184-650: Stretford is a market town in Trafford , Greater Manchester, England, sited on flat ground between the River Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal ; the Bridgewater Canal bisects the town. The town is located 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Manchester , 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Salford and 4 miles (6.4 km) north-east of Altrincham . Stretford borders Chorlton-cum-Hardy to
368-616: A Papal pension, making him even less attractive to the Protestants who formed the vast majority of his British support. Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719 both failed, the latter so badly its planners concluded that it might "ruin the King's Interest and faithful subjects in these parts". Senior exiles like Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke accepted pardons and returned home or took employment elsewhere. The birth of his sons Charles and Henry helped maintain public interest in
552-499: A griffin on a shield flanked by two unicorns . The line bisecting the shield horizontally symbolises the River Mersey running through Trafford from east to west and the canals in the borough. The white legs of a lion on a red background represent the parts of Trafford previously controlled by the De Massey family, while the red body and head of an eagle on a white background represents the areas of Trafford previously controlled by
736-630: A 250-acre (1.0 km ) deer park, both now owned by the National Trust and previously owned by the Earls of Stamford . The hall is early Georgian in style. The hall and grounds are open to the public and are a popular tourist attraction, with nearly 200,000 visitors in 2010. Imperial War Museum North is a war museum in Trafford Park and was opened in 2002. The museum won the 2003 British Construction Industry Building Award , and
920-457: A Grade II listed structure in 1987, until Trafford Council refurbished and converted the hall to serve as council offices in the mid-1990s. It was re-opened in 1997, once again named Stretford Public Hall. Stretford Cemetery was designed by John Shaw and opened in 1885. Its chapel is in the Decorated style , designed by architects Bellamy & Hardy, and quite elaborate. On the western side is
1104-594: A brief cameo role during the Jacobite rising of 1745 , when Crossford Bridge was destroyed to prevent a crossing by Bonnie Prince Charlie 's army during its abortive advance on London; the bridge was quickly rebuilt. Until the 1820s one of Stretford's main cottage industries was the hand-weaving of cotton. There were reported at one time to have been 302 handlooms operating in Stretford, providing employment for 780 workers, but by 1826 only four were still in use, as
1288-584: A donation from the Stretford Red Cross. The memorial bears the legend "They died that we might live" on one side, and "In memory of the heroic dead" on the other. It is a Grade II listed structure. Stretford's remembrance parade, which is made up of the Scouting, Girl Guiding and Boys Brigade divisions from the area as well as the cadets finishes here, in a semi-circle around the Cenotaph whilst
1472-636: A fashionable place to live in the mid-19th century. Large recreation areas were established, such as the Royal Botanical Gardens, opened in 1831. The gardens were sited in Old Trafford on the advice of scientist John Dalton , because the prevailing southwesterly wind kept the area clear of the city's airborne pollution. In 1857, the gardens hosted the Art Treasures Exhibition , the largest art exhibition ever held in
1656-551: A liability which involved them in expensive Continental wars of minimal benefit to Britain. These sentiments were particularly strong in the City of London , although diplomats observed opposition to foreign entanglements was true "only so long as English commerce does not suffer." However, even this group was far more concerned to ensure the primacy of the Church of England , which meant defending it from Charles and his Catholic advisors,
1840-571: A memorial to the casualties of the Second World War and to the east a newer section of the cemetery. Trafford Town Hall stands in a large site at the junction of Talbot Road and Warwick Road, directly opposite the Old Trafford Cricket Ground . Work on the building, designed by architects Bradshaw Gass & Hope of Bolton, began on 21 August 1931. The town hall officially came into use as Stretford Town Hall on
2024-686: A merger between South Trafford College and North Trafford College. Overall, Trafford was ranked 2nd out of all of the local education authorities in National Curriculum assessment performance in 2014. Indeed, in 2014 Trafford was the first in the United Kingdom for Key Stage 2 results, with 87% of Year 6 pupils achieving the expected standard of Level 4 or above in Reading, Writing and Arithmetic. Also in 2014 2nd for both GCSE and A-Level results, with 72.2% of Year 11 pupils achieving
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#17327908236502208-586: A more conventional form of warfare, for which they were arguably less well suited. Many troops were occupied suppressing a counterinsurgency in the Highlands, led by clansmen loyal to the government under John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun . At the same time, much of their resources were focused on besieging Stirling Castle , one of the most powerful forts in Scotland. On 17 January, the Jacobites dispersed
2392-586: A relief force under Henry Hawley at the Battle of Falkirk Muir , but insufficient heavy artillery meant the siege itself made little progress. Hawley's forces were largely intact, and resumed their advance once Cumberland arrived in Edinburgh on 30 January, while many Highlanders had gone home after Falkirk; on 1 February, the Jacobite army abandoned the siege, and retreated to Inverness. Cumberland marched up
2576-779: A reported £3.6M. The Church stated that it had plans to turn the 51,000-square-foot (4,700 m ) Victorian building into a place of worship and religious instruction. The original plans were rejected by Trafford Council, but the Church stated its intention to revise the proposals and resubmit. Manchester Metrolink runs north–south through Trafford, with its southern terminus in Altrincham. Trams run on two routes: Altrincham to Piccadilly and Altrincham to Bury. It serves Cornbrook , Trafford Bar , Old Trafford , Stretford , Dane Road , Sale , Brooklands , Timperley , Navigation Road and Altrincham . The line opened in 1992 and replaced
2760-597: A route via Carlisle and the North-West of England, areas strongly Jacobite in 1715. The last elements of the Jacobite army left Edinburgh on 4 November and government forces under General Handasyde retook the city on 14th. Murray divided the army into two columns to conceal their destination from General George Wade , government commander in Newcastle , and entered England on 8 November unopposed. On 10th, they reached Carlisle , an important border fortress before
2944-683: A series of revolts that began in March 1689 , with major outbreaks in 1715 and 1719 . Charles launched the rebellion on 19 August 1745 at Glenfinnan in the Scottish Highlands , capturing Edinburgh and winning the Battle of Prestonpans in September. At a council in October, the Scots agreed to invade England after Charles assured them of substantial support from English Jacobites and
3128-468: A set-piece battle extremely hazardous. In a letter of 30 November, the Duke of Richmond , who was with Cumberland's army, listed five possible options for the Jacobites, of which retreating to Scotland was by far the best for them, and the worst for the government. The British government was concerned by reports of an invasion fleet being prepared at Dunkirk but it is unclear how serious these plans were. Over
3312-492: A seventh. The River Mersey flows through the borough, separating North Trafford from South Trafford, and the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire . Trafford is the seventh-most populous district in Greater Manchester. There is evidence of Neolithic , Bronze Age , and Roman activity in the area, two castles – one of them a Scheduled Ancient Monument – and over 200 listed buildings . In
3496-643: A significant element in Scotland; many of those who participated in the Rising came from Non-Jurist Scottish Episcopal Church congregations. However, the most powerful single driver for Scottish support in 1745 was opposition to the 1707 Union , whose loss of political control was not matched by perceived economic benefit. This was particularly marked in Edinburgh, former location of the Scottish Parliament, and among Highland chiefs, many of whom were heavily in debt. In summary, Charles wanted to reclaim
3680-534: A simultaneous French landing in Southern England. On that basis, the Jacobite army entered England in early November, but neither of these assurances proved accurate. On reaching Derby on 4 December, they halted to discuss future strategy. Similar discussions had taken place at Carlisle , Preston and Manchester and many felt they had gone too far already. The invasion route had been selected to cross areas considered strongly Jacobite in sympathy, but
3864-524: A total population of 210,145. Of the 89,313 households in the borough, 36.5% were married couples living together, 31.6% were one-person households, 7.8% were co-habiting couples and 9.7% were lone parents, following a similar trend to the rest of England. The population density was 1,982/km (5,130/sq mi) and for every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. Of those aged 16–74 in Trafford, 24.7% had no academic qualifications , significantly lower than
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#17327908236504048-608: A wetland habitat covering 5.8 acres (2.3 ha) in Dunham Massey . Cotteril Clough is an area of woodland that is among the most diverse in Greater Manchester. Dunham Park is an area of "pasture-woodland or park-woodland" and has been since the Middle Ages, including many oak trees that date back to the 17th century, and covers 192.7 acres (78.0 ha). Also in Trafford are many parks and open spaces; there are 21.2 square miles (55 km ) of greenspace , 51.8% of
