The seann triubhas ( pronounced [ʃãũn̪ˠ ˈt̪ɾu.əs̪] , approximately shown-TROOSS ) is a Highland dance . Its name is a Scottish Gaelic phrase which means 'old trousers'.
154-503: There has been a widely accepted story that the kicking or sweeping movements of the legs in the first step represented the attempt of the dancer to shake off the "despicable" trews, but D. G. MacLennan wrote in Traditional Highland and Scottish Dances that "this first step has nothing to do with the idea of kicking off the trews, but ... is new to the dance and was composed by myself". The seann triubhas , then,
308-616: A Papal pension, making him even less attractive to the Protestants who formed the vast majority of his British support. Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719 both failed, the latter so badly its planners concluded that it might "ruin the King's Interest and faithful subjects in these parts". Senior exiles like Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke accepted pardons and returned home or took employment elsewhere. The birth of his sons Charles and Henry helped maintain public interest in
462-499: A boat disguised as her maid "Betty Burke". Charles remained on Skye until July, when he then crossed back to the mainland. With the aid of a few loyal servants and local supporters, Charles hid from government forces in the western Grampian Mountains for several weeks. He ultimately evaded capture and on 19 September, he left the country aboard the French frigate L'Heureux , commanded by Richard Warren . The Prince's Cairn marks
616-574: A church in the Strand. and biographers such as Kybett who have suggested St Martin-in-the-Fields . Charles lived for several years in exile with his Scottish mistress, Clementina Walkinshaw (later known as Countess von Alberstrof), whom he met, and may have begun a relationship with, during the 1745 rebellion. She was suspected by many of Charles's supporters of being a spy planted by the Hanoverian government of Great Britain. On 29 October 1753,
770-582: A considerable share in correspondence and other actual work connected with the promotion of his own and his father's interests. While in Paris and Soissons, Charles sought funding and support for the restoration of the monarchy. Following conversations with Irish and Scottish exiles such as Sir Thomas Sheridan who assured him of the strength of the Jacobite movement in Scotland, as well as following receipt of
924-616: A fondness for alcohol and fine clothes, often in excess of his allowance. He had become increasingly distant from his brother due to Henry's devotion to prayer and religious study. His father continued to rely on foreign aid in his attempts to restore himself to the British and Irish thrones. However, Charles became increasingly supportive of the idea of rebellion unassisted by invasion or by support of any kind from abroad. On 23 December 1743, owing to his limited ability to travel to Britain, James named his son Charles prince regent , giving him
1078-409: A good impression, being argumentative and idealistic in his expectations. Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England involving upwards of 100,000 men, to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles. However, he was so little impressed with Charles that he dismissed the prospect of Jacobite assistance. The French invasion , which was Charles's last realistic chance to recover
1232-551: A liability which involved them in expensive Continental wars of minimal benefit to Britain. These sentiments were particularly strong in the City of London , although diplomats observed opposition to foreign entanglements was true "only so long as English commerce does not suffer." However, even this group was far more concerned to ensure the primacy of the Church of England , which meant defending it from Charles and his Catholic advisors,
1386-530: A more conventional form of warfare, for which they were arguably less well suited. Many troops were occupied suppressing a counterinsurgency in the Highlands, led by clansmen loyal to the government under John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun . At the same time, much of their resources were focused on besieging Stirling Castle , one of the most powerful forts in Scotland. On 17 January, the Jacobites dispersed
1540-584: A petition to Charles from Sir Hector Maclean on behalf of intervention, Charles resolved to launch an expedition to Scotland. The ultimate aim was to instigate a rebellion that would place his father on the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. To assist with funding the expedition, Charles borrowed some 180,000 livres from the Paris bankers John Waters and George Waters. Part of these funds had been raised through support from loyalists in Britain such as Sir Henry Bedingfield of Oxburgh Hall . As security for
1694-578: A planned invasion to restore the Stuart monarchy under his father. When the French fleet was partly wrecked by storms, Charles resolved to proceed to Scotland following discussion with leading Jacobites. This resulted in Charles landing by ship on the west coast of Scotland, leading to the Jacobite rising of 1745 . The Jacobite forces under Charles initially achieved several victories in the field, including
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#17327757168111848-502: A poor state of declining health for many months; however, Charles was said to have been deeply distressed after his mother passed. As Charles grew older, he was introduced by his father and the Pope to Italian society. In 1737, James sent his son on a tour through major Italian cities to complete his education as a prince and man of the world. Charles proceeded to visit Genoa , Florence , Parma , Bologna and Venice . The Italian tour
2002-470: A position behind the front lines, which prevented him from gaining a clear view of the battlefield. He hoped that Cumberland's army would attack first, and he had his men stand exposed to the accurate fire from government artillery batteries. Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but his messenger was killed before the order could be delivered. The Jacobite attack was uncoordinated, charging into withering musket fire and grapeshot fired from
2156-497: A priest sworn to celibacy, remained as the only male heir. The French also wished to continue the Stuart line as a potential weapon against the government in Britain. In 1771, while he was in Paris, Charles dispatched Sir Edmund Ryan, an Irish officer in Berwick's regiment, to seek out a bride for him. Despite some potential negotiations with prospective brides, he was unable to find a wife. A few months later, Charles's companion,
2310-719: A prominent example being Prince Charlie's Targe . Allan Ramsay painted a portrait of Charles while he was in Edinburgh, which survived in the collection of the Earl of Wemyss at Gosford House and, as of 2016 , was on display at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. Meanwhile, Sir John Cope had brought his forces by sea to Dunbar , a decision he would soon regret. On 20 September, Charles mustered and joined his forces at Duddingston . On 21 September, Charles and his forces defeated Cope's army,
2464-510: A regime of exercise and dancing to help improve his constitution, which strengthened his legs by later years. Charles spent much of his early childhood in Rome and Bologna in the company of a small retinue and a close but often argumentative family. His brother Henry Benedict Stuart was born 5 years later on 6 March 1725. His mother and father were regularly at disagreement with each other, leading to one notable incident in which Clementina left
2618-583: A relationship with his first cousin Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne , wife of Jules, Prince of Guéméné , that resulted in a short-lived son named Charles (born 28 July 1748, died 18 January 1749). In December 1748, he was arrested by the French authorities while attending the opera at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal . Briefly imprisoned at the Château de Vincennes , he was then expelled from France under
2772-473: A relief force under Henry Hawley at the Battle of Falkirk Muir , but insufficient heavy artillery meant the siege itself made little progress. Hawley's forces were largely intact, and resumed their advance once Cumberland arrived in Edinburgh on 30 January, while many Highlanders had gone home after Falkirk; on 1 February, the Jacobite army abandoned the siege, and retreated to Inverness. Cumberland marched up
2926-512: A residence by Pope Clement XI . Historians differ as to who carried out his baptism ceremony. Kybett reports that it was presided over by Pope Clement, whereas Douglas and Pininski state it was carried out by the Bishop of Montefiascone . Regardless, he was given the names Charles for his great-grandfather , Edward after Edward the Confessor , Louis for the King of France, Casimir after
