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61-510: The word "Tatar" or "Tadar" is also a self-designation by some closely related Siberian ethnic groups, namely the Altaians , Chulyms , Khakas , and Shors . The 2010 census counted more than 500,000 people in Siberia defining their ethnicity as " Tatar ". About 200,000 of them are considered indigenous Siberian Tatars. However, only 6,779 of them called themselves "Siberian Tatars". It

122-571: A millenarian indigenist religious movement called Ak-Jang or Burkhanism arose among these people. Prior to 1917, the Altai were considered to be made up of many different ethnic groups. With the rise of the 1917 Russian revolution , Altai nationalists and Socialist-Revolutionaries attempted to make a separate Burkhanist republic called the Confederated Republic of Altai (Karakorum-Altai Region), although only as part of

183-569: A decree concerning tribute issued by Ivan the Terrible , the population was given as 40,000. According to the results of the 1897 All-Russia Census, there were 56,957 Siberian Tatars in the Tobolsk Governorate . This was the last accurate information about this population. In later censuses, Tatar immigrants from the other regions of Russia were also recorded under the classification of Tatar. The Siberian Tatars tried to avoid

244-499: A genetic separation of the northern and southern Altaians is undeniable. The southern Altaians are dominated by such variants of the Y chromosome haplogroup as Q-M242 and R1a , and there are also I-M170 and O-M175 . Within the northern Altaians, the R1a haplogroup is dominant, Q-M242 is rarely found, and I-M170 and O-M175 are not found at all. Mitochondrial DNA The maternal genetic ancestry of northern and southern Altaian populations

305-472: A greater variety of West Eurasian haplogroups at low frequencies. Shors, who have sometimes been categorized as northern Altaians,18 exhibited a similar haplogroup profile to other northern Altaian ethnic groups, including moderate frequencies of C, D, and F1, although they lacked others (N9a and U). Haplogroups C and D were the most frequent mtDNA lineages in the Altaians, consistent with the overall picture of

366-600: A result of the fusion of Turkic tribes with Samoyeds , Kets , and other indigenous Siberian ethnic groups. The Altaians were annexed by the Four Oirat of Western Mongols in the 16th century. The Mongols called them " Telengid " or " Telengid aimag " in the period of the Northern Yuan dynasty , with the region known as Telengid Province. After the fall of the Zunghar Khanate in the 18th century,

427-460: Is around 8,000. The sub-groups are: Baraba-Turazh, Lyubey-Tunus, Terenin-Choy. The Tom Tatars are indigenous population of Tomsk , Kemerovo and Novosibirsk Oblasts . The sub-groups are: Kalmak , Chat , Eushta . The most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Baraba Tatars is the haplogroup Q , specifically the Q-YP4000 and Q-L330 subclades. Among northern Baraba Tatars, the most widespread

488-640: Is connected with Ugric tribes. In this case it is not clear if this haplogroup has its origins with immigrant from the Urals or its a legacy of older local inhabitants. The Chernaya Rechka settlement: The inhabitants of this village belong to the most varied Y-DNA haplogroups. The most common haplogroup among the villagers is the N1a1a1a3a2-Z35326 (26,7%). Its presence among the Tom Tatars is connected with Mongolic genetic component of Tom Tatars, which

549-479: Is haplogroup N1b-P43. Other, less common haplogroups are R1a1-Z93 and R1b-M73. Among Tom Tatars there has not yet been found any connection between gene pools of Tom Tatars and Samoyedic peoples. There is a clear genetic connection only with Northern Altaians, Bachat Teleuts and Kazakhs. R1a-Z93, which is widespread among Tom Tatars, has probably Altai or Sayan origin. Kalmak Tatars overwhelmingly belong to N1c1-Y16311 which originates from N1c1-F4205. This haplogroup

610-428: Is in line with historical facts. These samples are very close to the samples of Tuvans and Buryats . Second most common is the haplogroup R1a1a1b2a2b-Z2122 (20%). This haplogroup is also represented in the other two villages of Takhtamyshevo (16%) and Eushta (20,6%), and is the marker of Turkic component in the gene pools of Tom Tatars. Its origin is connected with the territory of Southern Siberia, although nowadays it