4232-575: A whole (3.3%). Trafford has the lowest number of unemployment benefit claimants compared to all the other boroughs in Greater Manchester (3.7%). In 2001, of 99,146 residents of Trafford in employment, the industry of employment was 17.1% property and business services, 16.5% retail and wholesale, 12.3% manufacturing, 11.9% health and social work, 8.2% education, 8.0% transport and communications, 5.9% construction, 5.5% finance, 4.5% public administration and defence, 4.0% hotels and restaurants, 0.8% energy and water supply, 0.6% agriculture, and 4.6% other. This
4416-701: Is a Grade II listed structure. Stretford Cenotaph, opposite the Chester Road entrance to Gorse Hill Park, was built as a memorial to the 580 Stretford men who lost their lives in the First World War. Their names and regiments are listed on a large bronze plaque on the wall behind the cenotaph. It was formally unveiled in 1923, by the Earl of Derby , Secretary of State for War. The cenotaph is 24 feet (7 m) high and 11 feet (3 m) wide at its base. It cost £2,000 to build, raised by public subscription and
4600-673: Is a medieval moated site in Timperley near Altrincham Municipal Golf Course. Excavation on the site over a period of 18 years has shown Timperley to be inhabited since the Bronze Age . A grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund has been made to develop the site into a community project. Trafford has two medieval castles. Dunham Castle is an early medieval castle in Dunham Massey. It belonged to Hamon de Massey, and
4784-461: Is also a high proportion of non-white people, as 63% of residents were recorded as white. The largest minority group was Asian , at 21% of the population. In 1931, 19% of Stretford's population was middle class and 20% working class compared to 14% middle class and 36% working class nationally. The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers. By 1971, the middle class in Stretford had declined steadily to 15% whilst
4968-623: Is also thought to have been the base of an Anglo-Saxon cross shaft. A local legend had it that the stone was slowly sinking into the earth, and that its ultimate disappearance would mark the end of the world. When the Great Stone Road was widened in the late 19th century, the stone was moved back from the road slightly. In 1925, the stone was moved again, to its current location outside the North Lodge of Gorse Hill Park, about 328 feet (100 m) from its historical location. The stone
5152-672: Is covered by the Catholic Dioceses of Shrewsbury and Salford , and the Church of England Dioceses of Manchester and Chester . There are two Grade I listed churches in Trafford: St. Werburgh's Church , in Warburton, is a timber framed church and dates back to at least the 14th century; All Saints' Church , in Urmston, was constructed in 1868 by E. W. Pugin , and is considered to be one of his best works. Of
5336-527: Is generally flat, sloping slightly southwards towards the river valley, and is approximately 150 feet (46 m) above sea level at its highest point. The most southerly part of Stretford lies within the flood plain of the River Mersey, and so has historically been prone to flooding. A great deal of flood mitigation work has been carried out in the Mersey Valley since the 1970s, with the stretch of
5520-560: Is generally flat, with most of the land lying between 66 feet (20 m) and 98 feet (30 m) above sea level, apart from Bowdon Hill in South Trafford which rises 200 feet (60 m) above sea level. The lowest point in Trafford, near Warburton , is 36 feet (11 m) above sea level. There are areas of mossland in low-lying areas: Warburton Moss, Dunham Moss, and Hale Moss. Greenspace accounts for 51.8% of Trafford's total area, domestic buildings and gardens comprise 25.6%,
5704-592: Is mostly a commuter area. The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as one of the ten metropolitan districts of Greater Manchester. The metropolitan boroughs of the City of Salford and the City of Manchester border Trafford to the north and east respectively; the Cheshire East area of Cheshire lies to the south. The geology of South Trafford is Keuper marl with some Keuper waterstone and sandstone, whilst
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5888-432: Is roughly in line with national figures, except for the town's relatively low percentage of agricultural workers. The 2011 census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16–74 as 39.3% in full-time employment, 13.6% in part-time employment, 7.5% self-employed, 5.7% unemployed, 5.9% students, 9.5% retired, 5.6% looking after home or family, and 6.1% permanently sick or disabled. The 5.7% unemployment rate in Stretford
6072-504: Is slightly above average for the United Kingdom. Annual rainfall and average amount of sunshine are both slightly below the average for the UK. Stretford's built environment developed along the A56 road in two separate sections, corresponding to the original two manors. The area in the south, near to the border with Sale, grew around the church of St Matthew – an old alternative name for the town
6256-434: Is still a very significant source of employment, containing an estimated 1,400 companies and employing about 44,000 people. The main shopping centre is Stretford Mall in the commercial centre of Stretford, previously known as Stretford Arndale . It was opened in 1969 and changed its name in 2003. It is still (as of 2022) referred to as the "Stretford Arndale" on local bus timetables and recorded announcements. Stretford Mall
6440-695: The English Premier Ice Hockey League . The club was formed in 2003 as the successor to Manchester Storm , and folded in early 2017 after playing home fixtures during 2015–2016 in Deeside and Blackpool. They were one of the founder members of the Elite Ice Hockey League . In 2008–09 they finished sixth in the Elite Ice Hockey League . The Trafford Metros were the Phoenix's junior side and are also based at
6624-616: The 1715 Rising . At previous Council meetings, many Scottish members argued for withdrawal. They agreed to continue only after Charles assured them Sir Watkin Williams Wynn would meet them at Derby , while the Duke of Beaufort was preparing to seize Bristol . When they reached Derby on 4 December, there was no sign of any reinforcements or French landing, and the Council convened at Exeter House on 5th to discuss next steps. Despite
6808-427: The 2011 UK census , the Stretford area wards of Clifford, Gorse Hill, Longford and Stretford had a total population of 46,910 and a population density of 8,907 persons per square mile (3,439 per km). Stretford residents had an average age of 36 years, younger than the 39.3 Trafford average. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. Of all residents, 42% were single (never married): in Trafford, 33% were single. Of
6992-476: The British Parliament by Members of Parliament (MPs) for three separate parliamentary constituencies. Altrincham and Sale West is represented by Connor Rand MP ( Labour ). Stretford and Urmston is represented by Andrew Western MP ( Labour ). Wythenshawe and Sale East , which also covers parts of the City of Manchester , is represented by Mike Kane MP (Labour). In 1974, Trafford Council
7176-483: The Court of Exchequer , of which 41 were confiscated. As happened previously, most were either purchased or claimed by creditors, with 13 made crown land in 1755. Under the 1784 Disannexing Act, their heirs were allowed to buy them back, in return for a total payment of £65,000. Once north of Edinburgh or inland from ports like Aberdeen, the movement of government troops was hampered by lack of roads or accurate maps of
7360-830: The FA Cup 13 times and been the Premier League champions 13 times (since the league was formed 31 seasons ago) and were Football League champions seven times in the years prior to that. The club last won the Premier League in 2013 . LCCC started as the Manchester Cricket Club , and represents the historic county of Lancashire . The club contested the original 1890 County Championship . Old Trafford Cricket Ground – Lancashire's home ground – stages international matches, including Test matches and One Day Internationals . The team has won
7544-606: The Guinness Premiership in 2006; in 2008–09 they finished fifth. As well as being home to several clubs in the top echelon of their sports, Trafford plays host to smaller clubs, including Altrincham F.C. , Flixton F.C. , and Trafford F.C. Both Flixton F.C. and Trafford F.C. play in the North West Counties Football League Division One . Flixton F.C. was formed in 1960 and earned promotion to NWCFL Division One at
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7728-690: The Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway . Jacobite rising of 1745 The Jacobite rising of 1745 was an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father, James Francis Edward Stuart . It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession , when the bulk of the British Army was fighting in mainland Europe, and proved to be the last in
7912-741: The Old English words stræt (a street, more specifically a Roman road) and ford (crossing) . The Metropolitan Borough of Trafford has existed since 1974, but the area it covers has a long history. Neolithic arrowheads have been discovered in Altrincham and Sale , and there is evidence of Bronze Age habitation in Timperley . Fragments of Roman pottery have been found in Urmston , and Roman coins have been found in Sale. The Roman road between
8096-546: The Outer Hebrides on 15 July but were intercepted four days out by HMS Lion , which engaged Elizabeth. After a four-hour battle, both were forced to return to port; losing the Elizabeth and its volunteers and weapons was a major setback, but Du Teillay landed Charles at Eriskay on 23 July. Many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including MacDonald of Sleat and Norman MacLeod . Aware of
8280-576: The Trafford Centre , a large out-of-town shopping centre. Apart from the City of Manchester , Trafford is the only borough in Greater Manchester to be above the national average for weekly income. Socially, the area includes both working class and middle class areas like Bowdon and Hale . In Parliament , Trafford is represented by three constituencies : Stretford and Urmston ; Altrincham and Sale West ; and Wythenshawe and Sale East , which mainly covers neighbouring Manchester. The borough
