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67-657: After allied Christian forces had captured Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686 during the Great Turkish War , Serbs from Pannonian Plain (present-day Hungary , Slavonia region in present-day Croatia , Bačka and Banat regions in present-day Serbia ) joined the troops of the Habsburg monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia. Serbs, as volunteers, massively joined the Austrian side. In

134-600: A Hungarian chronicler, the final assault was led by Spanish troops ahead of the Bavarian contingent. After the conquest, the Christian Western European victorious soldiers took out their fury on the hated " heathens ". Knowledge of the Turkish threat was firmly embodied in the consciousness of Europe at that time, fueled by reports of Turkish atrocities against civilians and the religious attitudes of

201-651: A single land, but with separate administration and representation. The whole area of Military Frontier was under military administration. All population, regardless of age and sex, belonged to the army and was subject to austrian military legislation. The Main Command had its headquarters in Zagreb , but remained directly subordinate to the Ministry of War in Vienna. The Croatian Parliament made numerous pleas to demilitarize

268-683: The banovina of Jajce and Srebrenik , and in 1469 the military captaincy of Senj , modeled after the Ottoman captaincies in the Province of Bosnia . All these actions aimed to improve defence, but ultimately proved unsuccessful. But, they did lead to development of the Pandur infantry and the Hussar cavalry. Vlachs known as " Martolos " and " Voynuks " were the most dangerous military element under Ottomans, while Vlachs and Serbs which fled from

335-544: The Army of the Holy Roman Empire . The bloodiest events of the siege have been recorded by Johann Dietz of Brandenburg, an army doctor in the besieging army: . . . Not even the babies in their mother's wombs were spared. All were sent to their deaths. I was quite horrified by what was done here. Men were far more cruel to each other than wild beasts (Bestien). The imperial troops buried their own dead and threw

402-625: The Austro-Turkish War of 1787 . In 1787 the civil administration became separate from the military, but this was reversed in 1800. By the end of the 18th century, it had already become apparent for some time that the Ottomans were on the decline and were not likely to attempt any further invasions north of the Sava River. The Military Frontier thus began to outlive its usefulness. In 1848, Josip Jelačić , Ban of Croatia , became

469-743: The Slavonian Military Frontier came under the jurisdiction of the Croatian Sabor and ban . In 1627, they were placed under the direct control of the Habsburg military. For more than two centuries, they would retain complete civilian and military authority over the area, up to the abolition of the Military Frontier in 1881. During the 17th century, the territory was expanded towards the East and new sections were created. By then, it stretched from Croatia proper in

536-675: The Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, Serbs who settled the Military Frontier began to lose their hopes to recapture Serbia from Ottomans and to return to their homes they left during the Great Serb Migration . Since they were subjected to continuous attempts of authorities to Catholicize them or to remove their privileges including their rights to own arable land, members of Serbian Militia began to consider migration to Russian Empire . In 1704, Monasterlija's Serbian Militia

603-773: The War Council in Graz . Despite the financial support of the Inner Austrian nobility, the financing of the Military Frontier was not efficient enough. The military leadership in Graz decided to try solutions other than mercenary units. In the 1630s the Imperial Court decided to give land and certain privileges to immigrants into the Frontier (the uskok guerrillas as well as refugees from Ottoman-controlled lands) at

670-497: The Austrian Empire was conducted in 1857 and recorded the religion of the population. The population of the Military Frontier numbered 1,062,072 inhabitants, while the religious structure of the Military Frontier was: Population data by divisions: Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier (Total 675,817) Banat Military Frontier (Total 386,255) Many Serbs emigrated to the north toward the southern regions of Hungary during

737-748: The Balkans and a partial Ottoman recovery. Despite the Ottoman recovery and the weakening of the Habsburg military presence on the Danube (most Habsburg soldiers were sent to fight against the France in the War of the Grand Alliance ) the Habsburg supreme command planned offensive activities against Ottomans, heavily relying on the Serb soldiers of Serbian Militia and Serb rebels in the Balkans. In 1689 Louis William

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804-583: The Christian Church: Buda was taken and abandoned to plundering. The soldiers committed thereby such excesses. Against the Turks, because of their long and persistent resistance, which had cost an amazing quantity of its comrades their lives, they spared neither age nor sex. The Elector of Bavaria and the Duke of Lorraine , disturbed by knowing of men killed, and women raped, gave good orders that

