The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe , as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture ( Sarmatism ) together with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth political system ( Golden Liberty ) were in deep crisis. The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s–40s, peaked in the reign of Poland's king , Stanisław August Poniatowski (second half of the 18th century), went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing – and ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism .
50-546: Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic [staˈɲiswaf ˈstaʂit͡s] (baptised 6 November 1755 – 20 January 1826) was a leading figure in the Polish Enlightenment : a Catholic priest, philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator and statesman . A physiocrat , monist , pan-Slavist (after 1815) and laissez-fairist , he supported many reforms in Poland. He is particularly remembered for his political writings during
100-699: A geological map of Poland. In the Duchy of Warsaw he worked with the Ministry of Education ( Izba Edukacyjna Księstwa Warszawskiego ) and was involved in numerous educational reforms and initiatives. He also briefly worked with the Ministry of Treasury. From 1808 he was president of the Society of Friends of Learning ( Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk , or TPN ), forerunner to the Polish Academy of Sciences ( Polska Akademia Nauk ); he would be elected repeatedly as
150-515: A major European player to the puppet of its neighbours. Thus, while men of the Enlightenment in France and Prussia wrote about the need for more checks and balances on their kings, Polish Enlightenment was geared towards fighting the abuses stemming from too many checks and balances. The differences did not end there. Townsfolk and bourgeoisie dominated Western Enlightenment movement, while in
200-594: A position as tutor in the house of Grand Crown Chancellor Andrzej Zamoyski . In 1782 he received a doctorate from the Zamojski Academy . He translated several works from French into Polish and briefly worked at the academy as a teacher of French language. His Remarks upon the Life of Jan Zamoyski ( Uwagi nad życiem Jana Zamoyskiego , 1787), published anonymously on the eve of the Great Sejm , transformed
250-487: A priest. Staszic attended secondary school at Wałcz . He studied theology and graduated from a Jesuit school at Poznań in 1778 and was ordained a Catholic priest (he took lesser Holy orders in 1774, and higher orders about 1778–79). Between 1779 and 1781 he continued his studies in France at the Collège de France , where he took classes in physics and natural history . On returning to Poland in 1781, he accepted
300-695: A strengthening of the central (royal) power was the most practical solution for reforming the country, in line with the similar developments elsewhere in Europe. In Remarks he even supported the introduction of an absolute monarchy in Poland. Staszic was a keen observer of the proceedings of the Great Sejm, spending much time in Warsaw since the Sejm began its deliberations in 1788. He continued publishing new books and pamphlets. His Warnings for Poland, coming from
350-637: A stroke. His funeral gathered 20,000 people, including the viceroy of the Congress Poland, Józef Zajączek . He was buried in the Camaldolese Hermit Monastery in Warsaw. His testament left his property at Hrubieszów to its tenants, and much of his wealth went to various philanthropic initiatives. Staszic was remembered by his contemporaries as a loner and not a person who was quick to make friends. He has been described as somewhat miserly; despite acquiring significant wealth, he
400-413: A trip abroad, and continued to serve as an adviser to the family, although his relations with the sons ( Aleksander August Zamoyski , Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski ) had become strained; he would eventually align himself with the daughter of the family, Anna Zamoyska (Anna Jadwiga Sapieżyna). He supported the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising , a failed attempt to liberate Commonwealth from foreign influence following
450-508: Is a Museum of Stanisław Staszic , which has gathered various artifacts related to him, and publishes a journal, "Zeszyty Staszicowskie" ( Staszic Notebooks ). His best-known works include the following: Enlightenment in Poland Polish Enlightenment, while sharing many common qualities with the classical Enlightenment movements of Western Europe , also differed from them in many important aspects. Much of
500-538: Is one of the figures immortalised in Jan Matejko 's 1891 painting " Constitution of 3 May 1791 ". He was also the protagonist of the Charles Dickens ' novella "Judge Not" (1851), and of Hanna Muszyńska-Hoffmanowa 's novel "Pucharek ze srebra" ( Little chalice of silver ). Wacław Berent published a biography of Staszic, but it is now lost. In 1926, on the 100th anniversary of his death, he was celebrated in
550-456: Is regarded as an important contribution to the history of Polish philosophy . However, the work ran afoul of the new censorship law and was not distributed, much of the edition eventually being destroyed. He also carried out studies on education and on human behavior, in a social-science tradition. Some of his views and theories made him a precursor of evolutionism in the natural and social sciences. In his essays on human nature, he declared for
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#1732772085130600-408: Is seen as the father of Polish geology, statistics, sociology, Tatra Mountains studies and exploration, mining and industry. Stanisław Staszic was born into a burgher family in the town of Piła (he was baptised on 6 November 1755), the youngest of four siblings. His father, Wawrzyniec Staszic , was mayor of Piła and a royal secretary. His brothers were Antoni (1743–1775) and Andrzej (1745–1825),
