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98-403: The Sultanate of Singora was a heavily fortified port city in southern Thailand and the precursor of the present-day town of Songkhla . It was founded in the early 17th century by a Persian, Dato Mogol, and flourished during the reign of his son, Sultan Sulaiman Shah. In 1680, after decades of conflict, the city was destroyed and abandoned; remains include forts, city walls, a Dutch cemetery and

196-492: A GPP per capita of 182,371 baht (US$ 5,883), more than double for Yala province, which is fifth and more than three times for Narathiwat province, lowest in the ranking. Southern Thailand is connected with Bangkok by railway and highway. Several regional airports are located at the larger towns. The transportation hub of all of southern Thailand is Hat Yai. Phetkasem Road , the longest road in Thailand, runs from Bangkok along

294-418: A former field north of Steenhouwersgracht, in which a town market was established. The first church and town hall were built c. 1622 on the east bank of the river; Batavia's first combined church and town hall (replaced during the 1630s) was at 6°07′56″S 106°48′42″E  /  6.132212°S 106.811779°E  / -6.132212; 106.811779 . Around 1627, the three canals were connected with

392-645: A hub for regional trade: itt were not amiss to build a strong howse in Sangora which lyeth 24 Leagues northwarde of Patania, under the gouerment of Datoe Mogoll, vassall to the King of Siam: In this place maie well the Rendezvouz bee made to bring all thinges together that you shall gather for the provideing of the ffactories of Siam, Cochinchina, Borneo and partlie our ffactorie in Japan, as you shall gather according to

490-795: A letter of introduction from the Phra Khlang (known by the Dutch as the Berckelangh), the Siamese official responsible for foreign affairs. Sulaiman's response sheds light on his attitude towards suzerainty: On the 3rd of February the delegate van Vlieth landed at Sangora and was received by the governor, who was angry at the Berckelangh's letter, saying that his country was open to the Netherlanders without Siamese introduction and that

588-584: A moat and city wall; extensions of the wall were built west of Batavia, and the city was completely enclosed. In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to live within the city walls and settled outside Batavia. The Chinese and the Mardijkers were the only non-Dutch settlers within the walled city. A 1659 truce with Banten enabled the city to grow, and more bamboo houses were built. Bamboo houses and livestock were banned in 1667, and

686-569: A period of transition and upheaval during the Indonesian struggle for independence. During the Japanese occupation, and when the Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was renamed Jakarta. In 1945, it was briefly occupied by the Allies and returned to the Dutch. The Dutch name, Batavia, remained the internationally recognized name until Indonesian independence

784-406: A romantic age, but it is too improbable for history". In a memo dated 1685 a French East India Company official claimed that Singora was finally captured by means of a ruse. Thailand's Ministry of Culture supports this version of events and discusses a spy who tricked his way into the city, enabling Siamese troops to enter and burn it to the ground. In 1685 Siam attempted to cede Singora to France:

882-579: A siege lasting more than six months, Singora was destroyed and abandoned. Contemporary French sources document the city's destruction and provide a wealth of detail. The head of the French East India Company 's operations in Ayuthaya described how Singora's "trés bonne citadelle" had been razed after a war of more than thirty years; a missionary working in Ayuthaya in the mid 1680s told how the King of Siam sent his finest ships to destroy

980-614: Is 134 per square kilometre (350/sq mi). Religion in Southern Thailand (2015 census) Thailand is a Buddhist-majority country. About 93.46% in Thailand follow Buddhism. Buddhism is the majority religion in southern Thailand as well but makes up 75.45% of the region's people. The Thai follow Theravada Buddhism. Minority ethnic groups such as Khmer also follow Buddhism, and 10 of the 14 provinces in southern Thailand have Buddhist majorities. Islam constitutes 24.33% of Southern Thailand even though it constitutes only 5.36% of

1078-422: Is a southwestern Tai language spoken in the 14 changwat of southern Thailand as well as by small Thai communities in the northernmost Malaysian states. It is spoken natively by roughly five million people and as a second language by the 1.5 million native speakers of Patani Malay , along with other ethnic groups such as the local Negritos communities, and other tribal groups. Although Central Thai

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1176-495: Is constructing the 1.9 billion baht Betong Airport . It is scheduled for completion in 2020. 8°03′33″N 99°58′32″E  /  8.0592°N 99.9756°E  / 8.0592; 99.9756 Batavia, Dutch East Indies Batavia was the capital of the Dutch East Indies . The area corresponds to present-day Jakarta , Indonesia. Batavia can refer to the city proper or its suburbs and hinterland ,

