A watercraft or waterborne vessel is any vehicle designed for travel across or through water bodies , such as a boat , ship , hovercraft , submersible or submarine .
105-560: A submarine (or sub ) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a submersible , which has more limited underwater capability.) The term “submarine” is also sometimes used historically or informally to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots , or to medium-sized or smaller vessels (such as the midget submarine and the wet sub ). Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships regardless of their size. Although experimental submarines had been built earlier, submarine design took off during
210-420: A cruise missile ); and covert insertion of frogmen or special forces . Their civilian uses include: marine science ; salvage ; exploration; and facility inspection and maintenance. Submarines can be modified for specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions and undersea cable repair. They are also used in the tourism industry and in undersea archaeology . Modern deep-diving submarines derive from
315-530: A boy, had been with him for two years at Palermo, and had followed with him from Naples to Rome, through Italy and back to the homeland. In October 1556 Jean Taisnier and his sister Françoise sold an annual rent on their shared property, the hostelry at the sign of the Golden Eagle at the market-place in Ath, to Guillaume de Corgnet, "lieutenant du bailly de la ville de Lessines". Taisnier's final move, by 1558,
420-407: A carrying capacity of 50 to 100 passengers. In a typical operation a surface vessel carries passengers to an offshore operating area and loads them into the submarine. The submarine then visits underwater points of interest such as natural or artificial reef structures. To surface safely without danger of collision the location of the submarine is marked with an air release and movement to the surface
525-457: A good position in a tidal stream while drifting with the tide in or out of a river. In a modern yacht , motor-sailing – travelling under the power of both sails and engine – is a common method of making progress, if only in and out of harbour. Jean Taisnier Jean Taisnier (or Taisner ) ( Latin : Johannes Taisnierius ; 1508, Ath , Habsburg Netherlands – 1562, Cologne ), surnamed Hannonius (i.e., of
630-635: A hand-powered acorn-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell to accommodate a single person. It was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion. In 1800, France built Nautilus , a human-powered submarine designed by American Robert Fulton . They gave up on the experiment in 1804, as did the British, when they reconsidered Fulton's submarine design. In 1850, Wilhelm Bauer 's Brandtaucher
735-596: A military expedition against the Turks in Reggio Calabria , afterwards returning to Naples via Seminara . Taisnier resolved to devote himself no longer to musical disciplines: but despite this, he now became Director of Musicians to Cardinal Francisco Mendoza de Bobadilla , Bishop of Burgos, in Rome. (In those years Orlando di Lassus and Pierluigi da Palestrina were both active in Rome.) The Cardinal planned to visit
840-630: A noun it generally refers to a vessel that can travel underwater. The term is a contraction of submarine boat . and occurs as such in several languages, e.g. French ( sous-marin ), and Spanish ( submarino ), although others retain the original term, such as Dutch ( Onderzeeboot ), German ( Unterseeboot ), Swedish ( Undervattensbåt ), and Russian ( подводная лодка : podvodnaya lodka ), all of which mean 'submarine boat'. By naval tradition , submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than as ships , regardless of their size. Although referred to informally as boats , U.S. submarines employ
945-424: A particular degree of hostility seems to have been directed towards him by later commentators. On the other hand Bosmans acknowledges that, in his letters of dedication and frequent recitation of his credentials, Taisnier showed a discomforting tendency towards self-promotion, and joins the chorus of regret that Taisnier did not leave a musical treatise worthy of his undoubted expertise in that field. Thorndike surveys
1050-421: A sister Françoise and brothers Joachim (Taynière) and Pierchon. These relationships are illustrated in a series of deeds in the archives of Ath: they show that father Thomas died before 4 October 1522, when Joachim, the eldest son, succeeded him as "matricularius" or parochial clerk for registrations, of the church of Saint-Julien (an office held by contract). Joachim was the grandfather of the painter David Teniers
1155-447: A submarine lies in its ability to remain concealed in the depths of the ocean. Early submarines could be detected by the sound they made. Water is an excellent conductor of sound (much better than air), and submarines can detect and track comparatively noisy surface ships from long distances. Modern submarines are built with an emphasis on stealth . Advanced propeller designs, extensive sound-reducing insulation, and special machinery help
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#17327653681351260-422: A submarine remain as quiet as ambient ocean noise, making them difficult to detect. It takes specialized technology to find and attack modern submarines. Active sonar uses the reflection of sound emitted from the search equipment to detect submarines. It has been used since WWII by surface ships, submarines and aircraft (via dropped buoys and helicopter "dipping" arrays), but it reveals the emitter's position, and
1365-549: A successful firing solution against a three-dimensionally maneuvering target using techniques which became the basis of modern torpedo computer targeting systems. Seventy-four British submarines were lost, the majority, forty-two, in the Mediterranean. The first launch of a cruise missile ( SSM-N-8 Regulus ) from a submarine occurred in July 1953, from the deck of USS Tunny , a World War II fleet boat modified to carry