650-770: The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, from the 1569 Union of Lublin , in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. The magnate social class arose around the 16th century and, over time, gained more and more control over Commonwealth politics. The most powerful magnates were known as "little kings" due to the extent of their power and independence. Their influence diminished with
700-598: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Kieżgajłow , Olelkowicz , Radziwiłł , Pac and Sapieha families . The magnates arose as the wealthiest and most politically powerful social class , part of the nobility ( szlachta ), of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania , around 16th century. Some traced their ancestry to Gediminas , a Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1316, the Gediminids . Their powers waned after
750-456: The King . To be counted among the magnates, one should have a large estate, and political influence at least on the scale of a province , if not national. Regional differences abounded, with the estates being much larger in the east, where the wealthier magnates were also much more likely to have their own private armies . The eastern territories were more independent from the central power, and
800-581: The Old Polish Industrial Area ( Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy ). As his projects did not result in quick returns, he incurred increasing criticism, and eventually resigned from his position in 1824. In 1816 he founded the Hrubieszowskie Towarzystwo Rolnicze ( Hrubieszów Agricultural Society), seen by some as the first Polish cooperative . He died in Warsaw on 20 January 1826, most likely due to
850-719: The Second Polish Republic with several studies, articles and publications. In April 1951, he was honoured on a postage stamp of the People's Republic of Poland as part of the set issued for the First Congress of Polish Science. His figure was popular among the Marxist scholars of the People's Republic, who stressed his materialist, determinist and anti-clerical views. The 150th anniversary of his death in 1976
900-1098: The St. Alexander's Church in Warsaw, the Temple of the Sibyl in Puławy , rebuilding the Łańcut Castle . The leading figure in the Congress Kingdom was Antoni Corrazzi. Corazzi has created a complex of Bank Square in Warsaw, the edifices of the Treasury, Revenue and the Commission of Government, the building of the Staszic Palace , Mostowski Palace and designed the Grand Theatre. Magnates of Poland and Lithuania The magnates of Poland and Lithuania ( Polish : magnateria ) were an aristocracy of Polish-Lithuanian nobility ( szlachta ) that existed in
950-759: The Stanislavian style , followed by an almost complete inhibition and a period known as the Congress Kingdom classicism . The most famous buildings of the Stanislavian period include the Royal Castle in Warsaw, rebuilt by Dominik Merlini and Jan Christian Kamsetzer, Palace on the Water , Królikarnia and the palace in Jabłonna . From the period of the Congress Kingdom are Koniecpolski Palace and
1000-638: The TPN , which came to be known as the " Staszic Palace ". From 1814 he supported the Russian Empire , seen as a Pan-Slavist ally of Poland, and favored the idea of a great Slavic monarchy. After the fall of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1815, he became a member of the government of the newly created small state of Congress Poland (in personal union with Russia), initially in the new Ministry of Education and Religion, in 1816 serving as deputy minister. In 1815 he
1050-621: The Third Partition of Poland (1795), which ended the Commonwealth's independent existence, and came to an end with the Second World War and the communist -ruled People's Republic of Poland . Famous magnate families in the territories of the Crown of Poland included the Czartoryski , Kalinowski , Koniecpolski , Krasinski , Ostrogski , Potocki , Tarnowski , Wiśniowiecki , Zasławski and Zamoyski families ; and in
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#17327720851301100-461: The magnates of Poland and Lithuania , monastic orders and serfdom, and supported the enfranchisement of the townsfolk. Although he was not a participant of the Sejm, he was an influential onlooker, and through his widely read and discussed writings of the time is recognized as one of the founding fathers of the Constitution of 3 May 1791 . During 1790–1791 he accompanied Zamoyski's family on
1150-465: The neoclassical architecture in Poland was Warsaw under the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski . Classicism came to Poland in the 18th century. The best known architects and artists, who worked in Poland were Dominik Merlini , Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer , Szymon Bogumił Zug , Stanisław Zawadzki , Efraim Szreger , Antonio Corazzi , Jakub Kubicki , Christian Piotr Aigner, Wawrzyniec Gucewicz and Bertel Thorvaldsen . The first stage, called
1200-580: The offices in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth however were very popular. The wealthiest of magnates would wear crimson and scarlet items of clothing, leading to a nickname for that elite group, karmazyni (the "crimson ones"). Famous magnate families from the Crown of Poland territories included the Czartoryski family , Kalinowski family , Koniecpolski family , Krasinski family , Mielżyński family , Ostrogski family , Potocki family , Wiśniowiecki family , Zasławski family and