671-537: Is not completely clear which part of those who called themselves "Siberian Tatars" consider themselves to be a separate ethnos and which part as a group into the Tatar people, because the census took into account the Siberian Tatars as a subgroup of the Tatar ethnos. As of 2018, the Siberian Tatars do not yet have public education available in their own language . Lessons in the local schools are taught only in

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732-477: Is not present among Bachat Teleut and Southern Altaians, who, according to historians and ethnographs, also are descendants of late middle age Teleuts ( White Kalmucks ). The closest to Tom Tatars are Mongolians and Kalmyks . It is possible that Kalmak Tatars are the descendants of the so-called Black Kalmucks , together with some groups of Tyumen Tatars and Yalutor Tatars (Tobol-Irtysh Tatars). The gene pool of Tom Tatars (Eushta Tatars) living in three settlements

793-511: Is not the most common haplogroup in the region. Two males from the villages of Chernaya Rechka and two males from the village of Eushta bear the haplogroup N1a2b3-B525,VL81. This line is very close to the Kazakhs. Apart from its presence among Siberian Tatars, its presence was not observed among other indigenous Siberian populations. Rare samples belong to haplogroups I1, I2a, J2a, J2b, which are connected with European and Central Asian immigrants to

854-543: Is rich with mythology and supernatural beings . Popular deities included Erlik , the god of the underworld, and Oyrot-Khan, a heroic figure who is a composite blend taken from historical Zungarian (Oirat) Khans and ancient legendary heroes. However, with many migrations, settlement changes, and the presence of Russians and their eventual union with the Russian Empire , the Altaians encountered three world religions: Buddhism , Christianity , and Islam . At first,

915-532: Is the haplogroup R1b1a1a2a2c1-CTS1843 (32%), which is widespread in the Volga and southern Urals region among Bashkirs, Kazan Tatars, Udmurts and Chuvash. Probable origin of this haplogroup among Tom Tatars are Kazan Tatar and Bashkir immigrants to the region. This is confirmed also from the anthropological perspective, as inhabitants of the Takhtamyshevo village show more Caucasoid physical features compared to

976-539: The Altaians ( Altay : Алтайлар , romanized:  Altaylar , pronounced [ɑltɑjlɑr] ), are a Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia mainly living in the Altai Republic , Russia . Several thousand of the Altaians also live in Mongolia ( Altai Mountains ) and China ( Altay Prefecture , Xinjiang ) but are not officially recognized as a distinct group and listed under

1037-552: The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia and studied at Buddhist centers of learning before and after the rise of the Burkhanist movement in the early 20th century; indicating a significant Buddhist influence on the new religion. Around 1904, the development of Burkhanism among the Altaians was underway. Burkhanism is a monotheistic religion named after Ak-Burkhan, a deity who is believed and recognized by its adherents to have been

1098-892: The Cyrillic script in 1939. Until 2014, the written language for Siberian Tatars was Tatar, a version based on the grammar rules of Volga Tatars. In the 21st century, work began on the rationalizing of the Siberian Tatar language. Teams have conducted scientific research in the field of literary language norms of the indigenous population of Siberia. They have published the "Русско-сибирскотатарский словарь = Урысца-сыбырца сүслек" (2010) ( Russian-Siberian Tatar Dictionary ), and "Грамматика современного сибирскотатарского языка" (2014)( The Grammar of Modern Siberian Tatar Language ). International Organization for Standardization ISO 639-3 PA with its headquarters in Washington, awarded in 2013,

1159-904: The Hanafi madhab, found in southern Siberia. Siberian Tatars have been living in Western Siberia since the 6th century . They are remnants of the Khanate of Sibir , which was conquered by Russia in 1582. Geographically, the Siberian Tatars are divided into three main groups, each speaking their own dialect. Although the Siberian Tatar language has been sometimes considered a dialect of Tatar , detailed linguistic study demonstrates that Siberian Tatar idioms are quite remote from Volga Tatar by origin. Siberian Tatars' ancestry can be traced back to Turkic , Mongolic , Ket , Samoyedic and Ugric tribes. The Siberian Tatar language is, due to

1220-638: The Oyrot Autonomous Oblast ). The name was inherited from their being former subjects of the 17th-century Oirat -led Dzungar Khanate . The Altai report that many of them became addicted to the Russians' vodka , which they called "fire water". With regard to religion, some of the Altai remained shamanists and others (in a trend beginning in the mid-19th century) have converted to the Russian Orthodox Church . In 1904,