871-733: The Croatian General Command headquartered in Zagreb . The Serbian Free Corps of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees who had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire. The Corps would fight for the liberation of Serbia and for unification under Habsburg rule. Several freikorps operated along the Habsburg-Ottoman frontier. The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and in early 1788. Serbia

938-697: The Frontier after the Turkish wars subsided. The demilitarization began in 1869 and on 8 August 1873, under Franz Joseph , the Banat Frontier was abolished and incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary , while part of the Croatian Frontier (Križevci and Đurđevac regiments) was already incorporated into Croatia-Slavonia on 1 August 1871. The decree in which the rest of the Croatian and Slavonian frontiers were incorporated into Croatia-Slavonia

1005-588: The Habsburg army were victorious against a vanguard unit of the Ottoman army during the Battle of Batočina . On 4 October 1689 Nestorović was appointed as commander of all units of Serbian Militia in Serbia. Jovan Monasterlija , who was appointed as captain of Serbian Militia in 1690, recruited Serbs into his units in the summer of 1690 on the southern border of the Austrian Empire. During the Battle of Slankamen on August 19, 1691, Serbian Militia with 10,000 Serbs under

1072-541: The Habsburg military. It would have complete civilian and military authority over it until abolition of the Military Frontiers. In November 1630, Emperor Ferdinand II proclaimed the so-called Statuta Valachorum ("Vlach Statute"), which regulated the status of so-called Vlach settlers (which included Croats , Serbs and Vlachs ) from the Ottoman Empire with regard to military command, their obligations, and rights to internal self-administration. Over time,

1139-725: The Hungarian capital Buda could be gained from the Ottomans. With the aid of Pope Innocent XI , the Holy League was formed on 5 March 1684, with King Jan Sobieski of Poland , Emperor Leopold I and the Republic of Venice agreeing to an alliance against the Turks. However, the Holy League's first attempt on Buda ended in defeat, the Austrians and their allies having to withdraw with great losses after 108 days of besieging

1206-535: The Hungarian parliament recognized at Pressburg in November 1687 that the inheritance of the Hungarian crown had passed to the Habsburgs , without the right to object as well as resist. In addition, the Hungarian parliament committed itself to crown the Habsburg successor to the throne still during his father's lifetime as king of Hungary. Thus on 9 December 1687 Joseph , the nine-year-old son of emperor Leopold ,

1273-621: The Jews were looted and destroyed. The Reformation Hungarian Protestants advocated the complete removal of the Jewish population of Hungary . Most of the Jews remaining in Buda, as well as most of those in the rest of Hungary, left with the retreating Turks. The captured ones were sent to Vienna , Pozsony or Mikulov . The mosques and minarets of Buda were destroyed and three synagogues were burned, along with numerous valuable books , by

1340-667: The Military Frontier also included the Habsburg-controlled northern parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the mid-18th century the Frontier was once again reorganized and modelled after the Imperial army and its regular regiments. In 1737 the Vlach Statute was formally abolished. All previous captaincies and voivodships were discarded, and the area was instead subdivided into general-commands, regiments and companies: After 1767, every twelfth inhabitant of

1407-775: The Military Frontier was a soldier – in contrast to every 62nd inhabitant in the rest of the Habsburg Monarchy. The Frontier soldiers became a professional military, ready to move to all European battlefields. Due to further immigration of refugees from the Ottoman domain, and to the expansion of the territory to places previously controlled by the Ottomans, the population of the Frontier became even more mixed. There were still many autochthonous Serbs and Croats in Slavonia and in parts of present-day Vojvodina (in Syrmia, Bačka and Banat). However, at this time they became outnumbered by

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1474-473: The Ottoman Empire were called in sources as "Vlachs schismatics" and Vlachs or Uskoks , other names which are mentioned are "Valachi seu Rasciani" "Valachi seu Serviani", "Valachi seu Graeci", Vlachs or Morlachs , "Illirica gens graeci ritus" and "homines Ritus Ruthenici seu Graeci". During the 17th and first half of the 18th century Catholic natives and Catholics immigrated from Bosnia and Kingdom of Croatia also converted to Orthodoxy. Most documents state that

