathering , whereas the Himalayas , young fold mountains, are still continuously rising. Aravalli have stopped growing higher due to the cessation of upward thrust caused by the tectonic plates in
900-603: Is similar to the younger Himalayan-type orogenic belts of the Mesozoic - Cenozoic era (of the Phanerozoic ) in terms of component parts and appears to have passed through a near-orderly Wilson supercontinental cycle of events . The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravalli - Delhi Orogen . The Aravalli Range is a northeast–southwest trending orogenic belt located in the northwestern part of Indian Peninsula. It
960-542: The Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement , which is a gneissic (high-grade metamorphism of sedimentary or igneous rocks) basement formed during the archean eon 4 Ga ago. It started as an inverted basin , that rifted and pulled apart into granitoid basement , initially during Aravalli passive rifting around 2.5 to 2.0 Ga years ago and then during Delhi active rifting around 1.9 to 1.6 Ga years ago. It started with rifting of
1020-734: The Earth's crust below them. The Aravalli Range joins two of the ancient Earth's crust segments that make up the greater Indian craton , the Aravalli Craton which is the Marwar segment of Earth's crust to the northwest of the Aravalli Range, and the Bundelkand Craton segment of the Earth's crust to the southeast of the Aravalli Range. Cratons, generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates, are old and stable parts of
1080-574: The Geological Survey of India to declare the site as a National Geological Monument . Tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the Aravalli Range: The stratigraphic classification of the Aravalli Range can be divided into the following parts (north to south direction): The Aravalli Range has been site of three broad stages of human history, early Stone Age saw the use of flint stones; mid-Stone Age starting from 20,000 BP saw
1140-581: The Gulf of Khambhat of Arabian Sea after travelling 371 km (231 mi) in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan and Gujarat . 48 km (30 mi) of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km (201 mi) is in Gujarat. The Sabarmati River originates in the Aravalli Range in the Indian state of Rajasthan . The total length of the river is 371 km (231 mi). After travelling 48 km (30 mi) in Rajasthan it flows into
1200-651: The Hathmati River . From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, the Watrak River. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into the Gulf of Khambhat , in the Arabian Sea . The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is 21,674 km (8,368 sq mi) out of which 4,124 km (1,592 sq mi) lies in Rajasthan State and
1260-585: The Narmada river was released into the Sabarmati River through the Sardar Sarovar dam . The Sabarmati Riverfront project is one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academics, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods. As of 2020,
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#17327729327531320-625: The Rann of Kutch . "The Great Green Wall of Aravalli" is a proposed 1,600 km long and 5 km wide green ecological corridor along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Delhi, it will be connected to Shivalik hill range and 1.35 billion (135 crore) new native trees will be planted over 10 years to rehabilitate the forest cover in this area. To be implemented on a concept similar to the Great Green Wall of Sahara in Africa, it will act as
1380-551: The Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan to Delhi Ridge. This corridor is an important habitat for the Indian leopards and jackals of Aravalli. In January 2019, the Wildlife Institute of India announced that they will undertake the survey of leopard and wildlife, using pugmarks and trap cameras, subsequently, leopards and jackals will be tracked via the radio collars . Urban development, especially
1440-628: The paleoproterozoic era . Sedimentary exhalative deposits of base metal sulfide ores formed extensively along several, long, linear zones in the Bhilwara aulacogen or produced local concentration in the rifted Aravalli continental margin, where rich stromatolitic phosphorites also formed. Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains shows Mewar Gneiss rocks are overlain by Delhi Supergroup type of rocks that also have post-Aravalli intrusions. Metal sulfide ores were formed in two different epochs, lead and zinc sulfide ores were formed in
1500-463: The Aravalli Range. The Aravalli Range has several forests with a diversity of environment. The Aravalli Range is rich in wildlife. The first-ever 2017 wildlife survey of a 200 square kilometre area crossing five districts (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Mewat, Rewari and Mahendergarh) of Haryana by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) found 14 species, including leopards , striped hyena (7 sightings), golden jackal (9 sightings, with 92% occupancy across
1560-558: The Aravalli range dates back to at least the 5th century BCE, based on carbon dating . Recent research indicates that copper was already mined here during the Sothi - Siswal period going back to c. 4000 BCE . Ancient Kalibangan and Kunal, Haryana settlements obtained copper here. The Indian Craton includes five major cratons . Cratons are part of continental crust made up of upper layer called platforms and older bottom layer called basement rocks . shields are part of