3080-597: A route via Carlisle and the North-West of England, areas strongly Jacobite in 1715. The last elements of the Jacobite army left Edinburgh on 4 November and government forces under General Handasyde retook the city on 14th. Murray divided the army into two columns to conceal their destination from General George Wade , government commander in Newcastle , and entered England on 8 November unopposed. On 10th, they reached Carlisle , an important border fortress before
3234-468: A set-piece battle extremely hazardous. In a letter of 30 November, the Duke of Richmond , who was with Cumberland's army, listed five possible options for the Jacobites, of which retreating to Scotland was by far the best for them, and the worst for the government. The British government was concerned by reports of an invasion fleet being prepared at Dunkirk but it is unclear how serious these plans were. Over
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#17327757168113388-643: A significant element in Scotland; many of those who participated in the Rising came from Non-Jurist Scottish Episcopal Church congregations. However, the most powerful single driver for Scottish support in 1745 was opposition to the 1707 Union , whose loss of political control was not matched by perceived economic benefit. This was particularly marked in Edinburgh, former location of the Scottish Parliament, and among Highland chiefs, many of whom were heavily in debt. In summary, Charles wanted to reclaim
3542-665: A sort of pirouette step but I don't think it is done now'. Martin Martin described trews as common men's wear throughout the Hebrides in his 1703 Description of the Western Islands of Scotland . Tartan trews were part of the Highland wardrobe for chieftains and gentlemen whilst on horseback (the large Highland ponies) from the early 17th century onward. Some Seann Triubhas steps seem to have originated from hard shoe dancing, and
3696-603: A stay of some four days at Kilravock Castle . Charles and his troops were then required to move after word reached them of the pursuit against them by the forces of George II 's son Prince William, Duke of Cumberland . Government forces caught up with Charles and his army at the ensuing Battle of Culloden on 16 April. Charles ignored the advice of his subordinate Lord George Murray and chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground, where his forces were exposed to superior firepower from government troops. To ensure his safety, his officers requested that Charles command his army from
3850-507: A warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. However, receiving a cool reception from the clan leaders there, many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including MacDonald of Sleat and Norman MacLeod . Aware of the potential impact of defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and were unconvinced by his personal qualities. Undeterred, Charles set sail again and arrived at
4004-415: Is recorded that during this time, Charles began to take lessons in conversational Gaelic under the tutorship of Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair . On 19 August, he raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march towards Edinburgh . The force proceeded eastwards, reaching Invergarry Castle by the last week of August. Charles's forces continued on via
4158-499: Is simply about a pair of old trews which may or may not have been a subject of distaste or fun to the wearer, and may or may not have something to do with the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 . Catriona Scott explains that in personal correspondence with Christina Morrison, a highland dancer, that '[T]he steps are meant to represent the advantages of the kilt, particularly in the whirling and birling steps. I remember we used to do
4312-479: Is usually done with either: The first step must always be done to start the dance, but the rest of the steps are up to the dancer to choose. At the higher levels the SOBHD will release a different order of steps for each year to be danced in championship competitions. Dancers taking theory exams may also need to know all of these steps, as well as their order, depending on the level of their exam. Music - Whistle ower
4466-616: The 1715 Rising . At previous Council meetings, many Scottish members argued for withdrawal. They agreed to continue only after Charles assured them Sir Watkin Williams Wynn would meet them at Derby , while the Duke of Beaufort was preparing to seize Bristol . When they reached Derby on 4 December, there was no sign of any reinforcements or French landing, and the Council convened at Exeter House on 5th to discuss next steps. Despite
4620-616: The Act of Settlement , the " Jacobite Cause " had striven to return the Stuarts to the thrones of England and Scotland, which had been united in 1603 under James VI and I, with the parliaments joined by the Acts of Union in 1707 as the Kingdom of Great Britain . Charles was said to have suffered from weak legs at an early age, possibly as a result of rickets . However, Charles was instructed in
4774-521: The Battle of Prestonpans in September 1745 and the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746. However, by April 1746, Charles was defeated at Culloden , which effectively ended the Stuart cause. Although there were subsequent attempts such as a planned French invasion in 1759, Charles was unable to restore the Stuart monarchy. With the Jacobite cause lost, Charles spent the remainder of his life on
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4928-676: The British fleet realised the diversion that had deceived them and resumed their position in the Channel. After the failure of the planned invasion, Charles remained in France, staying at several places, including Gravelines , Chantilly and Paris , leasing a hilltop house in Montmartre in May 1744. Owing to his expenditure on his wardrobe, attendants and drinking, Charles became in debt to
5082-484: The Clifton Moor Skirmish allowing them to continue north through Carlisle and back into Scotland. Charles and his forces reached Glasgow on 26 December where they rested until 3 January 1746. The decision was then made to lay siege to Stirling and Stirling Castle . However, while the town surrendered immediately, the castle's artillery proved too strong for the Jacobite forces to approach and seize
5236-548: The Corrieyairack Pass , where their control of the pass persuaded advancing government forces to withdraw from the area. Stopping briefly first at Blair Castle , Charles and his forces reached Perth on 4 September. At Perth, his ranks were joined by more sympathisers, including Lord George Murray . Previously pardoned for his participation in the 1715 and 1719 risings, Murray took over from O'Sullivan due to his better understanding of Highland military customs, and
5390-483: The Court of Exchequer , of which 41 were confiscated. As happened previously, most were either purchased or claimed by creditors, with 13 made crown land in 1755. Under the 1784 Disannexing Act, their heirs were allowed to buy them back, in return for a total payment of £65,000. Once north of Edinburgh or inland from ports like Aberdeen, the movement of government troops was hampered by lack of roads or accurate maps of
5544-611: The Non-Juring Anglican Communion . In 1759, he met to discuss another invasion with Choiseul , then Chief minister of France , but the latter dismissed him as incapable through drink. Despite Charles's urgings, Pope Clement XIII refused to recognise him as Charles III after their father died in 1766. He died of a stroke in Rome in January 1788, a disappointed and embittered man. Charles Edward Stuart Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart (31 December 1720 – 30 January 1788)
5698-546: The Outer Hebrides on 15 July but were intercepted four days out by HMS Lion , which engaged Elizabeth. After a four-hour battle, both were forced to return to port; losing the Elizabeth and its volunteers and weapons was a major setback, but Du Teillay landed Charles at Eriskay on 23 July. Many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including MacDonald of Sleat and Norman MacLeod . Aware of
5852-948: The Scottish Highlands , capturing Edinburgh and winning the Battle of Prestonpans in September. At a council in October, the Scots agreed to invade England after Charles assured them of substantial support from English Jacobites and a simultaneous French landing in Southern England. On that basis, the Jacobite army entered England in early November, but neither of these assurances proved accurate. On reaching Derby on 4 December, they halted to discuss future strategy. Similar discussions had taken place at Carlisle , Preston and Manchester and many felt they had gone too far already. The invasion route had been selected to cross areas considered strongly Jacobite in sympathy, but