1274-402: Is followed by industry (12 percent), trade (10 percent), transportation (9 percent), tourism (8 percent), and construction and property (7 percent). For FY 2018, Southern Thailand Region had a combined economic output of 1,402 trillion baht (US$ 45.2 billion), or 8.6 percent of Thailand's GDP. Surat Thani province had an economic output of 206.869 billion baht (US$ 6.67 billion), which is equal to

1372-655: Is mentioned in the Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani ( History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani ), a Javi account drawn mostly from the Hikayat Patani . The text describes Sultan Sulaiman as a Muslim raja who died in battle and the cemetery as "full of nothing but jungle". The tomb is an object of pilgrimage in the deep south of Thailand, where Sultan Sulaiman is revered by Muslims and Buddhists alike. About 300 metres (980 ft) from

1470-623: Is not lately dead: the name of his Family I know not. Before his entrance into the Companies service, he had served some time in the King of Siam's Army in quality of Canoneer (...) Cyprian wearied with seeing the Armies in view, which attempted no persons life, determin'd one night to go alone to the Camp of the Rebels, and to fetch the King of Singor into his Tent. He took him indeed, and brought him to

1568-689: Is on the Malay Peninsula , with an area of around 70,714 km (27,303 sq mi), bounded to the north by Kra Isthmus , the narrowest part of the peninsula. The western part has highly steep coasts, while on the east side river plains dominate. The largest river in the south is the Tapi , in Surat Thani , which, together with the Phum Duang in Surat Thani , drains more than 8,000 km (3,100 sq mi), more than 10 percent of

1666-537: Is the sole official language in Thailand and most people are able to communicate in Central Thai, the language is only the third largest native language in southern Thailand, with roughly four hundred thousand native speakers. In particular, it is native only among the Teochew, Hoklo, Hakka and Cantonese ethnic groups , particularly in their major ethnic enclaves like Hat Yai and Bandon districts; their dialect

1764-610: Is very similar to the Krungthep dialect (the upper-class dialect of Bangkok) but is seasoned with some Southern Thai loanwords. The Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) identities Southern Thailand as 14 provinces. The Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) includes for Southern Thailand (east coast) also the two provinces of Prachuap Khiri Khan and Phetchaburi. Southern Thailand has 9.454 million inhabitants and its population density

1862-741: The Ommelanden , which included the much larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java . The founding of Batavia by the Dutch in 1619, on the site of the ruins of Jayakarta , led to the establishment of a Dutch colony ; Batavia became the center of the Dutch East India Company 's trading network in Asia . Monopolies on local produce were augmented by non-indigenous cash crops . To safeguard their commercial interests,

1960-548: The Ciliwung River. Private companies owned (or managed) plantations, oil fields, and mines. The island's first railway line opened in 1867, and railway stations were built in urban centers such as Batavia. Schools, hospitals, factories, offices, trading companies, and post offices were established throughout the city. Improvements in Batavia's transportation, health, and technology encouraged more Dutch people to move to

2058-706: The Dutch people . Jayakarta was called Batavia for over 300 years. There were three governmental administrations in the Batavia region. Initial authority was established in 1609 and became the colonial High Government , consisting of the Governor-General and the Council of the Indies . The urban (or civil) administration of the city of Batavia was established in 1620. On 24 June 1620, two company officials and three free citizens (or burghers) were appointed to

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2156-590: The French embassies to Siam in the mid 1680s. Sultan Sulaiman's family history has also been chronicled: Princess Sri Sulalai , a consort of King Rama II and mother of King Rama III , was descended from Sultan Sulaiman; present-day descendants include the 22nd Prime Minister of Thailand and a former Navy admiral. Sources pertaining to the Singora cannon include articles published in academic journals and letters written by General Sir Harry Prendergast , commander of

2254-466: The Luso-Sundanese padrão remained. Jayawikarta retreated to Tanara , in the interior of Banten, where he later died. The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the port, which became the regional Dutch center of power. The region which became Batavia came under Dutch control in 1619, initially as an expansion of the original Dutch fort and a new building on

2352-823: The Malaysian border at the Ko Ta Ru Tao archipelago. The border with Malaysia is formed by the Sankalakhiri range , sometimes sub-divided into the Pattani, Taluban, and Songkhla chain. At the Malaysian border, the Titiwangsa chain rises. The limestone of the west coast has been eroded into many steep singular hills. The parts submerged by the rising sea after the Last Ice Age now form many islands, like

2450-579: The Moluccas to seek support; the Dutch had taken over the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605. Dutch garrison commander Pieter van den Broecke and five other men were arrested during negotiations, since Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch. Jayawikarta and the English then forged an alliance. The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the English when, in 1619,

2548-602: The Sultanate of Kedah . Jeremias van Vliet, Director of the Dutch East India Company's trading post in Ayuthaya, described Singora as one of Siam's principal cities and a major exporter of pepper; French traveller and gem merchant John Baptista Tavernier wrote about the city's abundant tin mines. A Cottonian manuscript at the British Library discusses Singora's duty-free policy and viability as