1470-690: A test dive while at its operational limit, and USS Scorpion due to unknown causes. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 , the Pakistan Navy 's Hangor sank the Indian frigate INS Khukri . This was the first sinking by a submarine since World War II. During the same war, Ghazi , a Tench -class submarine on loan to Pakistan from the US, was sunk by the Indian Navy . It
1575-534: A total of 74 submarines, though of mixed effectiveness. In August 1914, a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea in the first submarine war patrol in history. The U-boats' ability to function as practical war machines relied on new tactics, their numbers, and submarine technologies such as combination diesel–electric power system developed in
1680-507: A variety of subcategories and are used for different needs and applications. The design of watercraft requires a tradeoff among internal capacity ( tonnage ), speed and seaworthiness . Tonnage is important for transport of goods, speed is important for warships and racing vessels, and the degree of seaworthiness varies according to the bodies of water on which a watercraft is used. Regulations apply to larger watercraft, to avoid foundering at sea and other problems. Design technologies include
1785-886: A very prominent patron of arts and sciences. The woodcut author-portrait of Taisnier dated 1562 appears near the beginning of the book. A second or reprinted edition was produced at Cologne by Theodor Baumius in 1583. In the Opus Mathematicum , uniquely, Taisnier claimed to have travelled in America: "Potiorem aetatis meae partem LIII. annos nunc natus, in diversis studiorum generibus versatus, totam fere Europam, magnam Africae, Asiae, Ameriaeque partem perlustravi, expertissimorum virorum ubique varias in diversis facultatibus opiniones colligens, collectas (ut par erat) in publicis Scholis et Academijs auditoribus communicavi, praesertim Romae, Ferrariae, Venetijs, Paduae, Florentiae, Panhormi, publice legendi provinciam suscipiendi..." (For
1890-566: A wide range of types and capabilities. They range from small, autonomous examples, such as one- or two-person subs that operate for a few hours, to vessels that can remain submerged for six months, such as the Russian Typhoon class , (the biggest submarines ever built). Submarines can work at depths that are greater than what is practicable (or even survivable) for human divers . The word submarine means 'underwater' or 'under-sea' (as in submarine canyon , submarine pipeline ) though as
1995-511: Is a celebrated work of plagiarism. In his dedication to Jan Gebhardus, Taisnier claims the authorship as "hoc meum parvulum opusculum" - this my little work . Yet the text on the nature of the magnet is closely adapted from the Epistola de magnete of Peter of Maricourt (floruit 1269), while that on perpetual motion was actually by a living author, a Treatise on the fall of bodies of 1554 by Gianbattista Benedetti (1530-1590). Neither author
2100-472: Is acknowledged, but the 1562 author-portrait of Taisnier reappears. Benedetti's work describes a magnetic-based perpetual motion machine consisting of a ramp, a magnet stone and an iron ball. Peter of Maricourt had earlier noted such a system which made use of the strength of the magnet stone. This runs into trouble because the path integral of force on a closed loop in a magnetic field is zero (see History of perpetual motion machines ). Taisnier's compilation
2205-547: Is clear that in his cheiromantic and physiognomic works, Taisnier owed a considerable debt to the works of Bartolomeo della Rocca (1467-1504), also called Barthélemy Cocles, whose Chyromantie ac Physionomie Anastasis, cum approbatione magistri Alexandri Achillinis was published at Bologna in 1504, but more probably known to Taisnier from the Physiognomiae et Chiromantiae Compendium produced by Iohannes Albertus at Strasbourg ("Argentorati") in 1536. Thorndike observed that
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#17327653681352310-530: Is clerical. Most sources consider that Taisnier died in or soon after 1562, after which nothing more is heard of him living, though much later dates (1589, 1595) have also been proposed. The first of these, De Sphaerae Materialis Fabrica et Usu 128 Canonum Tituli ("128 Precept Titles on the Construction and Use of the Material Sphere"), produced by Iohannes Bathenius at Cologne in 1558, styles
2415-665: Is coordinated by an observer in a support craft. Watercraft Historically, watercraft have been divided into two main categories. Watercraft can be grouped into surface vessels , which include ships, yachts , boats, hydroplanes , wingships , unmanned surface vehicles , sailboards and human-powered craft such as rafts , canoes , kayaks and paddleboards ; underwater vessels , which include submarines, submersibles, unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), wet subs and diver propulsion vehicles ; and amphibious vehicles , which include hovercraft, car boats , amphibious ATVs and seaplanes . Many of these watercraft have
2520-443: Is followed by De Usu Spherae Materialis , by the same publisher in 1559, illustrating on the title page a mounted planisphere formed by astronomical rings enclosing other internal circuits around a central body (similar to that depicted in his author-portrait of 1562). This, then, is the "Material Sphere". In his dedication to Hufkens of Groningen , which opens with a detailed account of his travels, he cites as his principal authority
2625-639: Is powerless; for it is built up upon foundations which are as uncertain as they are extravagant") . The woodcut of 1562 formed the model for a fresh engraving by Nicholas de Larmessin for this publication. The Gelderland academic Johannes Fontanus of Arnhem (1544-1615), Calvinist preacher to John Casimir , and Professor of Theology, wrote this epitaph for Taisnier: "Teisnerus jacet hic, parvâ resupinus in Vrnâ, Qui vaga, dum vixit, sydera transilijt. Quò non dexteritas, quò non prænobile magni Pertigit ingenium, cura, laborquè viri?" "Taisnier lies here, closed in
2730-473: Is susceptible to counter-measures. A concealed military submarine is a real threat, and because of its stealth, can force an enemy navy to waste resources searching large areas of ocean and protecting ships against attack. This advantage was vividly demonstrated in the 1982 Falklands War when the British nuclear-powered submarine HMS Conqueror sank the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano . After