6006-472: The 1,500 muskets he had purchased. The Du Teillay successfully landed him and seven companions at Eriskay on 23 July 1745. The group would later be known as the Seven Men of Moidart and included John O'Sullivan , an Irish exile and former French officer, and Charles's secretary George Kelly . Many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant, still supported the Jacobite cause, and Charles hoped for
6160-515: The 16-gun privateer Du Teillay and Elizabeth, an elderly 64-gun warship captured from the British in 1704, which carried the weapons and 100 volunteers from the French Army's Irish Brigade . In early July, Charles boarded Du Teillay at Saint-Nazaire accompanied by the " Seven Men of Moidart ," the most notable being Colonel John O'Sullivan , an Irish exile and former French officer who acted as chief of staff. The two vessels left for
6314-614: The 1689 to 1691 Williamite War in Ireland , and only a Stuart on the throne of Great Britain could ensure their fulfillment. Such concessions were firmly opposed by Protestants who were the overwhelming majority in England, Wales and Scotland, while estimates of English support in particular confused indifference to the Hanoverians with enthusiasm for the Stuarts. After 1720, Robert Walpole tried to bind English Catholics closer to
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6468-432: The 1707 Union but whose defences were now in poor condition, held by a garrison of 80 elderly veterans. However, without siege artillery the Jacobites would still have to starve it into submission, an operation for which they had neither the equipment nor time. Despite this, the castle capitulated on 15 November, after learning Wade's relief force was delayed by snow. Success reinvigorated the Jacobite cause, and when he retook
6622-419: The 1715 and 1719 risings. O'Sullivan initially organised the Jacobite army along conventional military lines, but when Murray took over as chief of staff, he reverted to traditional Highland military structures and customs familiar to the majority of his recruits. The senior government legal officer in Scotland, Lord President Duncan Forbes , forwarded confirmation of the landing to London on 9 August. Many of
6776-578: The 1739 War of Jenkins' Ear , followed in 1740–41 by the War of the Austrian Succession . The long-serving British prime minister Robert Walpole was forced to resign in February 1742 by an alliance of Tories and anti-Walpole Patriot Whigs , who then excluded their partners from government. Furious Tories like Henry Scudamore, 3rd Duke of Beaufort asked for French help in restoring James to
6930-619: The 3,000 soldiers available to John Cope , the government commander in Scotland, were untrained recruits, and while he lacked information on Jacobite intentions, they were well-informed on his, as Murray had been one of his advisors. Forbes instead relied on his relationships to keep people loyal; he failed with Lochiel and Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat but succeeded with many others, including William Sutherland, Earl of Sutherland , Clan Munro and Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose . On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh unopposed, although Edinburgh Castle itself remained in government hands; James
7084-421: The British naval blockade had reduced the French economy to a "catastrophic state." The fast-moving Jacobite army evaded pursuit with only a minor skirmish at Clifton Moor , crossing back into Scotland on 20 December. Cumberland's army arrived outside Carlisle on 22 December, and seven days later the garrison was forced to surrender, ending the Jacobite military presence in England. Much of the garrison came from
7238-510: The British throne. While war with Britain was clearly only a matter of time, Cardinal Fleury , chief minister since 1723, viewed the Jacobites as unreliable fantasists, an opinion shared by most French ministers. An exception was René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson , who was appointed Foreign Minister by Louis XV after Fleury died in January 1743. Historian Frank McLynn identifies seven different ideological drivers behind continuing support for Jacobitism in 1745, Stuart loyalism being
7392-516: The Cameron regiment in 1745, was allegedly betrayed by his own clansmen on returning to Scotland and executed on 7 June 1753. The government limited confiscations of Jacobite property, since the experience of doing so after 1715 and 1719 showed the cost often exceeded the sales price. Under the Vesting Act 1747 , the estates of 51 individuals attainted for their role in 1745 were surveyed by
7546-694: The Catholic faith and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving Anglican communion, likely at one of the remaining non-juring chapels. Bishop Robert Gordon, a staunch Jacobite whose house in Theobald's Row was one of Charles's safe-houses for the visit, is the most likely to have celebrated the communion. A chapel in Gray's Inn, used by the nonjurors, was suggested as the venue as early as 1788. This rebuts David Hume 's suggestion that it took place at
7700-580: The Duc d'Aiguillion , and his cousin Charles Fitz-James Stuart suggested the latter's sister-in-law Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern as a prospective bride. Accordingly, on 28 March 1772, Charles married Princess Louise by proxy . The couple met shortly after for the first time at Macerata on 17 April 1772, where the marriage was reported to have been consummated. They lived first in Rome and then moved to Florence in 1774, where he
7854-410: The Duc de Choiseul, who once again wished to discuss the possibility of a Jacobite invasion. However, on the day of the meeting, Charles was reported to be so intoxicated that he was unable to speak coherently, so the discussions were abandoned. By the time Charles entered his 51st year, concern was raised by his Jacobite supporters and the French that he had not yet married, and that only his brother,
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#17327757168118008-400: The French government had agreed to support a planned invasion of England , hoping to remove British forces from the War of the Austrian Succession . Charles then travelled to Dunkirk with the purpose of accompanying a French Army across to England. The invasion never materialised, as the French fleet was scattered by a storm in the spring equinox, losing 11 ships. By the time it regrouped,
8162-511: The Highlands. To remedy this, new forts were built, the military road network started by Wade finally completed and William Roy made the first comprehensive survey of the Highlands. Additional measures were taken to weaken the traditional clan system, which even before 1745 had been under severe stress due to changing economic conditions. The most significant was the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 , which ended
8316-526: The Irish Brigade who served as head of the Jacobite artillery, was absent, having been wounded at the Siege of Fort William . Charles held his position, expecting Cumberland to attack, but he refused to do so and unable to respond to the fire, Charles ordered his front line to charge. As they did so, boggy ground in front of the Jacobite centre forced them over to the right, where they became entangled with
8470-608: The Jacobite cause in England that, accepting the impossibility of his recovering the English and Scottish crowns while he remained a Catholic, he was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protestant. Accordingly, he visited London incognito in 1750, staying for several weeks primarily at the Essex Street London residence of Lady Primrose, the widow of the 3rd Viscount of Primrose . While in London, Charles abjured
8624-452: The Jacobites spent the next week re-organising their forces. On 14 September, Charles and his forces took Falkirk and Charles stayed at Callendar House , where he persuaded the Earl of Kilmarnock to join him. Charles's progress onto Edinburgh was helped by the action of the British leader, General Sir John Cope , who had marched to Inverness , leaving the south country undefended. On 16 September, Charles and his army encamped outside
8778-598: The Jacobites. Charles's departure from Scotland in 1746 is depicted in an engraving of a painting by Francis William Topham , [REDACTED] Prince Charles Edward, bidding adieu to his friends . In 1892, John Pettie painted Charles entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse. Charles and the Jacobites would also be depicted in numerous drawings, prints and on objects, his likeness and coat of arms even depicted on objects such as engraved drinking glasses. Charles has been depicted on stage as well as in film and television. He
