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54-685: In 1980s, Chinese military manufacturer Norinco acquired the license to produce GHN-45 howitzer from Noricum , a subsidiary of the Austrian company Voest-Alpine , whom developed GHN-45 based on the design of the GC-45 howitzer . GHN-45 (Gun, Howitzer, Noricum) featured several improvements over the original GC-45, such as better ammunition and fire control systems. Due to the design improvements, GHN-45 had considerably longer ranges than other 155 mm cannon systems used by NATO and Western countries. This capability initially caused worry for allied forces in

108-581: A regional satellite navigation system . Since 2000, the system has mainly provided navigation services within China. In December 2012, as the design life of BeiDou-1 expired, it stopped operating. The BeiDou-2 (second-generation BeiDou) system was also a regional satellite navigation system containing 16 satellites, including 6 geostationary satellites, 6 inclined geosynchronous orbit satellites, and 4 medium earth orbit satellites. In November 2012, BeiDou-2 began to provide users with regional positioning services in

162-481: A combined torsion bar and hydropneumatic suspension system. The hydropneumatic suspension units are fitted on the first and sixth roadwheel, giving the vehicle improved shock absorption and terrain adaptability. The vehicle is fitted with CH700 transmission, providing better mobility compared to previous generations of the Chinese vehicles. An auxiliary power unit can provide onboard weapon systems with electricity when

216-467: A cooperation agreement with China regarding the use of BeiDou. In 2021, the first China-Africa BeiDou System Cooperation Forum was held in Beijing. In 2022, Vladimir Putin signed an agreement for the interoperability of BeiDou and GLONASS . The National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board, which offers independent guidance to the U.S. government on GPS policy, issued

270-826: A fully enclosed turret at the rear. It has torsion bar and hydropneumatic suspension with six dual rubber tired road wheels, a drive sprocket at the front, idler at the rear and track return rollers. The PLZ-52 is offered for export. Self-propelled howitzer with a 54 caliber barrel and apparently offered for export . This version was reportedly exported to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Self-propelled howitzer with lengthened hull using seven pairs of seven roadwheels. An ammunition resupply vehicle variant also exists. Norinco China North Industries Group Corporation Limited , doing business internationally as Norinco Group (an abbreviation of "North Industries Corporation"), and known within China as China Ordnance Industries Group Corporation Limited ( Chinese : 中国兵器工业集团有限公司 ),

324-475: A longer barrel and improved range, accuracy and fire rate. PLZ-05 features an indigenous-developed chassis derived from the PLZ-45. Although PLZ-45 had an indigenous semi-automatic loader, PLZ-05 is reportedly fitted with a fully-automatic loading system similar to 2S19 Msta , providing a rate of fire of 8 rounds/minute. The autoloader can support a higher fire rate and burst fire rate of 4 rounds per 15 seconds at

378-412: A maximum road speed of up to 65 km/h and an operational range up to 450 km. The PLZ-52 howitzer has a maximum firing range of 50 km (with ERFB-BB-RA projectiles), maximum firing rate of eight rounds per minute, a burst firing rate of three rounds per fifteen seconds, and a multiple-round simultaneous impact capability of four rounds. The driver and powerpack are at the front of the hull with

432-590: A summary report from its 27th meeting held on November 16–17, 2022. During the meeting, it was highlighted that "GPS capabilities are now significantly surpassed by China's BeiDou system." The third phase of the BeiDou system (BDS-3) includes three GEO satellites, three IGSO satellites, and twenty-four MEO satellites which introduce new signal frequencies B1C/B1I/B1A (1575.42   MHz), B2a/B2b (1191.79   MHz), B3I/B3Q/B3A (1268.52   MHz), and Bs test frequency (2492.02   MHz). Interface control documents on

486-484: A total over 100 satellites, which will significantly improve all aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons . The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong , who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system. All BeiDou satellites are equipped with laser retroreflector arrays for satellite laser ranging and

540-503: Is a Chinese state-owned defense corporation that manufactures commercial and military products. Norinco Group is one of the world's largest defense contractors. The company's subsidiary, China North Industries Corporation ( Chinese : 中国北方工业有限公司 ), or simply Norinco , markets Norinco Group's products internationally, and is also involved in domestic civil construction and military defense projects. Some of Norinco's international customers include Pakistan , Zimbabwe , and

594-563: Is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more BDS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data and operates independently of any telephonic or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the BDS positioning information; however, concerns have been raised about embedded malware leaking information in this way. The current service, BeiDou-3 (third-generation BeiDou), provides full global coverage for timing and navigation, along with Russia's GLONASS ,

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648-614: Is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5°. The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass-M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported

702-407: Is supported by other variants of the same family, including company commander vehicle, battalion commander vehicle, artillery reconnaissance vehicle, ammunition carrier, radar vehicle, meteorological data collection vehicle and armored recovery vehicle, etc. The PLZ-05 is powered by an 8V150 diesel engine with 800 hp. The engine allows for a road speed of up to 55 km/h. It features six roadwheels with