1281-646: The Russian and Volga Tatar languages . Siberian Tatars historically lived in the vast territory stretching from around the Yenisey River all the way to the area lying somewhat east of the Ural Mountains . According to the ambassadors of the Siberian Khanate ruler Yediger Khan, who visited Moscow in 1555, the population of "the black people", not counting the aristocracy, was 30,700. In

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1342-888: The indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East . However, in the 2010 Russian Census , the only recognized distinct ethnic groups are the Kumandins and Teleuts. The Altai region came within the sphere of influence of the Scythians , Xiongnu , the Rouran Khaganate , the Turkic Khanganate , the Uyghur Empire , and the Yenisei Kyrgyz . According to one study in 2016,

1403-542: The taiga (boreal forests). However, some Altaians also engaged in small scale agriculture , gathering , and fishing . Most of the Southern Altaians traditionally lived in yurts . Many Northern Altaians mainly built polygonal yurts with conic roofs made out of logs and bark. Some Altai-Kizhi also lived in mud huts with birch bark gable roofs and log or plank walling. The Teleuts and a few Northern Altaians lived in conic homes made out of perches or bark. With

1464-733: The 12th century, the Siberian Tatar language received some Karluk influences. Those Siberian Tatars who are living in ethnically mixed villages where, in the periods after Russian colonization, more numerous Volga Tatars settled, have also been influenced by the Kipchak-Bulgar language. Siberian Tatar language has different dialects. Since the penetration of Islam until the 1920s after the Russian Revolution, Siberian Tatars, like all Muslim nations, were using an alphabet that had been based on Arabic script . They adopted an alphabet based on Latin script in 1928 and one based on

1525-584: The Altai people. At present, shamanism is practiced by many Telengits, although there is a large amount that also profess Orthodox Christianity. Burkhanism is the main religion of the Altai-Kizhi, the largest group of Altaians, but there is a significant number of Orthodox Christians. The majority of Kumandins, Tubalars, Teleuts, and Chelkans are Russian Orthodox, although there is a significant minority that practice shamanism. A few Altaians are Evangelical Christians and Tibetan Buddhists . In principle,

1586-481: The Altai region, which is especially popular among Altaian youth. According to recent statistical studies, up to 70% or 86 % (data of the Research State Institute of Altaic Studies) of the Altaians continue to profess the "Altai Faith": Burkhanism, shamanism, and other native religions . According to Natalia Zhukovskaia , traditional Altai shamanism is the supreme religion of the majority of

1647-501: The Altaians were indifferent and at times even hostile to these foreign faiths and their expansion in the region (modern Altai Republic ). In 1829, a Russian Orthodox mission was founded in the region soon after it became a protectorate of the Russian Empire . The mission and its missionaries were initially culturally sensitive and tolerant to the Altaians and their customs. However, the rise of Russian nationalism during

1708-604: The Altaians were subjugated by the Qing dynasty , which referred to them as Altan Nuur Uriyangkhai . Altaians are genetically related to the Uriyangkhai , which is a common neighbouring Oirat Mongol ethnic group in Mongolia . The Altai people came into contact with Russians in the 18th century. In the Tsarist period , the Altai were also known as Oirot or Oyrot (this name means " Oirat " and would later be carried on for

1769-603: The Altaians, precisely some Southern Altaians, assimilated local Yeniseian people which were closely related to the Paleo-Eskimo groups. From the 13th to 18th century, the Altai people were dominated politically and culturally by the Mongols . The origin of the Southern Altaians can be traced during this period from the result of the mixing of Kipchak and Mongol tribes. Meanwhile, the Northern Altaians were

1830-798: The Association of Northern Ethnoses of Altai. According to the 2010 Russian census, there was a total of 69,963 Altaians who resided within the Altai Republic. This represented 34.5% of the total population of the republic, compared with 56.6% with a Russian background, Altaian families are the majority only in certain villages. However, Altaian culture is still the local culture between people and communities. The Southern Altaians were mostly nomadic or semi-nomadic livestock holders. They raised horses , goats , sheep , and cattle . The Northern Altaians mainly engaged in hunting as their primary form of subsistence. Their main prey were animals from