2646-469: The 1628–1629 siege of Batavia . East of Batavia, Sultan Agung (king of the Mataram Sultanate ) gained control of most of Java by defeating Surabaya in 1625. On 27 August 1628, Agung began the siege of Batavia. After heavy losses in his first attempt, he retreated and launched a second offensive the following year. This also failed; the Dutch fleet destroyed his supplies and ships in

2744-616: The 1786 conquest of Pattani; Princess Sri Sulalai , a consort of King Rama II and mother of King Rama III , was also descended from Sultan Sulaiman. Present-day descendants include Admiral Niphon Sirithorn, a former Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh , the 22nd Prime Minister of Thailand; and a family of silk weavers at the Muslim village of Phumriang in Surat Thani . Thailand's Ministry of Culture details

2842-591: The 19th century, Batavia's population was 115,887 people; of these, 8,893 were Europeans, 26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous islanders. The city's expanding commercial activity led to the immigration of large numbers of Dutch employees and rural Javanese to Batavia. The 1905 population of Batavia and its surrounding area reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000 Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs. This growth resulted in an increased demand for housing, and land prices soared. New houses were built close together, and kampung settlements filled spaces between

2940-848: The Batavia telephone exchange for one night before they were captured. The Dutch sent prisoners to Banden and to a penal colony at Boven-Digoel in West New Guinea, where many died of malaria. Sukarno and the Study Club founded the Indonesian Nationalist Association (which became the Indonesian National Party and later joined the Partai Sarekat Islam, Budi Utomo , and the Surabaya Study Club to form

3038-653: The Burma Expeditionary Force that captured Mandalay in the third Anglo-Burmese War . The Sultanate of Singora, sometimes known as Songkhla at Khao Daeng, was a port city in the deep south of Thailand and precursor of the present-day town of Songkhla. It was located near the southern tip of the Sathing Phra peninsula, on and around the foothills of Khao Daeng Mountain in Singha Nakhon . British and Dutch East India Company traders called

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3136-564: The Dutch East Indies was occupied by Japan during World War II . During the Japanese occupation and after Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was known as Jakarta. It remained internationally known by its Dutch name until Indonesia achieved full independence in 1949, when the city was renamed Jakarta. Amsterdam merchants embarked on an expedition to the East Indies archipelago in 1595 under

3234-668: The Islamic Commercial Union in Batavia to support Indonesian merchants. Branches in other areas followed. In 1920, Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto and Agus Salim established a committee in Batavia to support the Ottoman Caliphate . Spies warned the Dutch about a planned revolt in 1926, and Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) leaders were arrested. Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff replaced Dirk Fock as governor-general, and uprisings in Batavia, Banten, and Priangan were quickly crushed. Armed Communists occupied

3332-405: The Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's government was transferred to Japan. Batavia was renamed Jakarta. The economic situation and the physical condition of Indonesian cities deteriorated during the occupation. Buildings were converted to internment camps for the Dutch. After the Japanese defeat in 1945, the region experienced

3430-547: The Kra Isthmus and then along the west coast of the peninsula. From Trang, it crosses over to the east coast to Hat Yai, and ends at the Malaysian border. Two Asian highways run through southern Thailand: Asian Highway 2 runs mostly parallel to the railroad all the way from Bangkok. It crosses to Malaysia at Sadao , and continues on the west side of the peninsula. Asian Highway 18 begins in Hat Yai and runs south along

3528-640: The Navy, the Marquis de Seignelay , told Kosa Pan that Singora was ruined and of no further use, and asked for a trading post in Bangkok instead. After Singora had been destroyed, Sultan Sulaiman's sons were pardoned and assigned to new positions in Siam. Later generations of Sultan Sulaiman's family were closely connected with Siamese royalty: two of Sulaiman's descendants commanded armed forces led by Prince Surasi in

3626-660: The Ommelanden lived in country houses or ethnic kampungs governed by a headman. Batavia's sugar industry declined during the 1730s, with rising unemployment and social disorder. In 1739, there were 10,574 Chinese people living in the Ommelanden. Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to restrict Chinese immigration with deportations to Ceylon and South Africa. The Chinese, afraid that they would be thrown overboard to drown, rioted. Ten thousand Chinese were killed from 9 to 22 October 1740. The few surviving Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok , outside

3724-1019: The Royal Hospital Chelsea. A letter at the Royal Hospital refers to the Singora cannon as a Burmese trophy gun received from the Government of India in October 1887. Historical sources Miscellaneous notes Vajiranana National Library, Bangkok PhD theses Books and monographs Journal of the Siam Society Journals of the Royal Asiatic Society Other journals Websites: Ministry of Culture, Thailand Websites: other 7°13′25″N 100°34′05″E  /  7.2235°N 100.5680°E  / 7.2235; 100.5680 Southern Thailand Southern Thailand