756-505: The Asia-Pacific region . Within the region, BeiDou is more accurate than GPS. In 2015, fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it was generating a turnover of $ 31.5 billion per annum for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation , AutoNavi , and Norinco . The industry has grown an average of over 20% in value annually to reach $ 64 billion in 2020. The official English name of

810-869: The Democratic Republic of the Congo , where it negotiated arms-for-minerals deals, as well as Venezuela . Established in 1980 with the approval of the State Council of the People's Republic of China , Norinco is an enterprise group engaged in both products and capital operation, integrated with research and development, manufacturing, marketing and services. Norinco mainly deals with defense products, petroleum and mineral resources development, international engineering contracting, optronic products, civilian explosives and chemical products, sporting arms and equipment, vehicles and logistics operation. In 1993,

864-606: The Persian Gulf War . The designer Gerald Bull was contacted in late 1980s by China to develop his work, which he agreed. China also purchased extended-range ammunition technology from him. The Chinese production designation of the GHN-45 is WAC-021 and PLL-01 , which entered service in 1987. China continue to acquire and develop other technologies for the PLL-01, such as precision guided projectiles GP1. China also mounted

918-579: The "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different. There has also been an experimental S band broadcast called "Bs" at 2492.028 MHz, following similar experiments on BeiDou-1. BeiDou-1

972-504: The 17th one within the new system. On 25 July 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center , marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B / Expedition 1 carrier rocket . The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits. On 29 September 2015,

1026-793: The 1993 ban. In November 2020, Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army , which included Norinco Group. In June 2021, Joe Biden issued Executive Order 14032 expanding the scope of the national emergency declared in order 13959. In March 2023, Politico reported that Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armor to Russia between June and December 2022. Media reports indicate that Hamas has over thousands of Norinco assault rifles used for

1080-536: The Chinese version of global positioning system , and inertial guidance . The PLZ-52 is a 155mm / 52 caliber tracked self-propelled howitzer similar in appearance to the PLZ-45 , but based on a slightly different hull. Having a gross vehicle weight of 43 tonnes, the PLZ-52 features a new powerpack, which consists of a diesel engine developing 1,000 hp at 2,300 rpm coupled to a fully automatic transmission. This gives

1134-768: The European Galileo , and the US's GPS . It consists of satellites in three different orbits, including 24 satellites in medium-circle orbits (covering the world), 3 satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbits (covering the Asia-Pacific region), and 3 satellites in geostationary orbits (covering China). The BeiDou-3 system was fully operational in July 2020. In 2016, BeiDou-3 reached millimeter-level accuracy with post-processing. Predecessors included BeiDou-1 (first-generation BeiDou), consisting of three satellites in

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1188-613: The PLL-01 onto an indigenous-designed tracked chassis, resulting in the PLZ-45 (also known as the Type 88) and support vehicles based on the same chassis. Two major batches of PLZ-45s were sold to the Kuwaiti in 1997 and to Saudi Arabia in 2008. However, the PLZ-45 did not enter service with the People's Liberation Army Ground Force because China was still using the doctrine developed for the Soviet-standard 152 mm ammunition at

1242-523: The complete decoding of the "I" signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B. In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December 2011. During this trial run, Compass offered positioning accuracy to within 25 metre and

1296-440: The constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on 25 May 2003. In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metre. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20 m (100 m, uncalibrated). In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN¥  20,000 ( US$ 2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of

1350-520: The end of 2012, after the BeiDou-2 system became operational. BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system is a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit ), that offer complete coverage of

1404-485: The engine is not running. Self-propelled howitzer with a 52 caliber barrel , 800 hp diesel engine & gross weight of 35 tonnes. It is deployed only with the People's Liberation Army . The PLZ-05 can fire the WS-35 shell, a 40 lb (18 kg) guided munition with accuracy of 40 m (130 ft) and a max range reported to be 100 km (62 mi). It is guided using Beidou Navigation Satellite System ,

1458-427: The expense of its service life. The weapons can also use continuous fire support for 3-5 rounds per minute. The main armament, PLL-01 155 mm/L52 howitzer, has a maximum range of 40 kilometers when using ERFB-BB and more than 50 kilometers when using ERFB-BB-RA. The system can achieve 70 kilometers range with rocket-assist ammunition. The howitzer can be deployed full-automatically, so the crew can always stay inside

1512-540: The fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, BeiDou-1D (sometimes called BeiDou-2A , serving as a backup satellite), was launched. It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored. In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2

1566-506: The globe. The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS . Similar to the other global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), there are two levels of positioning service: open (public) and restricted (military). The public service is available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSSs are deployed, users of multi-constellation receivers will benefit from

1620-634: The import of most Norinco firearms and ammunition into the United States was blocked under new trade rules when China's permanent normal trade relations status was renewed. The prohibition did not apply to sporting shotguns or shotgun ammunition , however. In 1994, U.S. Customs agents conducted a sting operation named Operation Dragon Fire against Atlanta -based importers of Norinco firearms as well as Poly Technologies . Seven officials were arrested after agreeing to smuggle 2,000 fully automatic Chinese-made variants of AK-47s to undercover agents