1891-566: The Eushta village is South Siberian haplogroup R1a1a1b2-CTS9754 (14,7%). This haplogroup is very close to the Khakas, Shor and Tuvan samples. The haplogroups of males of Eushta village show no evidence of mixing with Kazan Tatars and other immigrants from the European territory. The closenes of genetic lines with Teleuts, Northern Altaians, Shors, Khakas and Tuvans tells us about the common legacy of

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1952-747: The Kipchakization processes during the Middle Ages, many times classified as belonging to the Kipchak–Nogay group of the Kipchak languages . There are approximately as many elements that could be classified in the Upper Altaian language group. Generally, Tobol-Irtysh dialect is classified as belonging to Kypchak–Nogai group, while Baraba and Tom dialects are classified as belonging to Kypchak–Kyrgyz group of Kypchak languages. Beginning in

2013-870: The Russian Federation. They also hoped to extend its territory to form a larger Oyrot republic that would include other former subjects of the Dzungar Khanate or even all Turkic peoples of Siberia. Many Altai leaders supported the Mensheviks during the Civil War . After the Bolshevik victory, a separate Oyrot Autonomous Oblast was established as a national home for the Altais. In the 1940s, during World War II, Joseph Stalin 's government accused Altai nationalists of being pro-Japanese . After

2074-552: The Siberian Tatar language classification code 'sty' in New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3. The first person who seriously researched Siberian Tatar language was Gabdulkhay Akhatov , a Soviet Volga Tatar linguist and an organizer of science. Traditional occupations of the Siberian Tatars included hunting, raising horses, and porterage (the latter being important because of the major trade routes situated within

2135-424: The Siberian Tatars practiced shamanism . Shamanistic influences can still be found in certain funerary and spiritual customs. Islamization of the region first occurred around the 14th century. The adoption of Islam among the Siberian Tatars began by the early 15th century and most were Muslim by the late 18th century. Contact with Siberian Bukharans and later Volga Tatars helped facilitate the acceptance of Islam among

2196-530: The Siberian Tatars. The Tobol-Irtysh Tatars group is the most numerous out of all 3 groups of Siberian Tatars. They live in the Omsk , Tyumen , Kurgan , and Sverdlovsk Oblasts. The sub-groups are: Zabolotnie (Yaskolbinsk), Tobol, Kurdak-Sargat, Tara, Tyumen-Tura. Their self-designation is Baraba , and they are found mainly in the steppe of Baraba , in the Novosibirsk Oblast . Their population

2257-703: The Siberian mtDNA gene pool. Kipchak languages The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak , Qypchaq , Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages ) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe , spanning from Ukraine to China . Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh , Kyrgyz , and Tatar . The Kipchak languages share

2318-823: The Turkic-speaking peoples of the Altai-Sayan region. 89.5% of Zabolotnie Tatar males are carrying the Y-DNA haplogroup N-M231 , having one of the highest concentration of this haplogroup, second only to the Nganasans . The Bukharlyks, literally "those from the city of Bukhara " are descendants of 15th- and 16th-century fur merchant colonies from Western Caucasus . These settlers have now merged entirely with Siberian Tatars. Altai people The Altai people ( Altay : Алтай-кижи , romanized:  Altay-kiji , pronounced [ɑltɑj-kidʒi] ), also

2379-873: The basis of tribes of Kimek - Kipchaks . In the Soviet Union until 1991 and the Russian Federation until 2000, the authorities considered the Northern Altaians and the Teleuts to be part of the Altai people. Currently, according to the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 255 dated March 24, 2000 , the Chelkans, Kumandins, Telengits, Teleuts, and Tubalars were recognized as separate ethnic groups as well as

2440-452: The census as much as possible, as they believed that it was an attempt to force them to pay the Yasak (tribute). Their population in the territory of the current Tyumen Oblast in 1926 was recorded as 70,000; in 1959 as 72,306; in 1970 as 102,859; 136,749 in 1979; 227,423 in 1989; and 242,325 in 2002. According to the results of the 2002 Russian Census , there were 385,949 Tatars living in