3822-661: The Siamese General, and so terminated a War of above twenty years. While Loubère's account of life in 17th-century Siam was well received by his contemporaries in France, the veracity of his tale about Cyprian and Singora's demise has been questioned. An article published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , for example, described it as "a story which might have passed in

3920-594: The Siamese admiral abandoned his post. To help fend off overland assaults, Sulaiman assigned his brother, Pharisees, to strengthen the nearby town of Chai Buri in Phatthalung. Sultan Sulaiman died in 1668 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Mustapha. A war with Pattani broke out soon after, but despite being outnumbered more than four to one, Singora rejected attempts at mediation by the Sultan of Kedah and trusted in its army of experienced soldiers and cannoneers. During

4018-632: The Sultanate of Banten sent a group of soldiers to summon Jayawikarta. Jayawikarta's agreement with the English had not been approved by the Bantenese authorities. The conflict between Banten and Jayawikarta and the tense relationship between Banten and the English provided a new opportunity for the Dutch. Coen returned from the Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619, razing Jayakarta to the ground two days later and expelling its population. Only

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4116-613: The Tijgersgracht canal. The new canal was lined with coconut trees; according to a contemporary observer, "Among the Grachts, the Tygersgracht is the most stately and most pleasant, both for the goodliness of its buildings, and the ornamentation of its streets, which afford a very agreeable shadow to those who pass along the street". The Prinsestraat, originally the street leading to the castle, became an urban center connecting

4214-454: The Union of Indonesian Political Associations) on 4 July 1927. A youth congress was held in Batavia in October 1928, and the groups began referring to the city as Jakarta. They demanded Indonesian independence, displayed the red-and-white flag, and sang the Indonesian national anthem written by Wage Rudolf Supratman . The Dutch banned the flag, the national anthem, and the words "Indonesia" and "Indonesian". On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to

4312-415: The Victorious King". Sources pertaining to the Singora cannon's journey to London include the Hmannan Yazawin (the first official chronicle of Burma's Konbaung dynasty ) and reports written by General Sir Harry Prendergast , commander of the Burma Expeditionary Force that captured Mandalay in the third Anglo-Burmese war. The Hmannan Yazawin provides an inventory of weapons taken by the Burmese after

4410-415: The advises thereof, And hither to bring all such wares as wee shall gather from the foresaid places to bee sent to Bantam and Jaccatra: this howse willbee found to bee verie Necessarie, for the charges willbee too highe in Patania besides inconveniences there; which charges you shall spare at Sangora: there you pay no Custome, onlie a small gift to Datoe Mogoll cann effect all here. Dato Mogol died in 1620 and

4508-408: The archipelago to establish a colony on vacant land, triggering wars in Java and Sumatra . Large numbers of troops were brought into the Dutch Indies to suppress unrest (particularly on Sumatra) and extend Dutch government influence beyond Java. However, the Dutch never conquered the entire archipelago. The development of Weltevreden as the colony's administrative center continued, gradually shifting

4606-481: The border with Malaysia. The Malay Peninsula has been settled since prehistoric times. Archeological remains were found in several caves, some used for dwellings, others as burial sites. The oldest remains were found in Lang Rongrien Cave, dating 38,000 to 27,000 years before present, and in the contemporary Moh Khiew cave. In the first millennium , Chinese chronicles mention several coastal cities or city-states. No exact geographical locations were recorded and so

4704-404: The capital, and Batavian society became increasingly Dutch. The city traded with Europe, and increased shipping led to the construction of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and 1883. Foreigners were known locally as totoks , distinguishing new Chinese arrivals from the peranakans . Many totoks adopted Indonesian culture, wearing kebayas , sarongs, and summer dresses. By the end of

4802-416: The castle's south gate with the city hall . Eastern Batavia was protected by a long canal which linked the castle moat and the Ciliwung riverbend, and ran at a slight angle to Tijgersgracht. The canal cost over 160,000 real, which was paid mostly by the Chinese instead of the company (who had strengthened the castle with slave and prison labor). The short-lived outer canal was redesigned several years after

4900-401: The center of Batavia south from Oud Batavia . A new Indies Empire style of architecture emerged; white-plastered villas with a large front porch were built, especially around the Koningsplein and at Weltevreden. This newer part of Batavia generally had a more open look than Oud Batavia's developed, canal cityscape. Unlike the first half of the 19th century, the second half of the century