1620-549: The Ashram have names. There is a rich history of Gandhi's naming practices. At least some of the names of the buildings in the ashram, such as Nandini, and Rustom Block date back to the nineteen twenties, as is evident in a letter Gandhi wrote to Chhaganlal Joshi, the Ashram's new manager after Maganlal Gandhi's death in April 1928. Some of the names of the buildings and sites within the ashram are: With prior appointment from The Secretary, Gandhi Ashram Preservation and Memorial Trust,
1680-709: The Central Rajasthan region, Sharma states that the presence of some mining has had both positive and negative effects on neighboring agriculture and the ecosystem. The rain-induced erosion brings nutrients as well as potential contaminants. The Aravali Range is the source area of many rivers, resulting in development of human settlements with sustainable economy since pre-historic times. The Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project , Western Dedicated Freight Corridor , Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor , North Western Railway network, Jaipur–Kishangarh Expressway and Delhi–Jaipur Expressway , all run parallel to
1740-700: The Ecologically Sensitive Areas clauses of Indian laws. In 2003, the central government of India prohibited mining operations in these areas. In 2004, India's Supreme Court banned mining in the notified areas of Aravalli Range. In May 2009, the Supreme Court extended the ban on mining in an area of 448 km across the Faridabad , Gurgaon and Mewat districts in Haryana , covering the Aravalli Range. A 2013 report used high-resolution Cartosat-1 and LISS-IV satellite imaging to determine
1800-508: The Government to give it back but they were unwilling. By 22 July 1933, he had already decided to disband the ashram, which had become a deserted place after the detention of so many. Then local citizens decided to preserve it. On 12 March 1930, Gandhi vowed that he would not return to the ashram until India had gained independence and Gandhi did not come back to Sabarmati ashram. Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948. The ashram now has
1860-639: The Indian state of Gujarat where it is joined by a left bank tributary, Wakal, near the village Ghonpankhari. From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets a right bank tributary, the Sei River . Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes the Dharoi dam it meets another left bank tributary,
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1920-706: The Sabarmati River. During India's independence struggle , Mahatma Gandhi established the Sabarmati Ashram as his home on the banks of this river. In 2018, an assessment by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of the Sabarmati among the most polluted river stretches in India. Ahmedabad civic body's failure to build a sewage treatment plant in Motera resulted in further pollution of
1980-523: The Sabarmati River. In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, Shiva brought the goddess Ganga to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being. Rajashekhara 's Kavya-mimamsa (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati ( IAST : Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text Shringara-manjari-katha calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness"). Jain Acharya Buddhisagarsuri has written many poems about
2040-424: The Sabarmati basin is 308 m (10,900 cu ft) per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of 1,545 m (54,600 cu ft) per capita. The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon. An average flow of 33 m (1,200 cu ft) per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979. Over
2100-688: The area of the Aravalli Hill Range. Among them, there are similarities in material culture, and in the production of copper tools. They are located near the copper mines. "The GSCC is east of the Harappan culture, to the north-east of Ahar–Banas Complex , north/north west to the Kayatha Culture and at a later date, west of the OCP-Copper Hoard sites ( Ochre Coloured Pottery culture – Copper Hoard culture ). Located within
2160-535: The ashram as a national monument. While at the ashram, Gandhi formed a tertiary school that focused on manual labor, agriculture, and literacy, in order to advance his efforts for the nation's self-sufficiency. It was also from here that on 12 March 1930, Gandhi marched to Dandi, 241 miles from the ashram, with 78 companions in protest at the British Salt Law , which increased the taxes on Indian salt in an effort to promote sales of British salt in India. It
2220-558: The attenuated crust on the eastern flank of the separated continent, subsequent destruction of the continental margin by accretion of the Delhi island arc (a type of archipelago composed of an arc-shaped chain of volcanoes closely situated parallel to a convergent boundary between two converging tectonic plates) from the west around 1.5 Ga. This tectonic plates collision event involved early thrusting with partial obduction (overthrusting of oceanic lithosphere onto continental lithosphere at
2280-520: The continental lithosphere that have remained relatively undeformed during the cycles of merging and rifting of continents. It consists of two main sequences formed in the Proterozoic eon , metasedimentary rock (sedimentary rocks metamorphosed under pressure and heat without melting) and metavolcanic rock (metamorphosed volcanic rocks) sequences of the Aravalli Supergroup and Delhi Supergroup . These two supergroups rest over