2835-407: Is unknown. While he propounded a general theory of Mathematics in four "Quantities" of Astronomy, Geometry, Arithmetic and Music, and aimed to publish a general exposition of them, he became preoccupied with astrology and cheiromancy , and neglected to publish his advertized Treatise on Music which (given his experience) might have been the most interesting of all his works. His unacknowledged use of
2940-472: The Gato , Balao , and Tench classes were commissioned during the war. During the war, 52 US submarines were lost to all causes, with 48 directly due to hostilities. US submarines sank 1,560 enemy vessels, a total tonnage of 5.3 million tons (55% of the total sunk). The Royal Navy Submarine Service was used primarily in the classic Axis blockade . Its major operating areas were around Norway, in
3045-641: The County of Hainaut ), was a Wallonian musician, mathematician and astrologer who published a number of works and taught in various European cities and universities. In some sources he is mis-named Jean Fuisnier . He was for some time schoolmaster of the boys of the Chapel ( Sacellanus ) in the court of Emperor Charles V . By 1559 he styled himself "Poet Laureate" (a laureation of the Holy Roman Empire ), and "Doctor of both Laws", but upon what authority
3150-518: The Holland Torpedo Boat Company from 1901 to 1903. Construction of the boats took longer than anticipated, with the first only ready for a diving trial at sea on 6 April 1902. Although the design had been purchased entirely from the US company, the actual design used was an untested improvement to the original Holland design using a new 180 horsepower (130 kW) petrol engine. These types of submarines were first used during
3255-655: The Mediterranean (against the Axis supply routes to North Africa), and in the Far East. In that war, British submarines sank 2 million tons of enemy shipping and 57 major warships, the latter including 35 submarines. Among these is the only documented instance of a submarine sinking another submarine while both were submerged. This occurred when HMS Venturer engaged U-864 ; the Venturer crew manually computed
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3360-801: The Opus Mathematicum of 1562 might almost have been selected to provide a narrative of his own life. The older authorities, and many of the more recent ones, seem to derive their information about him from his own writings. This chorographic ode to the town of Ath gives a sample of his poetic fancy: "Insigne oppidulum quo me genuere parentes, Hannoniae illustris tenera lustrat Athum; Cuius saepe ferox Australia lumina Gallus Proripuit secum Martia castra trahens. Illinc oppositam borealem Flandriae plagam Respicit, Occeanis saepe coacta vadis. Phoebus ubi radios ortus infundere terris Incipit ab Euro terra Brabanta iacet. Arthesiam Corus dulci spiramine nutrit, Occubuit quorsum Belgica saepe phalanx." Famed little town where my forefathers bred me, Ath surveys
3465-538: The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. Due to the blockade at Port Arthur , the Russians sent their submarines to Vladivostok , where by 1 January 1905 there were seven boats, enough to create the world's first "operational submarine fleet". The new submarine fleet began patrols on 14 February, usually lasting for about 24 hours each. The first confrontation with Japanese warships occurred on 29 April 1905 when
3570-521: The bathyscaphe , which evolved from the diving bell . Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes . In modern submarines, this structure is called the " sail " in American usage and "fin" in European usage. A feature of earlier designs
3675-597: The prebend of Leuze-en-Hainaut , which had been granted to him by the Emperor. Although the prebendary was an ecclesiastical officer, it is supposed that this was granted to Taisnier as a layman, as a customary means of paying him for his service: there is no certain evidence that he was in holy orders. At that time the Maître de Chapelle to Charles V was Nicolas Gombert , and it is important to distinguish Taisnier's role as instructor in languages and literary education, from
3780-731: The 1880s with the advent of the necessary electric battery technology. The first electrically powered boats were built by Isaac Peral y Caballero in Spain (who built Peral ), Dupuy de Lôme (who built Gymnote ) and Gustave Zédé (who built Sirène ) in France, and James Franklin Waddington (who built Porpoise ) in England. Peral's design featured torpedoes and other systems that later became standard in submarines. Commissioned in June 1900,
3885-538: The 19th century, and submarines were adopted by several navies. They were first used widely during World War I (1914–1918), and are now used in many navies , large and small. Their military uses include: attacking enemy surface ships (merchant and military) or other submarines; aircraft carrier protection; blockade running ; nuclear deterrence ; stealth operations in denied areas when gathering intelligence and doing reconnaissance ; denying or influencing enemy movements; conventional land attacks (for example, launching
3990-592: The Barone Antonino Oddo and Prospero Minarbett, and to the censor, the dominican Salvatore Mangiavacca: and here, it appears, he manufactured astronomical instruments, including a Planisphere of the material sphere, Astronomic compasses, and spherical rings, for which the Spanish physician-turned-Jesuit attending Jerome Prince failed to pay him. In 1551 he was at Trapani in Sicily, and took part in
4095-584: The Belgian army often fell." In 1542, Taisnier was Master of the school for the children of the Imperial Chapel of Emperor Charles V: he was given charge of five children whose voices were no longer suitable, whom he took back to Louvain to pursue their higher studies. In the same capacity he addressed himself in a letter to Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands) , requesting possession of