1250-421: The szlachta (Polish nobility) for inefficient governance , and argued that it showed itself too inept to be allowed to govern alone. He argued for a slight increase in taxes, which should allow the Commonwealth to create an army of 100,000 that would at least stand a chance against the still-larger armies of its neighbours. Although he preferred republicanism in theory, in the Commonwealth context he agreed that
1300-596: The " Great (Four-Year) Sejm " (1788–92) and for his large support towards the Constitution of 3 May 1791 , adopted by that Sejm. He co-founded the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning (precursor to the Polish Academy of Sciences ), of which he became president. He served as a member of the State Council of the Duchy of Warsaw and as minister of trade and industry in Congress Poland . Staszic
1350-474: The Commonwealth loss of independence following its final partition in 1795, but they would remain a significant power in the culture, politics and economy of the Polish territories until World War II . Magnates (or higher nobility) vied for political power with the lesser and middle nobility ( Ruch egzekucyjny in the late 16th century, and the reform movement of the Great Sejm in the late 18th century) and
1400-419: The Commonwealth most of the reformers came from szlachta (nobility). Commonwealth szlachta (forming 10% of its population) considered the idea of equality to be one of the foundations of its culture, and reformers fought to expand it towards other social classes. Religious tolerance was an ideal of the szlachta. Ideas of that period led eventually to the Constitution of May 3, 1791 and other reforms (like
1450-671: The Commonwealth's territory, Staszic was active in many scientific and scholarly initiatives. He studied the geology of the Carpathian Mountains . In 1800 he co-founded the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning ; from 1802 he was one of its most active members. In 1804 he went to France, where he observed the changes wrought by Napoleon. On return to Poland in 1805, he spent some time in the Tatra Mountains , where he continued his geological studies and conducted ethnographic ones. He worked with Jan Chrystian Hoffmann on
1500-601: The Czartoryski family). All members of the szlachta were equal under the law, therefore " magnate " ( Polish : magnat ) was not an official title but rather a position of social class , based on wealth . Several magnates held high feudal titles or peerage ranks such as prince or count . With few exceptions, mostly dating from the Union of Lublin , and special privileges permitting some Lithuanian magnates to use them, such titles were forbidden by law. Titles from
1550-700: The Polish Enlightenment also had a significant impact abroad. From the Bar Confederation (1768) through the period of the Great Sejm and until the aftermath of the Constitution of May 3, 1791, Poland experienced a large output of political, particularly constitutional, writing. Important institutions of the Enlightenment included the National Theatre founded in 1765 in Warsaw by King Stanisław August Poniatowski ; and in
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1600-472: The absolute monarchy: Polish kings were elected and their position was very weak, with most of the powers in the hands of the parliament ( Sejm ). Polish reforms desired the elimination of laws that transformed their system into a near-anarchy, resulting from abuse of consensus voting in Sejm ( liberum veto ) that paralyzed the Commonwealth, especially during the times of the Wettin dynasty , reducing Poland from
1650-536: The creation of the Commission of National Education , first ministry of education in the world) which attempted to transform the Commonwealth into a modern constitutional monarchy . Although attempts of political reform were thwarted by the civil war ( Targowica Confederation ) and military intervention of the Commonwealth's neighbours, ending in the partitions of Poland , the cultural impact of that period persevered Polish culture for many years. The ideas of
1700-404: The current European politics and natural laws, by the writer of the remarks upon the life of Jan Zamoyski ( Przestrogi dla Polski z teraźniejszych politycznych Europy związków i z praw natury wypadające przez pisarza uwag nad życiem Jana Zamoyskiego , 1790), together with his previous Remarks , are considered among the most influential works of the Polish Enlightenment. In Warnings , he criticised
1750-642: The events of the 1793 Second Partition of Poland , donating money to the insurgents' cause. Upon the defeat of the Uprising, he accompanied the family on their trip to Vienna . He also made some successful financial investments, including in the stock market. He then served as an economic adviser for the Zamoyski and the Sapieha families , invested in their estates, and lent them money. After Poland's partitions , in which Russia, Prussia, and Austria seized all of
1800-569: The field of advanced learning: the Commission of National Education established by the Sejm in 1773; the Society for Elementary Books ; as well as the Corps of Cadets (Knight's military school) among others. In expanding the field of knowledge, there was the Society of Friends of Science set up in 1800 soon after the Partitions. Popular newspapers included Monitor and Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne (Games Pleasant and Useful). The center of
1850-483: The large estates there, known as latifundia , with private cities and armies of the magnates, gave rise there to the term królewięta ("little kings") used for the wealthiest of them - the developing aristocracy . The magnates in the Royal Prussia had their fortunes build not around their own lands, but the royal grants ( królewszczyzny ). The magnates tried to avoid splitting up of their lands, and some of
