Shadow Galactica ( シャドウ・ギャラクティカ , Shadō Gyarakutika ) are a group of fictional characters in the Sailor Moon manga series created by Naoko Takeuchi . They are the villains of the series' fifth and final story arc, called Stars in the manga, Sailor Moon Sailor Stars in the first anime adaptation, and Sailor Moon Cosmos in the second anime adaptation. Shadow Galactica is first introduced in chapter #43 "Stars 1", originally published in Japan's Nakayoshi magazine on March 28, 1996.
178-683: Shadow Galactica as an organization devotes itself to stealing starseeds , the essence of sentient life, from all in the Milky Way . Its members are led by Sailor Galaxia and have the ultimate goal of reorganizing the universe in the image that Chaos desires. The Sailor Moon musicals state that they have already conquered 80% of the Milky Way, and all 88 constellations—with only Sailor Moon 's Solar System remaining. Sailor Galaxia's castle, Galactica Palace ( ギャラクティカ・パレス , Gyarakutika Paresu ) , serves as Shadow Galactica's base of operations in
356-489: A conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence. The Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) in his Tadhkira wrote: "The Milky Way, i.e. the Galaxy, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color." Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) proposed that
534-666: A radius of about 39.5 kpc (130,000 ly), over twice as much as was determined in earlier studies, suggesting that about 90% of the mass of the galaxy is dark matter . In September 2023, astronomers reported that the virial mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is only 2.06 10 solar masses , only a 10th of the mass of previous studies. The mass was determined from data of the Gaia spacecraft . The Milky Way contains between 100 and 400 billion stars and at least that many planets. An exact figure would depend on counting
712-562: A 2016 study. Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants, though harder to detect at great distances given their small size. Besides exoplanets, " exocomets ", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way. More recently, in November 2020, over 300 million habitable exoplanets are estimated to exist in the Milky Way Galaxy. When compared to other more distant galaxies in
890-522: A bad temper, Lead Crow is very intelligent and is a skilled fighter, often attacking her enemies with a whip. She dislikes Tin Nyanko, but partners with her for a time, which leads to her being killed by her own trap when Tin Nyanko sabotages it. Lead Crow appeared in a few of the musicals, including "Starlights—Ryuusei Densetsu" and its revision. Like the rest of the Animamates, she poses as a member of
1068-454: A black phone booth. All five of the original Animamates appear in various Sailor Moon musicals, including Sailor Stars , Eien Densetsu , Starlights Ryuusei Densetsu , and Kakyuu Ouhi Kourin . They pose as a dance troupe called the "Dancing Animamates" and go by pseudonyms: Iron Mouse as "Chū Rat", Aluminum Seiren as "Half Bird", Lead Crow as "Manila Karasu", and Heavy Metal Papillon as "Miss Butterfly"; only Tin Nyanko retains her alias from
1246-636: A dancing troupe known as the Dancing Animamates. She acts as choreographer for the group. "Ryuusei Densetsu" also presents her as Japan's leading expert in Filipino dance, a play on her name. In the anime, Lead Crow is voiced by Chiharu Suzuka and by Yoko Hikasa in the Cosmos film. In the English dub of Sailor Stars , she is voiced by Andi Rich, and by Debi Mae West in the Cosmos dub. In
1424-460: A great deal of detail at +6.1. This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas, but very prominent when viewed from rural areas when the Moon is below the horizon. Maps of artificial night sky brightness show that more than one-third of Earth's population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution. As viewed from Earth, the visible region of
1602-494: A homosexual relationship between the two girls, but also an incestuous one. It has even been implied that the difficulties in dubbing Haruka and Michiru's relationship are part of the reason why there was a gap of several years between the dubbing of the earlier series and the dubbing of Sailor Moon S . However, in Japan, there were also some controversies around the character. Viz Media and Studiopolis' English-language redub of
1780-471: A literal gendering. Haruka's just a gender non-conforming lesbian. As for pronouns, the characters do most often reference Haruka as "her" in the English translation however, after Hotaru reawakens as Sailor Saturn in Episode 2 of Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal she refers to Haruka as ‘Daddy Haruka’. Besides her relationship with Michiru, Haruka is also close friends with Setsuna Meioh , because
1958-474: A measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo parsecs is 7 × 10 M ☉ . In a 2014 study, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 × 10 M ☉ , but this is only half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy. A recent 2019 mass estimate for the Milky Way is 1.29 × 10 M ☉ . Much of the mass of
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#17328020135832136-472: A new series of devastating wars. Sailor Chaos never actually appears as a living character in the series; however, both the manga and the Cosmos film display a vague image only once—as a flash-forward—when Sailor Cosmos mentions her. The Sailor Animamates ( セーラーアニマメイツ , Sērā Animameitsu , occasionally romanized as "Sailor Anima-Mates") are Shadow Galactica's main reapers of starseeds, and are led by Sailor Chi and Sailor Phi . They bear names prefixed by
2314-672: A pair to wear. Chaos corrupts Galaxia, so that Galaxia can fight the Light of Hope, which is Galaxia's own star seed. However, Sailor Moon is able to reach the small bit of hope left in Galaxia's own heart, and she releases Chaos from her body. Chaos leaves Galaxia to inhabit the hearts of all people, which was stated to be its original residence. In the Eien Densetsu musical, Chaos appears as Kyaosu ( キャオス , Kyaosu ) , another male servant of Galaxia. He functions as comic relief and
2492-410: A range in mass, as large as 4.5 × 10 M ☉ and as small as 8 × 10 M ☉ . By comparison, the total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6 × 10 M ☉ and 6.43 × 10 M ☉ . In addition to the stars, there is also interstellar gas, comprising 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by mass, with two thirds of
2670-760: A real species of cat called the Egyptian Mau ). According to the Materials Collection , Tin Nyanko also has the ability to manipulate scents and supposedly has nine lives. In the anime adaptation, Tin Nyanko is a rival to Sailors Lead Crow and Aluminum Seiren. She is partly responsible for both their deaths, and in the process learns Sailor Moon's identity. During their confrontation, Usagi attempts to heal her with her attack, and succeeds only in knocking off one of her bracelets. This allows Nyanko's true personality to partially reveal itself, and even half of her otherwise black uniform turns white. However, she
2848-415: A treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant , drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright , speculated (correctly) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales. The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Wright and Kant also conjectured that some of
3026-525: A very difficult scene for her and cried during it. Nao Takagi, the longest-running of the musical actresses, decided that she wanted to play the role of the "Sailor Soldier with the blonde hair" when she saw one of the earlier musicals, despite having never performed before. Takagi said she was "really happy to be able to play Uranus" and regarded Uranus as "a completely cool, handsome Soldier". She has stated that certain scenes involving herself and Yuhka Asami (as Sailor Neptune) were specially created just for
3204-447: A young Mamoru in the series. Ogata was instructed by the director to portray Haruka as if she and Michiru were a married couple. In 1995, Ogata won the 16th Animage Anime Grand Prix award for best voice actress, largely because of her work as Sailor Uranus, breaking up a 12-win streak by Megumi Hayashibara . The previous year she had ranked third, and she ranked second for the next three years before dropping to ninth place in 1999. In
3382-525: Is Galactica Crunch . It later emerges that Iron Mouse killed Sailor Chū, the Guardian from her home planet Chū, taking her star-seed so that Iron Mouse could be a Sailor Guardian. In the anime adaptation, she goes by the human pseudonym Chūko Nezu ( 根津 宙子 , Nezu Chūko ) . This pseudonym has a name expressing word-play : in Japanese, Chūko and Nezu are each perfectly acceptable names; however, "chū"
3560-580: Is Haruka Tenou ( 天王 はるか , Ten'ō Haruka , renamed "Amara Tenoh" in some English adaptations) , a teenage Japanese student and race car driver. Haruka is a member of the Sailor Guardians , female supernatural fighters who protect the Solar System from evil. Sailor Uranus fights alongside her partner and lover Sailor Neptune . Sailor Uranus possesses powers associated with the wind and sky, precognition , as well as sword combat. Haruka