4200-649: The Confederate States Navy was considered to be impracticable, as it was believed to have sunk both its intended target, and H. L. Hunley , the submarine that deployed it. The Irish inventor John Philip Holland built a model submarine in 1876 and in 1878 demonstrated the Holland I prototype. This was followed by a number of unsuccessful designs. In 1896, he designed the Holland Type VI submarine, which used internal combustion engine power on
4305-670: The Elder . Jean went to college in Ath, and studied Law at the University of Louvain , from which he acquired the title "Maître" (Master) by which he was known from 1531. It was not until 1558 that he referred to himself as "Doctor of both laws", so he probably did not obtain his doctorate at Louvain. Much of the available information about Taisner's life and career depends upon his own statements made at various places in his published works, and especially in his cheiromantic readings, which are full of biographical details. His examples given in
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4410-598: The Emperor in Flanders, and asked Taisnier to undertake the work. In this way he accompanied the Cardinal to Venice and Florence, where they remained for some months, then to Trent , where they celebrated the Carnevale. From there they went to Mechlin (Malines), where a very excellent young singer of their company, Fabius Gazella, died of dysentery. Having returned to his homeland, it is assumed that Taisnier remained in
4515-603: The French steam and electric Narval employed the now typical double-hull design, with a pressure hull inside the outer shell. These 200-ton ships had a range of over 160 km (100 mi) underwater. The French submarine Aigrette in 1904 further improved the concept by using a diesel rather than a gasoline engine for surface power. Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before 1914. The Royal Navy commissioned five Holland-class submarines from Vickers , Barrow-in-Furness , under licence from
4620-801: The German developments in submarine technology with the creation of the K-class submarines . However, these submarines were notoriously dangerous to operate due to their various design flaws and poor maneuverability. During World War II , Germany used submarines to devastating effect in the Battle of the Atlantic , where it attempted to cut Britain's supply routes by sinking more merchant ships than Britain could replace. These merchant ships were vital to supply Britain's population with food, industry with raw material, and armed forces with fuel and armaments. Although
4725-797: The Pacific War destroyed more Japanese shipping than all other weapons combined. This feat was considerably aided by the Imperial Japanese Navy's failure to provide adequate escort forces for the nation's merchant fleet. During World War II, 314 submarines served in the US Navy, of which nearly 260 were deployed to the Pacific. When the Japanese attacked Hawaii in December 1941, 111 boats were in commission; 203 submarines from
4830-468: The Pacific in World War II. Mine -laying submarines were developed in the early part of the 20th century. The facility was used in both World Wars. Submarines were also used for inserting and removing covert agents and military forces in special operations , for intelligence gathering, and to rescue aircrew during air attacks on islands, where the airmen would be told of safe places to crash-land so
4935-638: The Russian submarine Som was fired upon by Japanese torpedo boats, but then withdrew. Military submarines first made a significant impact in World War I . Forces such as the U-boats of Germany saw action in the First Battle of the Atlantic , and were responsible for sinking RMS Lusitania , which was sunk as a result of unrestricted submarine warfare and is often cited among the reasons for
5040-620: The U-boats had been updated in the interwar years, the major innovation was improved communications, encrypted using the Enigma cipher machine . This allowed for mass-attack naval tactics ( Rudeltaktik , commonly known as " wolfpack "), which ultimately ceased to be effective when the U-boat's Enigma was cracked . By the end of the war, almost 3,000 Allied ships (175 warships, 2,825 merchantmen) had been sunk by U-boats. Although successful early in
5145-806: The US, the Soviet Union (now Russia), the UK, and France have been powered by a nuclear reactor . In 1959–1960, the first ballistic missile submarines were put into service by both the United States ( George Washington class ) and the Soviet Union ( Golf class ) as part of the Cold War nuclear deterrent strategy. During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games. The Soviet Union lost at least four submarines during this period: K-129
5250-603: The Whole Divinatory Art"), appeared also in 1559, produced at Cologne by Arnold Birckmann. This book bore an august dedication, to William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , Count de la Marck , Count of Ravensberg and Lord of Ravenstein (1516-1592), whose servant Taisnier declares himself to be. The Dedicatory Letter is important for the author's lengthy exposition of the four "Mathematical quantities", namely Astronomy, Geometry, Arithmetic and Music, "which are so interrelated that any one of them remains imperfect without
5355-413: The author as Doctor of both laws ("utriusque Iuris D."), Poeta laureatus, and Mathematicus. It is a 24-page list of the chapter-headings of a projected work in eight books or sections, and is dedicated to his three students Jerome de Corde of Tournai , Gaspar Spoetz of Antwerp , and Henry Middelburgh of Brussels , making acknowledgement of the work of several contemporaries including Gemma Frisius. It
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#17327653681355460-657: The belief that the vessel was evacuating anti-Israeli militias. The ship was hit by two torpedoes, managed to run aground but eventually sank. There were 25 dead, including her captain. The Israeli Navy disclosed the incident in November 2018. Before and during World War II , the primary role of the submarine was anti-surface ship warfare. Submarines would attack either on the surface using deck guns, or submerged using torpedoes . They were particularly effective in sinking Allied transatlantic shipping in both World Wars, and in disrupting Japanese supply routes and naval operations in