8932-1309: The Lave o't' Slow steps tempo – 94–104 beats per minute First step: brushing First step alternative Second step: side travel Third step: diagonal travel Third alternative Fourth step: backward travel Fourth alternative Fifth step: travelling balance Alternative method of counting Sixth step: leap and highcut Seventh step: entrechat and highcut Eighth step: leap and shedding Ninth step: leap and entrechat Tenth step: highcut in front and balance Alternative tenth step Eleventh Step: side heel-and-toe Twelfth Step: double highcutting Quick steps tempo – 112–124 beats per minute Thirteenth step: shedding with back-step Fourteenth step: toe-and-heel and rock Fifteenth step: pointing and back-stepping Sixteenth step: heel-and-toe and shedding Seventeenth step: heel-and-toe, shedding, and back-stepping Eighteenth step: back-stepping Finish method 1: one leap Finish method 2: two leaps Finish method 3: two Highland fling turns Entrechat endings: Method 1: one entrechat Method 2: two entrechats Method 3: leap then entrechat Method 4: entrechat then leap Method 5: leap, entrechat, leap Method 6: leap, entrechat, leap, entrechat Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 The Jacobite rising of 1745
9086-650: The London government led to the 1725 malt tax and 1737 Porteous riots . In March 1743, the Highland-recruited 42nd Regiment of Foot was posted to Flanders , contrary to an understanding their service was restricted to Scotland, causing a short-lived mutiny. However, mutinies over pay and conditions were not unusual and the worst riots in 1725 took place in Glasgow , a town Charles noted in 1746 as one "where I have no friends and who are not at pains to hide it." Trade disputes between Spain and Britain led to
9240-524: The Manchester Regiment and several of the officers were later executed, including Francis Towneley. The invasion itself had little strategic effect, but reaching Derby and returning was a considerable military achievement. Morale was high, while reinforcements from Aberdeenshire and Banffshire under Lewis Gordon along with Scottish and Irish regulars in French service brought Jacobite strength to over 8,000. The Jacobite army now shifted to
9394-649: The Manchester Regiment. Some 650 died awaiting trial, 900 were pardoned and the rest transported to the colonies. The Jacobite lords Kilmarnock , Balmerino and Lovat were beheaded in April 1747, but public opinion was against further trials and the remaining prisoners were pardoned under the Act of Indemnity 1747. They included Flora MacDonald , whose aristocratic admirers collected over £1,500 for her. Lord Elcho , Lord Murray and Lochiel were excluded from this and died in exile; Archibald Cameron , responsible for recruiting
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#17327757168119548-471: The Minister". When the dance began to be incorporated into Highland Dance competitions, which were usually played for by pipers, the tune was changed to "Whistle O'er the Lave o't", which could be played on the bagpipe and is the tune commonly used for the dance today. In contemporary competitive Highland dance , after dancing three to four steps, the dancer will clap, which signals the piper to speed up
9702-547: The Pope's permission, Charles moved into the Palazzo Muti , which his father had lived in for over 40 years. Charles wrote to both the Kings of France and Spain on his accession, but recognition as King Charles III was not granted by either monarch. Charles returned to his social life in Rome, making visits to the Pope and indulging in pastimes such as hunting, shooting, balls, concerts, operas and plays. One notable occasion,
9856-627: The Prince brought a French army"; in the end, he spent the Rebellion in London, with participation by the Welsh gentry limited to two lawyers, David Morgan and William Vaughan. After the Jacobite rising of 1719 , new laws imposed penalties on Non-Jurists , those who refused to swear allegiance to the Hanoverian regime. By 1745, Non-Jurists had largely disappeared in England, but continued to be
10010-447: The Scots Presbyterians who formed the bulk of his army, or Nonconformists in general; many "Jacobite" demonstrations in Wales stemmed from hostility to the 18th century Welsh Methodist revival . The most prominent Welsh Jacobite was Denbighshire landowner and Tory Member of Parliament, Watkin Williams-Wynn , head of the Jacobite White Rose society. He met with Stuart agents several times between 1740 and 1744 and promised support "if
10164-598: The Scots no longer trusted his promises of support. After Culloden, government forces spent several weeks searching for rebels, confiscating cattle and burning non-juring Episcopalian and Catholic meeting houses. The brutality of these measures was partly driven by a widespread perception on both sides that another landing was imminent. Regular soldiers in French service were treated as prisoners of war and exchanged regardless of nationality, but 3,500 captured Jacobites were indicted for treason. Of these, 120 were executed, primarily deserters from government forces and members of
10318-424: The Scots was irretrievably damaged. The Council voted overwhelmingly to retreat, especially after learning from Lord Drummond that French ships had landed men, supplies and money at Montrose, Angus . They included small detachments of regulars from the " Royal Écossais " and the Irish Brigade . While less than 200 in total, Drummond allegedly claimed another 10,000 were preparing to follow, "greatly influencing"
10472-425: The Stuarts were unlikely to be any more pro-French than the Hanoverians. The remote and undeveloped Scottish Highlands were an ideal location for launching such an attempt, while the feudal nature of clan society made it relatively easy to raise troops. However, even Jacobite sympathisers were reluctant to support an uprising they recognised could be devastating for the local populace. Opposition to taxes levied by
10626-433: The Stuarts, but by 1737, James was "living tranquilly in Rome, having abandoned all hope of a restoration." At the same time, by the late 1730s French statesmen had come to see British commercial strength as a threat to the European balance of power, and the exiled Stuarts a potential option for weakening it. However, financing a low-level insurgency was far more cost-effective than an expensive restoration, especially since
10780-421: The Union, Catholicism and "arbitrary" rule. At the same time, Jacobite exiles failed to appreciate the extent to which English Tory support derived from policy differences with the Whigs, not Stuart loyalism. Under the 1743 Pacte de Famille , Louis XV and his uncle, Philip V of Spain , agreed to co-operate against Britain, including an invasion to restore the Stuarts. In November 1743, Louis advised James this
10934-402: The amount of 30,000 livres . With news of this and following the failed invasion, the French attempted to encourage Charles to return to Italy by refusing to pay him a monthly subsidy. However, when he could no longer afford the rent on the house in Montmartre, the Archbishop of Cambrai agreed to lend him his country estate near Paris where he stayed until January 1745. Charles then moved to
11088-476: The authority to act in his name. In January 1744, his father believed he had managed to obtain the de facto renewed support of the French government. Following this mistaken belief, Charles Edward travelled covertly to France from Rome, initially under the guise of a hunting party. However, neither the French Government nor King Louis XV had officially invited Charles. Nevertheless, by February,
11242-496: The battlefield were reportedly killed afterwards, their losses being 1,200 to 1,500 dead and 500 prisoners. Several thousand armed Jacobites remained at large, and over the next two days, an estimated 1,500 assembled at Ruthven Barracks . On 20 April, Charles ordered them to disperse, arguing French assistance was required to continue the fight and they should return home until he returned with additional support. Lord Elcho later claimed to have told Charles he should "put himself at
11396-437: The bay of Loch nan Uamh . He had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was not forthcoming and he decided to raise an army in Scotland. Although several clan chiefs initially discouraged him, he gained the crucial support of Donald Cameron of Lochiel , Chief of Clan Cameron , after Charles provided "security for the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive." Thereafter, support continued to grow. It
11550-558: The cannons, and it met with little success. In the centre, the Jacobites reached the first line of government troops, but this attack was eventually repulsed by a second line of soldiers. The remaining Jacobite survivors in the front line then fled. However, the Jacobite Army units fighting on the north-eastern side of the battlefield, as well as Irish and Scots regulars in the second line, retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards. After
