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59-637: There was no definitive source about the background of the council's formation when it was embodied in the Constitution of Indonesia. In the supplement of the constitution, the council was compared to a council of state , leading to possibility that the council was based on the Council of the Indies in the Dutch East Indies . In the founding fathers of Indonesia itself, there was an opinion that

118-558: A Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959 , which among other things contained the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and the replacement of the constitution from the 1950 Constitution to the 1945 Constitution again. This event marked the end of Parliamentary Democracy and the beginning of the Guided Democracy Era . The government then formed Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) institutions in

177-549: A decree dissolving the Constitutional Assembly and restoring the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia . The position of Prime Minister of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Perdana Menteri Republik Indonesia ) was the main head of government of Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy Era, with the president officially only acting as a figurehead. During this period, the prime minister was in charge of

236-431: A guided democracy that implemented a political system of balance. The Provisional Constitution of 1950 differed markedly from the 1945 Constitution in many ways; it mandated a parliamentary system of government, and stipulated at length constitutional guarantees for human rights, drawing heavily on the 1948 UN 's Universal Declaration of Human Rights . It was abrogated on 9 July 1959 when President Sukarno issued

295-799: A chance to be opposed, either by the government or opposition . As such, some cabinets lasted only a few months. Throughout the Liberal Democracy era, a large number of political parties existed within Indonesia. The main four were the Indonesian National Party (PNI), the Masyumi Party , the Nahdlatul Ulama , and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). Other smaller parties existed, including

354-619: A co-operative ' Nasakom ' government. This was intended to appease the three main factions in Indonesian politics – the army, Islamic groups, and the communists. With the support of the military, he proclaimed in February 1957, ' Guided Democracy ', and proposed a cabinet of representing all the political parties of importance (including the PKI). This shift into a more authoritarian form of democracy culminated on 5 July 1959. Sukarno issued

413-502: A degree of cultural nostalgia that exalts the model village as cultural and spiritual roots of mannerisms and customs, broad similarities exist in India where a kepala desa is replaced by a sarpanch , as well as the dynamic of Thainess coupled with agrarian nostalgia , Cambodian Khmer Rouge model agrarianism , at the expense of Western and global governance ideals like government transparency that respect modern social complexities,

472-557: A deteriorating economy, which resulted in the NU withdrawing, and the collapse of the cabinet. Following the dissolution of the First Ali Sastroamidjojo cabinet, vice president Mohammad Hatta announced the names of three candidates for the new cabinet formation, namely Wilopo , Soekiman , and Assaat . However, these three candidates agreed to choose Hatta as prime minister and Minister of Defense. However, because Hatta

531-506: A dismissal of a pro-government officer in July 1952, the parliament began demanding a significant restructuring of armed forces leadership, and after three months tensions culminated in thousands of demonstrators mobilized by the army in Jakarta . President Sukarno managed to temper the demonstrators and assure the army officers, but refused to concede to any demands. Soon after the incident,

590-571: A foreign policy crisis, which committed Indonesia to the 'free world.' Resulting in the resignation of Foreign Minister Achmad Soebardjo and the fall of the whole cabinet in February 1952. After the fall of the Soekiman cabinet, another Masyumi-PNI cabinet followed, this time, it was led by the PNI, under Prime Minister Wilopo . During the Wilopo cabinet , a major political realignment occurred. The PNI

649-709: A largely ceremonial role [REDACTED] Dutch Council of State is an advisory body that consists of one or two members of the royal family and other members appointed by the Crown [REDACTED] East Timorese Council of State is the political advisory body of the President of East Timor [REDACTED] Egyptian Council of State [REDACTED] Finnish Government is literally referred to as council of state in Finnish ( valtioneuvosto ) and Swedish ( statsrådet ) [REDACTED] French Council of State

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708-762: A new cabinet led by the PNI, with support by the NU, was formed with Ali Sastroamidjojo serving as Prime Minister. This time, the Masyumi was excluded, along with the PSI. Under the Ali Sastroamidjojo's first cabinet, the bureaucracy was expanded with more PNI officials, the economy was under a period of Indonesianization, with the government encouraging indigenous businessmen to open new firms. In practice, however, many new firms were bogus fronts for arrangements between government supporters and Chinese, which became known as " Ali Baba firms," in which an Indonesian (‘Ali’)

767-469: A significant proportion of the army's high command was replaced. In March 1953, the cabinet fell, after what is now called the " Tanjung Morawa affair ." Where police killed five peasants near Medan while removing squatters from foreign-owned estate lands. Before a vote of no confidence could be taken in parliament, the cabinet returned its mandate to Sukarno on 16 March 1953. After over six weeks of bargaining and five attempts at various party combinations,