4998-460: The city Sangora; Japanese officials knew it as Shinichu; contemporary French writers used the names Singor, Cingor and Soncourat. Singora was founded in the early 17th century by Dato Mogol, a Persian Malay-Muslim who accepted Siamese suzerainty and paid tribute to the Kingdom of Ayutthaya . The port was said to be ideal and able to accommodate more than 80 large vessels; a network of overland and riverine routes expedited trans-peninsular trade with

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5096-464: The city walls, the following year. In 1789, the Americans visited and were permitted through formal applications to trade. After the VOC went bankrupt and was dissolved in 1800, the Batavian Republic nationalized its debts and possessions and expanded its territorial claims into a colony known as the Dutch East Indies . Batavia evolved from a regional company headquarters into the colony's capital. In 1808, Herman Willem Daendels decided to leave

5194-409: The city's preparations for war: This King has fortified his City, gunned his Forts upon the hills, making all the provision he can for his defence, not knowing how soon the King of Siam will oppose him. In a letter dated August 1679 Potts informed his East India Company colleague that the Siamese fleet had arrived and stressed the impending danger. The events that followed were decisive: in 1680, after

5292-424: The command of Cornelis de Houtman . The English East India Company 's first voyage in 1602, commanded by James Lancaster , arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Bantam . There, Lancaster was allowed to build a trading post which was the center of English trade in the East Indies archipelago until 1682. The Dutch government granted the Dutch East India Company (VOC) a monopoly on Asian trade in 1602. A year later,

5390-418: The company and the colonial administration absorbed surrounding territory. Batavia is on the north coast of Java , in a sheltered bay, on a land of marshland and hills crisscrossed with canals. The city had two centers: Oud Batavia (the oldest part of the city) and Weltevreden (the relatively newer city), on higher ground to the south. It was a European colonial city for about 320 years until 1942, when

5488-421: The dilapidated, unhealthy Old Town . A new town center was built further south, on the Weltevreden estate. Batavia became a city with two centers; Kota was the business hub with offices and warehouses of shipping and trading companies, and Weltevreden was home to the government, military, and shops. The centers were connected by the Molenvliet Canal and a road alongside the canal. Under British rule , Daendels

5586-488: The east coast, crossing to Malaysia at Sungai Kolok . The southern railway connects Bangkok to Hat Yai and continues from there to Sungai Kolok. There are branches from Ban Thung Phoe Junction to Kirirat Nikhom . Two smaller branches of the railway run from Thung Song to Trang and Nakhon Si Thammarat and from Hat Yai Junction to Malaysia and Singapore. Southern Thailand has five international airports and six domestic airports. As of 2018 Thailand's transport ministry

5684-501: The first College of Aldermen. The local rural administration, formed in 1664, became fully functional in 1682. The Javanese people were prohibited from settling in Batavia from the time of its founding in 1619. From its founding, Batavia was planned in a well-defined layout. Three trenches were dug east of the Ciliwung River in 1619, its first Dutch-made canals. The canals were named (from south to north) Leeuwengracht, Groenegracht, and Steenhouwersgracht. The castle area begins in

5782-401: The first permanent Dutch trading post in the East Indies archipelago was established in Bantam, West Java . Prince Jayawikarta gave Dutch merchants permission to build a wooden warehouse and houses on the east bank of the Ciliwung river opposite Jayakarta in 1610, and the outpost was established the following year. As Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the English to build houses on

5880-475: The harbors of Cirebon and Tegal . Mataram troops, starving and decimated by illness, retreated again. Agung then moved east, attacking Blitar , Panarukan and the Blambangan Kingdom in eastern Java (a vassal state of the Balinese kingdom of Gelgel ). After the siege, it was decided that Batavia needed a stronger defense system. Based on the work of Flemish mathematician and military engineer Simon Stevin , Governor-General Jacques Specx designed

5978-430: The help of the Dutch people in capturing the City. Singora became involved in the dispute and in 1633 sent an envoy to Ayuthaya requesting help. The outcome of this request is not known, but Dutch records show that Singora was severely damaged and the pepper crop destroyed. In December 1641 Jeremias van Vliet left Ayuthaya and sailed to Batavia . He stopped en route at Singora in February 1642 and presented Sulaiman with

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6076-455: The hope was that the French East India Company, supported by a garrison of troops, could rebuild the city, establish a trading post and counter the strong regional Dutch influence. The city was offered to France's envoy to Siam, the Chevalier de Chaumont , and a provisional treaty signed in December; Siamese ambassador Kosa Pan sailed to France the following year to ratify the cession. The French, however, were not interested: Secretary of State for

6174-507: The houses. Settlements, built with little regard for the region's tropical conditions, resulted in overcrowding, poor sanitation, and an absence of public amenities. Java had an outbreak of plague in 1913. Old Batavia's abandoned moats and ramparts experienced a boom during the period, as trading companies were established along the Ciliwung. The old city soon re-established itself as a commercial center, with 20th- and 17th-century buildings adjacent to one another. The Dutch Ethical Policy