8464-480: The legionary fortresses at Chester ( Deva Victrix ) and York ( Eboracum ) crosses Trafford, passing through Stretford, Sale, and Altrincham. The settlements in Trafford have been based largely around agriculture, although Altrincham was founded as a market town in the mid 13th century. Although the Industrial Revolution affected Trafford, the area did not experience the same rate of growth as
8648-410: The working class population of Trafford and across the country was in decline, falling steadily from 43% to 18% (36% to 29% nationally). It has since increased slightly, up to 27% (26% nationwide). The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers. In the 2008–2009 financial year, the crime rates in Trafford for violence against a person and sexual offences were below
8832-819: The 11 Grade II* listed buildings in Trafford, seven are churches: Hale Chapel in Hale; the Church of St John the Divine in Sale; Church of St Mary the Virgin in Bowdon; St. Martin's Church in Sale; St. Michael's Church in Flixton; St. Margaret's Church in Altrincham; St. George's Church in Carrington. In 2007, the Church of Scientology bought the Old Trafford Essence Distillery on Chester Road for
9016-411: The 13th century. Trafford is the home of several major sports teams, including Manchester United Football Club and Lancashire County Cricket Club (LCCC). Manchester United began as Newton Heath L&YR F.C. in 1878. The team plays at Old Trafford football ground, which is sometimes used as a stadium for major football matches like the 2003 UEFA Champions League final . Manchester United have won
9200-455: The 16-gun privateer Du Teillay and Elizabeth, an elderly 64-gun warship captured from the British in 1704, which carried the weapons and 100 volunteers from the French Army's Irish Brigade . In early July, Charles boarded Du Teillay at Saint-Nazaire accompanied by the " Seven Men of Moidart ," the most notable being Colonel John O'Sullivan , an Irish exile and former French officer who acted as chief of staff. The two vessels left for
9384-445: The 1689 to 1691 Williamite War in Ireland , and only a Stuart on the throne of Great Britain could ensure their fulfillment. Such concessions were firmly opposed by Protestants who were the overwhelming majority in England, Wales and Scotland, while estimates of English support in particular confused indifference to the Hanoverians with enthusiasm for the Stuarts. After 1720, Robert Walpole tried to bind English Catholics closer to
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#17327908236509568-432: The 1707 Union but whose defences were now in poor condition, held by a garrison of 80 elderly veterans. However, without siege artillery the Jacobites would still have to starve it into submission, an operation for which they had neither the equipment nor time. Despite this, the castle capitulated on 15 November, after learning Wade's relief force was delayed by snow. Success reinvigorated the Jacobite cause, and when he retook
9752-419: The 1715 and 1719 risings. O'Sullivan initially organised the Jacobite army along conventional military lines, but when Murray took over as chief of staff, he reverted to traditional Highland military structures and customs familiar to the majority of his recruits. The senior government legal officer in Scotland, Lord President Duncan Forbes , forwarded confirmation of the landing to London on 9 August. Many of
9936-403: The 1739 War of Jenkins' Ear , followed in 1740–41 by the War of the Austrian Succession . The long-serving British prime minister Robert Walpole was forced to resign in February 1742 by an alliance of Tories and anti-Walpole Patriot Whigs , who then excluded their partners from government. Furious Tories like Henry Scudamore, 3rd Duke of Beaufort asked for French help in restoring James to
10120-399: The 19,209 households, 33% were one-person households, 56% were married couples with dependent children, and 15% were lone parents with dependent children. Of those aged 16–74 in Stretford, 23% had no academic qualifications , higher than the 18% in all of Trafford. With 78% of residents born in the United Kingdom, there is a relatively high proportion of foreign-born residents reported. There
10304-420: The 2018 local elections, the council, which was previously Conservative-held, came under Labour control in the form of a minority administration supported by the Liberal Democrats in a confidence and supply administration. There were a few shock results, such as in Altrincham (ward) , where the Green Party gained seats from the incumbent Conservative councillors. After gaining seats in the 2019 local elections,
10488-400: The 28.9% in all of England. 8.2% of Trafford's residents were born outside the United Kingdom, lower than the English average of 9.2%. The largest minority group was Asian, at 4.0% of the population. In 1841, 12% of Trafford's population was middle class compared to 14% in England and Wales; this increased to 21% in 1931 (15% nationally) and 55% in 2001 (48% nationally). From 1841 to 1951,
10672-619: The 3,000 soldiers available to John Cope , the government commander in Scotland, were untrained recruits, and while he lacked information on Jacobite intentions, they were well-informed on his, as Murray had been one of his advisors. Forbes instead relied on his relationships to keep people loyal; he failed with Lochiel and Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat but succeeded with many others, including William Sutherland, Earl of Sutherland , Clan Munro and Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose . On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh unopposed, although Edinburgh Castle itself remained in government hands; James
10856-445: The 63 seats on Trafford Council. The wards elect in thirds on a four yearly cycle . As of the 2014 local elections , all 12 councillors representing the Stretford area are members of the Labour Party. Stretford occupies an area of 4.1 square miles (10.6 km), just north of the River Mersey , at 53°26′48″N 2°18′31″W / 53.44667°N 2.30861°W / 53.44667; -2.30861 (53.4466, −2.3086). The area
11040-413: The Altrincham Ice Dome. The Phoenix were replaced by a new team bearing the Manchester Storm name, who took a spot in the Elite Ice Hockey League for the 2015–2016 season Rugby Union side Sale Sharks were formerly based in Trafford. They now play at the Salford Community Stadium in Salford , although their former home ground at Heywood Road in Sale is still used for training. Sale Sharks won
11224-421: The British naval blockade had reduced the French economy to a "catastrophic state." The fast-moving Jacobite army evaded pursuit with only a minor skirmish at Clifton Moor , crossing back into Scotland on 20 December. Cumberland's army arrived outside Carlisle on 22 December, and seven days later the garrison was forced to surrender, ending the Jacobite military presence in England. Much of the garrison came from
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#173279082365011408-510: The British throne. While war with Britain was clearly only a matter of time, Cardinal Fleury , chief minister since 1723, viewed the Jacobites as unreliable fantasists, an opinion shared by most French ministers. An exception was René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson , who was appointed Foreign Minister by Louis XV after Fleury died in January 1743. Historian Frank McLynn identifies seven different ideological drivers behind continuing support for Jacobitism in 1745, Stuart loyalism being
11592-402: The Cameron regiment in 1745, was allegedly betrayed by his own clansmen on returning to Scotland and executed on 7 June 1753. The government limited confiscations of Jacobite property, since the experience of doing so after 1715 and 1719 showed the cost often exceeded the sales price. Under the Vesting Act 1747 , the estates of 51 individuals attainted for their role in 1745 were surveyed by
11776-428: The De Traffords. Both elements were taken from the coats of arms of the respective families. The fist holding bolts of lightning represents Stretford and the electrical industry; the cog on the arm represents Altrincham's engineering industry. The unicorns stand for Sale and Altrincham. The oak branches represent Urmston and the rural areas of Trafford. At the 2001 UK census , the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford had
11960-407: The Great Plague of 1655–56 the holes in the top of the stone were filled with vinegar or holy water, through which coins were passed in the belief that would halt the spread of the disease. But the holes are probably too deep for that to have been the stone's original purpose. It may have been a marker on the Roman road between Northwich and Manchester, or some kind of boundary marker. The Great Stone
12144-436: The Highlands. To remedy this, new forts were built, the military road network started by Wade finally completed and William Roy made the first comprehensive survey of the Highlands. Additional measures were taken to weaken the traditional clan system, which even before 1745 had been under severe stress due to changing economic conditions. The most significant was the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 , which ended
12328-412: The Irish Brigade who served as head of the Jacobite artillery, was absent, having been wounded at the Siege of Fort William . Charles held his position, expecting Cumberland to attack, but he refused to do so and unable to respond to the fire, Charles ordered his front line to charge. As they did so, boggy ground in front of the Jacobite centre forced them over to the right, where they became entangled with
12512-474: The Labour Party was in a position to form a majority-controlling administration. There are 21 electoral wards in Trafford, each with 3 councillors, giving a total of 63 councillors with one-third elected three years out of four. In the following table, which lists the wards before the boundary changes of 2023, the populations for each ward are based on 2013 population estimates from the Office for National Statistics . The coat of arms of Trafford Council depicts
12696-527: The London government led to the 1725 malt tax and 1737 Porteous riots . In March 1743, the Highland-recruited 42nd Regiment of Foot was posted to Flanders , contrary to an understanding their service was restricted to Scotland, causing a short-lived mutiny. However, mutinies over pay and conditions were not unusual and the worst riots in 1725 took place in Glasgow , a town Charles noted in 1746 as one "where I have no friends and who are not at pains to hide it." Trade disputes between Spain and Britain led to