1541-910: The Ottoman Vlachs and the Habsburg Vlachs. After the Croatian Parliament elected the Austrian Habsburgs as kings of Croatia in 1526, Ferdinand I promised the Croatian Parliament that he would give them 200 cavalrymen and 200 infantrymen, and that he would pay for another 800 cavalrymen who would be commanded by the Croatians. Soon the Habsburg monarchy founded another captaincy in Bihać . In

1608-567: The Ottoman military system, they were mostly Christians and some were Muslims. The new military expenditures became a considerable concern, and the Congress of Inner Austrian lands in Bruck an der Mur in 1578 defined the obligations of each land in covering the military expenses and defined the priorities in improving the defensive strategy. It was determined that the Duchy of Styria will finance

1675-525: The Ottoman-held city. In 1686, two years after the unsuccessful first siege of Buda, a renewed campaign was started to take the city. This time the Holy League's army was much larger, consisting of 65,000-100,000 men, including German, Hungarian, Croat, Dutch, English, Spanish, Czech, Italian, French, Burgundian, Danish and Swedish soldiers, and other Europeans as volunteers, artillerymen and officers. The Turkish defenders consisted of 7,000 men. By

1742-458: The Ottomans in the 15th century had a similar military tradition which Habsburgs begin to use on their side of the border. They were joined by some Vlachs from Bosnia and thus under the Habsburgs a special system of land ownership and military organization was created ie Military Frontier. This military border was an area of some major war campaigns, but mostly consisted of eternal clashes between

1809-473: The Serb, Croat and Vlach refugees/immigrants. Some Germans , Poles , Magyars and Slovaks also came to the Frontier, mostly as administrative personnel, and a number of other settlers and military personnel arrived from other parts of the Habsburg Empire – Czechs , Poles , Slovaks , Ukrainians , Rusyns and others. In 1783 the Croatian and Slavonian frontiers came under the unified control of

1876-614: The Slavonian and Hungarian Frontiers, and the Duchy of Carniola will finance the Croatian Frontier. The Duchy of Carinthia put their finances at the disposal of Styria and Carniola, to direct the money where needed. In the 2nd half of the 16th century, there were around 20,000 troops stationed in Hungarian and Croatian border forts. By the end of the 16th century Slavicized Vlachs, other Vlachs and Serbs flee from Ottoman territory to Military Frontier and Dalmatia . At

1943-494: The Turks and were considered their allies. After the conquest of the city, the Jewish community of Buda, which at its height had numbered 3,000 persons, was almost completely destroyed. Approximately half of the city's 1,000 Jews were massacred; hundreds of Jews and 6,000 Muslims were captured to be sold as slaves or held for ransom as a "punishment" for their loyalty to the Ottoman Turks. The homes and properties of

2010-557: The Vlachs arriving "from Turkey" or "from Bosnia", ie the Bosnia Eyalet . When in 1699 and 1718 the lands of Croatia and Hungary returned, which was previously occupied by the Ottomans, the vast majority of that area became the Military Frontier. Throughout the entire region of this frontier various ethnic groups were settled including Croats, Serbs, Albanians and others which were also all together called Vlachs. From 1718 to 1739

2077-561: The ability to centrally control the area and to draft cheap and numerous army units. After the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, the Seressaner troops were established with both military and police duties. They were not paid, but were exempted from taxes. Over the following century, each regiment had one section of Seressaners that organized border patrols towards Bosnia, particularly on difficult terrain, and stopped incursions of bandits. Orthodox Christians who settled Military Frontier from

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2144-581: The area and served as the bulwark for the monarchy against Ottoman incursions. Germans had been recruited by Hungary in the late 18th century to resettle and develop the Danube River Valley, and became known as Donauschwaben . The military regiments formed by the settlers had a vested reason to stand and fight and were familiar with local terrain and conditions. They soon gained a formidable military reputation. The Ottoman wars in Europe caused

2211-480: The area of Žumberak . In return they would serve in the Imperial army. The remaining local population was also encouraged to remain by receiving the status of free peasants (rather than serfs ) and other privileges. These new units were organized into ten or more voivodeships per each captaincy. In 1627, the Military Frontier was removed from the control of the Croatian Sabor and put under direct rule of