5565-546: The better part of the 53 years that I have now lived, being well versed in various kinds of studies, I have travelled studiously through nearly the whole of Europe, and a great part of Africa, Asia and America, everywhere collecting the various opinions of the most experienced men in their diverse fields of expertise: these things I have communicated (in like fashion) to audiences in the public schools and academies, especially by undertaking public reading at Rome, Ferrara, Venice, Padua, Florence, and Palermo...) Taisnier's cheiromancy
5670-487: The bilge or propelling the submarine. In 1866, Sub Marine Explorer was the first submarine to successfully dive, cruise underwater, and resurface under the crew's control. The design by German American Julius H. Kroehl (in German, Kröhl ) incorporated elements that are still used in modern submarines. In 1866, Flach was built at the Chilean government's request by Karl Flach , a German engineer and immigrant. It
5775-405: The bounds of illustrious Hainault; Whose southern splendours oft the ferocious Gaul has torn away, drawing up his Martial camp. Thence to the north it looks towards the shore of Flanders, oft constrained by Ocean shoals. Where Phoebus pours to earth the sun's first rays, from easterly Eurus , lies the land of Brabant. North-westerly Corus with sweet breath freshens Artois: for these
5880-539: The boys of the chapel"). Authorities trace the assertion by De La Serna (1809) that, in a musical capacity, Taisnier accompanied the Emperor's expedition to the conquest of Tunis (1535) : this derives from Giacomo Filippo Tomasini (1630), from the Abbate Ghilini (1633), or from Isaac Bullart (1682), and not (as implied) from Lodovico Guicciardini (1567). Taisnier noted, in one of his "Chyromantiae" published in 1562, that in 1538, at Toledo, Spain , he
5985-411: The celestial aspects). Most valuable, perhaps, is his summary of a projected or completed treatise on Music (not surviving in manuscript or print among his known works), which both in its terminology of musical theory and its description of instruments, should have held exceptional interest. His observations on Musica Reservata have attracted particular attention. In 1560 a new edition of his work on
6090-462: The craft. A mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface. In 1749, the Gentlemen's Magazine reported that a similar design had initially been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in 1680. Further design improvement stagnated for over a century, until application of new technologies for propulsion and stability. The first military submersible was Turtle (1775),
6195-567: The designation USS ( United States Ship ) at the beginning of their names, such as USS Alabama . In the Royal Navy, the designation HMS can refer to "His Majesty's Ship" or "His Majesty's Submarine", though the latter is sometimes rendered "HMS/m" and submarines are generally referred to as boats rather than ships . According to a report in Opusculum Taisnieri published in 1562: Two Greeks submerged and surfaced in
6300-441: The development of the homing torpedo, better sonar systems, and nuclear propulsion , submarines also became able to hunt each other effectively. The development of submarine-launched ballistic missile and submarine-launched cruise missiles gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from cluster bombs to nuclear weapons . The primary defense of
6405-496: The dominant power system and equipment such as the periscope became standardized. Countries conducted many experiments on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, which led to their large impact in World War I . The first submarine not relying on human power for propulsion was the French Plongeur ( Diver ), launched in 1863, which used compressed air at 1,200 kPa (180 psi ). Narcís Monturiol designed
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#17327653681356510-834: The employment of the Imperial Chapel at least until 1555, when the Emperor surrendered his power in the Netherlands: an undated comment refers to his having directed the sopranists of the Imperial Chapel at Brussels. Perhaps in consequence of this change, in 1555 Taisnier moved to Lessines in Hainaut, where for two years he taught as head of a higher school with five junior masters. The pupils, many of whom were children of noblemen, numbered more than four hundred, and were instructed in Greek and Latin, Spanish and French, and in music. In 1556 at Lessines another of his pupil singers died. James de Sableau had been brought by Taisnier from Hainaut as
6615-675: The enemyes by the Grace of God and worke of expert Craftsmen I hope to perform." It is unclear whether he carried out his idea. Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont (1553–1613) created detailed designs for two types of air-renovated submersible vehicles. They were equipped with oars, autonomous floating snorkels worked by inner pumps, portholes and gloves used for the crew to manipulate underwater objects. Ayanaz planned to use them for warfare, using them to approach enemy ships undetected and set up timed gunpowder charges on their hulls. The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information
6720-400: The entry of the United States into the war. At the outbreak of the war, Germany had only twenty submarines available for combat, although these included vessels of the diesel-engined U-19 class, which had a sufficient range of 5,000 miles (8,000 km) and speed of 8 knots (15 km/h) to allow them to operate effectively around the entire British coast., By contrast, the Royal Navy had
6825-513: The first air-independent and combustion -powered submarine, Ictíneo II , which was launched in Barcelona , Spain in 1864. The submarine became feasible as potential weapon with the development of the Whitehead torpedo , designed in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead , the first practical self-propelled or "locomotive" torpedo. The spar torpedo that had been developed earlier by