12880-402: The Longford Cinema. Stretford's first public lending library was established in the building in 1883. On the death of Rylands in 1888, his widow placed the building at the disposal of the local authority for a nominal rent, and on her own death in 1908, the building was bought by Stretford Council for £5,000. Public baths were built to the rear of the building, accessed via Cyprus Street. In 1940
13064-453: The Manchester Regiment and several of the officers were later executed, including Francis Towneley. The invasion itself had little strategic effect, but reaching Derby and returning was a considerable military achievement. Morale was high, while reinforcements from Aberdeenshire and Banffshire under Lewis Gordon along with Scottish and Irish regulars in French service brought Jacobite strength to over 8,000. The Jacobite army now shifted to
13248-720: The Manchester Regiment. Some 650 died awaiting trial, 900 were pardoned and the rest transported to the colonies. The Jacobite lords Kilmarnock , Balmerino and Lovat were beheaded in April 1747, but public opinion was against further trials and the remaining prisoners were pardoned under the Act of Indemnity 1747. They included Flora MacDonald , whose aristocratic admirers collected over £1,500 for her. Lord Elcho , Lord Murray and Lochiel were excluded from this and died in exile; Archibald Cameron , responsible for recruiting
13432-497: The Manchester market each week. Stretford also became well known for its pig market and the production of black puddings , leading to the village being given the nickname of Porkhampton. A local dish, known as Stretford goose, was made from pork stuffed with sage and onions. During the 1830s, between 800 and 1,000 pigs a week were being slaughtered for the Manchester market. Situated on the border with Manchester, Stretford became
13616-564: The Manchester market. It was also an extensive market-gardening area, producing more than 500 long tons (508 t) of vegetables each week for sale in Manchester by 1845. The arrival of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894, and the subsequent development of the Trafford Park industrial estate, accelerated the industrialisation that had begun in the late 19th century. By 2001, less than one per cent of Stretford's population
13800-534: The Mersey through Stretford canalised to speed up the passage of floodwater. Emergency floodbasins have also been constructed, Sale Water Park being a prominent local example, lying immediately to the south of Stretford. Stretford comprises the local areas of Old Trafford , Firswood , Gorse Hill , and Trafford Park and represents the northeastern tip of Trafford . Its climate is generally temperate , with few extremes of temperature or weather. The mean temperature
13984-469: The Northern Region of Pétanque England . There are 73 primary schools in Trafford, 17 secondary and grammar schools , and 6 special schools. Trafford maintains a selective education system, with grammar schools, assessed by the 11-plus exam. Trafford College , a £29M "super college" in Stretford, is the only college of further education in Trafford. It was officially opened in 2008, following
14168-735: The Prince brought a French army"; in the end, he spent the Rebellion in London, with participation by the Welsh gentry limited to two lawyers, David Morgan and William Vaughan. After the Jacobite rising of 1719 , new laws imposed penalties on Non-Jurists , those who refused to swear allegiance to the Hanoverian regime. By 1745, Non-Jurists had largely disappeared in England, but continued to be
14352-704: The Scots Presbyterians who formed the bulk of his army, or Nonconformists in general; many "Jacobite" demonstrations in Wales stemmed from hostility to the 18th century Welsh Methodist revival . The most prominent Welsh Jacobite was Denbighshire landowner and Tory Member of Parliament, Watkin Williams-Wynn , head of the Jacobite White Rose society. He met with Stuart agents several times between 1740 and 1744 and promised support "if
14536-651: The Scots no longer trusted his promises of support. After Culloden, government forces spent several weeks searching for rebels, confiscating cattle and burning non-juring Episcopalian and Catholic meeting houses. The brutality of these measures was partly driven by a widespread perception on both sides that another landing was imminent. Regular soldiers in French service were treated as prisoners of war and exchanged regardless of nationality, but 3,500 captured Jacobites were indicted for treason. Of these, 120 were executed, primarily deserters from government forces and members of
14720-486: The Scots was irretrievably damaged. The Council voted overwhelmingly to retreat, especially after learning from Lord Drummond that French ships had landed men, supplies and money at Montrose, Angus . They included small detachments of regulars from the " Royal Écossais " and the Irish Brigade . While less than 200 in total, Drummond allegedly claimed another 10,000 were preparing to follow, "greatly influencing"
14904-540: The Stuarts were unlikely to be any more pro-French than the Hanoverians. The remote and undeveloped Scottish Highlands were an ideal location for launching such an attempt, while the feudal nature of clan society made it relatively easy to raise troops. However, even Jacobite sympathisers were reluctant to support an uprising they recognised could be devastating for the local populace. Opposition to taxes levied by
15088-540: The Stuarts, but by 1737, James was "living tranquilly in Rome, having abandoned all hope of a restoration." At the same time, by the late 1730s French statesmen had come to see British commercial strength as a threat to the European balance of power, and the exiled Stuarts a potential option for weakening it. However, financing a low-level insurgency was far more cost-effective than an expensive restoration, especially since
15272-525: The Union, Catholicism and "arbitrary" rule. At the same time, Jacobite exiles failed to appreciate the extent to which English Tory support derived from policy differences with the Whigs, not Stuart loyalism. Under the 1743 Pacte de Famille , Louis XV and his uncle, Philip V of Spain , agreed to co-operate against Britain, including an invasion to restore the Stuarts. In November 1743, Louis advised James this
15456-519: The United Kingdom. A purpose-built iron and glass building was constructed at a cost of £38,000 to house the 16,000 exhibits. The gardens were also chosen as a site for the Royal Jubilee Exhibition of 1887, celebrating Queen Victoria 's 50-year reign. The exhibition ran for more than six months and was attended by more than 4.75 million visitors. The gardens were converted into an entertainment resort in 1907, and hosted
15640-477: The White City Retail Park was built. The arrival of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894, and the subsequent development of the Trafford Park industrial estate in the north of the town – the first planned industrial estate in the world – had a substantial effect on Stretford's growth. The population in 1891 was 21,751, but by 1901 it had increased by 40% to 30,436 as people were drawn to
15824-446: The administration of predominantly rural areas. The rest of Trafford is unparished . The unparished areas are: Altrincham ( Municipal Borough ), Bowdon ( Urban District ), Hale (Urban District), Sale (Municipal Borough), Stretford (Municipal Borough), and Urmston (Urban District). The status of each area prior to 1974 is shown in brackets. An urban district was a type of local government district which covered an urbanised area. Following
16008-573: The area, dating from about 2000 BC. Stretford was part of the land occupied by the Celtic Brigantes tribe before and during the Roman occupation, and lay on their border with the Cornovii on the southern side of the Mersey. By 1212, there were two manors in the area now called Stretford. The land in the south, close to the River Mersey, was held by Hamon de Mascy , while the land in
16192-511: The authority to levy rates to pay for those services. The local board continued in that role until it was superseded by the creation of Stretford Urban District Council in 1894, as a result of the Local Government Act 1894 . Stretford Urban District became the Municipal Borough of Stretford in 1933, giving it borough status in the United Kingdom . Stretford Borough Council was granted its arms on 20 February 1933. The roses are
16376-496: The battlefield were reportedly killed afterwards, their losses being 1,200 to 1,500 dead and 500 prisoners. Several thousand armed Jacobites remained at large, and over the next two days, an estimated 1,500 assembled at Ruthven Barracks . On 20 April, Charles ordered them to disperse, arguing French assistance was required to continue the fight and they should return home until he returned with additional support. Lord Elcho later claimed to have told Charles he should "put himself at
16560-459: The blitz of December 1940. Between 1972 and 1975, what is now a closed B&Q store (originally constructed as a multi-lane Bowling Alley) in Great Stone Road was the 3,000-capacity Hardrock Theatre and Village Discothèque, hosting some of that period's major artists in their prime. Led Zeppelin , David Bowie , Bob Marley , Elton John , Hawkwind , Yes , Chaka Khan , Curved Air and Lou Reed were amongst those who appeared. Tangerine Dream
16744-418: The bottom tier of local government; the parish councils are involved in planning, management of town and parish centres, and promoting tourism. In 2001, 8,484 people (4.0% of the borough's population) lived in Trafford's four civil parishes: Carrington, Dunham Massey, Partington, and Warburton. They were all previously part of Bucklow Rural District . A rural district was a type of local government district for
16928-529: The casualties. In March, Louis cancelled the invasion and declared war on Britain. In 1738, John Gordon of Glenbucket had proposed a landing in Scotland, which had been rejected by the French, and James himself. Seeking to revive this plan, in August Charles travelled to Paris where he met Sir John Murray of Broughton , liaison between the Stuarts and their supporters in Scotland. Murray subsequently claimed to have advised against it, but that Charles