2278-525: The border of the Kingdom of Hungary  – and subsequently that of the Habsburg monarchy  – to shift towards the northwest. Much of the old Croatian territory either became Ottoman land or bordered the new Ottoman domain. In 1435, in an attempt to strengthen the defences against the Ottomans and Venice, King Sigismund founded the so-called tabor , a military encampment, each in Croatia, Slavonia and Usora . In 1463 King Matthias Corvinus founded

2345-532: The butchery must stop, and the lives of over 2000 Turks were saved. Over 3,000 Turks were killed in the slaughter perpetrated by imperial troops, and the violence was directed not only against the Muslims , but likewise against the Jewish population of Buda. As subjects of the Ottoman Empire , who enjoyed greater tolerance under the Ottomans compared to the Habsburgs, the Jews had fought side-by-side with

2412-573: The command of Jovan Monasterlija participated in the important victory over Ottoman forces. When Austrian forces supported by Serbian Militia captured Oradea from Ottomans in the spring of 1692, the seat of the Serbian Militia's headquarter became Baja . As reward for the important part he played during the Battle of Zenta , Jovan Tekelija was appointed as Captain of Serbian Militia in Arad in 1698. The Austrian Empire had intentions to reduce

2479-488: The commander of the Military Frontier. He pressed for the unification of Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, and the Croatian-Slavonian Frontier. Although he did not have the power to abolish it, he secured approval for reforms and in 1848 the Military Frontier sent representatives to the Croatian Sabor, however, this was revoked in the 1850s. From 1850 the Frontier, Croatia and Slavonia formally constituted

2546-527: The dead bodies of the Turks and Jews into the Danube . Buda had been under Ottoman rule for a century and a half, and Ottoman rule had not ended by an uprising of the Hungarians themselves, but by the forceful intervention of the Habsburgs. This fact was reflected in the post-war arrangements. As a consequence of the recapture of Buda from the Turks, as well as the victory in the Battle of Mohács (1687) ,

2613-467: The end of the 1560s, the new border system consisted of around 100–120 forts and extended from the Adriatic Sea to Transylvania . It was organized into six Border Fortress Captain Generalcies ( Grenzgeneralat ): In addition, there were four District Captain Generalcies ( Kreisgeneralat ). From the 1530s, immigration to the Military Frontier began to include a large number of Martolos , Vlach military colonists and other irregulars who were part of

2680-420: The first half of 1688 the Habsburg army together with units of Serbian Militia captured Gyula , Lipova and Ineu from the Ottoman Empire. After Belgrade had been liberated from the Ottomans in 1688, Serbs from the territories in the south of Sava and Danube rivers began to join Serbian Militia units. One of the first commanders of the Serbian Militia during the Great Turkish War was Antonije Znorić . In

2747-448: The follow-up campaign in Hungary after the Battle of Vienna . The Holy League retook Buda (modern day Budapest) after 78 days, ending almost 150 years of Ottoman rule. In 1541, Buda was conquered by the Turks in the siege of Buda , and was under Ottoman rule for the next 145 years. Under Ottoman rule the economic decline of Buda , the capital city of Hungary, was characterized by the stagnation of population. The population of Buda

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2814-464: The middle of June 1686 the siege had begun. On July 27 the Holy League's army started a large-scale attack, which was repulsed with a loss of 5,000 men. A tercio of 300 Spanish troops spearheaded the assault of the city walls. A Turkish relief army arrived at Buda in the middle of August led by Grand Vizier Sarı Süleyman Paşa , but the besieged Ottoman forces, led by commander Abdurrahman Abdi Arnavut Pasha , were unable to mount any offensive and he

2881-453: The military units defending the empire against Ottomans. The majority of immigrants were Serbs, and some were ethnic Croats, mainly from Bosnia. A large migration of Serbs to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević . The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary, and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees who were peasants. The 17th century

2948-407: The most important forts on the border with the Ottoman Empire. In the 1540s and following the Ottoman campaign of 1552, several conferences were held in which a new defense strategy was adopted. Separate defense zones were to be established in parts of Hungary and Croatia around the border forts. Austrian and Bohemian provinces were obligated to help finance this new system, beginning in the 1550s. At

