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32-443: The first Valerian law was enacted by Publius Valerius Publicola in 509 BC, a few years after the founding of republican Rome . It allowed a Roman citizen, condemned by a magistrate to death or scourging, the right of appeal to the people ( provocatio ad populum ), that is, to the people composed of senators , patricians , and plebeians . Thus the consuls no longer had the power of pronouncing sentence in capital cases against

64-463: A Vitellian . I am the bitterest enemy of the former kings, so I shouldn't be accused of wanting to be king." In order to allay suspicions, he caused his house to be built at the foot of the hill, rather than its peak. In later times, the Temple of Victory stood in the same place. For his actions and deference to the people of Rome, Valerius received the surname Poplicola , meaning "one who courts

96-587: A Roman citizen, without the consent of the people. The Valerian law consequently divested the consuls of the power to punish crimes, thereby abolishing the vestiges within the Roman government of that unmitigated power that was the prerogative of the Tarquin kings. Nonetheless, the Valerian law was not kept on the books throughout the five hundred years of the Roman republic. Indeed, Titus Livius (Livy) states that

128-590: A full-fledged organizational form. In the Roman Republic , collegiality was the practice of having at least two people in each magistracy in order to divide power among several people and check their powers, both to prevent the rise of another king and to ensure more productive magistrates. Examples of Roman collegiality include the two consuls and censors , six praetors , eight quaestors , four aediles , ten tribunes and decemviri . Exceptions include extraordinary magistrates , dictators and

160-441: A rumour began to circulate that he intended to re-establish the monarchy, with himself as king. At once, Valerius stopped building, and demolished the structure in a single night. Addressing an assembly of the people, he caused his lictors to lower their fasces as a mark of humility, and to remove the axes from them within the city. "I have just liberated Rome, bravely, but now I am slandered, like being either an Aquillius or

192-752: The magister equitum . In the Catholic Church, collegiality refers primarily to "the Pope governing the Church in collaboration with the bishops of the local Churches, respecting their proper autonomy." This had been the practice of the early Church and was revitalized by the Second Vatican Council . One of the major changes during the Second Vatican Council was the council's encouragement of bishops' conferences and

224-525: The Aquillii and Vitellii , who had benefited from the deposed regime. Valerius was informed of the plot by a slave, Vindicius . He personally investigated the conspiracy, sneaking into the Aquillius estate and finding incriminating evidence, based on which the consuls held a public trial. The conspirators, including two of Brutus' sons, were found guilty and executed. Valerius played a leading role in

256-654: The Gens Porcia in the 2nd century BC. We do not know their precise dates, but they seem to have ended summary execution of Roman citizens in the field and provinces and provided that citizens could escape sentences of death by voluntary exile . Cicero in the Republic (2.54) refers to three leges Porciae, but is not clear on their specific details. The Porcian Laws do not seem to have fully protected citizen soldiers from centurions ' vine staffs , as Tacitus mentions severe beatings continuing to be inflicted under

288-556: The Orient . Collegiality#Collegiality in the Roman Republic Collegiality is the relationship between colleagues. A colleague is a fellow member of the same profession. Colleagues are those explicitly united in a common purpose and respect each other's abilities to work toward that purpose. A colleague is an associate in a profession or in a civil or ecclesiastical office. In a narrower sense, members of

320-512: The Valerii were of Sabine origin, but settled in Rome during the reign of Titus Tatius , a contemporary of Romulus , and worked for the peaceful unification of both peoples. Valerius came from a wealthy family. His father was Volesus Valerius , and his brothers were Marcus Valerius Volusus and Manius Valerius Volusus Maximus . He had a daughter, Valeria, and possibly a son or grandson who

352-561: The Velian Hill . His death was mourned for an entire year. After Poplicola, many noted members of the Valerian gens were buried near the same spot. In 1977 an inscription was discovered in the ruins of the ancient town of Satricum. The Lapis Satricanus dates from the late 6th to early 5th centuries BC and bears the name Poplios Valesios , which would be rendered in Classical Latin as Publius Valerius. This does not prove

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384-709: The allonym "Publius" in honor of Poplicola's role in establishing the Roman Republic . Following the Spanish–American War , a piece titled "The Duty of the American People as to the Philippines" was published under the pseudonym "Publicola". The author recommended the development of the Philippines to improve the lives of the Filipino people , as well as to further American trading interests in