11704-424: The castle. Government forces also attempted a relief of the siege, which resulted in a victory for Charles in the ensuing Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746. A failure to take the castle, however, resulted in the abandonment of the siege and the Jacobite forces moving northward to Crieff , then Inverness. With a halt in operations until the weather improved, Charles forces then rested at Inverness, including
11858-529: The casualties. In March, Louis cancelled the invasion and declared war on Britain. In 1738, John Gordon of Glenbucket had proposed a landing in Scotland, which had been rejected by the French, and James himself. Seeking to revive this plan, in August Charles travelled to Paris where he met Sir John Murray of Broughton , liaison between the Stuarts and their supporters in Scotland. Murray subsequently claimed to have advised against it, but that Charles
12012-485: The city at Gray's Mill in Longstone . Lord Provost Archibald Stewart controlled the city, which quickly surrendered, although the castle under the command of George Preston did not surrender and was blockaded until Charles later called off the siege owing to a lack of artillery. On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh, accompanied by around 2,400 men. During this time, Charles also gave trophies to his supporters,
12166-727: The closest natural heir. Since the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Catholics from the succession, when Anne became queen in 1702, her heir was the distantly related but Protestant Electress Sophia of Hanover . Sophia died in June 1714, two months before Anne, and her son succeeded as George I in August. Louis XIV of France , the primary source of support for the exiled Stuarts, died in 1715 and his successors needed peace with Britain in order to rebuild their economy. The 1716 Anglo-French alliance forced James to leave France; he settled in Rome on
12320-435: The coast, allowing his forces to be resupplied by sea, and entered Aberdeen on 27 February; both sides halted operations until the weather improved. When Cumberland left Aberdeen on 8 April, the Jacobites were short of food and money, and the leadership agreed giving battle was their best option. Arguments over the suitability of the ground at Culloden stem from post-war disputes between supporters of Murray and O'Sullivan, who
12474-547: The continent, except for one secret visit to London. On his return, Charles lived briefly in France before he was exiled in 1748 under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle . Charles eventually returned to Italy, where he spent much of his later life living in Florence and Rome. He had a number of mistresses before marrying Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern in 1772. In his later life, Charles's health declined greatly and he
12628-541: The country house of Anne, Duchess of Berwick in Soissons , following repeated attempts by the French to encourage him to leave the Paris region. However, Charles continued to travel regularly to Paris during this period, often incognito and frequenting the hotels of the city to meet with supporters. In both Rome and Paris, Charles met numerous supporters of the Stuart cause; he was aware that there were Jacobite representatives in every key European court. He had now taken
12782-529: The couple had a daughter, Charlotte . Charles's inability to cope with the collapse of the Jacobite cause led to his problem with alcohol, and mother and daughter separated from Charles with his father James 's assistance. In 1759, at the height of the Seven Years' War , Charles was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French foreign minister, the Duc De Choiseul . Charles failed to make
12936-488: The dance was taught to be performed in regular shoes with heels by dancing masters in the 19th century. In her Memoirs of a Highland Lady , Elizabeth Grant recounted that in 1805 she "danced my Shean Trews ... in a new pair of yellow (!) slippers bought at Perth". In the late 18th century, the dance was performed to a fiddle tune called " Seann Triubhas Uilleachan " ( Scottish Gaelic for 'Willie's Old Trousers'), previously and more scurrilously called "The De'il Stick
13090-408: The decision. While the decision has been debated ever since, contemporaries did not believe the Hanoverian regime would collapse, even had the Jacobites reached London. It was driven by lack of external support, not proximity to the capital, and its wisdom is supported by many modern historians. Lack of heavy weapons or equipment allowed the small Jacobite army to out-march their opponents, but made
13244-531: The decline in English Jacobitism was demonstrated by the lack of support from areas strongly Jacobite in 1715, such as Northumberland and County Durham . Irish Jacobite societies increasingly reflected opposition to the existing order rather than affection for the Stuarts and were eventually absorbed by the Society of United Irishmen . In June 1747, D'Éguilles produced a report on the Rising that
13398-415: The defeat, Murray managed to lead a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue the fight. Charles thought that he was betrayed, however, and decided to abandon the Jacobite cause. Some 20 miles from the battlefield, Charles rested briefly at Gorthleck, the home of his dubious supporter Lord Lovat , before retreating to Invergarry Castle, by way of Fort Augustus , on 16 April. Charles then hid in
13552-497: The extent that he was given the Sacraments . Although Charles recovered, he agreed to create a new will, and signed an act of legitimation for his illegitimate daughter Charlotte . Charles also gave her the title "Duchess of Albany" in the peerage of Scotland and the style "Her Royal Highness", but these honours did not give Charlotte any right of succession to the throne. Charlotte lived with her father in Florence and Rome for
13706-430: The extent that the household servants intervened. In the years that followed, the Pope awarded Louise half of Charles's papal pension, and Charles's international reputation was greatly damaged. He was said to live an increasingly isolated and unhappy life, especially after his brother Henry agreed to house Louise at his estate. By 1783, Charles's health continued to decline, and for a time, he fell seriously ill such to
13860-421: The feudal power of chiefs over their clansmen. The Act of Proscription 1746 outlawed Highland dress unless worn in military service, although its impact is debated and the law was repealed in 1782. The Jacobite cause did not entirely disappear after 1746, but the conflicting objectives of its participants ended the movement as a serious political threat. Many Scots were disillusioned by Charles' leadership while
14014-792: The first dissolved the "pretended Union," the second rejected the Act of Settlement. He also instructed the Caledonian Mercury to publish minutes of the 1695 Parliamentary enquiry into the Glencoe Massacre , often used as an example of post-1688 oppression. Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed supplies of money and weapons, together with an envoy, the Marquis d'Éguilles , which seemed to validate claims of French backing. However, David Wemyss, Lord Elcho later claimed his fellow Scots were already concerned by Charles' autocratic style and fears he
14168-583: The folk songs " Óró sé do bheatha abhaile ", " Bonnie Charlie ", " Wha'll be King but Charlie? " and " Charlie is my darling ". Charles's subsequent flight from Scotland is commemorated in " The Skye Boat Song " by the English author Sir Harold Edwin Boulton and in the Irish song " Mo Ghile Mear " by Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill . The popular song My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean could be in reference to him as
14322-567: The full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive," while MacLeod and Sleat helped him escape after Culloden. On 19 August, the rebellion was launched with the raising of the Royal Standard at Glenfinnan , witnessed by what O'Sullivan estimated as around 700 Highlanders. This small Jacobite force used the new government-built roads to reach Perth on 4 September, where they were joined by more sympathisers. They included Lord George Murray , previously pardoned for participation in
14476-582: The head of the [...] men that remained to him, and live and die with them," but he was determined to leave for France. After evading capture in the Western Highlands, Charles was picked up by a French ship commanded by Richard Warren on 20 September; he never returned to Scotland but the collapse of his relationship with the Scots always made this unlikely. Even before Derby, he had accused Murray and others of treachery; these outbursts became more frequent due to disappointment and heavy drinking, while