3738-494: Is World Shaking ; she gathers energy from the sky and sends it toward to her foes by smashing the energy against the ground. She is given three major attacks in the series, and although they all have English names (like those of the other Sailor Soldiers), each is also given kanji in the manga to denote the meaning to Japanese readers. For example, World Shaking is given kanji which translate to "sky" ( 天 ) , "world" ( 界 ) , and "shake" ( 震 ) . The intended English pronunciation
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#17328020135833916-583: Is salad and her least favorite is nattō (fermented soybeans); she also likes the color gold . According to Michiru, Haruka has had trouble with popular men on more than one occasion. Haruka denies this, but it clearly annoys her. Haruka, Michiru, and Setsuna appear in Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie , although this conflicts with the general timeline of the series in several ways. Notably, they are more overtly friendly and helpful than they had been when they last met, and Sailor Pluto
4094-547: Is "a soldier who has the ability to tap into the power of the entire galaxy", but that even with this power, Sailor Moon manages to defeat her by using her purifying abilities. In a review of the first half of the final season of the anime for Anime News Network , author Rebecca Silverman compared the Sailor Animamates with the Four Kings of Heaven, explaining that while both groups are not similar to each other,
4272-425: Is "the maximum level of feminine emancipation. These actress cover all roles of the plays, even the male ones. I was inspired by them to create Haruka." She also described such a figure as "the female best friend and the fairy tale prince in one," stating that she had wanted for a long time to include a character like this in one of her works. Haruka is intended as an older sister figure for the younger girls populating
4450-428: Is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium . This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars, whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas. The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from
4628-405: Is a ring-like filament of stars called Triangulum–Andromeda Ring (TriAnd Ring) rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane , which alongside Monoceros Ring were both suggested to be primarily the result of disk oscillations and wrapping around the Milky Way, at a diameter of at least 50 kpc (160,000 ly), which may be part of the Milky Way's outer disk itself, hence making
4806-474: Is a stubborn, protective individual, as well as strong-willed, capable, charming, and occasionally even daring. She is formally introduced in the third story arc , although she appears in silhouette alongside Sailor Neptune in the final episode of Sailor Moon R . She is the tallest of the Sailor Guardians at 5'11", followed by Sailor Pluto at 5'10". Haruka is a racecar driver, even though she
4984-601: Is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars. The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the zodiac , the meridian , the horizon , the equator , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle , and two colure circles passing through both poles. The Milky Way
5162-659: Is apparently very weak. He disguises himself as the director of a school play that the younger Guardians are starring in and also poses as the Three Lights ' manager. Later on in the musical, he makes a deal to assist Sailor Moon, taking her and the Starlights to the Galaxy Cauldron and promising to save a Sailor Guardian from death (he saves Sailor Mercury ). However, after Galaxia's defeat, Kyaosu reveals himself to be Chaos. With his power sealed inside Galaxia, he
5340-548: Is approximately 890 billion to 1.54 trillion times the mass of the Sun in total (8.9 × 10 to 1.54 × 10 solar masses), although stars and planets make up only a small part of this. Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. The low end of the estimate range is 5.8 × 10 solar masses ( M ☉ ), somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy . Measurements using
5518-418: Is barely sixteen years old at her first appearance. However, the timing of her birthday to the Japanese school year means she is one grade ahead of the Sailor Guardians. Haruka loves to tease pretty girls. In the manga, she even kisses Usagi . Throughout the manga, she lightly flirts with Usagi, either out of habit in her first appearance or just for fun, and eventually Usagi flirts back. Their relationship in
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5696-453: Is called the Zone of Avoidance . The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness . Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as light pollution or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible. It should be visible if the limiting magnitude is approximately +5.1 or better and shows
5874-530: Is celestial. This idea would be influential later in the Muslim world . The Persian astronomer Al-Biruni (973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars". The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( d 1138) proposed that the Milky Way was made up of many stars but appeared to be a continuous image in the Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of
6052-470: Is given in furigana . This is Sailor Uranus's primary attack for most of the anime series. Haruka carries a special blade, the Space Sword, which is one of three powerful Talismans, the other two of which are carried by Sailor Neptune and Sailor Pluto . In the manga, she seems to already know it is a Talisman; in the anime, she does not gain the sword until it is revealed as such. In either case, it
6230-569: Is given specific titles throughout the various series, including Guardian of Sky (or "the Skies" in the English manga) and Guardian of Flight. She is known to run as fast as the wind, and can forecast bad things from the sky. Perhaps her titles regarding the sky is in reference to the Greco-Roman Uranus , who was the embodiment of the sky. Sailor Uranus is one of the more aggressive, and yet also intelligent, Sailor Guardians, and carries
6408-472: Is inclined by about 60° to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit ). Relative to the celestial equator , it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux , indicating the high inclination of Earth's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic, relative to the galactic plane. The north galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12 49 , declination +27.4° ( B1950 ) near β Comae Berenices , and
6586-418: Is later revealed that Lead Crow killed Sailor Coronis, the Guardian from Coronis (home planet of Phobos, Deimos, and Lead Crow), taking her star seed so that Lead Crow could be a Sailor Guardian. According to the Materials Collection , Lead Crow's attack is Galactica Tornado , and she can also manipulate rot. She is a sadist. In its anime adaptation, Lead Crow first appears as a partner of Aluminum Seiren. She
6764-439: Is necessary, and as physically stronger. In her response to an academic essay on Sailor Moon by Mary Grigsby, author Emily Ravenwood compared Haruka and Michiru's relationship with Zoisite and Kunzite 's relationship explaining that "in both cases, the feminine and masculine attributes are highlighted with a heavy hand (deliberate display of stereotypes)." According to her, Kunzite and Haruka are stoic and show no emotions, and in
6942-495: Is not named in the manga. Furthermore, she is described as a parent as well as a samba dancer, and has "high sex appeal." In the Cosmos film, she is voiced by Haruka Kudo in the original Japanese version and by Amanda Lee in the English dub. She also appears in the musicals, portrayed by Keiko Endoh. Sailor Chi ( セーラー Χ ( カイ ) , Sērā Kai ) and Sailor Phi ( セーラー Φ ( ファイ ) , Sērā Fai ) are twin sisters and Galaxia's closest servants in
7120-776: Is part of the Local Group of galaxies, which form part of the Virgo Supercluster , which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster . It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars and at least that number of planets . The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years (8.3 kpc) from the Galactic Center , on the inner edge of the Orion Arm , one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in
7298-633: Is present (which conflicts with certain events in the third series). As a character with different incarnations, special powers, transformations, and a long lifetime that spans the Silver Millennium era to the 30th century, Haruka gains multiple aspects and aliases as the series progresses. Haruka's Guardian identity. She wears a uniform colored in Navy and Yellow . Unlike most of the other Guardians, her gloves extend only to mid-forearm. In transformed state, she wears two golden hoop earrings. She
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7476-413: Is provided by Carrie Keranen . In the stage musicals, five different actresses have portrayed her: Saori Sara , Tamami Matsumoto , Takemi , Yumie Sakaguchi and Coco Isuzu. Matsumoto stated that she greatly enjoyed the role: "ordering people around and being above others is such a great feeling". Chaos ( カオス , Kaosu ) is a primeval entity that has existed since the beginning of the universe and