2340-690: The domestication of cattle for agriculture; and post Stone Age starting from 10,000 BP saw the development of the Kalibangan civilisation, 4,000 BP the Aahar civilisation and 2,800 BP the Gneshwar civilisation. The Tosham hills have several Indus Valley Civilisation sites in and around the hill range as the area falls under copper-bearing zone of Southwest Haryana and Northeast Rajasthan of Aravalli hill range. Investigation of IVC network of mineral ore needs for metallurgical work and trade, shows that
2400-636: The east, the Thar Desert in the west, Indo-gangetic alluvium in the north, and the Son River - Narmada River - Tapti River basins in the south. It mainly has quartzite , marble , pelite , greywacke and extinct volcanos exposed in the Aravalli-Delhi Orogen . Malani Igneous Suite is the largest in India and third largest igneous suit in the world. The uniqueness of the geological feature of Malani Igneous Suite at Jodhpur prompted
2460-603: The existence and condition of mines in the Aravalli Range. In the Guru Gram district, the Aravalli hills occupy an area of 11,256 hectares, of which 491 (4.36%) hectares had mines, of which 16 hectares (0.14%) were abandoned flooded mines. In the Faridabad and Mewat districts, about 3610 hectares were part of mining industry, out of a total of 49,300 hectares. These mines were primarily granite and marble quarries for India's residential and real estate construction applications. In
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2520-527: The extension of Aravalli ridge in Rajasthan, Haryana and NCT-Delhi; forest areas; rivers and tributaries... major lakes and water bodies such as Badkhal lake , Suraj Kund and Damdama in Haryana sub-region" . This area as part of Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor is an important habitat for the leopards in Haryana . This corridor runs from Sariska and Ranthmbor to Rann of Kutch National Park and Gir National Park in Gujarat. The following national parks, wildlife reserves, and forests lie in
2580-557: The forest land can be exploited and opened up for the intrusive human development. This habitat is under serious threat from the wrong actions of the Government of Haryana which in 2019 passed the amendment to the Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 (PLPA). Governor has given his assent for the act, but it has not yet been notified by the Haryana government, hence it is in limbo and has not officially become
2640-821: The grounds of the Government School in Khanak, during 2014 and 2016. They found early to mature Harappan phase IVC materials, pottery, semiprecious beads of lapis lazuli , carnelian and others. They also found evidence of metallurgical activities, such as crucibles (used for pouring molten metal), furnace lining, burnt floor, ash and ore slugs. Ceramic petrography , metallography , scanning electron microscope (SEM, non-destructive, surface images of nanoscale resolution), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXA and EDXMA non-destructive, qualitative and quantitative elemental composition) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, destructive method) scientific studies of
2700-606: The growth of the western desert. Aravalli, a composite Sanskrit word from the roots "ara" and "vali" , literally means the "line of peaks" . The Aravalli Range, an eroded stub of ancient mountains, is believed to be the oldest range of fold mountains in India. The natural history of the Aravalli Range dates back to times when the Indian Plate was separated from the Eurasian Plate by an ocean. The Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt in northwest India
2760-665: The highways and railways bisecting the Aravalli range and wildlife corridor in several places pose a great risk. Large parts of Aravalli are legally and physically unprotected, with no wildlife passages and little or no wildlife conservation work resulting in deaths of over 10 leopards in 4 years between January 2015 to January 2019. The Haryana side of the Gurugram-Faridabad Aravalli hill forests lack availability of water due to which wild animals are seldom seen there. The Government of Haryana used drones for aerial surveys and dug 22 ephemeral pits in 2018 to store
2820-522: The length of the Aravalli Range providing an economic boost. The Aravalli Range is the home of forests, wildlife, protected areas, UNESCO heritage listed forts, rivers, and historical monuments which sustain a large tourism industry. Damage to the environment and ecology from the unorganized urbanization , overexploitation of the natural resources including water and minerals, mining , untreated human waste and disposal, pollution, loss of forest cover and wildlife habitat , unprotected status of most of
2880-478: The material found prove that the Khanak site was inhabited by the IVC metal-workers who used the locally mined polymetallic tin , and they were also familiar with metallurgical work with copper and bronze . The lowest level of site dates back as far the pre-Harappan era to Sothi-Siswal culture (6600 BP) tentatively. The Ganeshwar Sunari Cultural Complex (GSCC) is a collection of third millennium BCE settlements in