6930-403: The first practical steam-powered submarines, armed with torpedoes and ready for military use. The first was Nordenfelt I , a 56-tonne, 19.5-metre (64 ft) vessel similar to Garrett's ill-fated Resurgam (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres (130 nmi; 150 mi), armed with a single torpedo , in 1885. A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in
7035-521: The highest submerged speeds during World War II ( I-201 -class submarines) and submarines that could carry multiple aircraft ( I-400 -class submarines). They were also equipped with one of the most advanced torpedoes of the conflict, the oxygen-propelled Type 95 . Nevertheless, despite their technical prowess, Japan chose to use its submarines for fleet warfare, and consequently were relatively unsuccessful, as warships were fast, maneuverable and well-defended compared to merchant ships. The submarine force
7140-468: The improvement of the armillary sphere by certain corrections, and by the addition of rings to make the instrument more useful in its application to astronomy, physiognomy and cheiromancy. A more substantial astrological work, of nearly 200 folios, Taisnier's Astrologiae Iudiciariae Ysagogica, et Totius Divinatricis Artis Encomia ("Introductory Contextual Study of Judicial Astrology, and the Encomia of
7245-591: The interpretation of the lines and aspects of the palm for divination and prognostications; the seventh section concerns physiognomy, and the eighth reproduces the Astrologiae Iudiciariae Ysagogica and Encomia . The sixth section, pp. 387-449, contains 61 extended palm-readings in which Taisnier tells us much about his own life from the 1530s onwards. The whole work was produced at Cologne by Johannes Birckmann and Werner Richwine, and Taisnier dedicated it to Johann Jakob Fugger (1516-1575),
7350-527: The meaning of the entire argument. I think he believed that I was already dead, and trusted that I would never be able to denounce his theft...") That (and much more) having been said, Bosmans makes the case that Taisnier, as a teacher, was attempting to synthesize and disseminate knowledge for students and for practical uses. He observes that it was not unusual in Taisnier's time for authors to make use of existing texts without specific acknowledgement, and that
7455-433: The missile with a nuclear warhead . Tunny and its sister boat, Barbero , were the United States' first nuclear deterrent patrol submarines. In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel–electric propulsion. Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. These two innovations gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months. Most of the naval submarines built since that time in
7560-421: The most unwholesome of all of them. Who so completely took for himself our little work, that he altered nothing except the name of the author - for what could he have changed, this vain man devoid of all mathematical capability, who was not able to grasp the things contained in that discourse? who justly feared, on account of his very gross ignorance, that by the addition or removal of a single syllable he might undo
7665-608: The musical instruction, though as musician Taisnier was apparently a singer in the Chapel choir. In the 1558 form of his publication on the Use of the Spherical Rings (an instrument for geometrical observation), Taisnier in the title-page describes himself as "Caesareae majestatis Caroli V, invictissimi, quondam sacellanus et cantor domesticus, puerorumque sacelli pedagogus" ("sometime household chapel instructor and singer of his most puissant imperial majesty Charles V, and teacher of
7770-478: The other singers, succumbed to a fever, and was cast into the sea ("piscibus in escam proiectus est"). This incident occurred as the Emperor's fleet was making his ill-fated expedition to Algiers , late in 1541, in which Taisnier with the singers of the Imperial Chapel accompanied him. Having obtained the prebend of Leuze in 1542, he spent the next years in Italy and Sicily. In 1546-47 he was teaching Mathematics in
7875-421: The other." This résumé (which, according to Bosmans, may embody text first presented in separate form as Tabula Universalis ) includes a detailed justification of the uses of astrology for prognostication and auguries, and for reading the sympathetic tendencies of individuals and circumstances revealed by cheiromancy , physiognomy , natal and occasional horoscopes and the like (without according direct agency to
7980-518: The plagiarism issue, and finds (as others have found) Taisnier a perplexing figure in whom a vein of intellectual dishonesty ran through the bedrock of his undoubted brilliance, usefulness and erudition, his rich experience and life of dutiful service. This is more whimsically conveyed by Isaac Bullart in his character sketch of 1682, who wrote sceptically of Taisnier's cheiromancy, "...sa science est impuissante; puisqu'elle est établie sur des fondemens aussi incertains qu'ils sont extravagans" ("his science
8085-404: The preceding years. More submersibles than true submarines, U-boats operated primarily on the surface using regular engines, submerging occasionally to attack under battery power. They were roughly triangular in cross-section, with a distinct keel to control rolling while surfaced, and a distinct bow. During World War I more than 5,000 Allied ships were sunk by U-boats. The British responded to
8190-527: The project of combining cheiromancy, physiognomy and astrology in a single work was presumably suggested by the example of Johannes ab Indagine (1467-1537). Taisnier's 1562 publication entitled Opusculum perpetua memoria dignissimum, De Natura Magnetis et ejus effectibus, Item De Motu Continuo ("A little work worthy of preservation, On the Nature of the Magnet and its Effects, and another On Perpetual Motion")
8295-604: The public academies in Rome, and in 1548 was teaching at Ferrara . He mentioned also teaching in Bologna and Pavia , and in 1559 claimed to have been travelling in Europe, Asia and Africa continually for twenty years. In Ferrara he published his first books, beginning with a Latin Oration made in November 1547, with a work on the Construction and Use of Spheres, prefaced by some (Latin) epigrams: he describes himself as "Poeta" in