17112-775: The closest natural heir. Since the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Catholics from the succession, when Anne became queen in 1702, her heir was the distantly related but Protestant Electress Sophia of Hanover . Sophia died in June 1714, two months before Anne, and her son succeeded as George I in August. Louis XIV of France , the primary source of support for the exiled Stuarts, died in 1715 and his successors needed peace with Britain in order to rebuild their economy. The 1716 Anglo-French alliance forced James to leave France; he settled in Rome on
17296-435: The coast, allowing his forces to be resupplied by sea, and entered Aberdeen on 27 February; both sides halted operations until the weather improved. When Cumberland left Aberdeen on 8 April, the Jacobites were short of food and money, and the leadership agreed giving battle was their best option. Arguments over the suitability of the ground at Culloden stem from post-war disputes between supporters of Murray and O'Sullivan, who
17480-611: The council was awarded "three star" status meaning it was "performing well" and "consistently above minimum requirements", similar to 46% of all local authorities. In 2008–09, Trafford council had a budget of £150.5 million. This was collected from council tax (57%) and government grants (43%). The council spent £31.8 million on children and young people's services (21%); £60.1 million on community services and social care (40%); £34.4 million on "prosperity, planning, and development" (23%); and £33.8 million on customer and corporate services (22%). Civil parishes form
17664-538: The county championship eight times outright (with one shared) and were the county champions in 2011 – the county's first outright triumph since 1934, but were then relegated to the second division in 2012 . From 2006 until 2015, the borough was home to the Manchester Phoenix , who played their home games at the Altrincham Ice Dome , and were active in both the Elite Ice Hockey League and
17848-416: The current recession and its high proportion of multinational companies were two factors which give the borough its high ranking. As of March 2007, Trafford has 6 Grade I, 11 Grade II*, and 228 Grade II listed buildings. Trafford has the equal second highest number of Grade I listed buildings out of the districts of Greater Manchester behind Manchester . Most of Trafford's Grade I listed buildings are in
18032-407: The day. Trafford Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester , England , with an estimated population of 236,301 in 2022. It covers 106 square kilometres (41 sq mi) and includes the area of Old Trafford and the towns of Altrincham , Stretford , Urmston , Partington and Sale . The borough was formed in 1974 as a merger of six former districts and part of
18216-408: The decision. While the decision has been debated ever since, contemporaries did not believe the Hanoverian regime would collapse, even had the Jacobites reached London. It was driven by lack of external support, not proximity to the capital, and its wisdom is supported by many modern historians. Lack of heavy weapons or equipment allowed the small Jacobite army to out-march their opponents, but made
18400-531: The decline in English Jacobitism was demonstrated by the lack of support from areas strongly Jacobite in 1715, such as Northumberland and County Durham . Irish Jacobite societies increasingly reflected opposition to the existing order rather than affection for the Stuarts and were eventually absorbed by the Society of United Irishmen . In June 1747, D'Éguilles produced a report on the Rising that
18584-602: The earliest forms of public transport through Stretford was the stagecoach ; the Angel Hotel, on the present day site of what used to be the Bass Drum public house, was one of the main stopping places for stagecoaches in Stretford, and the Trafford Arms was another. Horse-drawn omnibuses replaced the stagecoach service through Stretford in 1845. The Manchester Carriage Company 's tramway from Manchester to Stretford
18768-404: The east, Moss Side and Whalley Range to the south-east, Hulme to the north-east, Urmston to the west, Salford to the north and Sale to the south. In 2011 it had a population of 46,910. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire , Stretford was an agricultural village in the 19th century; it was known locally as Porkhampton , due to the large number of pigs produced for
18952-488: The economy of the Trafford dominated by agriculture. This continued to some extent even during the Industrial Revolution , as the textile industry in Trafford did not develop as quickly or to the same extent as it did in the rest of Greater Manchester . There are only two known 18th-century mill sites in Trafford, compared with 69 known in Tameside and 51 in Manchester . After reaching a high of 43% in 1812, employment in
19136-646: The end of the 2006–07 season. Trafford F.C. was formed in 1990 and finished fifth in the 2006–07 season. Altrincham F.C. was founded in 1903 and plays in the Football Conference . Within Trafford their two clubs that enter teams in both the Men's and Women's England Hockey Leagues – Brooklands , based in Sale and Bowdon . In 2017, Trafford Pétanque became Trafford's first ever officially registered Pétanque club. Trafford Pétanque currently plays within
19320-630: The expected standard or above of 5 GCSEs including English and Maths. For A-Level results 25% of students gained 3 A-Levels at grades A*-A, which is twice the national average, whilst 33% gained 3 A-levels at grades A*-B. Trafford has 7 Grammar schools and all 7 are in the top 10 best performing state schools in Greater Manchester. At the 2001 UK census, 75.8% of Trafford's residents reported themselves as being Christian, 3.3% Muslim, 1.1% Jewish, 0.6% Hindu, 0.2% Buddhist and 0.5% Sikh. The census recorded 12.0% as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 6.4% did not state their religion. Trafford
19504-421: The feudal power of chiefs over their clansmen. The Act of Proscription 1746 outlawed Highland dress unless worn in military service, although its impact is debated and the law was repealed in 1782. The Jacobite cause did not entirely disappear after 1746, but the conflicting objectives of its participants ended the movement as a serious political threat. Many Scots were disillusioned by Charles' leadership while
19688-792: The first dissolved the "pretended Union," the second rejected the Act of Settlement. He also instructed the Caledonian Mercury to publish minutes of the 1695 Parliamentary enquiry into the Glencoe Massacre , often used as an example of post-1688 oppression. Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed supplies of money and weapons, together with an envoy, the Marquis d'Éguilles , which seemed to validate claims of French backing. However, David Wemyss, Lord Elcho later claimed his fellow Scots were already concerned by Charles' autocratic style and fears he
19872-440: The first speedway meeting in Greater Manchester on 16 June 1928. There was also greyhound racing from 1930, and an athletics track. The complex was demolished in the late 1980s, and all that remains is the entrance gates, close to what is now the White City Retail Park. The gates were designated a Grade II listed structure in 1987. The gates are not in their original position but were dismantled and turned through ninety degrees when
20056-567: The full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive," while MacLeod and Sleat helped him escape after Culloden. On 19 August, the rebellion was launched with the raising of the Royal Standard at Glenfinnan , witnessed by what O'Sullivan estimated as around 700 Highlanders. This small Jacobite force used the new government-built roads to reach Perth on 4 September, where they were joined by more sympathisers. They included Lord George Murray , previously pardoned for participation in
20240-678: The geology of North Trafford is Bunter sandstone . The River Mersey runs east to west through the area, separating North Trafford from South Trafford; other rivers in Trafford include the Bollin , the River Irwell , Sinderland Brook, and Crofts Bank Brook. The Bridgewater Canal , opened in 1761 and completed in 1776, follows a course through Trafford roughly north to south and passes through Stretford, Sale, and Altrincham. The Manchester Ship Canal , opened in 1894, forms part of Trafford's northern and western boundaries with Salford . Trafford
20424-520: The granting of Stretford's charter, on 16 September 1933. In 1974, on the formation of the new Trafford Metropolitan Borough, Stretford Town Hall was adopted as the base for the new council and renamed Trafford Town Hall; it was designated a Grade II listed building in 2007. The Union Church was formed in 1862, with John Rylands as its patron; he laid the foundation stone of its building in Edge Lane, close to Longford Park's southern entrance, in 1867. In
20608-582: The head of the [...] men that remained to him, and live and die with them," but he was determined to leave for France. After evading capture in the Western Highlands, Charles was picked up by a French ship commanded by Richard Warren on 20 September; he never returned to Scotland but the collapse of his relationship with the Scots always made this unlikely. Even before Derby, he had accused Murray and others of treachery; these outbursts became more frequent due to disappointment and heavy drinking, while
20792-454: The highest out of all the metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester, 45% higher than the average for the county. At the 2001 UK census, Trafford had 151,445 residents aged 16 to 74. 2.5% of these people were students with jobs, 5.7% looking after home or family, 5.4% permanently sick or disabled and 2.8% economically inactive for other reasons. Trafford has a low rate of unemployment (2.7%) compared with Greater Manchester (3.6%) and England as
20976-461: The highlight of their careers. Charles was forcibly deported from France after the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and rapidly descended into alcoholism , while Cumberland resigned from the British Army in 1757 and died of a stroke in 1765. Charles continued his attempts to reignite the cause, including making a secret visit to London in 1750, when he met supporters and briefly converted to