14630-461: The highlight of their careers. Charles was forcibly deported from France after the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and rapidly descended into alcoholism , while Cumberland resigned from the British Army in 1757 and died of a stroke in 1765. Charles continued his attempts to reignite the cause, including making a secret visit to London in 1750, when he met supporters and briefly converted to
14784-507: The invasion force, but when Admiral Roquefeuil 's squadron left Brest on 26 January 1744, the Royal Navy refused to follow. French naval operations against Britain often took place in the winter, when poor weather made it harder to enforce a blockade. Unfortunately, this worked both ways, and as in 1719 , the invasion force was wrecked by storms. Several French ships were sunk and many others severely damaged, Roquefeuil himself being among
14938-621: The kingdoms from 1685 to 1688. He was deposed when the English Parliament invited the Dutch Protestant William III and his wife, Princess Mary , King James's eldest daughter, to replace him in the Revolution of 1688 . Many Protestants, including a number of prominent parliamentarians, had been worried that King James aimed to return England fully to the Catholic faith. Since the exile of James and
15092-462: The kings of Poland, and Sylvester as he was born on Saint Sylvester's Day . Charles was the son of the Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart (himself son of the exiled Stuart King James II and VII ), and Maria Clementina Sobieska , a Polish noblewoman (the granddaughter of John III Sobieski ). Charles Edward's grandfather, James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland, ruled
15246-511: The lack of English Jacobite and French support, as well as rumours that large government forces were being amassed. Charles admitted that he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France despite claiming the contrary; this caused his relationship with some of the Scots to become irretrievably damaged. On 6 December, the Jacobites and Charles left Derby and began their march north back to Scotland. Charles's route north
15400-511: The large crowds that turned out to see them on the march south, only Manchester provided a significant number of recruits; Preston, a Jacobite stronghold in 1715, supplied three. Murray argued they had gone as far as possible and now risked being cut off by superior forces, with Cumberland advancing north from London, and Wade moving south from Newcastle. Charles admitted he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France; this meant he lied when claiming otherwise and his relationship with
15554-483: The last pitched battle on British soil, lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory. Exhausted by a night march carried out in a failed attempt to surprise Cumberland's troops, many Jacobites missed the battle, leaving fewer than 5,000 to face a well-rested and equipped force of 7,000 to 9,000. Fighting began with an artillery exchange: that of the government was vastly superior in training and coordination, particularly as James Grant, an officer in
15708-515: The least important. These divisions became increasingly apparent during the Rising, exacerbated because Charles himself was largely ignorant of the kingdoms he hoped to regain. In addition, many of his senior advisors were Irish exiles, who wanted an autonomous, Catholic Ireland and the return of lands confiscated after the Irish Confederate Wars . His grandfather James II had promised these concessions in return for Irish support in
15862-496: The likely penalties for defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and were unconvinced by his personal qualities. Sleat and MacLeod may also have been especially vulnerable to government sanctions, due to their involvement in illegally selling tenants into indentured servitude . Enough were persuaded but the choice was rarely simple; Donald Cameron of Lochiel committed himself only after Charles provided "security for
16016-650: The loans, Charles was able to use the Sobieski crown jewels of his great-grandfather John III Sobieski , which had passed down to him through his mother. He used these extensive funds to purchase weapons and fit out the Elisabeth , an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the Du Teillay (sometimes called Doutelle ), a 16-gun privateer. Encouraged by the French victory in May 1745 at the Battle of Fontenoy , Charles and his party set sail on 5 July for Scotland. During
16170-468: The majority of his last years living between Florence and Rome. However, he left Florence for the last time in 1785 and returned to Rome. It was reported that he was limited to light travelling by his doctors owing to his fragility. Charles died in Rome of a stroke on 30 January 1788, aged 67. His brother the Cardinal Duke of York, who was present at the death, had the record read that he died on
16324-537: The manuscript) steps, but tunes for these dances are not specified. The seann triubhas is now danced at most Highland dance competitions around the world. Dancers usually start dancing it in the Beginner category at competitions, and continue to dance it up to Premier. This dance is also common in most Highland and Theory exams. Dancers wear the standard kilt outfit to perform this dance, though it historically had been performed in tartan trews as well. This dance
16478-525: The moors of the Highlands of Scotland, before making a flight to the Hebrides , always barely ahead of the government forces. Many Highlanders aided him during his escape, and none of them betrayed him for the £30,000 reward. While Charles was in the Hebrides, funds had arrived from Spain and France on two ships that called at Lochaber . Too late to assist Charles following Culloden, only the Spanish gold
16632-415: The morning of 31 January, as it was deemed unlucky to have him declared dead on the same date as the execution of his great-grandfather, King Charles I . Charles's will left most of his estate to his heir, his daughter Charlotte. There were a few exceptions, including some plates for his brother Henry, as well as some annuities for his servants. On his death, a cast of his face was made, and his body
16786-614: The music. The final, or 'Quick Time' steps look similar to the Highland Fling , and Quick Time steps currently described in the Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing (SOBHD) textbook are steps that used to be danced in the Fling. Other steps have been published by G. Douglas Taylor, William Cameron, D. G. MacLennan, and Joan & Tom Flett. A version of a seann triubhas in a percussive dance style
16940-589: The next five years. Eventually, she survived her father by less than two years, dying unmarried at Bologna in November 1789. In April 1784, Charles was persuaded by the visiting King Gustav III of Sweden to grant Louise a decree of separation. While not a formal divorce, as no such legal procedure existed in the Papal States , Louise was thereby legally permitted to live separately from her husband, even though she had been doing so for some time. Charles spent
17094-453: The only government army in Scotland, at the Battle of Prestonpans . Charles was said to have been only 50 paces from the front-line of the battle, and he later expressed remorse that the victory involved killing his own subjects. It was reported during the battle that Charles and Lord Murray had argued with each other over the disposition of forces. The historian Hugh Douglas argues this was to result in an ever worsening relationship between
17248-452: The palace shortly after Henry's birth in 1725 and moved to a convent, not returning until 1727. As the legitimate heirs to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland—according to the Jacobite succession , James and his household lived with a sense of pride, and staunchly believed in the divine right of kings . Charles spent much of his early years in the company of older men, several of whom acted as his tutors. Charles Edward's governor
17402-624: The popular hero and idol of many Parisians on account of his exploits in Scotland. In March 1747, he travelled briefly to Madrid via Lyon for an audience with Ferdinand VI of Spain , but the King rejected the idea of Spain providing help to restore the Stuarts. His relationship with his brother Henry deteriorated during this time, when Henry accepted a cardinal's hat in July 1747. He also deliberately broke off communication with his father in Rome (who had approved of his brother's action). While back in France, Charles had numerous mistresses. He had
17556-495: The pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland to help defend it against the "English armies" they expected to be sent against them. Charles argued an invasion of England was critical for attracting French support, and ensuring an independent Scotland by removing the Hanoverians. He was supported by the Irish exiles, for whom a Stuart on the British throne was the only way to achieve an autonomous, Catholic Ireland. Charles also claimed he