8400-747: The river Tagus near the City of Toledo several times in the presence of The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , without getting wet and with the flame they carried in their hands still alight. In 1578, the English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book Inventions or Devises one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle. A few years later the Scottish mathematician and theologian John Napier wrote in his Secret Inventions (1596) that "These inventions besides devises of sayling under water with divers, other devises and strategems for harming of
8505-432: The second described the measurement of the hours of the day by observation of the sidereal hour angle ; the third concerned angles of trajectory for bombardment by artillery, and measurements for the construction of ladders and temporary assault bridges. 1562 saw the publication of his great cheiromantic endeavour, Opus Mathematicum octo libros complectens . An astrological work, six of the eight sections are devoted to
8610-495: The service of Pietro Tagliavia d'Aragonia , from 1544 Archbishop of Palermo . The archbishop had met him at Trent , and instructed him to bring 10 chanters and two sopranists from Flanders. For two years Taisnier served as "phonascus", or vocal mentor, at the cathedral of Palermo, giving lessons in mathematics. At Palermo in 1550 he published his work on the Spherical Rings, De Usu Annuli Sphaerici , in Latin, with dedications to
8715-630: The sinking the Argentine Navy recognized that they had no effective defense against submarine attack, and the Argentine surface fleet withdrew to port for the remainder of the war. An Argentine submarine remained at sea, however. Although the majority of the world's submarines are military, there are some civilian submarines, which are used for tourism, exploration, oil and gas platform inspections, and pipeline surveys. Some are also used in illegal activities. The Submarine Voyage ride opened at Disneyland in 1959, but although it ran under water it
8820-476: The submarines could rescue them. Submarines could carry cargo through hostile waters or act as supply vessels for other submarines. Submarines could usually locate and attack other submarines only on the surface, although HMS Venturer managed to sink U-864 with a four torpedo spread while both were submerged. The British developed a specialized anti-submarine submarine in WWI, the R class . After WWII, with
8925-671: The surface and electric battery power underwater. Launched on 17 May 1897 at Navy Lt. Lewis Nixon 's Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey , Holland VI was purchased by the United States Navy on 11 April 1900, becoming the Navy's first commissioned submarine, christened USS Holland . Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor George Garrett and the Swedish industrialist Thorsten Nordenfelt led to
9030-427: The surface still burning. In 1541 Taisnier was with the Imperial Chapel at Valladolid , where in another demonstration of palmistry he recorded the death of his pupil Ysbrande Bus, who had the voice of a nightingale and was at the head of 60 singers in the Imperial Chapel, but devoted himself to drink and gluttony. Having got into a fight in which he bit off the ear of an imperial messenger, Bus disdained to travel with
9135-565: The title. He followed with the Italian-language Manual on the Spherical Rings ( astronomical rings ), a surveying instrument comprising three intersecting rings by which trigonometric measurements could be calculated. (This coincided with the Latin manual by Gemma Frisius on the use of the astronomical rings, containing some similar illustrations, published at Antwerp in 1548 but with dedication dated 1534). He returned to Rome in 1549, then proceeded to Palermo and entered
9240-438: The use of computer modeling and ship model basin testing before construction. Watercraft propulsion can be divided into five categories. Any one watercraft might use more than one of these methods at different times or in conjunction with each other. For instance, early steamships often set sails to work alongside the engine power. Before steam tugs became common, sailing vessels would back and fill their sails to maintain
9345-499: The use of the Spherical Rings, De Annuli Sphaerici Fabrica et Usu Libri Tres Geometrici , was revised from the 1550 Palermo edition. This contribution to the Geometrical part of his scheme came from the press of Johannes Ricardus at Antwerp. The illustrations from the earlier edition, many dated 1549, were re-used, and the text was arranged in three sections: the first concerned the measurement of heights and distances of structures:
9450-465: The war, Germany's U-boat fleet suffered heavy casualties, losing 793 U-boats and about 28,000 submariners out of 41,000, a casualty rate of about 70%. The Imperial Japanese Navy operated the most varied fleet of submarines of any navy, including Kaiten crewed torpedoes, midget submarines ( Type A Ko-hyoteki and Kairyu classes ), medium-range submarines, purpose-built supply submarines and long-range fleet submarines . They also had submarines with
9555-465: The work of Johannes de Sacrobosco , in particular the Tractatus de Sphaera Mundi (written about A.D. 1230 and describing a Ptolemaic cosmography ). Taisnier's work, of 46 folios, restricts itself to the astronomical uses of the instrument, though introducing an astrological theme in the dedication, and closing with the promise of an expanded work on the uses, yet to come. The intention is to describe
9660-404: The work of other authors has incurred the accusation of plagiarism. He was the great-uncle of David Teniers the Elder . John, or Jehan, Taisnier was one of the children of Thomas Taisnière, a successful Wallonian merchant who owned various properties near the market-place of the city of Ath, and his wife, demoiselle Cathérine de l'Issue. The families were long-established in that place. He had