7654-1094: Is replicated in various musicals and has the song Orleans no Sei Senshi~Uranus-Neptune no Uragiri (Holy Guardians of Orleans~Uranus and Neptune's betrayal) appear in each version. In the musicals, Galaxia often resurrects antagonists from past arcs to join her other servants. Most frequently she brings back Queen Beryl , who works with Galaxia in Eien Densetsu , its revised edition, and Shin Densetsu Kourin . The Amazon Trio and some of their Lemures are made members in Shin Densetsu Kourin . Beryl's Four Kings of Heaven are revived alongside her in Starlights—Ryuusei Densetsu and Kakyuu-Ouhi Kourin—The Second Stage Final . Some original characters have also been introduced in Sailor Stars and its revised edition: in addition to Sailors Pewter Fox, Titanium Kerokko, and Theta, these musicals marked
7832-493: Is said to be the leader of the Animamates, and calls her partner her "greatest rival"; however, she harbors great concern for her fellow Animamate, and when Aluminum Seiren is killed, tries to carry on the same work. Her human pseudonym in the anime is Akane Karasuma ( 烏丸 あかね , Karasuma Akane ) , which is taken from the words for a certain shade of red (pronounced the same as "lead" in Japanese) and for "crow". Despite having
8010-434: Is significantly smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy's isophotal diameter, and slightly below the mean isophotal sizes of the galaxies being at 28.3 kpc (92,000 ly). The paper concludes that the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy were not overly large spiral galaxies, nor were among the largest known (if the former not being the largest) as previously widely believed, but rather average ordinary spiral galaxies. To compare
8188-407: Is sometimes incorrectly romanized as Tennō , which is in fact a more common writing of the planet's name, but the manga invariably glosses Haruka's surname as Ten'ō where furigana are used, and it is pronounced this way in the anime. In the Japanese anime and movies, Haruka Tenoh is voiced by veteran voice actress Megumi Ogata , who had previously portrayed a monster-of-the-day , Petz , and
8366-664: Is the Large Sagittarius Star Cloud , a portion of the central bulge of the galaxy. Dark regions within the band, such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack , are areas where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars. Peoples of the southern hemisphere, including the Inca and Australian aborigines , identified these regions as dark cloud constellations . The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures
8544-408: Is the sound made by mice, and nezu is short for nezumi , which means "mouse". She exhibits a personality both childlike and intense; she usually chooses famous or impressive people as her victims, seems to enjoy her work, and is openly fearful of Galaxia. She is also known to travel in a phone booth similar to a TARDIS . She is also afraid of cats. After failing to steal the star seeds, she becomes
8722-485: Is the name of an alpine species of Forget-me-not . They come from the conjoined twin planets Lethe and Mnemosyne, respectively. Their planets were small, poor, and plagued by violence and chaos. When Galaxia appeared and brought death and ruin, the two had no choice but to follow her in the hopes of someday finding peace. Sailor Lethe first introduces herself as the ferryman of the River of Oblivion, trapping Sailor Moon at
8900-612: Is the only one of the dead Guardians to ever be pictured in the manga). Two more Guardians are implied by the mention of devastated planets called Mermaid and Cocoon, home planets of Aluminum Seiren and Heavy Metal Papillon respectively. In the anime adaptation, contrary to their manga counterparts, it is stated by Princess Kakyuu that the Animamates were once true Sailor Guardians. The Animamates disguise themselves as employees of Tokyo's primary television station, Galaxy TV, to get closer to their victims. Under Galaxia's command, they search for true star-seeds whose shines can survive exposure to
9078-548: Is torn between her duty to kill the Sailor Guardians and a new urge to rebel against her master. However, Sailor Galaxia decides to kill her. In the Sailor Stars musical and its revision, Sailor Tin Nyanko was one of Galaxia's henchwomen sent to Earth to destroy the Sailor Guardians. She participated in Juuban High School's musical festival alongside the other Animamates. In the anime series, Sailor Tin Nyanko
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#17328020135839256-443: Is used in her second attack, Space Sword Blaster ( 宇宙剣乱風 , "space sword chaos wind") , which fires damaging energy, as well as in physical strikes. Her third and final attack, appearing only in the manga, is called Space Turbulence ( 宇宙乱気流 ) , which uses no item at all. The Uranus Crystal is perhaps her most important possession, as it is her Sailor Crystal and the source of all her power, which becomes especially important in
9434-484: Is very polite, ditzy and oblivious when off-duty, and is always eating or feeling hungry; once engaged in battle, however, she drops her flaws and becomes completely ruthless. Aluminum Siren works together with Sailor Lead Crow, who reveals that they once competed for the position of Number One Animamate. She eventually discovers Sailor Moon's identity and nearly succeeds in killing her, but the Inner Guardians and
9612-486: Is visible as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching the night sky . Although all the individual naked-eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way Galaxy, the term "Milky Way" is limited to this band of light. The light originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane . Brighter regions around the band appear as soft visual patches known as star clouds . The most conspicuous of these
9790-409: Is voiced by Ikue Ōtani in Japanese and by Mariya Ise in the Cosmos film. In the English dubs of Sailor Stars and Cosmos , she is voiced by Corina Boettger. She was played by Tomomi Seo, Toni Hosokawa and Miu Hashigaki in the musicals. Sailor Heavy Metal Papillon ( セーラーヘビーメタルパピヨン , Sērā Hebīmetaru Papiyon ) is the fifth and last of the Sailor Animamates to appear. Her name incorporates
9968-549: The Sailor Moon Sailor Stars musical and in its revision, the Eien Densetsu musical and in its revision, Shin Densetsu Kourin , Starlights—Ryuusei Densetsu and Kakyuu-Ouhi Kourin . Her musical story is similar to both the manga and anime adaptation. As in the manga, the final showdown with Galaxia often occurs in the Galaxy Cauldron. As in the anime, Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune pose as Galaxia's henchwomen. Galaxia generally employs fewer Animamates in
10146-499: The Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s (570,000 mph) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way. Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius, this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive, roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7 × 10 M ☉ within 160,000 ly (49 kpc) of its center. In 2010,
10324-466: The fifth story arc . It is given to her by Sailor Saturn . The character of Sailor Uranus was not developed until partway through the Sailor Moon series, after the Sailor Guardians were well-established. She was created in tandem with Sailor Neptune, as "complementary but opposite characters," and meant from the beginning to work alongside Sailor Pluto. Creator Naoko Takeuchi has said that she
10502-533: The light-gathering power of this new telescope, he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars. He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun, far too distant to be part of
10680-614: The magnetic fields of the Milky Way were reported. The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm , within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble , between the Radcliffe wave and Split linear structures (formerly Gould Belt ). Based upon studies of stellar orbits around Sgr A* by Gillessen et al. (2016), the Sun lies at an estimated distance of 27.14 ± 0.46 kly (8.32 ± 0.14 kpc) from
10858-480: The naked eye . The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a D 25 isophotal diameter estimated at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,600 light-years ), but only about 1,000 light-years thick at the spiral arms (more at the bulge). Recent simulations suggest that a dark matter area, also containing some visible stars, may extend up to a diameter of almost 2 million light-years (613 kpc). The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and
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#173280201358311036-440: The nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate "galaxies" themselves, similar to our own. Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the "extragalactic nebulae" as "island universes", a term still current up to the 1930s. The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of
11214-467: The solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules , at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center. The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to
11392-494: The English manga is Kitty Bell . She has a cold personality, willing to kill anyone who is in her way. Tin Nyanko first appears in Act 45 as Nyanko Suzu, a new transfer student from Libya. Like Lead Crow, she confronts people from her home planet, Mau—in this case, Luna and Artemis . Diana arrives and tries to protect them, but Tin Nyanko's Galactica Puppet attack transforms all three into their humanoid selves, then injures