826-457: Is a governmental body in a country, or a subdivision of a country, with a function that varies by jurisdiction. It may be the formal name for the cabinet or it may refer to a non-executive advisory body associated with a head of state . In some countries it functions as a supreme administrative court and is sometimes regarded as the equivalent of a privy council . Modern [ edit ] [REDACTED] Belgian Council of State

885-416: Is a judicial and advisory body that assists the executive with obligatory legal advice on each draft law and is the supreme court for administrative justice [REDACTED] Chinese State Council is the country's highest executive body [REDACTED] Colombian Council of State [REDACTED] Cuban Council of State [REDACTED] Danish Council of State is similar to a privy council with

944-468: Is a judicial and advisory body. It assists the executive with legal advice and is the supreme court for administrative justice [REDACTED] Ghanaian Council of State advises the President of Ghana in the exercise of most of his/her reserve powers [REDACTED] Greek Council of State is the supreme administrative court of Greece and also examines all presidential decrees before they are issued [REDACTED] Irish Council of State advises

1003-415: Is a national council constituted by South Korean cabinet, constitutionally empowered to deliberate important policies of executive branch of South Korean government [REDACTED] Spanish Council of State [REDACTED] Swedish Council of State (1975-present) [REDACTED] Philippine Council of State [REDACTED] Portuguese Council of State is an advisory body of the President of

1062-682: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Liberal democracy period in Indonesia The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia ( Indonesian : Demokrasi Liberal ), also known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy , was a period in Indonesian political history , when the country was under a liberal democratic system . During this period, Indonesia held its first and only free and fair legislative election until 1999, but also saw continual political instability. The period began on 17 August 1950 following

1121-692: The Asian-African Conference in Bandung were implemented, and domestic reforms were enacted. After a year, the cabinet had to return their mandate to the President, following a split between the PNI and Masyumi parties. Following the fall of the Second Ali Sastroamidjojo cabinet, president Sukarno expressed his desire for a gotong royong (mutual assistance) cabinet, in which all of the four major parties, including

1180-558: The Cabinet of Indonesia , one of the three branches of government along with the Provisional People's Representative Council and the president . Under the constitution of the unitary state , the cabinet was once again responsible to parliament, with the prime minister appointed by the president. Due to the instability of the coalition cabinets, prime ministers often faced votes of no confidence . Every major policy change had

1239-664: The Darul Islam rebellion, Makassar Uprising , APRA coup d'état , and the Republic of South Maluku independence movement. Negotiations on the West Irian issue were also held during this cabinet, though these only resulted in a stalemate. On 22 January 1951, the parliament passed a vote of no confidence , resulting in Prime Minister Natsir returning his mandate to the president on 21 March 1951. Following

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1298-472: The President of Ireland in the exercise of most of his/her reserve powers [REDACTED] Italian Council of State is a legal and administrative consultative body that ensures the legality of public administration. [REDACTED] Luxembourg Council of State [REDACTED] Nigerian Council of State [REDACTED] North Carolina Council of State [REDACTED] Norwegian Council of State [REDACTED] South Korean State Council

1357-675: The United States of Indonesia (RIS). However, the RIS government lacked cohesion inside and was opposed by many republicans. These factors among many others, resulted in the dissolution of all the constituents of the RIS, which were later merged again as part of the unitary Republic of Indonesia by 17 August 1950, the fifth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence . However, divisions in Indonesian society began to appear. Regional differences in customs, morals, tradition, religion,

1416-479: The human rights abuses that follow. The council was established one month and one week following the proclamation of Indonesian Independence . When it was first established on September 25, 1945. The name for the council was Advisory Council, which was suggested by Mohammad Yamin. The name was approved by Sukarno. However, several months later, the name was changed to the Supreme Advisory Body. It

1475-694: The Central and Regional Election Committees were formed. The plan at that time was that elections for the legislative branch would be held on September 29 and for the Constitutional Assembly would be held on December 15 . However, again as experienced by the Wilopo Cabinet, the Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet dissolved in July 1955 and was replaced by the Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet the following month, after

1534-492: The Dutch . In the hands of a young and inexperienced government, the economy was unable to boost production of food and other necessities to keep pace with the rapidly increasing population. Most of the population were illiterate, unskilled, and suffered from a dearth of management skills. Inflation was rampant, smuggling cost the central government much needed foreign exchange, and many of the plantations had been destroyed during