21160-507: The invasion force, but when Admiral Roquefeuil 's squadron left Brest on 26 January 1744, the Royal Navy refused to follow. French naval operations against Britain often took place in the winter, when poor weather made it harder to enforce a blockade. Unfortunately, this worked both ways, and as in 1719 , the invasion force was wrecked by storms. Several French ships were sunk and many others severely damaged, Roquefeuil himself being among
21344-579: The large crowds that turned out to see them on the march south, only Manchester provided a significant number of recruits; Preston, a Jacobite stronghold in 1715, supplied three. Murray argued they had gone as far as possible and now risked being cut off by superior forces, with Cumberland advancing north from London, and Wade moving south from Newcastle. Charles admitted he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France; this meant he lied when claiming otherwise and his relationship with
21528-540: The largest Odeon cinema in the UK. Trafford is a prosperous area, with an average weekly income of £394, and apart from Manchester it is the only borough in Greater Manchester to be above the national average for weekly income and is on average the highest in the county. Media, advertising and public relations have been identified as growth industries in Greater Manchester and are concentrated in Manchester and Trafford. Average house prices in Trafford are
21712-483: The last pitched battle on British soil, lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory. Exhausted by a night march carried out in a failed attempt to surprise Cumberland's troops, many Jacobites missed the battle, leaving fewer than 5,000 to face a well-rested and equipped force of 7,000 to 9,000. Fighting began with an artillery exchange: that of the government was vastly superior in training and coordination, particularly as James Grant, an officer in
21896-420: The late 19th century, the population rapidly expanded with the arrival of the railway. Trafford is the home of Manchester United F.C. and Lancashire County Cricket Club , as well as Altrincham F.C. and Trafford F.C. . The Imperial War Museum North , opened in 2002, is located in the borough. Trafford has a strong economy with low levels of unemployment and contains both Trafford Park industrial estate and
22080-560: The latter part of the 20th century the church was converted into office accommodation but by the early 21st century was standing empty. In 2012 it was restored to its original use a church having been bought by the Church of Christ – Iglesia ni Cristo. Stretford Metrolink station is part of the Manchester Metrolink tram system and lies on the Altrincham to Bury line. Trams leave about every six minutes between 7:15 and 18:30, but every 12 minutes at other times of
22264-515: The least important. These divisions became increasingly apparent during the Rising, exacerbated because Charles himself was largely ignorant of the kingdoms he hoped to regain. In addition, many of his senior advisors were Irish exiles, who wanted an autonomous, Catholic Ireland and the return of lands confiscated after the Irish Confederate Wars . His grandfather James II had promised these concessions in return for Irish support in
22448-496: The likely penalties for defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and were unconvinced by his personal qualities. Sleat and MacLeod may also have been especially vulnerable to government sanctions, due to their involvement in illegally selling tenants into indentured servitude . Enough were persuaded but the choice was rarely simple; Donald Cameron of Lochiel committed himself only after Charles provided "security for
22632-448: The mechanised cotton mills of nearby Manchester replaced handlooms. As Manchester continued to grow, it offered a good and easily accessible market for Stretford's agricultural products, in particular rhubarb , once known locally as Stretford beef. By 1836 market gardening had become so extensive around Stretford that one writer described it as the "garden of Lancashire"; in 1845 more than 500 tons of vegetables were being produced for
22816-529: The name Stretford is " street " ( Old English strǣt ) on a ford across the River Mersey . The principal road through Stretford, the A56 Chester Road , follows the line of the old Roman road from Deva Victrix ( Chester ) to Mamucium ( Manchester ), crossing the Mersey into Stretford at Crossford Bridge, built at the location of the ancient ford. The earliest evidence of human occupation around Stretford comes from Neolithic stone axes found in
23000-404: The national averages. However, the rate of robberies and burglaries were above the national average. The table below details the population change since 1801. Although Trafford was formed as a Metropolitan Borough in 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of Trafford. The greatest percentage change in
23184-727: The new Stretford Library was opened on King Street, and the public hall was rendered surplus. The building re-opened in March 1949 as the Stretford Civic Theatre, with a well-equipped stage for the use of local groups. After the Stretford Leisure Centre opened in 1983 now Stretford Sports Village, the Cyprus Street Baths wing fell into disuse, and was demolished. The remainder of the building began to fall into disrepair, despite being designated
23368-468: The nights of 22/23 and 23/24 December 1940 alone, 124 incendiaries and 120 high-explosive bombs fell on the town, killing 73 people and injuring many more. Among the buildings damaged or destroyed during the war were Manchester United 's Old Trafford football ground , All Saints' Church, St Hilda's Church, and the children's library in King Street. Smoke generators were set up in the north of
23552-432: The north, closer to the River Irwell , was held by Henry de Trafford. In about 1250, a later Hamon de Mascy gave the Stretford manor to his daughter, Margery. She in turn, in about 1260, granted Stretford to Richard de Trafford at a rent of one penny. The de Mascy family shortly afterwards released all rights to their lands in Stretford to Henry de Trafford, the Trafford family thus acquiring the whole of Stretford, since when
23736-565: The poor, Stretford joined the Chorlton Poor Law Union in 1837, one of three such unions in Manchester, before transferring to the Barton-upon-Irwell Poor Law Union in 1849. In 1867, Stretford Local Board of Health was established, assuming responsibility for the local government of the area in 1868. The board's responsibilities included sanitation and the maintenance of the highways, and it had
23920-503: The population occurred between 1851 and 1871, and was a result of the construction of the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway in 1849. The decrease in Trafford's population between 1971 and 2001 mirrors the trend for Greater Manchester , although on a smaller scale; this has been accounted for by the decline of Greater Manchester's industries, particularly those in Manchester and Salford but including those in Trafford, and residents leaving to seek new jobs. Historically,
24104-542: The pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland to help defend it against the "English armies" they expected to be sent against them. Charles argued an invasion of England was critical for attracting French support, and ensuring an independent Scotland by removing the Hanoverians. He was supported by the Irish exiles, for whom a Stuart on the British throne was the only way to achieve an autonomous, Catholic Ireland. Charles also claimed he
24288-488: The promised English support failed to materialise. With several government armies marching on their position, they were outnumbered and in danger of being cut off. The decision to retreat was supported by the vast majority, but caused an irretrievable split between Charles and his Scots supporters. Despite victory at Falkirk Muir in January 1746, defeat at Culloden in April ended the rebellion. Charles escaped to France, but
24472-617: The public and independent representatives stand on the main road which is closed for the occasion. The march goes from the Metro Club to the Cenotaph and back, with the Boys Brigade Band striking up the music for this event. For more information, see Longford Park Stretford Public Hall was built in 1878 by John Rylands . It was designed by N. Lofthouse and is on the western side of the A56 Chester Road, opposite
24656-598: The railway in 1849. The completion of the Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR) in 1849, passing through Stretford, led to the population of the town nearly doubling in a decade, from 4,998 in 1851 to 8,757 by 1861. Because Stretford is situated on the main A56 road between Chester and Manchester many travellers passed through the village, and as this traffic increased, more inns were built to provide travellers with stopping places. One of
24840-433: The red roses of Lancashire, and the lion in the centre represents John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster . Above the lion are a crossed flail and scythe; the flail comes from the arms of the de Trafford family; the scythe is a reminder of the agricultural history of the area; the thunderbolts above represent the importance of electricity in Stretford's industrial development. The boat at the bottom represents Stretford's links to
25024-513: The regime by refusing to enforce laws against them. Many became government supporters, including Edward Howard, Duke of Norfolk , unofficial head of the English Catholic community. Sentenced to death in 1716, he was reprieved and remained in London during the 1745 rebellion, visiting George II to confirm his loyalty. Most English Jacobite sympathisers were Tories who resented their exclusion from power since 1714, and viewed Hanover as
25208-603: The relationship between Charles and the Scots, both sides viewing the other with suspicion and hostility. Elcho later wrote that Murray believed they could have continued the war in Scotland "for several years", forcing the Crown to agree to terms as its troops were desperately needed for the war on the Continent. This seems unlikely since despite their victories in Flanders, in early 1746 Finance Minister Machault warned Louis that