11570-496: The French word for butterfly ; in Japanese culture, butterflies are often considered to be symbolic of the soul. In the Materials Collection artbook, and the musical Ryuusei Densetsu, the word "Heavy" is omitted from her name. Sailor Heavy Metal Papillon comes from the planet Cocoon. Known as the "Soul Hunter," Sailor Heavy Metal Papillon guards a graveyard in the center of the galaxy, surrounded by butterflies. These butterflies are
11748-571: The Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc). At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9. Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in
11926-530: The Galactic Center. Boehle et al. (2016) found a smaller value of 25.64 ± 0.46 kly (7.86 ± 0.14 kpc), also using a star orbit analysis. The Sun is currently 5–30 parsecs (16–98 ly) above, or north of, the central plane of the Galactic disk. The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm , is about 2,000 parsecs (6,500 ly). The Sun, and thus
12104-399: The Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit. This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term. These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth. A reanalysis of the effects of
12282-558: The Galactica Troops. He appeared first as the Master of Ceremonies (hence his name) for a school talent-competition, and has the ability of shapeshifting. His true form is that of a fly-man, with antenna on his head and wings. Shiori Seki portrayed Sailor Buttress, while Ryuuji Kasahara, who later played Kyaosu, portrayed MC Fly. The term Phage ( ファージ , Fāji ) occurs only in the anime series. It describes any monster of
12460-405: The Milky Way is "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars". Proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars. Galileo also concluded that the appearance of the Milky Way was due to refraction of the Earth's atmosphere. In
12638-577: The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy , rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy , in the 1960s. These conjectures were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way's central bar to be larger than previously thought. Sailor Uranus Sailor Uranus ( セーラーウラヌス , Sērā Uranusu ) is a fictional character in the Sailor Moon media franchise . Sailor Uranus' alternate identity
12816-446: The Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the speed of light . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( astronomical unit ). The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius , which follows
12994-493: The Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat , set in the sky by Marduk , the Babylonian national god , after slaying her. This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlil of Nippur , but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to
13172-449: The Milky Way is the glow of stars not directly visible due to Earth's shadow, while other stars receive their light from the Sun, but have their glow obscured by solar rays. Aristotle himself believed that the Milky Way was part of the Earth's upper atmosphere, along with the stars, and that it was a byproduct of stars burning that did not dissipate because of its outermost location in the atmosphere, composing its great circle . He said that
13350-428: The Milky Way seems to be dark matter , an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter. A dark matter halo is conjectured to spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs (kpc) from the Galactic Center. Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1–1.5 × 10 M ☉ . 2013 and 2014 studies indicate
13528-404: The Milky Way". Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0° (zero degrees) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center, the quadrants are: with the galactic longitude (ℓ) increasing in the counter-clockwise direction ( positive rotation ) as viewed from north of the Galactic Center (a view-point several hundred thousand light-years distant from Earth in
13706-514: The Milky Way's galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations . The Galactic Center lies in the direction of Sagittarius , where the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the galactic anticenter in Auriga . The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius, dividing the sky into two roughly equal hemispheres . The galactic plane
13884-718: The Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod ("The Fortress of Arianrhod ") being the constellation of Corona Borealis . In Western culture, the name "Milky Way" is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea , in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας , short for γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos ), meaning "milky circle". The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας ( galaxias ) – from root γαλακτ -, γάλα ("milk") + -ίας (forming adjectives) –
14062-530: The Milky Way, and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars. The Milky Way contains an average of at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 by the Kepler space observatory. A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in
14240-438: The Milky Way. The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018, 2021 and 2024. Data from Gaia has been described as "transformational". It has been estimated that Gaia has expanded the number of observations of stars from about 2 million stars as of the 1990s to 2 billion. It has expanded
14418-437: The Milky Way. In November 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest exoplanet may be 4.2 light-years away, orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri , according to
14596-470: The Sailor Animamates. True to her name of mouse, Iron Mouse is very short, at least a foot shorter than all her targets (Takeuchi's notes in the manga state that she is Chibiusa's height, but she is not quite that short in the anime). Iron Mouse fights the Sailor Guardians during the joint concert between the Three Lights and Michiru Kaioh . She is the first one killed by Sailor Star Healer. Her attack
14774-473: The Sailor Crystals of each of the Sailor Guardians on Earth until only Usagi and Chibichibi are left. At the Galaxy Cauldron, Galaxia fights them, until Chaos attempts to kill Galaxia by blasting her off a cliff. Sailor Moon rescues her from falling over the cliff into the cauldron, and Galaxia finally realizes that she has always really wanted love, not power. By accepting Usagi's offer of friendship,
14952-473: The Sailor Crystals, the starseeds of the Sailor Guardians of the galaxy. Those powers combined with that of Sailor Moon would give her the power to destroy Chaos and rule the galaxy. She then created Shadow Galactica and began traveling to planet after planet, turning them into places of death and stealing the starseeds of their guardian Sailor Guardians. In her first conquest on Earth, she steals Mamoru 's Golden Crystal; and after that, she and her henchwomen steal
15130-506: The Sailor Guardians, she fights Sailor Moon and the Sailor Starlights . In the climax of the battle, Chaos completely possesses Galaxia, whose skin turns light grey and her uniform turns black, with bat-like wings. In the end, Sailor Moon refuses to fight Galaxia and releases Chaos from her body. She leaves and returns to space, intent on returning the stolen starseeds. In the Sailor Moon musicals, Galaxia features prominently in
15308-477: The Sailor Starlights stopped her. Despite learning their identities, as well as finding a strong star seed, Aluminum Seiren is killed by Galaxia for failing to kill Sailor Moon. In the anime series, she is voiced by Kikuko Inoue in Japanese and by male voice actor Ayumu Murase in the Cosmos film. In the English dubs of Sailor Stars and Cosmos , Sailor Aluminum Siren is voiced by Faye Mata . In
15486-501: The Solar System, is located in the Milky Way's galactic habitable zone . There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs (49 ly) from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from List of nearest bright stars ). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 brown dwarfs ) within 5 parsecs (16 ly) of
15664-457: The Space Sword, which is one of three Talisman carried by herself, Sailor Neptune, and Sailor Pluto. Her personality is no different from when she is a civilian, although certain powers are unavailable to her in that form. Sailor Neptune is her constant companion, and they are rarely separated. As she grows stronger, Sailor Uranus gains additional powers, and at key points her uniform changes to reflect this. The first change takes place in Act 44 of
15842-585: The Starlight Honeymoon Therapy Kiss and the Silver Moon Crystal Power Kiss attacks. Princess Kakyuu is implied to have this power as well. Those who possess "true" starseeds (i.e. the Sailor Guardians and Tuxedo Mask) do not transform into Phage, and if their star seeds are taken, their body fades away killing them instantly. While Phage do not appear in the manga or musicals, they are referenced in one of
16020-489: The Sumerian deities. In Greek mythology , Zeus places his son born by a mortal woman, the infant Heracles , on Hera 's breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink her divine milk and become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realizes she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way. In another Greek story,