2501-403: The chaos. This was believed to have occurred because ancient religious beliefs could be easily orally transmitted from generation to another. It's also likely that no Burkhanist texts survived the repression and main sources for the beliefs of the religion come from Russian missionaries, travellers, and scholars. Recently, both Burkhanism and traditional Altai shamanism have seen a revival in

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2562-483: The division into the Burkhanists and shamanists has ceased to be relevant for the contemporary religiosity of the Altaians. According to a number of studies, by the beginning of the 21st century, there were practically no traditional shamans or classical Burkhanists anti-shamanists. The main one was the single " Altai Faith " ( Altay : Алтай јаҥ , romanized:  Altai jang )—a traditional ethnic religion in

2623-441: The fact that most Altaians today wear modern clothes, traditional wear still remains in use. Altai cuisine consists of soups of horseflesh or mutton . Dishes with gopher , badger , marmot , fermented milk , cream (from boiled milk), blood pudding, butter, fried barley flour, and certain vegetables are also staples of Altai cuisine. Popular drinks include aryki (hard liquor made from kumis ). Traditional Altai shamanism

2684-491: The faith among the Altaians during the 19th century. The Buddhist missionaries also encouraged the Altaians to unite together against the Russians. However, their activities and preaching were suppressed both by the Russian state and Orthodox Christian missionaries. Buddhism made little headway among the Altaians but many Buddhist ideas and principles filtered into Altai spiritual beliefs. However, some Altaians reportedly visited

2745-604: The form of a synthesis of Burkhanism with the remnants of Altai shamanism, Mongolian and Tibetan Buddhism , and other tribal beliefs and customs. Y Chromosome Altai population can be divided into northern and southern clusters based on linguistics, culture, and genetics. According to a 2012 study that analyzed mtDNA (by PCR - RFLP analysis and control region sequencing) and nonrecombinant Y-DNA (by scoring more than 100 biallelic markers and 17 Y-STRs ) obtained from Altaian samples, northern Altaians are genetically more similar to Yeniseian , Ugric , and Samoyeds to

2806-405: The influx of Russians near the homeland of the Altaians, there was an increase of the construction of large huts with two to four slope roofs in consequence of Russian influence. Despite the many social and political changes the Altaians have endured, many modern and settled families still keep a yurt in their yards. These yurts are usually used as a summertime kitchen or extra room. Historically,

2867-878: The late 19th century caused the Russification of Orthodox Christianity in the country, and the mostly Russian clergy in Siberia also took up the ideology. This created intolerant views of the natives of Siberia (including the Altaians) and of their culture. This led to the rejection of Christianity by many Altaians, who saw it as a foreign Russian religion. However, Russian rule continued to grow increasingly strict both politically and religiously. Russian Orthodox missionaries regularly confiscated land from Altaians who refused to convert to Christianity. Altaians were often forcefully converted to Christianity. Mongolian and Tibetan Buddhist missionaries attempted to spread

2928-409: The name "Oirats" as a part of the Mongols , as well as in Kazakhstan where they number around 200. For alternative ethnonyms see also Tele , Black Tatar , and Oirats . During the Northern Yuan dynasty , they were ruled in the administrative area known as Telengid Province. The Altaians are represented by two ethnographic groups: The Northern and Southern Altaians formed in the Altai area on

2989-421: The north, while southern Altaians having greater affinities to other Turkic speaking populations of southern Siberia and Central Asia. The same study conducted a high-resolution analysis of Y chromosome Haplogroup Q-M242 that was found in Altaian samples and concluded that southern Altaians and indigenous peoples of the Americas share a recent common ancestor . According to a new study by Russian geneticists,

3050-409: The oblasts discussed above. (Their territory roughly corresponds to the historical territory of the Siberian Khanate ). Of these Tatars only 9,289 identified as Siberian Tatars. 2002 Russian Census recorded a total of 9,611 Siberian Tatars in Russia. Some publications estimated their number in the range of 190,000-210,000. Such significant discrepancy is explained by the fact that the immigrants from

3111-474: The other ethnic groups who are also called Tatar by the Russians were also included in the figure, though most were Volga Tatars. Like most of the modern indigenous human groups of West Siberia, Siberian Tatars reveal traits that are specific of West-Sibirid anthropological type. Siberian Tatars show a combination of features characteristic of both eastern and western Eurasians. The term Siberian Tatar covers three autochthonous groups, all Sunni Muslims of