25392-581: The rest is made up of roads and non-domestic buildings. Localities within the boundaries of Trafford include: North Trafford: Cornbrook , Davyhulme , Firswood , Flixton , Gorse Hill , Lostock , Old Trafford , Stretford , Trafford Park and Urmston . South Trafford: Altrincham , Ashton-Upon-Mersey , Bowdon , Broadheath , Brooklands , Carrington , Dunham Massey , Hale , Hale Barns , Oldfield Brow , Partington , Sale , Sale Moor , Timperley , Warburton and West Timperley . The residents of Trafford Metropolitan Borough are represented in
25576-581: The rest of Greater Manchester . A 100% increase in population in the Trafford area between 1841 and 1861 was a direct result of an influx due to the construction of the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway , which allowed residents to commute more easily from Trafford into Manchester. The area developed its own centres of industry in Broadheath (founded in 1885) and Trafford Park (founded in 1897). They have since declined, although Trafford Park still employs 40–50,000 people. Today, Trafford
25760-497: The right wing regiments and where movement was restricted by an enclosure wall. This increased the distance to the government lines and slowed the momentum of the charge, lengthening their exposure to the government artillery, which now switched to grapeshot . Despite heavy losses, the Highlanders crashed into Cumberland's left, which gave ground but did not break, while Loudon's Highlanders fired into their flank from behind
25944-543: The sea via the Manchester Ship Canal. In 1974, as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , the Municipal Borough of Stretford was abolished and Stretford has, since 1 April 1974, formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford , in Greater Manchester . Trafford Town Hall – previously Stretford Town Hall – is the administrative centre of Trafford. The constituency of Stretford
26128-430: The south of the borough: the old Church of St. Werburgh in Warburton; Dunham Massey Hall itself, and the stables and carriage house belonging to the hall; Royd House in Hale; and the Church of All Saints in Urmston in the north of the borough. Trafford has three of Greater Manchester's 21 Sites of Special Scientific Interest . Brookheys Covert is a semi-natural wood consisting mainly of ash, birch, and rowan, with
26312-530: The stalls and 600 in the circle, with a further 146 seats in the café area. When built, the cinema had a short pedestrian approach to the facade, which was removed when the A56 was widened. During the Second World War the building was used for concerts, including one given by a young Julie Andrews . It also played host to the Hallé Orchestra after the orchestra's own home, the Free Trade Hall ,
26496-415: The supposed name of an ancient Roman road in the district. Those names were rejected in favour of Trafford, because of the district's "famous sports venue, a major employer as well as historic associations", referring to Old Trafford ( cricket and football ), Trafford Park and the de Trafford baronets respectively. As a place name, Trafford is an Anglo-French version of Stratford, deriving from
26680-520: The textile industry in Trafford declined to 12% according to the 1851 census. The textile industry in Trafford could not compete with that in places such as Manchester , Oldham , and Ashton-under-Lyne , partly because of a reluctance to invest in industry on the part of the two main land owners in the area: the Stamfords and the de Traffords . Trafford Park was founded in 1897, and at its peak in 1945 employed 75,000 people. As well as being
26864-478: The throne of a united Great Britain and rule on the basis of divine right of kings and absolutism . Both principles had been rejected by the 1688 Glorious Revolution , but were reinforced by his trusted advisors, most of whom were long-term English or Irish Catholic exiles. They differed sharply from the Scottish Protestant nationalists who formed the bulk of the Jacobite army in 1745, and opposed
27048-550: The time were periods of no overall control. The council meets to decide policy and allocate budget. Its duties include setting levels of council tax , monitoring the health service in Trafford, providing social care, and funding schools. Cllr Andrew Western is the leader of the council as of 2021, and Cllr Laurence Walsh is the current mayor. In 2007 the Audit Commission judged Trafford Council to be "improving strongly" in providing services for local people. Overall
27232-582: The title of Large Visitor Attraction of the Year at the 2006 Manchester Tourism Awards. Sale Water Park is a 152-acre (62 ha) area of countryside and parkland including a 52-acre (21 ha) artificial lake created when the M60 motorway was built. The water park is the site of the Broad Ees Dole wildlife refuge, a Local Nature Reserve that provides a home for migratory birds. Timperley Old Hall
27416-402: The total area covered by the borough. Tourist attractions in Trafford include Old Trafford football ground and Old Trafford Cricket Ground . Chill Factor is an indoor ski slope in Trafford Park. It features the UK's longest and widest real snow indoor slope, 100 metres (110 yd) wide and 180 metres (200 yd) long. Dunham Massey Hall and Park is an 18th-century hall with
27600-822: The town by the promise of work in the new industries at Trafford Park. During the Second World War Trafford Park was largely turned over to the production of matériel , including the Avro Manchester heavy bomber, and the Rolls-Royce Merlin engines used to power both the Spitfire and the Lancaster . That resulted in Stretford being the target for heavy bombing, particularly during the Manchester Blitz of 1940. On
27784-412: The town close to Trafford Park in an effort to hide it from enemy aircraft, and 11,900 children were evacuated to safer areas in Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Staffordshire, along with their teachers and supervisors. A memorial to those residents who lost their lives in the bombing was erected in Stretford Cemetery in 1948, over the communal grave of the 17 unidentified people who were killed in
27968-476: The town in December, Cumberland wanted to execute those responsible. Leaving a small garrison, the Jacobites continued south to Preston on 26 November, then Manchester on 28th. Here they received the first notable intake of English recruits, which were formed into the Manchester Regiment . Their commander was Francis Towneley , a Lancashire Catholic and former French Royal Army officer, whose elder brother Richard had narrowly escaped execution for his part in
28152-446: The two manors descended together. The de Trafford family leased out large parts of the land, much of it to tenants who farmed at subsistence levels. Although there is known to have been a papermill operating in 1765, the area remained largely rural until the early 20th-century development of Trafford Park in the Old Trafford district north of the town. Until then Stretford "remained in the background of daily life in England", except for
28336-450: The vote. Stretford is one of the four major urban areas in Trafford; the other three are Altrincham , Sale and Urmston . The area historically known as Stretford, between the River Irwell in the north and the River Mersey in the south, has since 2004 been divided between the Trafford local government wards of Clifford , Longford , Gorse Hill , and Stretford . Each ward is represented by three local councillors, giving Stretford 12 of
28520-401: The vote. The Conservatives took 27.0% of the vote, UKIP 2.2%, the Liberal Democrats 2.0%, the Green Party 1.3%, and the Christian Party 0.2%. Green resigned as MP in 2022 to replace Hughes as her role as Deputy Mayor of Greater Manchester , and the following by-election was won by Leader of Trafford Council Andrew Western , retaining the seat for Labour with an increased share of
28704-492: The wall. Unable to return fire, the Highlanders broke and fell back in confusion; the north-eastern regiments and Irish and Scots regulars in the second line retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards. Troops that held together, like the French regulars, were far less vulnerable in retreat, but many Highlanders were cut down in the pursuit. Government casualties are estimated as 50 killed, plus 259 wounded; many Jacobite wounded remaining on
28888-403: The winter of 1745 to 1746, Maréchal Maurice de Saxe was assembling troops in Northern France in preparation for an offensive into Flanders , while Dunkirk was a major privateer base and always busy. Threatening an invasion was a far more cost-effective means of consuming British resources than actually doing so and these plans were formally cancelled in January 1746. The retreat badly damaged
29072-545: The working class had grown to 31% compared to 24% middle class and 26% working class nationally. Until the end of the 19th century Stretford was a largely agricultural village. The development of the Trafford Park industrial estate in the north of the town, beginning in the late 19th century, had a significant effect on Stretford's subsequent development. At its peak in 1945 the park employed an estimated 75,000 workers; housing and other amenities had to be constructed on what had previously been agricultural land. Trafford Park
29256-408: The world's first planned industrial estate , it is Europe's largest business park. More than 1,400 companies are within the park, employing between 40,000 and 50,000 people. The Trafford Centre , which opened on 10 September 1998, is North West England 's largest indoor shopping complex. The centre has over 30 million visitors annually, and contains 235 stores, 55 restaurants, and
29440-458: Was "determined to come [...] though with a single footman." When Murray returned to Edinburgh with this news, his colleagues reiterated their opposition to a rising without substantial French backing, but Charles gambled once in Scotland, the French would have to support him. He spent the first months of 1745 purchasing weapons, while victory at Fontenoy in April encouraged the French authorities to provide him with two transport ships. These were