1593-543: The PKI would work together for the national interest. However, following vociferous opposition from the other parties and the Army , Sukarno was forced to back down. On 15 March, he asked PNI chairman, and former Mayor of Jakarta Suwiryo to form a cabinet, but he failed, with the result that Sukarno himself called a meeting on 14 April of party leaders and military officers, at which they were all asked if they were prepared to join

1652-474: The PKI, led by D. N. Aidit , and other parties formed and acted as the opposition. The army was not entirely pleased with the newly formed cabinet, since it believed many of the new cabinet members to be as corrupt as their predecessors. But it was pleased at the opportunity to arrest several PNI figures for corruption. Under the cabinet, the long-awaited 1955 legislative and constitutional assembly elections took place. Rather than resolving political issues,

1711-579: The PSI and the Natsir faction of the Masyumi was a part of the cabinet. The Soekiman cabinet was notable for its poor relations with the army and its suppression of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), following a series of militant strikes between June and August 1951. The first (and only) crackdown against the communists in Indonesia up until the events of the 30 September Movement . The Soekiman cabinet would eventually fall due to

1770-514: The Republic [REDACTED] Thai Council of State advises the executive branch on legal matters and until the establishment of the administrative courts in 1999, it also served as the supreme administrative court [REDACTED] Turkish Council of State is the supreme court for administrative justice Defunct [ edit ] [REDACTED] Brazilian Empire's Council of State (1822–1889) [REDACTED] Council of State of

1829-679: The Republic in West Java from 1948 to 1962; in Maluku , Ambonese , formerly of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army , proclaimed an independent Republic of South Maluku ; Permesta and PRRI rebels fought the Central government in Sulawesi and West Sumatra between 1955 and 1961. The economy was in a disastrous state following three years of Japanese occupation and the following four years of war against

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1888-899: The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1974-1988) [REDACTED] Council of State of the People's Republic of Kampuchea (1981–1993) [REDACTED] Chilean Council of State (1976–1980) [REDACTED] English Council of State (1649–1660) [REDACTED] State Council of the German Democratic Republic (1960–1990) [REDACTED] Indian Council of State (1919–1947) [REDACTED] Ethiopian Council of State (1987–1991) [REDACTED] Israeli Provisional State Council (1948–1949) [REDACTED] Japanese Great Council of State (689–1885) [REDACTED] Liberian Council of State

1947-595: The Wilopo cabinet, economic conditions began to worsen, as the economic boom that occurred during the Korean War was over. Prices of exports began to fall, notably rubber, which fell by 71%. This led to the cabinet cutting expenditures, including the budget of the army. However, the Wilopo Cabinet's proposals were unpopular with the army . The Army's high command came into dispute with the parliament in what it saw as excessive civilian meddling within military affairs. After

2006-404: The cabinet. The Masyumi, most of whose members refused to serve in the cabinet, accused Sukarno of acting illegally, but to no avail. The party later expelled its two members who joined the cabinet. Sukarno appointed cabinet veteran Djuanda Kartawidjaja to head a cabinet made up of qualified individuals who did not represent any parties. The cabinet was announced on 8 April and appointed by Sukarno

2065-531: The chairman, but several days later he was assassinated on 10 November 1948. To replace him, the vice chairman of the council Sutardjo Kartohadikusumo was installed on 15 November 1948. Ki Hadjar Dewantara was later appointed as vice chairman of the council. During the liberal democracy period in Indonesia , the organization was dissolved in 1950, and was restructured into the National Council ( Indonesian : Dewan Nasional ) on 1957. The National Council

2124-1024: The constitution, was removed. Professor Harun Al-Rasjid from the Law Faculty of the University of Indonesia , a critic of the operations of the council, dubbed the DPA as the Dewan Paling Anteng (Most Serene Council). Rasjid stated that the result of the Supreme Advisory Council was unknown by the public and that its existence should be reviewed. Despite its constitutional basis revoked from constitution, DPA plotted to be revived in future Prabowo administration. Even being returned, future DPA only nomenclature change of current Presidential Advisory Council (Wantimpres) and do not have its original power it had during pre-amendment Indonesian Constitution of 1945 . The bill for returning DPA

2183-504: The council was based on the village traditions in Indonesia, on which the villagers decided matters and resolve conflict with a "council of elders", headed by a id:Kepala desa . Supreme Advisory Council was claimed to be par with a village "council of elders", which was composed of retired politicians, although a village is hardly an sprawling fantastically diverse archipelagic country with vast differences in spiritual belief systems and countless local languages spoken. This may also reflect