16198-411: The Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation. It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year ), so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of
16376-412: The Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from List of nearest stars ). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14. The apex of the Sun's way, or
16554-399: The abandoned Heracles is given by Athena to Hera for feeding, but Heracles' forcefulness causes Hera to rip him from her breast in pain. Llys Dôn (literally "The Court of Dôn ") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia . At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion ("The fortress of Gwydion ") is the traditional Welsh name for
16732-503: The actresses for the two do kiss on stage in the omake of Kaguya Shima Densetsu Kaiteiban . They are also the only two Guardians to engage in physical combat with Sailor Galaxia . The other Guardians only use their powers to combat her. As in the anime, however, neither Uranus or Neptune are capable of harming Galaxia in combat. It is seen that Uranus has the ability to sense Neptune's death when Galaxia gravely injures Neptune, who had been weakened while protecting Sailor Mars. Otherwise,
16910-478: The air briefly before Galaxia reclaims them. In the anime, Galaxia frees Queen Nehelenia from the seal and encourages her to take her revenge by unleashing a nightmare upon the "people of the White Moon". It is not revealed until the final few episodes that Galaxia contracted Nehelenia into her service for the sole purpose of forcing Sailor Saturn to reawaken her Guardian powers and get a mature starseed, as at
17088-437: The anime is different, as Haruka also refers to Usagi as "Odango", or dumpling, in the same way Tuxedo Mask does—as a playful nickname. By the time she returns in Sailor Stars , however, she begins to refer to Usagi as "Kitten". Although her relationship with Michiru Kaioh/Sailor Neptune is not implicitly sexual until later in the series, their romantic situation is referred to early on and generally understood by most of
17266-454: The anime—which it did. In the anime, Haruka's sometimes-feminine appearance is downplayed, and she almost always appears masculine. Haruka's fascination with racing draws at least some of its details from Takeuchi herself; in the manga, they even share a favorite car, the Ferrari 512M . In the anime, she is seen driving either a yellow or white 1968 Toyota 2000GT open-top (resembling
17444-475: The anime, although she does upgrade to Super Sailor Uranus, the Crystal is never mentioned and her transformation is not shown on screen. Sailor Uranus' powers are inspired by Greek mythology , where Uranus is the god of the sky. They are also inspired by Western astrology, where the planet Uranus is associated with natural disasters, such as "earthquakes, tornadoes, typhoons and hurricanes." Her first attack
17622-707: The anime. In addition, the musicals introduce two new Animamates: Sailor Pewter Fox ( セーラーピューターフォックス , Sērā Pyūtā Fokkusu ) , who acts as leader of the Animamates in these musicals, and Sailor Titanium Kerokko ( セーラーチタンケロッコ , Sērā Chitan Kerokko ) , also known as "Sailor Mitis Kerokko" in Eien Densetsu . Pewter Fox gets many solos in the musicals, indicating the character's high rank in Shadow Galactica. Pewter Fox has been played by Rei Ku and Junko Iemura, while Titanium Kerokko has been played by Haruko Yamaguchi and Megumi Wakamatsu. Sailor Iron Mouse ( セーラーアイアンマウス , Sērā Aian Mausu ) appears first of
17800-581: The band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe . Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Doust Curtis , observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies. In the Babylonian epic poem Enūma Eliš ,
17978-501: The battle. However, it is indicated that Chaos is not dead and will come back as Sailor Chaos much the same as it did in Sailor Cosmos 's future. In the anime adaptation, Galaxia reveals herself as the guardian who sealed Chaos within her own body and thus saved the galaxy. She holds the golden bracelets created for her by Chaos which grants her eternal life and the power to extract starseeds. She also gives each Sailor Animamate
18156-475: The bottom. She kills Luna, Artemis, and Diana, and attacks Sailor Moon. She is stopped by Sailor Mnemosyne, who says that Sailor Moon has been hurt enough. Lethe says that Sailor Moon's Sailor Crystal is the cause for all of the wars they are experiencing, and that if it is destroyed, there will be peace. Sailor Moon offers her life if it will end the violence. Lethe and Mnemosyne are so moved by her self-sacrifice that they realize that whether or not Sailor Moon dies,
18334-511: The bracelets which supplied Galaxia with life and power shatter, and she dies peacefully. In the anime adaptation, Sailor Galaxia is the strongest Sailor Guardian in the Milky Way. Before the beginning of the series, she ends the Sailor Wars by sealing the source of all malice, Chaos, within her body to save the cosmos. To prevent her starseed—the "Light of Hope"—from being corrupted by Chaos, Galaxia expelled it from her body and sends it into
18512-481: The bug theme was dropped. The Galactica Troops disguise themselves as Jūban Municipal High School students or as backup dancers for the Three Lights (depending on the musical) in order to observe the Sailor Guardians, and eventually attack them. The three of them engage a revived Queen Beryl in combat but are defeated by her, and subsequently killed by Galaxia for their failure. In the Cosmos film, Sailors Chi and Phi are voiced by Yuka Komatsu and Fumie Mizusawa in
18690-482: The center of the Milky Way. Beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 light years (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius. Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical galactic halo of stars and globular clusters that extends farther outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , whose closest approach to
18868-417: The character are reasonably interchangeable, although her standoffishness is more pronounced in the anime. Like Michiru, Haruka is sometimes considered an antihero . In the Sailor Moon musicals (Seramyu), Haruka and Michiru's relationship remains largely unchanged; they are always shown together, which is consistent with both manga and anime, and while their romance in the musicals is usually kept low-key,
19046-433: The crescent moon markings on their foreheads and turns them into ordinary and badly injured cats. Sailor Star Fighter attacks her, and although she escapes unharmed, she is killed by Galaxia. It is revealed that Tin Nyanko killed Sailor Mau, the Guardian of her home planet, taking her star seed so that Tin Nyanko could be a Sailor Guardian. Luna and Artemis call Sailor Mau their planet's only hero (her planet's name comes from
19224-448: The custom "Bond Model"), or, once, a 1990 montego blue Mazda Mx-5 Miata . The kanji of Haruka's surname translate as "sky" ( 天 , ten ) and "king" ( 王 , ō ) . Together, they constitute most of the name of the planet Uranus in Japanese, Ten'ōsei ( 天王星 , "sky king star") . Her given name is in hiragana haruka ( はるか ) and so its meaning is not inherent, but the word itself means "distant" ( 遥 ) . Her family name
19402-435: The day her powers awakened. Without feeling any purpose for herself, and lacking satisfaction in the role of a mere Sailor Guardian, Galaxia began to crave power. She left her planet in search of another homeland and in her travels, she comes upon Chaos in the form of Wiseman , who showed her what she was looking for—the Galaxy Cauldron. She discovers that for her to gain control of the Galaxy Cauldron, she has to gather
19580-473: The deaths of all three Sailor Starlights, Princess Kakyuu, Sailors Lethe and Mnemosyne , and probably many others. They are defeated by Eternal Sailor Moon in Act 49, but not before they greatly increase Galaxia's power. In the musicals, Sailor Chi and Sailor Phi are often seen with Sailor Theta ( セーラー Θ ( シータ ) , Sērā Shīta ) , but they are Galaxia's lowest ranked servants, collectively known as "Galactica Troops". They receive their orders from
19758-422: The debut of Sailor Buttress ( セーラーバトレス , Sērā Batoresu ) , who functions as Galaxia's adviser and herald, and gives orders to the other members of Shadow Galactica. Her uniform bears a striking resemblance to Galaxia's fully possessed form from the anime, sans wings, and retaining the golden bracelets. Also introduced in these musicals is MC Fly ( ＭＣ・フラーイ , MC Furāi ) , a male servant of Galaxia that leads
19936-412: The direction of the constellation Coma Berenices ); if viewed from south of the Galactic Center (a view-point similarly distant in the constellation Sculptor ), ℓ would increase in the clockwise direction ( negative rotation ). The Milky Way is one of the two largest galaxies in the Local Group (the other being the Andromeda Galaxy ), although the size for its galactic disc and how much it defines
20114-469: The ecliptic. A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Milky Way, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way. In astronomical practice, the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system , which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system . Quadrants are described using ordinals – for example, "1st galactic quadrant", "second galactic quadrant", or "third quadrant of