29624-400: Was Stretford St. Matthew. The northern part of Stretford was centred on Old Trafford, with undeveloped countryside separating them. During the 19th century, the sections merged. The western terminus of the early medieval linear earthwork Nico Ditch is in Hough Moss, just to the east of Stretford; it was probably used as an administrative boundary and dates from the 8th or 9th century. As at
29808-410: Was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chairman of the council to take the title of mayor. The choice of the name Trafford for the borough was a "compromise between Altrincham, Stretford and Sale", and "seemed to have wide support". A Liberal councillor for the Municipal Borough of Sale suggested "Crossford ... whilst "Watlingford" was suggested by councillors in Hale, after
29992-409: Was bombed and severely damaged during the Manchester Blitz of 1940. After a change of ownership in 1950, the cinema was renamed the Stretford Essoldo. It continued to operate as a cinema until 1965, when it was converted into a bingo hall, which it remained until its closure in 1995. The building has been unused since then. It was designated a Grade II listed building in 1994. In 2017 a proposal
30176-426: Was built in 1879, terminating at the Old Cock Hotel on the A56 road, next to which a small depot was built to house the cars and horses. A 1900 timetable shows that trams left for Manchester every 10 minutes between 8:00 am and 10:15 pm. The horse-drawn trams were replaced with electric trams in 1902, and after the Second World War the trams were replaced by buses. The MSJAR railway line through Stretford
30360-655: Was built on the site of the original shopping centre in the former King Street. The Trafford Centre , a large shopping and leisure complex opened in September 1998, lies to the northwest of Stretford about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) away. According to the 2011 UK census, the industry of employment of residents in Stretford was 17% retail and wholesale, 11% health and social work, 11% education, 7% manufacturing, 6% transport and storage, 6% public administration and defence, 6% professional, scientific and technical activities, 5% hotels and restaurants, 5% construction, 5% finance, 1% energy and water supply, 0.06% agriculture and 5% other. This
30544-458: Was created in 1885, and existed until 1997, when it was replaced by the present constituency of Stretford and Urmston . Beverley Hughes was Labour MP during the New Labour government. Kate Green , a member of the Labour Party , became the MP at the 2010 General Election , with a majority of 8,935, representing 48.6% of the vote. She retained the seat at the 2017 General Election with an increased majority of 19,705, which represents 66.8% of
30728-421: Was created to administer the newly formed Trafford Metropolitan Borough and is headquartered at Trafford Town Hall , which was previously named Stretford Town Hall. On its formation in 1974, the council was controlled by the Conservative Party ; the Conservatives have been in control 1973–85, 1988–94, and 2004–2018. The only time the Labour Party was in control was 1996–2002, and 2019 to the present. The rest of
30912-404: Was critical of the Jacobite leadership in general, while his opinion of Charles was so negative that he concluded France might be better served by supporting a Scottish Republic. Soon after this, Henry Benedict Stuart was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest ; Charles viewed this as tacit acceptance that the Stuart cause was finished and never forgave him. For both leaders, the Rebellion was to be
31096-412: Was electrified in 1931 and converted to light rail operation in 1992, when it became part of the Manchester Metrolink tram network. The first Metrolink tram through Stretford ran on 15 June 1992. Stretford was part of the ancient parish of Manchester , within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire . Following the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, a national scheme for dealing with the relief of
31280-489: Was employed in agriculture. Stretford has been the home of Manchester United Football Club since 1910 and of Lancashire County Cricket Club since 1864. Notable residents have included the industrialist, philanthropist and Manchester's first multi-millionaire John Rylands , the suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst , the painter L. S. Lowry , Smiths front-man Morrissey , Joy Division front-man Ian Curtis , pop singer Andy Gibb and Jay Kay of Jamiroquai . The origin of
31464-457: Was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 , covering the area of six former districts which were abolished at the same time, as well as four civil parishes from a seventh abolished district: ‡ Parishes from Bucklow Rural District Stretford and Urmston had been in the administrative county of Lancashire prior to the 1974 reforms, whilst all the others had been in the administrative county of Cheshire . The new district
31648-427: Was high compared with the national rate of 3.2%. According to the Office for National Statistics estimates, between April 2001 and March 2002 the average gross income of households in Stretford was £415 per week (£21,664 per year). Longford Cinema, opposite Stretford Mall, on the eastern side of the A56 Chester Road , is perhaps the most visually striking building in the town. Designed by the architect Henry Elder, it
31832-403: Was in contact with English supporters, who were simply waiting for their arrival, while d'Éguilles assured the council a French landing in England was imminent. Despite their doubts, the Council agreed to the invasion, on condition the promised English and French support was forthcoming. Previous Scottish incursions into England had crossed the border at Berwick-upon-Tweed , but Murray selected
32016-446: Was largely responsible for the choice, but defeat was a combination of factors. In addition to superior numbers and equipment, Cumberland's troops had been drilled in countering the Highland charge, which relied on speed and ferocity to break the enemy lines. When successful it resulted in quick victories like Prestonpans and Falkirk, but if it failed, they could not hold their ground. The Battle of Culloden on 16 April, often cited as
32200-440: Was overly influenced by his Irish advisors. A "Prince's Council" of 15 to 20 senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while the daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions. These internal tensions were highlighted by the meetings held on 30 and 31 October to discuss strategy. Most of the Scots wanted to consolidate their position and revive
32384-419: Was planned for February 1744 and began assembling 12,000 troops and transports at Dunkirk , selected because it was possible to reach the Thames from there in a single tide. Since the Royal Navy was well aware of this, the French squadron in Brest made ostentatious preparations for putting to sea, in hopes of luring away their patrols. James remained in Rome while Charles made his way in secret to join
32568-405: Was probably deposited as a glacial erratic . It is rectangular in shape, about 5 feet (2 m) wide, 2 feet (1 m) deep, and 3 feet (1 m) tall, with two 7-inch (18 cm) deep rectangular slots cut into its upper surface. Several suggestions have been made for the history of the Great Stone. There was a succession of plagues in Manchester from the 14th century onwards, and during
32752-410: Was probably still standing in the early 14th century. The bailey was landscaped into the grounds of Dunham Massey Hall and its moat turned into an ornamental pond. Watch Hill Castle is an early medieval motte-and-bailey castle on the border of Dunham Massey and Bowdon. It is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument . The motte and surrounding ditch still survives, although it had fallen out of use by
32936-457: Was proclaimed King of Scotland the next day and Charles his Regent. On 21 September, the Jacobites intercepted and scattered Cope's army in less than 20 minutes at the Battle of Prestonpans , just outside Edinburgh. Prince William, Duke of Cumberland , commander of the British army in Flanders , was recalled to London, along with 12,000 troops. To consolidate his support in Scotland, Charles published two "Declarations" on 9 and 10 October:
33120-415: Was put forward by Trafford Council to bring the Essoldo back into use as part of the new University Academy 92, to provide student amenities and other community facilities such as an enhanced library. The Great Stone, which gave its name to the Great Stone Road, where it was located until being moved in 1925, is one of Stretford's most easily overlooked landmarks. The stone is composed of millstone grit and
33304-442: Was roughly in line with national figures, except for the proportion of jobs in agriculture which is less than half the national average, reflecting Trafford's suburban nature and its proximity to the centre of Manchester. A study commissioned by Experian rated Trafford as the strongest and most resilient borough in North West England to dealing with sudden changes in the economy. Trafford's low reliance on vulnerable businesses in
33488-412: Was the height of Art Deco fashion when it was opened by the Mayor of Stretford in 1936. Its unusual "cash register" frontage was intended to symbolise the business aspect of show business. The building incorporated many modern features, such as sound-proofing and under-seat heating, and it was also the first cinema in Britain to make use of concealed neon lighting. It had a seating capacity of 1,400 in
33672-445: Was the last band to perform at the Hardrock, on 19 October 1975. In more recent years, Lancashire Cricket Club's Old Trafford ground, next door, has provided a concert venue for bands such as Oasis , Foo Fighters , The Cure , Radiohead , Coldplay , Arctic Monkeys and Pixies . Stretford's growth was fuelled by the transport revolutions of the 18th and especially the 19th century: the Bridgewater Canal reached Stretford in 1761, and
33856-422: Was unable to win support for another attempt, and died in Rome in 1788. The 1688 Glorious Revolution replaced the Catholic James II & VII with his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William , who ruled as joint monarchs of England, Ireland and Scotland. Neither Mary, who died in 1694, nor her sister Anne , had surviving children, leaving their Catholic half-brother James Francis Edward as
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