6272-671: The identification of these cities with later settlements is difficult. The most important of those states were Langkasuka , usually considered a precursor of the Patani Kingdom ; Tambralinga , probably the precursor of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom , or P'an-p'an in Phunphin district, Surat Thani, probably located at the Bandon Bay Tapi River . The cities were highly influenced by Indian culture, and have adopted Brahman or Buddhist religion. When Srivijaya in Chaiya extended its sphere of influence, those cities became tributary states of Srivijaya. The city Chaiya in Surat Thani Province contains several ruins from Srivijaya times, and

6370-452: The late 1670s Greek adventurer Constance Phaulkon arrived in Siam. He sailed to the country from Java on a British East India Company vessel and, heeding orders from his employer, promptly embarked on a mission to smuggle arms to Singora. His escapade ended in failure when he was shipwrecked. In 1679 Ayuthaya mounted a final offensive to quash the Singora rebellion. Samuel Potts, a British East India Company trader based in Singora, recorded

6468-454: The late 17th century) consists mainly of an illustrated map about ten metres long that depicts Sultan Sulaiman's forts at Khao Daeng. A microfilm of this manuscript, made by American historian David Wyatt , is kept at the Cornell University Library. Located in a Muslim graveyard about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north of Khao Daeng, the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah is housed in a small, Thai-style pavilion surrounded by large trees. The cemetery

6566-628: The letter had not been necessary. This and other haughty acts displeased the Hon. van Vlieth. Later that year Sulaiman declared independence from Ayuthaya and appointed himself Sultan Sulaiman Shah. He modernised the port, ordered the construction of city walls and moats, and built a network of forts that spanned the harbour to the summit of Khao Daeng. Trade flourished: the city was frequented by Dutch and Portuguese merchants and enjoyed amicable relations with Chinese traders. Ayuthaya tried at least three times to reclaim Singora during Sulaiman's reign; each attack failed. One naval campaign ended in ignominy when

6664-420: The line from Batavia to Buitenzorg was completed in 1873. The city's first ice house was built in 1870. The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal increased the need for a new port. The port of Tanjung Priok was completed in 1885, replacing the centuries-old, inadequate Sunda Kelapa , significantly increasing trade and tourism in Batavia and the Dutch East Indies. The Cultivation System ( cultuurstelsel )

6762-523: The middle of the peninsula are several mountain chains, with the highest elevation at Khao Luang , 1,835 m (6,020 ft), in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province . Ranging from the Kra Isthmus to Phuket Island is the Phuket chain , which connects to the Tanao Si Mountain Range further north. Almost parallel to the Phuket chain but 100 km (60 mi) to the east is the Nakhon Si Thammarat, or Banthat, chain , which begins with Samui Island , Ko Pha Ngan , and Ko Tao in Surat Thani Province and ends at

6860-412: The new settlement Nieuw-Hoorn after Hoorn (his birthplace), he was prevented from doing so by the board of the VOC. Batavia was chosen as the new name of the fort and settlement, and a naming ceremony was held on 18 January 1621. It was named after the Batavi Germanic tribe, which inhabited the Batavian region during the Roman Empire ; at the time, it was believed that the tribe was the ancestors of

6958-458: The remains of fourteen forts on and around Khao Daeng Mountain. Forts 4, 8 and 9 are well preserved and characterise the sultanate's military architecture: fort 4 can be reached by ascending a flight of steps that starts behind the archaeological information centre, fort 8 is accessible via a stairway near the Sultan Sulaiman Shah mosque, fort 9 sits atop a small motte near the main road leading from Singha Nakhon to Ko Yo Island. Forts 5 and 6 occupy

7056-547: The ruins of the former Jayakarta. Coen decided to expand the original fort into a larger fortress on 2 July 1619, and sent plans for Batavia Castle to the Netherlands on 7 October of that year. The castle was larger than the previous one, with two northern bastions protecting it from a maritime attack. The Nassau and Mauritius warehouses were expanded with the erection of an eastern fort extension, overseen by Commander Van Raay, on 12 March 1619. Although Coen wanted to name

7154-707: The sack of Ayuthaya, noting that most guns were destroyed and only the finest pieces conveyed to Burma. Correspondence between General Prendergast and his superiors in India details ordnance seized during the Burma campaign and lists cannon sent as presents to Queen Victoria , the Viceroy of India , British governors of Madras and Bombay, the Royal Naval College in Greenwich , Portsmouth and Plymouth dockyards, and

7252-399: The same language (mostly Portuguese and Malay). Many of these women effectively became widows; their husbands left Batavia to return to the Netherlands, and their children were often removed as well. Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves were brought from India and Arakan ; later, slaves were brought from Bali and Sulawesi . To avoid an uprising, a decision