2242-555: The dissolution of the federal United States of Indonesia , less than a year after its formation, and ended with the imposition of martial law and President Sukarno's decree , which resulted in the introduction of the Guided Democracy period on 5 July 1959. On 17 August 1950, the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS), which was a state created as a result of the Round Table Conference and

2301-539: The elections merely helped to draw the battle-lines more precisely. Under Burhanuddin Harahap, harmonization between the government and the army began, as well as the termination of the Netherlands-Indonesia Union , as a form of protest over the West Irian issue . The cabinet resigned in early March. The next cabinet was again led by Ali Sastroamidjojo , who became prime minister again. Unlike

2360-458: The far higher degree to which exist specialization of labor in urban environments, and sheer bureaucratic breadth and scale. Therefore, a governance model dating back to prehistory, perhaps suitable for a small footprint and scale of closely related individuals such as a village, merely invites disconnect -- fiery demonstrations by mobs and special interest groups alike, in the crowded megacities, not to mention autocratic crushing of dissent and

2419-624: The first free and fair elections in Indonesian history, as well as the only free and fair election until the 1999 legislative elections , which were held at the end of the New Order regime . Following more than 4 years of brutal fighting and violence, the Indonesian National Revolution was over, with the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference resulting in the transference of sovereignty to

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2478-560: The following day at the Merdeka Palace . Unlike other cabinets, this cabinet was the only cabinet in power through a mandate given directly by the president. This cabinet was forced to resign because of changes in the political system made by President Sukarno through the Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959 . Even as early as 1956, president Sukarno was openly criticizing the parliamentary democracy, stating that it

2537-483: The 💕 [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "Council of state"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( April 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) A council of state

2596-410: The impact of Christianity and Marxism , and fears of Javanese political domination, all contributed to disunity. The new country was typified by poverty, low educational levels, and authoritarian traditions. Various separatist movements also arose to oppose the new Republic: the militant Darul Islam ('Islamic Domain') proclaimed an "Islamic State of Indonesia" and waged a guerrilla struggle against

2655-643: The occupation and war. The first cabinet of the new nation was the Natsir Cabinet . It was formed by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir with the backing of the Masyumi and the Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI), following a failed attempt at a coalition between the Masyumi and the Indonesian National Party (PNI). During this cabinet period, there were rebellions in almost all parts of Indonesia, problems in national security, such as

2714-488: The other cabinets, this cabinet was the only cabinet that governed through elections during the era of Liberal Democracy. The cabinet was notable for the fact that 17 of the 24 new ministers were without previous cabinet experience. Under the cabinet, the Round Table Conference (KMB) was cancelled unilaterally, both formally and materially, cooperation continued with Asian-African countries, the decisions of

2773-620: The recognition of Indonesian sovereignty by the Netherlands , was officially dissolved. The system of government was also changed to a parliamentary democracy based on the Provisional Constitution of 1950 . The period of liberal democracy was marked by the growth of political parties and the enactment of a parliamentary system of government, but also by a long period of political instability, with governments falling one after another. The 1955 legislative elections saw

2832-581: The resignation of the Natsir Cabinet, attempts were made by political leaders, such as Sartono , to form a coalition government between Masyumi and the PNI. However, this proved to be difficult, as disagreements arose, including over the turnover tax, the regional councils, the West Irian issue, and seat distribution in such a cabinet. Eventually, an agreement was reached, with Soekiman Wirjosandjojo serving as prime minister. Notably, no one from

2891-720: The same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_state&oldid=1248030112 " Categories : Set index articles Government institutions Councils Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2020 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Finnish-language text Articles containing Swedish-language text Articles with short description Short description

2950-405: Was 'based upon inherent conflict' that ran counter to the Indonesian concept of harmony as the natural state of human relationships. Instead, he sought a system based on the traditional village system of discussion and consensus, which occurred under the guidance of village elders. He proposed a threefold blend of nasionalisme ('nationalism'), agama ('religion'), and komunisme ('communism') into

3009-654: Was accepted to be processed into next reading and discussion by the DPR on 11 July 2024. Soekiman Wirjosandjojo (1946–1948) Ario Soerjo (1948) Sartono (1962–1966) Sujono Hadinoto (1964–1966) Sarbini Martodihardjo (1973–1977) Alamsyah Ratu Perwiranegara (1977–1978) M. M. R. Kartakusuma (1978–1979) Djatikoesoemo (1979–1983) Ali Murtopo (1983–1984) Makmun Murod (1984–1988) Sunawar Sukowati (1983–1986) Wignyosumarsono (1986–1988) Sugiarto Suhardiman Imam Kadri Cholil Badawi (1993–1998) Council of state From Misplaced Pages,