20292-471: The ending, Queen Beryl will become Queen Metalia and fight alongside Galaxia, who will herself become Sailor Chaos after being completely possessed by Chaos, forcing the Guardians to defeat them both. In the anime series, her voice actress is Mitsuko Horie . In the two-part Cosmos movie, Sailor Galaxia's voice actress is Megumi Hayashibara . In the English dubs of Sailor Stars and Cosmos , her voice
20470-419: The female and child characters in the series, changing the timbre of her voice according to the variety of roles. Haruka's name has not been changed. In the stage musicals , Haruka has been played by 6 actresses: Sanae Kimura, Nao Takagi, Asako Uchida, Akiko Nakayama, Shu Shiotsuki and Shinjyu Terada. Sanae Kimura regarded the betrayal of Uranus and Neptune in her last musical, Eien Densetsu kaiteiban , to be
20648-429: The fifth story arc. She is the self-proclaimed " Golden Queen of Shadow Galactica", and is also described as the Guardian of Solitude. According to Naoko Takeuchi, Galaxia was created as a Sailor Guardian "to rival Sailor Moon", and her golden uniform and costume was described by her as very difficult to draw. Before the events of Sailor Moon , Sailor Galaxia lived on a small planet she deemed "trash". She wandered until
20826-407: The first one killed by Galaxia. In the anime series, her voice actress is Eriko Hara in Japanese and in the Cosmos film, it is Sena Koizumi. In the English dubs of Sailor Stars and Cosmos , Sailor Iron Mouse is voiced by Katie Leigh . In the musicals, Chie Maruyama, Aki Kudo and Shion Aoki portray Iron Mouse. Sailor Aluminum Siren ( セーラーアルーミナムセイレーン , Sērā Arūminamu Seirēn ) becomes
21004-473: The form of Sailor Moon's major enemies ( Queen Metaria , Wiseman , Master Pharaoh 90 and Queen Nehelenia ), and eventually uses Sailor Galaxia to steal Sailor Crystals to attract Sailor Moon to the Cauldron. In the end, with the help of all of the Guardians, Sailor Moon is able to force it into the Cauldron and everyone who was killed is sent back, each to their planet and time of origin, reincarnated after
21182-444: The form of dreams, shared by Michiru and Setsuna, or by "hearing" ill omens in the wind), she is not shown using any special powers in her civilian form. She must first transform into a Sailor Guardian by raising her hand or a special device into the air and shouting a special phrase, originally "Uranus Planet Power, Make-up!" In the manga she eventually gains her Uranus Crystal and this phrase changes to evoke Uranus Crystal Power . In
21360-465: The former English dub stated that Haruka and Michiru are cousins, even going so far as to occasionally state this through characters who should not know such information. However, whether in an attempt to be more faithful to the original Japanese or through failure to edit consistently, several episodes of the former English dub retained a noticeable amount of their casual flirting. Due to the censorship and problematic dubbing, some viewers inferred not only
21538-432: The galaxy in the form of Chibichibi. Becoming possessed by Chaos, Galaxia destroys various planets. Planning to steal the starseeds in the Solar System, Galaxia breaks the seal of Queen Nehelenia to force the awakening of Sailor Saturn . After Nehelenia's redemption, Galaxia uses the Sailor Animamates to steal the Sailor Crystals, but they are unsuccessful. Eventually, after killing Tuxedo Mask, Princess Kakyuu and most of
21716-409: The hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one-third as molecular hydrogen . The mass of the Milky Way's interstellar gas is equal to between 10% and 15% of the total mass of its stars. Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1% of the total mass of the gas. In March 2019, astronomers reported that the virial mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is 1.54 trillion solar masses within
21894-596: The innermost 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The Galactic Center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A* , a supermassive black hole of 4.100 (± 0.034) million solar masses . The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang . Galileo Galilei first resolved
22072-436: The isophotal diameter is not well understood. It is estimated that the significant bulk of stars in the galaxy lies within the 26 kiloparsecs (80,000 light-years) diameter, and that the number of stars beyond the outermost disc dramatically reduces to a very low number, with respect to an extrapolation of the exponential disk with the scale length of the inner disc. There are several methods being used in astronomy in defining
22250-609: The manga and in the Cosmos film. Sailor Lethe is named for a naiad in Greek mythology , and for a river of the Greek underworld where dead souls go to forget their past lives before being reincarnated. Sailor Mnemosyne is named for the Titaness of memory, the mother of the muses , as well as another river in the underworld which brought remembrance and omniscience . Sailor Lethe has an attack called Galactica Myosotis Alpestris , which she used to attack Usagi. Myosotis alpestris
22428-449: The manga as her best skill. She is also an accomplished runner, belonging to the track and field club at school. On occasion, Haruka can be seen playing piano in accompaniment during Michiru's violin performances. While physical education is her best class, modern Japanese language is her worst. Haruka is highly private, able to tease others while becoming flustered if teased herself, and has difficulty with confessions. Her favorite food
22606-479: The manga, when she obtains the Uranus Crystal and her outfit becomes similar to that of Super Sailor Moon. She is not given a new title. A similar event takes place in Episode 167 of the anime, and she is given the name Super Sailor Uranus. A third form appears in Act 49 of the manga, unnamed but analogous to Eternal Sailor Moon ( sans wings). In the official visual book for Sailor Moon Eternal , this form
22784-486: The manga. Galactica Palace is located at the Galactic Center , in Sagittarius Zero Star , and it is built around the Galaxy Cauldron, the birthplace of all life in the Milky Way. In the first anime adaptation , Shadow Galactica's base is Galaxy TV ( 銀河TV , Ginga Terebi ) . Sailor Galaxia ( セーラーギャラクシア , Sērā Gyarakushia ) is an orange-haired human-like female alien and the main villainess of
22962-589: The manga. They are named for two letters of the Greek alphabet , X (Chi) and Φ (Phi). Each carries a staff with a sun symbol on top of it, which they can use to fight. Sailor Phi also uses an attack called Galactica Plants Blizzard . The pair are known as the "Star Gardeners", and watch over the starseeds that are kept in the Star Garden, which is set around Galactica Palace. They serve as messengers for Galaxia, overseeing her other servants and reporting on their actions. Sailor Chi and Sailor Phi are responsible for
23140-526: The measurable volume of space by a factor of 100 in radius and a factor of 1,000 in precision. A study in 2020 concluded that Gaia detected a wobbling motion of the galaxy, which might be caused by " torques from a misalignment of the disc's rotation axis with respect to the principal axis of a non-spherical halo, or from accreted matter in the halo acquired during late infall, or from nearby, interacting satellite galaxies and their consequent tides". In April 2024, initial studies (and related maps) involving
23318-478: The metaseries' characters fairly quickly. It is sometimes a source of good-natured humor, particularly because few of the other Guardians have serious romantic prospects in comparison and because the otherwise bold Haruka finds it impolite to discuss romantic matters in public. In the anime, however, the physical aspects of their relationship are limited to handholding, flirting, and sometimes even humorous implications, but generally remains circumspect. She complicates
23496-531: The milky appearance of the Milky Way Galaxy is due to the refraction of the Earth's atmosphere. The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger ( c. 495 –570 AD) criticized this view, arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary , it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have parallax , which it does not. In his view, the Milky Way
23674-647: The musical Le Mouvement Final , Lethe and Mnemosyne do not appear but their roles are taken by Sailors Lead Crow and Aluminum Seiren, respectively. In the manga, Galaxia revives Tuxedo Mask and the Sailor Team and forces them into her service. While under her control, they battle Eternal Sailor Moon, Sailor Chibi Moon, and Sailor Chibi Chibi with evil Galactica versions of their normal attacks. They attack in turn and together, injuring Sailor Moon and breaking her wings before she finally destroys their bracelets. They are reduced to ash, but their Sailor Crystals hang in
23852-410: The musicals than in either the manga or anime, but several times she resurrects villains from past arcs. Depending on the musical's story, Galaxia is either the final or penultimate enemy the Sailor Guardians must defeat. In Eien Densetsu , Galaxia is successfully purged of evil and sacrifices herself to help the Guardians destroy Chaos, who had been posing as a low-ranking minion. In another version of