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3172-409: The region). Starting in the 19th century, some Siberian Tatars sought work in tanneries and sawmills. Modern Siberian Tatars work in various and diverse occupations. Some traditional foods in Siberian Tatar cuisine include barley, kattama , boortsog , noodles, and peremech along with several dairy items like kaymak and qurut . The Siberian Tatars profess Sunni Islam. Before converting to Islam,

3233-530: The region. The Eushta settlement: The Tom Tatars of Eushta village are, compared to the ones from the villages of Takhtamyshevo and Chernaya Rechka, the most homogenous. In this village, the most common haplogroup is Asiatic haplogroup R1b1a1a1b-Y20768xY20784 (35,3%). At the approximately the same level this haplogroup is also present among Teleuts (31%). Some Khakas and Shor samples also belong to that genetic line. Judging by YSTR haplotypes, these populations are very closely related. The presence of this haplogroup in

3294-435: The rest of Tom Tatars. Second most common is the haplogroup C2a1a2a-M86, which is also present in the two other researched settlements of village Eushta and Chernaya rechka. This samples are very close to Kazakhs of middle and lesser juzes. The presence of this haplogroup is the legacy of Mongolic component among Tom Tatars, and it is also a historical fact. One man was found to belong to rare haplogroup N1a1a1a1a4a2-A9408, which

3355-529: The sole god. Burkhanism was opposed to both the Russians and the traditional Altai shamans. The hostility towards the shamans was so great that the shamans had to seek protection from Russian authorities. The rise of the Bolsheviks in the first quarter of the 20th century also led to the brutal repression of all religions , which included the indigenous faiths of the Altai people. For the next few decades, public expressions of religion severely declined with only shamanistic and ancient polytheistic beliefs surviving

3416-405: The total population from 50% to 20%. In 1990, the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast was declared an autonomous republic, the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which was renamed to the Altai Republic in 1992. In the early 21st century, ethnic Altaians make up about 31% of the Altai Republic's population. Today, the special interests of the Altaians are articulated and defended by

3477-402: The traditional clothing of Southern Altaian men and women was very similar with little differences between the two. Average clothing consisted of long shirts with wide breeches, robes, and fur coats. Other apparel often included fur hats, high boots, and sheepskin coats. Northern Altaians and some Teleuts traditionally wore short breeches, linen shirts, and single-breasted oriental robes. Despite

3538-408: The village of Eushta is probably the consequence of resettled Kalmak Tatars from the Kemerovo oblast. The second most common haplogroup is Q1b1b-YP4004 (17,6%), which is legacy of local Turkic peoples. Close to this line is its sister haplogroup of Q1b1b-BZ2199. It is very common among Chelkans and Tubalars. Some Khakas samples also belong to that genetic line. Third most common haplogroup among males of

3599-415: The war, the word "Oyrot" was declared to be counter-revolutionary due to its associations with the idea of a larger Oyrot state that could secede from the USSR. Because of that, the oblast was renamed to Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast . By 1950, Soviet industrialization policies and development in this area resulted in considerable migration of Russians to this republic, reducing the proportion of Altai in

3660-586: Was explored by characterizing coding region SNPs and control region sequences from 490 inhabitants of the Altai Republic. Differences in mtDNA haplogroup profiles were observed among northern Altaian ethnic groups and between northern Altaians and Altai-kizhi, with the Chelkans being extraordinarily distinct. Nevertheless, comparisons among other Altaian ethnic groups revealed some consistent patterns. mtDNA haplogroups B, C, D, and U4 were found in all Altaian populations, but at varying frequencies, whereas southern Altaians (Altai-kizhi, Telengits, and Teleuts) tended to have

3721-556: Was studied: the village of Chernaya Rechka, the village of Takhtamyshevo, and the village of Eushta. According to different haplogroups, the connection of Tom Tatars with Teleuts, Northern Altaians, Shors, Khakass, Tuvans and Buryats is shown, which confirms their connection with the South Siberian Turkic-speaking and Mongolian-speaking peoples. It was revealed that tested Tom Tatars belong to 14 Y-DNA haplogroups. Only 2 from 14 haplogroups were present in all three settlements: C2a1a2a and R1a1a1b2a2b. The Takhtamyshevo settlement: The most common

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