3015-512: The name (Krajina) for their unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina . The occupied territory was virtually identical to the Military Frontier's territory, however also including some territories that were never a part of former Military Frontier, such as northern Dalmatia with town of Knin . Other territories that had constituted the Military Frontier remained under control of Republic of Croatia . Croatian forces regained control over Serb occupied territories after Operation Storm in 1995 (see

3082-422: The next decades, because they fled to the Habsburg ruled Royal Hungary . The number of Jews and Gypsy immigrants became dominant during the Ottoman rule in Buda. It became an Ottoman cultural and commercial center. Following the Ottoman failure in the second siege of Vienna , which started the Great Turkish War , Emperor Leopold I saw the opportunity for a counter-strike and the conquest of Hungary, so that

3149-449: The period 1689—1691, one of the commanders of Serbian Militia units in Banat was Novak Petrović. The Ottoman Empire had suffered partial military collapse against the Austrians in the 1680s, most notably at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, and the loss of Belgrade to Maximilian II of Bavaria in 1688 and Bosnia in 1689. However, with the beginning of the Nine Years War in the west, the early 1690s saw an end to Habsburg conquests in

3216-471: The period when the territory of Serbia was largely under Ottoman rule. In order to attract Serbs into Hungary, emperor Leopold I decreed that they would be allowed to elect their own ruler, or Vojvoda, from which the name Vojvodina derives. In 1690, about 30,000 to 70,000 Serbs settled eastern Slavonia, Bačka and Banat in what became known as the Great Serbian Migrations . Later the Habsburgs did not allow Serbs to elect their own vojvoda; they incorporated

3283-405: The population of the Frontier (as it was then) became mixed between the autochthonous Croats and Croatian serfs who had fled the Ottoman territories, and the numerous minority of the Serb and Vlach (who were later assimilated into Croats and Serbs ) refugees who strove to expand their rights as a major contributor in the defense of the land. By creating the new military class in the Frontier,

3350-412: The power and importance of Serbian Militia and its military and religious leaders by dividing it to smaller units and sending them to different distant parts of the Empire. Monasterlija's rank was changed from Serbian vice-voivode and Chief of the Serbian Nation to Rascian obercaptain . Because of the constant Ottoman threat such plans were never fully implemented. After the Habsburg monarchy signed

3417-448: The region into the military frontiers of eastern Slavonia and the Banat. However, the strong Serb presence in the region resulted in Vojvodina serving as the cradle of the Serbian renaissance during the 19th century. From October 1990, eight months before Croatia declared independence (June 25, 1991) from Yugoslavia , the Serbs who lived in the region of the former Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina) started an insurrection and adopted

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3484-479: The relaxation of the Ottoman threat. During the 17th century territory of the Military Frontier was expanded towards the East and new sections were created. By then, it stretched from Croatia in the west to eastern Transylvania in the east and included parts of present-day Croatia , Serbia , Romania and Hungary . The area was settled primarily with Croatian, Serbian and German colonists (known as grenzer and graničari ) who, in return for land grants, served in

3551-413: The same reasons, Hungarian officials had hostile relation toward Serbian Militia. The organization was officially named "Serbian National Militia" ( Latin : Rascianae Nationis Militia ). Battle of Buda (1686) The siege of Buda (1686) ( Hungarian : Buda visszafoglalása , lit.   'Recapture of Buda') was fought between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire , as part of

3618-408: The same time the Croatian Military Frontier became known as the Karlovac generalate , and from the 1630s the Upper Slavonian Military Frontier was known as the Varaždin generalat . During the 16th and 17th centuries, the military administration of the Frontier was moved away from the Croatian ban and the Sabor (Parliament) and instead instated in the high command of Archduke Charles and

3685-400: The short term, all this was ineffective, as in 1529 the Ottomans swept through the area, captured Buda and besieged Vienna , wreaking havoc throughout the Croatian border areas. The Habsburgs aimed at holding the Ottoman forces on Hungarian and Croatian territory before they could reach Austria, but did not have a clear defense plan. In the 1530s, significant reinforcements were sent only to

3752-406: The territory of the Frontier eventually became fully detached from the Croatian Parliament and the ban . As freedom of faith was granted to them, they preserved their Orthodox faith in spite of their living in a Catholic country. Eventually, the whole male population of the Military Frontier became professional soldiers who served the Empire on several fronts and through many European wars, even after