1674-467: The name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system. The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. The Gulf War in 1991 showcased how the GPS gave the US complete advantage on the battlefield and how satellite navigation systems can be used to conduct "space warfare". In 1993, China realised

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1728-435: The neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities". The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 had been launched, with 14 in service. As of December 2017, 150 million Chinese smartphones (20% of the market) were equipped to utilize BeiDou. The regional BeiDou-1 system

1782-468: The new open signals were published in 2017–2018. On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment was fully completed after the last satellite was successfully launched at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center . BDS-3 satellites also include SBAS (B1C, B2a, B1A - GEO sats), Precise Point Positioning (B2b - GEO sats), and search and rescue transponder (6 MEOSAR ) capabilities. Characteristics of

1836-747: The next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC) . Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI),

1890-563: The officials believed may have been connected to the American Mafia . At least one official, Hammond Ku, attempted to sell Chinese-produced tanks and rocket launchers to the undercover agents. In August 2003, the Bush administration imposed sanctions on Norinco for allegedly selling missile-related goods to Iran . These sanctions led to a prohibition on imports into the US of the remaining types of firearms and ammunition not covered by

1944-454: The original nation's broadcasts. As of 2009, it appeared that Chinese COMPASS satellites would start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges. Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass

1998-534: The point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with

2052-464: The precision improved as more satellites were launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 metre per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds. The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time,

2106-605: The prime contractor of China's involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and the EU. In 2018, the Pakistan Armed Forces received access to BeiDou for military purposes. In 2019, the Saudi Ministry of Defense signed an agreement for military use of BeiDou. In 2020, Argentina entered into

2160-643: The risk of denied access to GPS during the Yinhe incident and including an alleged case in 1996 during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis , gave impetus to the creation of its own indigenous satellite navigation system which officially began in 1994. According to the China National Space Administration , in 2010, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps: The first satellite, BeiDou-1A ,

2214-600: The sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C. Another satellite, the BeiDou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchronous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March 3A on 1 December 2011 (UTC). In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest €230 million (US$ 296 million, £160 million) in Galileo over

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2268-459: The system could provide positioning data between longitude 55° E to 180° E and from latitude 55° S to 55° N. The new-generation BeiDou satellites support short message service. In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the BeiDou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and

2322-473: The system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70° E to 140° E and from latitude 5° N to 55° N. The frequency of the system is 2,491.75 MHz. The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 31 October 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on 21 December 2000. The last operational satellite of

2376-583: The system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System . It is named after the Big Dipper asterism , which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu ( Chinese : 北斗 ). The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation . Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star . As such,

2430-511: The system status to the user. In 2019, the International GNSS Service started providing precise orbits of BeiDou satellites in experimental products. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Pakistan Armed Forces . Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6; they overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from

2484-547: The terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen , a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥  3,000 was presented. Sun Jiadong , the chief designer of the navigation system, said in 2010 that "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much". BeiDou-1 was decommissioned at

2538-549: The time. In 2003, China began to develop prototypes of the PLZ-05, an evolution of the PLZ-45, for domestic use. The PLZ-05 was adopted by Chinese army in 2008 in order to replace the older Type 83 152 mm self-propelled howitzer. The adoption of PLZ-05 signified China's paradigm shift in artillery doctrines, moving from the Soviet model to Western model. The original PLZ-45 was fitted with 155 mm/L45 howitzer, but PLZ-05 has

2592-602: The vehicle. The PLZ-05 is fitted with a digital fire control system, ballistic computers, a gunner day/night thermal imaging system, a laser range finder, and a commander-independent thermal viewer. In addition to indirect fire support, the main gun can be used as an anti-tank cannon or anti-fortification assault gun in an emergency. The PLZ-05's armor can protect its crew against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters. The frontal plates can defend against 14.5 mm machine gun rounds. The chassis features NBC protection and automatic fire suppression systems. The PLZ-05 howitzer

2646-534: The verification of the orbit quality. There are two levels of service provided – a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-metre location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 cm, can be used for communication, and will supply information about

2700-455: The war. Beidou Navigation Satellite System The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System ( BDS ; Chinese : 北斗卫星导航系统 ; pinyin : běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng ) is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned and operated by the China National Space Administration . It provides geolocation and time information to a BDS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there

2754-589: Was an experimental regional navigation system, which consisted of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kg each. Unlike the American GPS , Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 used satellites in geostationary orbit . This means that

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2808-416: Was decommissioned at the end of 2012. The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009–2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase. In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and

2862-596: Was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite ( Compass-G1 ) was carried into its orbit by a Long March 3C rocket on 17 January 2010. On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit. The fifth orbiter was launched into space from Xichang Satellite Launch Center by an LM-3I carrier rocket on 1 August 2010. Three months later, on 1 November 2010,

2916-469: Was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, BeiDou-1C (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system. On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 metres, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 metres/second. In February 2007,

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