2940-512: The most common type of grinding stone at Harappa is of Delhi quartzite type found only in the westernmost outliers of the Aravalli range in southern Haryana near Kaliana and Makanwas villages of Bhiwani district. The quartzite is red-pink to pinkish grey in colour and is crisscrossed with thin haematite and quartz filled fractures with sugary size grain texture. Ravindra Nath Singh and his team of Banaras Hindu University carried out ASI -financed excavations of Indus Valley Civilisation site on
3000-462: The past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood, when a flow of 14,150 m (500,000 cu ft) per second was measured at Dharoi. In Rajasthan , it is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa on Mount Abu . His penance had pleased Shiva and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa the Ganges River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became
3060-430: The rainwater which became dry during the summer months. In January 2019, the government announced the plan to make the pit perennial by connecting those with pipelines from the nearby villages. Human activity, such as unplanned urbanization and polluting industrial plants, also pose a great threat. There is often reluctance and denial on part of the government officials of the presence of wildlife such as leopard so that
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#17327729327533120-893: The regions of the Aravalli Hill Range, primarily along the Kantli, Sabi, Sota, Dohan and Bondi rivers, the GJCC is the largest copper producing community in third millennium BCE South Asia, with 385 sites documented. Archaeological indicators of the GSCC were documented primarily in Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, and Sikar districts of Rajasthan, India ..." Pottery found in the area include incised ware, and reserved slipware. There are two main type sites , Ganeshwar , and Sunari , in Tehsil Kot Putli, Jaipur district (Geo coordinates: N 27° 35' 51", 76° 06' 85" E). The Northern Aravalli range in Delhi and Haryana has humid subtropical climate and hot semi-arid continental climate with very hot summers and relatively cool winters. The main characteristics of climate in Hisar are dryness, extremes of temperature, and scanty rainfall. The maximum daytime temperature during
3180-437: The remaining 18,550 km (7,160 sq mi) in Gujarat. The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from 450 to 800 mm (18 to 31 in) in different parts of the basin. The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone. The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers. Average annual water availability in
3240-439: The river water. There are several reservoirs on the Sabarmati and its tributaries. The Dharoi dam is located on the main river. The Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of Ahmedabad while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-ueir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat. In 2002, water from
3300-456: The second phase of the project has received in-principle approval. KPMG has listed the Sabarmati Riverfront project in its top 100 most innovative global infrastructure projects. 22°18′N 72°22′E / 22.300°N 72.367°E / 22.300; 72.367 Aravalli Range The Aravalli Range (also spelled Aravali ) is a mountain range in Northern - Western India , running approximately 670 km (420 mi) in
3360-418: The sedimentary rocks around 1.8 Ga years ago during Paleoproterozoic phase. The tectonic setting of zinc-lead-copper sulfides mineralisation in the Delhi supergroup rocks in Haryana-Delhi were formed by mantle plume volcanic action around one billion years ago covering Haryana and Rajasthan during the mesoproterozoic . In the southern part of the Aravalli supergroup arc base metal sulfides were generated near
3420-549: The subduction zone on the western fringe and in zones of back-arc extension to the south-east. Continued subduction produced tungsten - tin mineralisation in S-type (sedimentary unmetamorphosed rock), felsic (volcanic rock), and plutons (crystallised solidified magma). This includes commercially viable quantities of minerals, such as rock phosphate , lead - zinc - silver mineral deposits at Zawar , Rikahbdev serpentinite , talc , pyrophyllite , asbestos , apatite , kyanite and beryl . Mining of copper and other metals in
3480-445: The summer varies between 40 and 46 °C (104 and 115 °F). During winter, its ranges between 1.5 and 4 °C. The Central Aravalli range in Rajasthan has an arid and dry climate. The Southern Aravalli range in Gujarat has a tropical wet and dry climate Three major rivers and their tributaries flow from the Aravalli, namely Banas and Sahibi rivers which are tributaries of Yamuna , as well as Luni River which flows into
3540-452: The survey area), nilgai (55 sightings), palm civet (7 sightings), wild pig (14 sightings), rhesus macaque (55 sightings), peafowl (57 sightings) and Indian crested porcupine (12 sightings). Encouraged by the first survey, the wildlife department has prepared a plan for a comprehensive study and census of wildlife across the whole Aravalli Range, including radio collar tracking of the wild animals. Well known leopard and hyena habitat
3600-417: Was this march and the subsequent illegal production of salt (Gandhi boiled up some salty mud in seawater) that spurred hundreds of thousands across India to join in the illegal production, buying, or selling of salt. This mass act of civil disobedience in turn led to the imprisoning of some 60,000 by the British Raj over the following three weeks. Subsequently, the government seized the ashram. Gandhi later asked
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