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3068-1706: Was an interim governing body in the mid-1990s [REDACTED] Manchukuon General Affairs State Council (1934–1945) [REDACTED] Montenegrin Council of State  [ sr ] (1879–1905) [REDACTED] Ottoman Council of State (1868–1922) [REDACTED] Persian Council of State  [ fa ] (1858–) [REDACTED] Poland: Polish Kingdom's Council of State (1815-1915) [REDACTED] Provisional Council of State (1917) Polish Council of State (1947–1989) [REDACTED] Romanian State Council (1961–1989) [REDACTED] Siamese Supreme Council of State (1925–1932) [REDACTED] Swedish Council of State (1809–1974) [REDACTED] Tunisian Council of State (1959–2014) [REDACTED] Vietnamese Council of State (1980–1992) See also [ edit ] Council of State Governments State Council Council of Ministers Privy council Counsellor of State References [ edit ] ^ "Definition of COUNCIL OF STATE" . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2020-04-02 . ^ "Head of state" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2020-04-03 . ^ "Österreichischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof - English Information" . www.vwgh.gv.at . Retrieved 2020-04-03 . ^ "Council of State | Indian government" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2020-04-02 . ^ "Signing into eresources, The University of Sydney Library" . login.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au . Retrieved 2020-04-07 . [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with

3127-552: Was dissolved in 1959, and formed the Provisional Supreme Advisory Council, with Sukarno, the president of Indonesia, as its chairman. After the fall of Sukarno, the council was restored as a structural organization in 1967. It was dissolved on 31 July 2003 after the amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia . The functions of the council, which is previously regulated in the section IV of

3186-427: Was formed on 25 September 1945 with Margono Djojohadikusumo as its chairman and Radjiman Wediodiningrat , Syech Dahlan Djambek, Agus Salim, K.R.M.T.H. Wurjaningrat, H. Adnan, Mochammad Enoch, Dr. Latumeten, Pangeran Mochammad Noor, Sukiman Wirjosandjojo , Nyonya Soewarni Pringgodigdo, as its members. Several months after its formation, on 6 November 1945, chairman of the council Margono resigned from his position. He

3245-446: Was front man for a Chinese (‘Baba’) entrepreneur. In April 1955, the Bandung conference was held, and it represented a triumph for the Ali Sastroamidjojo government. Around 29 states, attended the conference. Those present included Zhou Enlai , Jawaharlal Nehru , Phạm Văn Đồng , Mohammad Ali Bogra and Gammal Abdel Nasser . Ali Sastroamidjojo also continued the duties of the previous cabinet to carry out elections. On 31 May 1954,

3304-472: Was growing suspicious of the Masyumi and was looking to postpone elections, fearing it might be won overwhelmingly by the Masyumi. This coincided with the PKI's new national united front strategy, which saw the party offer its support to the PNI, and didn't denounce the current cabinet, as it had done with the Soekiman cabinet. Meanwhile, the Masyumi was experiencing a split, as the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) formed their own party, following doctrinal disputes. Under

3363-494: Was later changed again into the Supreme Advisory Council. The Supreme Advisory Council was formed with the announcement of the formation of the council in the Official Gazette No. 4 of 1945. Due to the emergency situation of the country, the council was not formed with a binding law. The priority at that time was to form a temporary advisory council as soon as possible under the Constitution of Indonesia . The council

3422-508: Was replaced by Wiranatakusumah on 29 November 1945. Later, in 1948, there was an addition of eleven members to the council, namely Ario Soerjo , Sutardjo Kartohadikusumo, Abdul Wahab Hasbullah, Ki Hadjar Dewantara , Frits Laoh, Daud Beureu'eh , Anwarudin, Oerip Soemohardjo , Ernest Douwes Dekker , Moch. Sjafei, and Liem Ing Hwie. On 24 April 1948, Wiranatakusumah was installed as the Wali Negara of Pasundan. Ario Soerjo replaced him as

3481-486: Was still serving as vice president, Hatta appointed Burhanuddin Harahap to form a cabinet. Burhanuddin Harahap's cabinet consisted of a coalition of thirteen different parties, though in practice the cabinet was dominated by the Masyumi, with other parties only being added as complementary. The PNI did not sit in this cabinet, but the PNI together with the Great Indonesia Party (PIR) led by Wongsonegoro ,

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