9765-467: Was (only) at the end of the 'Epistola Dedicatoria' of the Opusculum... De Natura Magnetis , dedicated to Gebhard, that Taisnier referred to himself as "presbyter": Suae Celsitudinis Humillimus Orator et mancipium, Ioannes Taisnier Hannonius Presbyter . This title may have been accorded to him even as a layman in his role as Kapellmeister. It is similarly observed that his costume in the woodcut portrait
9870-693: Was built in Germany. It remains the oldest known surviving submarine in the world. In 1864, late in the American Civil War , the Confederate navy 's H. L. Hunley became the first military submarine to sink an enemy vessel, the Union sloop-of-war USS Housatonic , using a gun-powder-filled keg on a spar as a torpedo charge. The Hunley also sank. The explosion's shock waves may have killed its crew instantly, preventing them from pumping
9975-439: Was designed and built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel , a Dutchman in the service of James I of England . It was propelled by means of oars. By the mid-18th century, over a dozen patents for submarines/submersible boats had been granted in England. In 1747, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion. His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge
10080-734: Was lost in 1968 (a part of which the CIA retrieved from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes -designed ship Glomar Explorer ), K-8 in 1970, K-219 in 1986, and Komsomolets in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—1,000 m (3,300 ft)). Many other Soviet subs, such as K-19 (the first Soviet nuclear submarine, and the first Soviet sub to reach the North Pole) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks. The US lost two nuclear submarines during this time: USS Thresher due to equipment failure during
10185-440: Was not a true submarine, as it ran on tracks and was open to the atmosphere. The first tourist submarine was Auguste Piccard , which went into service in 1964 at Expo64 . By 1997, there were 45 tourist submarines operating around the world. Submarines with a crush depth in the range of 400–500 feet (120–150 m) are operated in several areas worldwide, typically with bottom depths around 100 to 120 feet (30 to 37 m), with
10290-474: Was strongly astrological in method. It was of this work that Giacomo Filippo Tomasini wrote, in 1630, that it contained such a mass of information that it merely wore out the patience of those whom it was intended to enlighten. Tomasini illustrated Taisnier's symbol as a medallion showing a right hand upright with the Great Triangle marked in the palm, and the words " In Manibus Sortes Ejus " above. It
10395-488: Was the " conning tower ": a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that enabled the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins. Smaller, deep-diving, and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional design. Submarines dive and resurface by using diving planes and by changing the amount of water and air in ballast tanks to affect their buoyancy . Submarines encompass
10500-647: Was the fifth submarine built in the world and, along with a second submarine, was intended to defend the port of Valparaiso against attack by the Spanish Navy during the Chincha Islands War . Submarines could not be put into widespread or routine service use by navies until suitable engines were developed. The era from 1863 to 1904 marked a pivotal time in submarine development, and several important technologies appeared. A number of nations built and used submarines. Diesel electric propulsion became
10605-623: Was the first submarine combat loss since World War II. In 1982 during the Falklands War , the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano was sunk by the British submarine HMS Conqueror , the first sinking by a nuclear-powered submarine in war. Some weeks later, on 16 June, during the Lebanon War , an unnamed Israeli submarine torpedoed and sank the Lebanese coaster Transit , which was carrying 56 Palestinian refugees to Cyprus , in
10710-476: Was the most effective anti-ship weapon in the American arsenal. Submarines, though only about 2 percent of the U.S. Navy, destroyed over 30 percent of the Japanese Navy, including 8 aircraft carriers, 1 battleship and 11 cruisers. US submarines also destroyed over 60 percent of the Japanese merchant fleet, crippling Japan's ability to supply its military forces and industrial war effort. Allied submarines in
10815-418: Was to Cologne, where he undertook teaching in the schools and university, he served as Kapellmeister to Jan Gebhardus , Archbishop-Elector of Cologne (died 1562), and from where, in the space of five years, most of his published works came through the press. Although these were not musical works, two of his main publishers were from families (Bathen and Birckmann) closely associated with music publishing. It
10920-1037: Was translated into English by Richard Eden before 1577. Benedetti himself drew attention to Taisnier's theft of his work, in the Preface Ad Lectorem of his De Gnomonum Umbrarumque Solarium Usu Liber (Turin 1574). In a long and extremely scathing condemnation, he cast doubts on Taisnier's claims to authority in anything he wrote. He speaks of those who criticize others while stealing their work, "...ut fecit impurissimus omnium Iohannes Taisnerus Hannonius. Qui opusculum nostrum... ita integrum sibi desumpsit, ut nihil praeter authoris nomen immutaverit; quid enim mutavisset, qui nec percipere poterat quae in ea disputatione continerentur? Homo vanus ab omni mathematica facultate alienus, qui merito propter crassissimam ignorantiam verebatur, ne vel aliqua Syllaba sublata aut addita totius tractationis inficeretur substantia. Credidit (ut opinor) me iam vita functum qui furti nunquam argui posse confidit..." ("as John Taisnier Hannonius did,
11025-530: Was with singers of the Imperial Chapel to celebrate the Low German festival of the Three Kings (i.e. Epiphany 1538/39), though he did not say whether his connection with the court was then formal. There also he claimed to have witnessed the demonstration, before the Emperor and many others, of a submersible vessel in which a lighted candle was carried under the waves of the river Tagus and returned to
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