24030-506: The musicals, she is played by Ado Endoh and Irya Yuuto. Sailor Tin Nyanko ( セーラーティンにゃんこ , Sērā Tin Nyanko ) is the fourth of the Sailor Animamates to appear. Her human pseudonym is Nyanko Suzu ( 鈴 にゃんこ , Suzu Nyanko ) , which is drawn from her Guardian name and from suzu , the Japanese word for both "tin" and "bell." Nyanko is a colloquial term for a cat, drawn from nyan (the Japanese equivalent of meow ). Her pseudonym in
24208-507: The musicals, she is played by Anri Oonuki and Yuka Kobayashi. Sailor Lead Crow ( セーラーレッドクロウ , Sērā Reddo Kurō ) is the third of the Sailor Animamates to appear. The Tokyopop manga translated her name as Red Crow . Lead Crow first appears in Act 45 at Rei Hino's temple to confront her fellow Coronians, Phobos and Deimos — who are actually Rei's guardians. She succeeds in stealing their star seeds before Sailor Moon destroys her with Starlight Honeymoon Therapy Kiss attack. It
24386-589: The nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant Doppler shift . The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m (100 in) Hooker telescope . With
24564-405: The number of very-low-mass stars, which are difficult to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. As a comparison, the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (10 ) stars. The Milky Way may contain ten billion white dwarfs , a billion neutron stars , and a hundred million stellar black holes . Filling the space between the stars
24742-433: The old population of the galactic halo. A 2020 study predicted the edge of the Milky Way's dark matter halo being around 292 ± 61 kpc (952,000 ± 199,000 ly ), which translates to a diameter of 584 ± 122 kpc (1.905 ± 0.3979 Mly ). The Milky Way's stellar disk is also estimated to be approximately up to 1.35 kpc (4,000 ly) thick. The Milky Way
24920-499: The ones in the Milky Way, and modelling the relationship to their surface brightnesses. This gave an isophotal diameter for the Milky Way at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,600 light-years), by assuming that the galactic disc is well represented by an exponential disc and adopting a central surface brightness of the galaxy (μ 0 ) of 22.1 ± 0.3 B -mag/arcsec and a disk scale length ( h ) of 5.0 ± 0.5 kpc (16,300 ± 1,600 ly). This
25098-503: The original Japanese version and by Amber Lee Connors and Lisa Ortiz in the English dub, respectively. Sailor Chi has been portrayed on stage by Ado Endoh , Sachiko Akimoto, and Mari Yasuda; Sailor Phi has been portrayed by Kaori Ishikawa, Rieko Akimoto and Mika Komura; Sailor Theta has been played by Yūko Matsumoto, Ado Endoh , and Azusa Katagiri. Sailor Lethe ( セーラーレテ , Sērā Rete ) and Sailor Mnemosyne ( セーラームネモシュネ , Sērā Munemoshune ) are twin sisters that appear only in
25276-412: The other members of Shadow Galactica, and there is no indication that they have a special role as Star Gardeners. Phi and Chi's uniforms are also altered to be completely different from their manga counterparts and to match Theta. In the first Stars musical, Sailor Phi goes by the name "Shadow Bee", Sailor Chi goes by "Shadow Mantis", and Sailor Theta goes by "Shadow Bug". After the Sailor Stars musical,
25454-461: The outside world. Each of them were given a pair of Galaxia's golden bracelets that grants them the power to extract starseeds and even turn their victims into Phage . They gave up their own Sailor Crystals to Galaxia to possess them, therefore taking the bracelets out would instantly kill them. Eternal Sailor Moon matches them at every turn: she alone has the power to heal Phage and restore star seeds to innocents. They can warp from place to place using
25632-406: The overarching antagonist of the Sailor Moon series. Chaos appears as an enormous mass of black fourth-dimensional space. It is revealed that Chaos was a being who failed to become a star, and that it merged itself with the Galaxy Cauldron, so destroying Chaos would result in the destruction of the Cauldron as well. It emerges that, during the course of the series, Chaos sends out incarnations in
25810-564: The perception of her gender by appearing as a "Tuxedo Mask" instead of a Sailor Guardian in her first appearance. This form is never mentioned again. In her civilian form, she also wears the male Mugen Academy uniform. In Sailor Moon Crystal , the most recent anime version for the franchise, Sailor Neptune remarks that Sailor Uranus is both male and female but one must remember that Naoko Takeuchi said that only females can be sailor senshis and that Japanese culture often categorize certain mannerisms as male or female but that doesn't usually mean it's
25988-474: The person into a sort of parody Sailor Guardian (gender being retained). They change shape based on their dominant personality trait or hobby, and take on exaggerated mannerisms and names such as "Sailor Guts", "Sailor Teacher", or "Sailor Antique". After fighting the Phage, Eternal Sailor Moon has the power to restore them to their normal forms and to return their normal star seed back into their human bodies using
26166-528: The photographic record, he found 11 more novae . Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs. He became a proponent of the "island universes" hypothesis, which held that the spiral nebulae were independent galaxies. In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, concerning
26344-428: The relationship with Michiru, "Haruka is the fighter, the physically directed one, the one who restrains her emotional involvement, the protective one, in short the perfect butch ." In an effort to avoid the controversy that a lesbian character in a cartoon aimed towards a younger audience would cause, given the social mores , Haruka and Michiru 's relationship has been censored in certain countries. In North America,
26522-400: The relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter (24.3 mm (0.955 in)), the Milky Way would be approximately at least the greatest north–south line of the contiguous United States . An even older study from 1978 gave a lower diameter for Milky Way about 23 kpc (75,000 ly). A 2015 paper discovered that there
26700-593: The remnants of the dead Sailor Guardians whose Sailor Crystals had been taken. She shows Eternal Sailor Moon, Sailor Kakyuu, and ChibiChibi the graves that had been dug for them, binds them with vines, and prepares to burn them to death. The three are saved by the arrival of Sailor Chibi Moon and the Sailor Quartet , who destroy Sailor Heavy Metal Papillon with their group attack. The Materials Collection states that Sailor Heavy Metal Papillon manipulates fire, and attacks with Galactica Scales , although this attack
26878-438: The role of Kyaosu. Sailor Chaos ( セーラーカオス , Sērā Kaosu ) represents Chaos reborn. According to Sailor Cosmos, Chaos will emerge from the Galaxy Cauldron reborn as a powerful Sailor Guardian. Sailor Cosmos, frustrated with an ongoing battle against Sailor Chaos, disguised herself as ChibiChibi to travel back in time and convince Sailor Moon to destroy the Galaxy Cauldron, and thereby to prevent Sailor Chaos emerging to start
27056-417: The second of the Sailor Animamates to appear. The Greek word Seiren in her name means the same as the English " Siren " and often appears romanized as such. In most iterations, her attack is Galactica Tsunami , but in the Cosmos film, it is Galactica Wave . Aluminum Siren first appears in Act 44 on the roof of Jūban High School and attacks Usagi and Seiya with Galactica Tsunami . She succeeds in stealing
27234-434: The series in 2016 would address the censorship issue by restoring any deleted scenes and preserving the integrity of the original Japanese scripts. In 2020, Viz Media released a new dub of Sailor Moon Sailor Stars , but in what they call a "translation error", they refer to Haruka and Michiru in a booklet as "friends" rather than a lesbian couple. The company later issued an apology on Twitter , in which they acknowledge that
27412-566: The series, and as a counterpoint to Mamoru , Takeuchi's ideal man. Haruka is relatively androgynous in the manga and the Crystal , wearing both feminine and masculine outfits, in tune with the traditional depiction of a beautiful androgynous woman in shōjo comics. Takeuchi drew Haruka as physically different when she dresses in male clothes, with a more masculine figure than otherwise. She even refers to Haruka as being "in male form" at these times, and stated that she wanted this to continue in
27590-516: The size of a galaxy, and each of them can yield different results with respect to one another. The most commonly employed method is the D 25 standard – the isophote where the photometric brightness of a galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the visible spectrum ) reaches 25 mag/arcsec . An estimate from 1997 by Goodwin and others compared the distribution of Cepheid variable stars in 17 other spiral galaxies to
27768-497: The songs in the musical. In an academic thesis discussing gender and inclusion in Japanese cultural products, author Marina Albaladejo established a contrast between Sailor Galaxia and Sailor Moon, stating that the latter understands that the strength of a Sailor Guardian comes from the union of all warriors, and not from the abuse and pretension of a single warrior, as Galaxia herself believed. In her review of Shinto and feminism in Sailor Moon , author Sarah Reeves wrote that Galaxia