1900-401: The little-known tutor into one of the chief political thinkers of the late 18th-century Commonwealth. It became a model for other similar works and began a flood of political books and pamphlets unprecedented in the Commonwealth's history. It was reprinted numerous times, including in unauthorized editions. Within his Remarks , Staszic did not portray the life of Jan Zamoyski (1542–1605, one of
1950-423: The most prominent statesmen in Polish history); rather, he argued that reforms are needed, and that Zamoyski had already proposed or supported many of them two centuries before. Staszic was a strong partisan of reforms and an ardent advocate for the interests of the lower classes. He advocated the abolition of the serfdom and improvements of the peasants' fate (by granting them land and private rights). He criticised
2000-425: The national sejm walny ) of the country. From the second half of the 17th century, the magnates emerged as the victors in the struggle for power in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , leading some scholar to refer to this period as a time of the magnate oligarchy . As Norman Davies noted, at that time "political life [of Poland] was reduced to the feuds, fortunes, and the follies of a few families". Faced with
2050-454: The primacy of science and was relatively critical of the influence of religion. These views gained him some critics, as he was seen as a priest who had abandoned religion. From 1816 he was involved in mining research and projects. He also actively supported industrial development in Poland. He was one of the first to see the importance of coal, and supported the development of metallurgy -related projects, from mines to zinc and steel mills . He
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2100-399: The society's president until his death. In 1808 he also became referendary to the State Council ( Rada Stanu ) of the Duchy; in 1810 he became a full member. In the council, he was active in regard to questions of education and the economy. As TPN president he was active in many initiatives which supported and popularized science in Poland. He oversaw the construction of a headquarters for
2150-481: The thought of the Western Enlightenment evolved under the oppressive absolute monarchies and was dedicated towards fighting for more freedom. Western thinkers desired Montesquieu 's separation and balance of powers to restrict the nearly unlimited power of their monarchs . Polish Enlightenment, however, developed in a very different background. The Polish political system was almost the opposite of
2200-529: The weakness of the king and parliament, the magnates were even able on occasion to start border wars ( Magnate Moldavian Wars , the Dimitriads ) or civil wars (Radziwiłł's rebellion during The Deluge , and the Sapieha's-centered Lithuanian Civil War of 1700 ). Some magnates were also elected as kings of the Commonwealth ; namely Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki and Stanisław August Poniatowski (a relative of
2250-399: The wealthiest families were able to protect their lands from division through the ordynacja system. Magnate residences often became cultural and economic centers for a given region. Social mobility was present, in a limited fashion, as while the magnates preferred to marry within their own ranks, particularly wealthy of famous lesser nobles were able to join their ranks over time; this
2300-525: Was also celebrated, with many works dedicated to him, including poems by Jan Czeczot and Jan Lohmann . He has been made a patron of over 200 schools, including the AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków. There are statues of Stanisław Staszic in Łódź , Kielce , Hrubieszów and Dąbrowa Górnicza. Several geographical landmarks, minerals and a bacterium bear his name as well. In Piła, there
2350-550: Was also involved in the development of ceramic and textile industries, and improving the transport infrastructure (roads, canals). He discovered coal deposits in Dąbrowa Górnicza , where he initiated the building of a coal mine. Between 1816 and 1824 he was the de facto minister of industry of the Congress Poland (styled officially the "director of the Department of Trade, Crafts and Industry") and initiated construction of
2400-475: Was decorated with the Order of Saint Stanislaus . In 1819 he endorsed a controversial censorship law, damaging his reputation. His 1815 Polish translation of Homer's Iliad met with a negative reception. In 1816–20 he published many of his writings in a 9-volume Works ( Dzieła ). Volumes 7–9 comprised his Humankind: A Didactic Poem ( Ród Ludzki. Poema Dydaktyczne ), a gigantic philosophical essay and poem that
2450-465: Was said to wear old clothes and use an old carriage. He was nonetheless widely respected by his contemporaries. He was seen as stern but honest, and had a tendency to speak in a fashion that some found amusing. He is seen as one of the chief representatives of the political activists and writers of the Polish Enlightenment. He is also seen as the father of Polish geology, statistics, sociology, Tatra Mountains studies and exploration, mining and industry. He
2500-531: Was the case with the Koniecpolski family , Ossoliński family and the Zamoyski family . From the late 16th century the influence of the magnates on Commonwealth politics rose sharply, through their participation in the administrative system (see offices of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ) and their control over the lesser nobility, which allowed them to influence the parliaments (local sejmiks and
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