17710-433: The promised English support failed to materialise. With several government armies marching on their position, they were outnumbered and in danger of being cut off. The decision to retreat was supported by the vast majority, but caused an irretrievable split between Charles and his Scots supporters. Despite victory at Falkirk Muir in January 1746, defeat at Culloden in April ended the rebellion. Charles escaped to France, but
17864-513: The regime by refusing to enforce laws against them. Many became government supporters, including Edward Howard, Duke of Norfolk , unofficial head of the English Catholic community. Sentenced to death in 1716, he was reprieved and remained in London during the 1745 rebellion, visiting George II to confirm his loyalty. Most English Jacobite sympathisers were Tories who resented their exclusion from power since 1714, and viewed Hanover as
18018-603: The relationship between Charles and the Scots, both sides viewing the other with suspicion and hostility. Elcho later wrote that Murray believed they could have continued the war in Scotland "for several years", forcing the Crown to agree to terms as its troops were desperately needed for the war on the Continent. This seems unlikely since despite their victories in Flanders, in early 1746 Finance Minister Machault warned Louis that
18172-497: The right wing regiments and where movement was restricted by an enclosure wall. This increased the distance to the government lines and slowed the momentum of the charge, lengthening their exposure to the government artillery, which now switched to grapeshot . Despite heavy losses, the Highlanders crashed into Cumberland's left, which gave ground but did not break, while Loudon's Highlanders fired into their flank from behind
18326-520: The terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle that ended the War of the Austrian Succession . He moved first to the Papal territory at Avignon , and then in 1749 to Lunéville in the Duchy of Lorraine . In the following years, he was reported to have made several visits in secret to Paris, but was not discovered by the French authorities. After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining supporters of
18480-478: The throne of a united Great Britain and rule on the basis of divine right of kings and absolutism . Both principles had been rejected by the 1688 Glorious Revolution , but were reinforced by his trusted advisors, most of whom were long-term English or Irish Catholic exiles. They differed sharply from the Scottish Protestant nationalists who formed the bulk of the Jacobite army in 1745, and opposed
18634-425: The thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval defeats at Quiberon Bay and Lagos . Charles's father died on 1 January 1766. Pope Clement XI had recognised James as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland as "James III and VIII", but over 40 years later Pope Clement XIII did not give Charles the same recognition as "Charles III". However, on 23 January, with
18788-602: The town in December, Cumberland wanted to execute those responsible. Leaving a small garrison, the Jacobites continued south to Preston on 26 November, then Manchester on 28th. Here they received the first notable intake of English recruits, which were formed into the Manchester Regiment . Their commander was Francis Towneley , a Lancashire Catholic and former French Royal Army officer, whose elder brother Richard had narrowly escaped execution for his part in
18942-477: The traditional spot on the shores of Loch nan Uamh in Lochaber from which he made his final departure from Scotland. Charles landed back in France on 10 October [ O.S. 29 September] 1746. On his return, he was initially received warmly by King Louis XV, but as far as obtaining additional military or political assistance was concerned, his efforts proved fruitless. However, he became at once
19096-506: The two that would culminate with ultimate defeat later at Culloden. Morale was high following the battle at Prestonpans, and Charles returned to Edinburgh, holding court at Holyrood Palace . Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed with supplies of money and weapons, together with an envoy, which seemed to validate claims of French backing. However, Lord Elcho later claimed that his fellow Scots were already concerned by Charles's autocratic style and fears he
19250-469: The voyage north, Charles's squadron were fired upon by HMS Lion in the Celtic Sea . The Du Teillay , with Charles on board, made sail to escape, while the Elisabeth , with her greater firepower, engaged Lion . When Lion withdrew, the Elisabeth was forced to return to Brest for repairs, taking the majority of Charles's supplies, including some 1,800 broadswords, 8 artillery pieces and most of
19404-492: The wall. Unable to return fire, the Highlanders broke and fell back in confusion; the north-eastern regiments and Irish and Scots regulars in the second line retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards. Troops that held together, like the French regulars, were far less vulnerable in retreat, but many Highlanders were cut down in the pursuit. Government casualties are estimated as 50 killed, plus 259 wounded; many Jacobite wounded remaining on
19558-468: The winter of 1745 to 1746, Maréchal Maurice de Saxe was assembling troops in Northern France in preparation for an offensive into Flanders , while Dunkirk was a major privateer base and always busy. Threatening an invasion was a far more cost-effective means of consuming British resources than actually doing so and these plans were formally cancelled in January 1746. The retreat badly damaged
19712-458: Was "determined to come [...] though with a single footman." When Murray returned to Edinburgh with this news, his colleagues reiterated their opposition to a rising without substantial French backing, but Charles gambled once in Scotland, the French would have to support him. He spent the first months of 1745 purchasing weapons, while victory at Fontenoy in April encouraged the French authorities to provide him with two transport ships. These were
19866-460: Was a shock for Charles, who had believed he would be welcomed as a royal prince. Instead, most European courts would only receive him as the " Duke of Albany " (an historic title adopted by Scottish royals in the 14th century). Despite being Catholic, many European states wished to avoid antagonising Britain, the only exception being Venice. By the time he had reached 20, he had become a notable member of upper-class society in Rome and had developed
20020-471: Was also known to be an alcoholic, a condition that worsened with age. Charles and Louise left Florence in 1777 and returned to Rome. Their relationship had become increasingly quarrelsome. One cause was said to be the speculation regarding Louise's adulterous relationships with the courtiers Carl Bonstetten and the Italian poet Count Vittorio Alfieri . Another cause was stated to be Charles himself, who
20174-549: Was an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father, James Francis Edward Stuart . It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession , when the bulk of the British Army was fighting in mainland Europe, and proved to be the last in a series of revolts that began in March 1689 , with major outbreaks in 1715 and 1719 . Charles launched the rebellion on 19 August 1745 at Glenfinnan in
20328-487: Was appointed general of artillery by Don Carlos. On 30 July 1734, he departed Rome with an escort and proceeded with his cousin to the French and Spanish siege of Gaeta , his first exposure to war. While at Gaeta, he observed the final stages of the siege and was said to have come under fire in the trenches of the siegeworks. He returned to Rome in late 1734. In January 1735, shortly after his fourteenth birthday, Charles's mother Clementina died of scurvy . She had been in
20482-558: Was below the spot where the monument to the Royal Stuarts by Antonio Canova would later be erected. His mother Maria is also buried nearby at St Peter's. Charles's heart remained in Frascati Cathedral, where it is contained in a small urn beneath the floor, under a monument. Charles has been depicted in painting since the 18th century, much of it belonging to Romanticism and later Victorian representations of
20636-404: Was critical of the Jacobite leadership in general, while his opinion of Charles was so negative that he concluded France might be better served by supporting a Scottish Republic. Soon after this, Henry Benedict Stuart was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest ; Charles viewed this as tacit acceptance that the Stuart cause was finished and never forgave him. For both leaders, the Rebellion was to be