7350-521: The sultanate "de fond en comble" (from top to bottom). Simon de la Loubère , France's envoy to Siam in 1687, recounted a story about a French cannoneer who crept into the city one night and single-handedly captured the sultan: Some have upon this account informed me a thing, which in my opinion, will appear most incredible. 'Tis of a provincial named Cyprian, who is still at Surat in the French Company's Service, if he has not quitted it, or if he

7448-474: The tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah. An inscribed cannon from Singora bearing the seal of Sultan Sulaiman Shah is displayed next to the flagpole at the Royal Hospital Chelsea , London. The sultanate's history was documented in accounts, letters and journals written by British and Dutch East India Company traders; its destruction was discussed in books and reports authored by representatives of

7546-514: The tomb of Sultan Sulaiman is a Dutch cemetery known locally as the Vilanda Graveyard. The cemetery is located within the grounds of a PTT petroleum complex; permission is needed to gain access. In 1998 an investigation of the cemetery was conducted using ground-penetrating radar. The survey yielded detailed radargrams showing subsurface lime coffins that belonged to Singora's 17th-century Dutch community. A paper discussing these findings

7644-648: The total area of southern Thailand. Smaller rivers include the Pattani , Saiburi , Krabi , and the Trang . The largest lake in the south is Songkhla Lake (1,040 km (400 sq mi) altogether). The largest artificial lake is the Chiao Lan (Ratchaprapha Dam), occupying 165 km (64 sq mi) of Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani . The total forest area is 17,964 km (6,936 sq mi) or 24.3 percent of provincial area. Running through

7742-799: The upper slopes of the mountain and offer panoramic views of Lake Songkhla and the Gulf of Thailand . The two pagodas on the summit of Khao Daeng were built on the base of fort 10 during the 1830s to commemorate the suppression of rebellions in Kedah. In her book In the Land of Lady White Blood: Southern Thailand and the Meaning of History , Lorraine Gesick discussed a manuscript from Wat Pha Kho in Sathing Phra . The manuscript (which in Gesick's opinion dates from

7840-483: The wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals. The region was an important source of food crops and building materials. The VOC established a local government in 1664, which became fully functional in 1682. Chinese inhabitants began to cultivate sugarcane. Large-scale cultivation negatively impacted the environment, and Batavia's northern area experienced coastal erosion . The canals required extensive maintenance, with frequent closures for dredging . Residents of

7938-588: The well-known Phi Phi Islands . Also well known is the so-called James Bond Island in Phang Nga Bay , featured in the movie The Man with the Golden Gun . The population of the growing region is projected to be 9,156,000 in 2015, up from 8,871,003 in 2010 (census count and adjusted). Although those figures are adjusted for citizens who have left for Bangkok or who moved to the region from elsewhere, as well as registered permanent residents (residency

8036-570: The west bank of the Ciliwung and a fort near his customs office to maintain a balance of power. Tensions between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated until 1618, when Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress containing the Nassau and Mauritius warehouse. An English fleet of 15 ships arrived under Thomas Dale , former governor of the colony of Virginia . After a sea battle, newly appointed Dutch governor Jan Pieterszoon Coen escaped to

8134-592: The whole country. Islam is mostly followed by the Malay people in Southernmost Thailand: Yala, Pattani, Naratiwat and Satun provinces, near Malaysia. There is also a small Thai Muslim population. Christianity makes up 0.21% of Southern Thailand's population. Sikhism makes up 0.05% in the region and is practiced by Indian immigrants. The bulk of the region's population relies on agriculture for 27 percent of its gross regional product in 2014. It

8232-573: Was a mid-19th-century Dutch government policy which required a portion of agricultural production to be export crops. Indonesian historians refer to it as tanam paksa (enforced planting). The 1870 abolition of the Cultivation System led to the rapid development of private enterprise in the Dutch East Indies. A number of trading companies and financial institutions were established on Java, particularly in Batavia. The Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, usually along

8330-617: Was a peaceful period characterized by economic and technological expansion and a stable government. In 1856, the region's first telegraph line was installed between Batavia and Buitenzorg . In 1859, Batavia was connected to Singapore with the Dutch East Indies' first international telegraph connection. The city completed its first gasworks two years later, and its streets were lit with gas by 1862. The first trams and telephones came in 1882. Horse-drawn tram , introduced to Batavia in 1869, were upgraded to steam power in 1882 and electricity in 1900. The city's first railway also began in 1869, and