27946-491: The south galactic pole is near α Sculptoris . Because of this high inclination, depending on the time of night and year, the Milky Way arch may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky. For observers from latitudes approximately 65° north to 65° south, the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day. In Meteorologica , Aristotle (384–322 BC) states that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras ( c. 500 –428 BC) and Democritus (460–370 BC) proposed that
28124-450: The star seeds of Sailor Mercury and Sailor Jupiter , killing them instantly; then Sailor Star Maker and Sailor Star Fighter kill her. According to the Materials Collection , she sings and writes ballads as a hobby. In the anime adaptation, Aluminum Siren makes her first appearance in episode 180. Her human pseudonym is Reiko Aya ( 彩 れい子 , Aya Reiko ) , which may be a pun on "puppet," "mermaid," "makeup" and "child spirit." She
28302-524: The stellar disk larger by increasing to this size. A more recent 2018 paper later somewhat ruled out this hypothesis, and supported a conclusion that the Monoceros Ring, A13 and TriAnd Ring were stellar overdensities rather kicked out from the main stellar disk, with the velocity dispersion of the RR Lyrae stars found to be higher and consistent with halo membership. Another 2018 study revealed
28480-524: The third season of Sailor Moon Crystal , she is voiced by Junko Minagawa . In the original English dub, her name is changed to "Amara" and she is voiced by Sarah Lafleur . Haruka is voiced by Erica Mendez in the Viz Media English dub. In the Russian version (which is closer to the Japanese version rather than the English one), she is voiced by Lyudmila Ilyina. However, she voices all
28658-545: The three of them work closely together. Following the destruction of the Death Busters and the rebirth of Sailor Saturn as an infant, they vow to be her family and care for her. Later story arcs show that the four live together happily for some time. Nothing about Haruka's family life is ever discussed, although she and Michiru appear noticeably wealthy by unknown means. In the manga, Haruka says that she and Michiru have "wealthy patrons". The anime and manga versions of
28836-548: The time Hotaru was merely an infant. Also in the anime, Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune willingly join her so that they can "remain together forever", getting Shadow Galactica's bracelets. They make Galaxia, as well as Sailor Moon and the Starlights, believe that they are under Galaxia's control, but their act is just a ruse to get close enough to Galaxia to turn on her and attempt to take her star seed. However, since Galaxia no longer has her star seed, their sneak attack fails and she removes their bracelets, which kills them. This scene
29014-482: The title "Sailor" followed by the name of a chemical element (usually a metal or an alloy ) and the name of an animal. Despite the titles, none of them is a true Sailor Guardian but merely normal living-beings who gave up their own star-seeds to Galaxia to become one — each of them murdered the Guardian of their home planet in order to win Galaxia's favor. The victims of three Animamates are explicitly named: Sailor Coronis, Sailor Mau and Sailor Chū (Sailor Coronis
29192-407: The two are shown to be more willing to work as a team with the other Sailor Guardians in the musicals than in the anime, except where plot-lines are directly drawn from the anime, such as their pretended betrayal of the other Soldiers in Sailor Stars . Haruka's ambition prior to becoming a Sailor Guardian was to be a professional racer. Thereafter, driving is still a well-loved hobby and is listed in
29370-420: The two of them, the song "Destined Couple" in particular. The official Sailor Moon popularity polls listed Haruka Tenoh and Sailor Uranus as separate characters. In 1994, with fifty one choices, Sailor Uranus was the sixth most popular character, receiving over nine thousand votes more than Haruka, who was the tenth. In early 1996, with fifty one choices, Uranus was the tenth most popular character, and Haruka
29548-508: The universe, the Milky Way galaxy has a below average amount of neutrino luminosity making our galaxy a " neutrino desert ". The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a warped disk of gas, dust and stars. The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification , which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms. Astronomers first began to conjecture that
29726-399: The very probable presence of disk stars at 26–31.5 kpc (84,800–103,000 ly) from the Galactic Center or perhaps even farther, significantly beyond approximately 13–20 kpc (40,000–70,000 ly), in which it was once believed to be the abrupt drop-off of the stellar density of the disk, meaning that few or no stars were expected to be above this limit, save for stars that belong to
29904-450: The villains from the source manga, in particular Heavy Metal Papillon, "do rob the original ending of some of its weight vis á vis the projected future and Sailor Moon's ultimate power". Milky Way The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System , with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth : a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by
30082-478: The visible sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center. In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture. In 1904, studying the proper motions of stars, Jacobus Kapteyn reported that these were not random, as it
30260-402: The war will continue. Just as they are about to release the Guardians, Sailor Chi and Sailor Phi appear. They call Lethe and Mnemosyne useless fools and take their Sailor Crystals, which kills them. In the Cosmos film, Sailors Lethe and Mnemosyne are voiced by Shiori Mikami and Kanae Itō in the original Japanese version and by Risa Mei and Megan Harvey in the English dub, respectively. In
30438-490: The way in which the Animamates pick their victims follows "the standard operating procedure of all Sailor Moon villains—find the most famous or prettiest person and just assume they're who you want, rinse, repeat." In particular, the author found Iron Mouse as one of the more "endearing" antagonists of the series and wonders why other villains refused to engage with Sailor Moon's speeches the way she did. Silverman concluded her review stating that Galaxia's overall character set up
30616-411: The week formed by the use of Galaxia's golden armlets, which are infused with the power of Chaos and are used by a Sailor Animamate. After an Animamate has extracted the star seed from a normal person they would often abandon each of them upon discovering that the victim only has a "normal" star seed before their brightness fades away. A person's star seed will then turn black as it corrupts and transforms
30794-515: Was believed in that time; stars could be divided into two streams, moving in nearly opposite directions. It was later realized that Kapteyn's data had been the first evidence of the rotation of our galaxy, which ultimately led to the finding of galactic rotation by Bertil Lindblad and Jan Oort . In 1917, Heber Doust Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula ( Messier object 31). Searching
30972-422: Was forced to inhabit a weak physical shell but after Moon purged his energy from Galaxia, he regains his full strength and once more threatens to destroy the galaxy. He is defeated when all the Guardians, including a revived Galaxia, combine their powers. In the Cosmos film, Chaos is voiced by Mitsuki Saiga . In the English dub of Cosmos , he is voiced by Kari Wahlgren . In the musicals, Ryuuji Kasahara played
31150-518: Was named "Eternal Sailor Uranus". On Silver Millennium, Sailor Uranus was also the princess of her home planet. She was among those given the duty of protecting the Solar System from outside invasion. As Princess Uranus, she dwelt in Miranda Castle and wore a deep blue gown—she appears in this form in the original manga Act 48, as well as in supplementary art. Although Haruka is extremely strong and has some psychic sensitivity (mostly in
31328-411: Was one of the highlights of the season. While reviewing the second half of Sailor Stars , Silverman described Galaxia as "among the more dangerous (and scary) villains Sailor Moon and the Guardians have taken on, and nothing drives that home more than watching her casually kill off her own minions; seeing her dissolve someone in their friend's arms is horrific." She also says that the absence of several of
31506-441: Was shocked by the changes made to Haruka's personality in the anime series, but that she was glad fans still liked the character. Initial drawings of Haruka are softer and more feminine than they would later become; she was originally intended to be involved in the all-female Takarazuka Revue , playing male roles on stage. Although this was not included in the series itself, Takeuchi stated in an interview that she feels Takarazuka
31684-489: Was the twelfth. Haruka Tenoh came first in the favorite female character poll in Animage 1995. The following year she came seventh. Mari Nishimura found that Haruka became "very popular" with female fans due to her "clear male attributes". Sailor Uranus has been described as having "clearly masculine traits", and that she protects Usagi "as a man would a woman." She is presented as more willing to resort to whatever means
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