3819-413: The walls to re-take the city from the Ottomans. Another monument honors Catalan soldiers in the Spanish tercio who participated in the siege. Military Frontier Timeline The Military Frontier ( German : Militärgrenze ; Serbo-Croatian : Војна крајина , Vojna krajina , Војна граница , Vojna granica ; Hungarian : Katonai határőrvidék ; Romanian : Graniță militară )

3886-533: The west to eastern Transylvania in the east and included parts of present-day Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Romania and Hungary . During this period, the defence system was also changed, from a conventional garrison model to one of 'soldier-settler' communities. The inhabitants of the area were known as the Grenzer (or frontiersmen). They were mostly Serbian, Croatian, German, Vlach and other colonists. In exchange for land-grants, religious freedom and favorable tax rates, they colonized

3953-468: Was a borderland of the Habsburg monarchy and later the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empire . It acted as the cordon sanitaire against incursions from the Ottoman Empire . The establishment of the new defense system in Hungary and Croatia took place in the 16th century, following the election of Ferdinand I as king. Six districts under special military administration were established in Hungary and Croatia. The Croatian Military Frontier and

4020-500: Was a relatively peaceful period, during which only smaller raids were made from the Province of Bosnia . After the Ottoman army was repelled at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Great Turkish War ended with much of the former Croatian lands under Habsburg control. Despite this, the Frontier system was retained, and expanded onto former Ottoman territories in Lika , Kordun , Banija , lower Slavonia , Syrmia , Bačka , Banat , Pomorišje , and Transylvania . The Habsburg Empire valued

4087-413: Was appointed as chief commander of the Imperial army in its invasion of the territory of present-day Serbia. Before the invasion Louis William recruited Serb rebels all over territory of present-day Serbia, whose infantry units were called hayduks while cavalry units of Serb rebels were called Serb husars . On August 29, 1689 Serbian Militia under the command of Pavle Nestorović as a vanguard unit of

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4154-399: Was crowned as a first hereditary king with the Stephanskrone crown. Hungary was a hereditary country of the Habsburgs and already in June 1688 the "commission for the mechanism of the Kingdom of Hungary" was now finally created, in order to create in the country of the Stephanskrone a strong monarchistic government. Today, a monument in Budapest marks the spot where Spanish troops breached

4221-444: Was defeated in the battle with Rákóczi 's rebels near Baja and many Serbs escaped from the town. Serbian Militia had important role in the struggle against Rákóczi's rebels. Austrian government supported privileged position of the Serbian Militia which they perceived as counterweight to separatist aspirations of Hungarian officials and well trained and cheap military force which could be used to fight against Ottomans or other enemy. From

4288-454: Was not larger in 1686, than the population of the city two centuries earlier in the 15th century. The Ottomans allowed the Hungarian royal palace to fall into ruins. The amortized palace was later transformed into a gunpowder storage and magazine by the Ottomans, which caused its detonation during the siege in 1686. The original Christian Hungarian population did not feel secure during the Ottoman conquest, their numbers significantly shrank in

4355-429: Was proclaimed on 15 July 1881, while incorporation began on 1 August 1881, when Ban of Croatia Ladislav Pejačević took over from the Zagreb General Command. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the frontier was divided into several districts: In 1828 the population included: An Austrian statistical yearbook for 1846 notes that 1,226,408 residents lived in the Military Frontier: The first modern population census in

4422-433: Was shortly afterwards killed in action. Abdi Pasha's defensive efforts are referred to as "heroic" by Tony Jaques in his book "The Dictionary of Battles and Sieges". Prince Eugene of Savoy and his dragoons were not directly involved in entering the city but secured the rear of their army against the Turkish relief army, which could not prevent the city from being entered after 145 years in Turkish possession. According to

4489-472: Was subsequently liberated, and organized into a Habsburg protectorate . On 8 October 1789 Ernst Gideon von Laudon took over Belgrade . Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organizational and military skills. By 1791, however, the Austrians were forced into withdrawal across the Danube and Sava rivers, joined by thousands of Serb families who feared Ottoman persecution. The Treaty of Sistova (1791) ended

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