20790-811: Was embalmed and placed in a coffin of cypress wood. Adorned with the Order of the Thistle , the Cross of St Andrew, the Order of the Garter and the Cross of St George, Charles was first buried in Frascati Cathedral near Rome, where his brother Henry was bishop. At Henry's death in 1807, Charles's remains (except his heart) were moved to the crypt of St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican , where they were laid to rest next to those of his brother and father. This
20944-403: Was in contact with English supporters, who were simply waiting for their arrival, while d'Éguilles assured the council a French landing in England was imminent. Despite their doubts, the Council agreed to the invasion, on condition the promised English and French support was forthcoming. Previous Scottish incursions into England had crossed the border at Berwick-upon-Tweed , but Murray selected
21098-519: Was landed but much of it was lost . Charles was assisted by supporters such as the pilot Donald Macleod of Galtrigill and Captain Con O'Neill, who took him to Benbecula. From 16 April until 28 June, Charles travelled through Benbecula , South Uist , North Uist , Harris , and the Isle of Lewis . On 28 June, Charles was aided by Flora MacDonald , who helped him sail to the Isle of Skye by taking him in
21252-446: Was largely responsible for the choice, but defeat was a combination of factors. In addition to superior numbers and equipment, Cumberland's troops had been drilled in countering the Highland charge, which relied on speed and ferocity to break the enemy lines. When successful it resulted in quick victories like Prestonpans and Falkirk, but if it failed, they could not hold their ground. The Battle of Culloden on 16 April, often cited as
21406-634: Was marching south at the head of an army numbering approximately 6,000 men. On 10 November, Carlisle surrendered to Charles. Continuing south, Charles and his army reached Penrith on 21 November, then Preston on the 26 November and Manchester on the 29 November. His army progressed as far south as the River Trent at Swarkestone Bridge in Derbyshire , arriving there on the 4 December. At Derby , despite Charles's objections, his council at Exeter House decided to return to Scotland given
21560-440: Was overly influenced by his Irish advisors. A "Prince's Council" of 15 to 20 senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while the daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions. These internal tensions were highlighted by the meetings held on 30 and 31 October to discuss strategy. Most of the Scots wanted to consolidate their position and revive
21714-560: Was overly influenced by his Irish advisors. A "Prince's Council" of senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while the daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions. The council was said to include Perth , Lord George Murray, Thomas Sheridan, John O'Sullivan, Murray of Broughton , Lochiel, Keppoch , Clanranald , Glencoe , Ardsheal and Lochgarry . After much discussion, Charles persuaded his council to agree to an invasion of England. By November, Charles
21868-580: Was planned for February 1744 and began assembling 12,000 troops and transports at Dunkirk , selected because it was possible to reach the Thames from there in a single tide. Since the Royal Navy was well aware of this, the French squadron in Brest made ostentatious preparations for putting to sea, in hopes of luring away their patrols. James remained in Rome while Charles made his way in secret to join
22022-631: Was portrayed by David Niven in the 1948 semi-biographical film Bonnie Prince Charlie . Charles was also portrayed by Andrew Gower in the historical dramatic series Outlander , based upon Diana Gabaldon 's book series. His life has formed a component of numerous historical plays, including For Bonnie Prince Charlie (1897), the Young Pretender (1996) and The Glory (2000). The legacy of Charles Stuart and his role in Jacobitism has also influenced songs and music. Examples include
22176-512: Was proclaimed King of Scotland the next day and Charles his Regent. On 21 September, the Jacobites intercepted and scattered Cope's army in less than 20 minutes at the Battle of Prestonpans , just outside Edinburgh. Prince William, Duke of Cumberland , commander of the British army in Flanders , was recalled to London, along with 12,000 troops. To consolidate his support in Scotland, Charles published two "Declarations" on 9 and 10 October:
22330-615: Was provided with a residence by Prince Corsini , the Palazzo di San Clemente , now known as the Palazzo del Pretendente . In Florence, he used the title "Count of Albany" as an alias, and his wife Louise was normally referred to as the "Countess of Albany". Charles's health deteriorated in later life, and he was reported to have suffered from asthma, high blood pressure, swollen legs and ulcers. In 1774, while in Florence, he suffered constantly from his illnesses, which required him to be carried by his servants to and from his carriage. Charles
22484-507: Was remembered and danced by Margaret Gillis in Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia , and those steps were written down in 1957 by Frank Rhodes. These steps were to be danced to the tune "Whistle O'er the Lave o't", though the same steps were said to be danced to the "Irish Washerwoman" jig on St. Patrick's Night. An anonymous manuscript dating to 1826 describes both Irish and Scottish seann triubhas (spelled Shauntreuse in
22638-444: Was reported as becoming increasingly irrational and drunk. In November 1780, Louise formally left Charles. After separating, she claimed that Charles had physically abused her. This claim was generally believed by contemporaries. The historian Douglas states that Charles had been drinking following Saint Andrew's Day celebrations, and after accusing Louise of infidelities, may have attempted to rape her, resulting in her screaming to
22792-464: Was said that he never fully mastered any language and was partially illiterate. During his childhood, he was reported to enjoy hunting, horsemanship, a form of golf, music and dancing. In 1734, his cousin, the Duke of Liria , who was proceeding to join Don Carlos in his struggle for the crown of Naples , passed through Rome. He offered to take Charles on his expedition, and the boy of thirteen
22946-450: Was said to be an alcoholic. However, his escapades during the 1745 and 1746 uprising, as well as his escape from Scotland, led to his portrayal as a romantic figure of heroic failure. His life and the once possible prospects of a restored Stuart monarchy have left an enduring historical legend that continues to have a legacy today. Charles was born in the Palazzo Muti in Rome , Italy, on 31 December 1720, where his father had been given
23100-555: Was the Protestant James Murray, Jacobite Earl of Dunbar . While the Pope had raised initial concerns over Charles's religious education under a Protestant governor, James agreed that Charles would be raised as a Catholic. Among his tutors were the Chevalier Ramsay , Sir Thomas Sheridan and Father Vinceguerra, a Catholic priest. He quickly became conversant in English, French and Italian, although it
23254-678: Was the elder son of James Francis Edward Stuart making him the grandson of James VII and II , and the Stuart claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1766 as Charles III . During his lifetime, he was also known as " the Young Pretender " and " the Young Chevalier "; in popular memory, he is known as Bonnie Prince Charlie . Born in Rome to the exiled Stuart court, he spent much of his early and later life in Italy. In 1744, he travelled to France to take part in
23408-491: Was the same as the one that he had taken on the journey south. He returned to Manchester on 9 December and after some light resistance from the local population, Charles demanded £5,000 from the town, eventually receiving £2,500 in payment. Charles then proceeded on through Preston, Lancaster and Kendal, until the Jacobite forces eventually met the government forces at Clifton in Cumbria on 18 December. The Jacobite forces won
23562-489: Was unable to win support for another attempt, and died in Rome in 1788. The 1688 Glorious Revolution replaced the Catholic James II & VII with his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William , who ruled as joint monarchs of England, Ireland and Scotland. Neither Mary, who died in 1694, nor her sister Anne , had surviving children, leaving their Catholic half-brother James Francis Edward as
23716-487: Was when he met and heard Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart perform at the Chigi Palace on 6 April. However, he would periodically shut himself away in his rooms, and was said to have formed no new friendships in his later life. He made visits to Florence and Pisa in 1770, where he took to the waters at the city's thermal baths . Charles returned to Paris in early 1771 with the permission of the French authorities under
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