8428-476: Was a tributary state of Sukhothai. During most of later periods, Nakhon became a tributary of Ayutthaya . The deep south belonged to the Malay sultanates of Pattani and Kedah , while the northernmost part of the peninsula was under the control of Bangkok. During the Thesaphiban reforms at the end of the 19th century, both Nakhon Si Thammarat and Pattani were incorporated into the central state. The area

8526-458: Was achieved and Jakarta proclaimed the national capital on 27 December 1949. Batavia, founded as the trade and administrative center of the VOC, was never intended to be a Dutch settlement. Jan Pieterszoon Coen founded Batavia for trade, with the city's inhabitants producing and supplying food. There was no migration of intact Dutch families, and there were few Dutch women in Batavia. A mixed society

8624-681: Was changed to Universiteit van Indonesië (UVI). After the Indonesian National Revolution the government established Universiteit Indonesia, a state university, in Jakarta in February 1950. Its name was later changed to Universitas Indonesia. Volksraad member Mohammad Husni Thamrin criticized the colonial government for ignoring the kampungs and catering to the wealthy in Menteng . In 1909, Tirto Adhi Soerjo founded

8722-522: Was formed; relationships between Dutchmen and Asian women did not usually result in marriage, and the women did not have the right to return to the Dutch Republic . This societal pattern created a group of mestizos in Batavia. Since the VOC preferred to maintain complete control of its business, a large number of slaves was employed. Women became an important feature of Batavia's social network; they were accustomed to dealing with slaves, and spoke

8820-583: Was introduced in 1901, expanding educational opportunities for the indigenous population of the Dutch East Indies. In 1924, a law school was founded in Batavia. The city's population in the 1930 census was 435,000. The University of Batavia was established in 1941, and later became the University of Indonesia . In 1946, the Dutch colonial government established the Nood Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta. The following year, its name

8918-470: Was made to free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese people made up the largest group in Batavia (most being merchants and laborers), and were the most decisive group in the city's development. Other residents included Malays and Muslim and Hindu merchants from India. Initially, these ethnic groups lived together; however, in 1688, segregation was imposed on the indigenous population. Each ethnic group

9016-584: Was presented to the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London and put on display next to the flagpole in the grounds of the Figure Court. The cannon bears eleven inscriptions, nine of which have been carved in Arabic characters and inlaid with silver. One inscription refers to the engraver, Tun Juma'at Abu Mandus of Singora; another is set within a circular arabesque design and reads "The seal of Sultan Sulaiman Shah,

9114-739: Was presented to the IV meeting of the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society in Barcelona, September 1998. Following Singora's destruction, Siamese troops seized and sent to Ayuthaya an inscribed cannon. The cannon remained there until it was captured during the Burmese-Siamese war of 1765–1767 and transported to Burma. It was then taken by the British in the third Anglo-Burmese War (1885–1887) and shipped to England. In 1887 it

9212-552: Was probably a regional capital of the kingdom. Some Thai historians even claim that it was the capital of the kingdom itself for some time, but this is disputed. After Srivijaya lost its influence, Nakhon Si Thammarat became the dominant kingdom of the area. During the rule of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai , Thai influence first reached Nakhon Si Thammarat. According to the Ramkhamhaeng inscription, Nakhon Si Thammarat

9310-561: Was problematic in the prior 2000 census), the figure is still misleading. There are still a huge number of migrant or informal workers, temporary workers and even stateless people and a large expatriate population, which are not included. Most of southern Thailand is in Tenasserim-South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests ecoregion . The Peninsular Malaysian rain forests and Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests ecoregions extend into southernmost Thailand along

9408-602: Was replaced by Stamford Raffles . In 1811, Raffles—who was employed by the British East India Company as secretary to the governor of Malacca—decided to take over the government in Batavia. One reason was to prevent the French from stepping in completely, since Napoleon had nominated Daendels (who worked closely with the French). In 1816, the Dutch returned to rule the region. Europeans were brought to

9506-598: Was subdivided into 5 monthon , which were installed to control the city states ( mueang ). Minor mueang were merged into larger ones, thus forming the present 14 provinces. With the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 the boundary to Malaysia was fixed. Kedah came under British control, while Pattani stayed with Siam. The largest native language is Southern Thai ( Thai : ภาษาไทยใต้ [pʰaːsǎː tʰajtâːj] ), also known as Pak Thai or Dambro ( Thai : ภาษาตามโพร [pʰaːsǎː taːmpʰroː] ), which

9604-467: Was succeeded by his eldest son, Sulaiman. A period of turmoil erupted ten years later when the Queen of Pattani branded the new ruler of Siam, King Prasat Thong , a usurper and tyrant. The queen withheld tribute and ordered attacks on Ligor (present-day Nakhon Si Thammarat ) and Bordelongh (present-day Phatthalung ); Ayuthaya responded by blockading Pattani with an army of 60,000 men, as well as enlisting

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