416-459: The principate . Another law that was passed with the intention of protecting citizens from severe punishment at the hands of governors and magistrates, is the lex Julia de vi publica , passed around 50 BC. It was passed to define rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone" and the rapist was subject to execution. Men who had been raped were exempt from the loss of legal or social standing suffered by those who submitted their bodies to use for

448-459: The Valerian and Porcian laws. This sanctity of a citizen's person was highly esteemed by the Romans, and so any violation of the Valerian and Porcian laws was deemed to be almost a sacrilege . Cicero ’s oration in his prosecution of Verres indicates the high pitch to which this feeling was carried. Verres, who as the governor of Sicily (73 - 70 BC) had a number of Roman citizens cruelly killed,

480-532: The Valerian law was enacted again, for the third time, in 299 BC. Andrew Lintott surmises that the effect of this third Valerian law was to regularize the provocatio : appeals from the people via the Tribune of the Plebs had been a fact of life with which magistrates had to deal prior to the law, but now magistrates were ordered to yield to the decisions of the people in capital cases. Livy notes that in all three cases

512-518: The Veientes again in the same year, although the reason is not stated. After the death of Brutus, Valerius was the sole surviving consul. Spurius Lucretius was chosen in place of Brutus, but he died after a few days, and was followed by Marcus Horatius Pulvillus . When Valerius began construction of a new house on top of the Velian Hill , which would be conspicuously visible from the Senate house ,

544-537: The battle. During the siege, Poplicola executed a successful sally , defeating a Clusian raiding party. According to Plutarch, Poplicola negotiated a treaty with Porsena, ending the war. He gave the king hostages, including his daughter Valeria, whom Porsena protected from the Tarquins. In 506, when his brother Marcus was consul, the Sabines attacked Rome. Poplicola participated in two Roman victories, repelling

576-580: The faculty of a university or college are each other's colleagues. Sociologists of organizations use the word 'collegiality' in a technical sense, to create a contrast with the concept of bureaucracy . Classical authors such as Max Weber consider collegiality as an organizational device used by autocrats to prevent experts and professionals from challenging monocratic and sometimes arbitrary powers. More recently, authors such as Eliot Freidson (USA), Malcolm Waters (Australia), and Emmanuel Lazega (France) have said that collegiality can now be understood as

608-489: The historicity of the narrative given by later Roman historians, but it does demonstrate that at least one prominent individual did indeed bear the name at the close of the 6th century. In The Federalist Papers , a collection of 85 essays promoting the adoption of the United States Constitution , written by Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and John Jay in 1787–1788, the three statesmen used

640-527: The invasion. The people rewarded Poplicola with a house on the Palatine Hill . In 505, the Latin League and the Sabines threatened Rome with a large army. Although diplomatic negotiations were halted, Poplicola meddled with the politics of the Sabines, assisting Attius Clausus , who moved to Rome with five hundred followers. Clausus became a Roman citizen under the name of Appius Claudius; he

672-399: The king was campaigning away from the city, they deposed and banished Lucius Tarquinius Superbus , the seventh and last King of Rome . In place of the monarchy, they established a republic , together with the office of consul . Brutus and Collatinus were elected the first consuls. From exile, the Tarquins plotted the assassination of the consuls, together with some disaffected members of

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704-477: The law was enacted by the Valerius family. Furthermore, Livy notes that, should a magistrate disregard the Valerian law, his only reproof was that his act be deemed unlawful and wicked. This implies that the Valerian law was not so very effective in defending the plebs. The Porcian Laws ( Latin : Leges Porciae ) were three Roman laws broadening the rights of the Valerian law. They were enacted by members of

736-465: The people". Before the impending elections, Valerius filled up the ranks of the Senate, which had been severely reduced as a result of the revolution and the subsequent war. The consul also promulgated new laws, including the right of appeal ( provocatio ) from the decisions of a magistrate, and demanding the forfeiture of all the rights of anyone convicted of plotting to restore the monarchy. Poplicola

768-428: The pleasure of others; a male prostitute or entertainer was infamis and excluded from the legal protections extended to citizens in good standing. As a matter of law, a slave could not be raped; he was considered property and not legally a person . The slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage. Yet this law, for all practical purposes, is only a restatement of the right of appeal present in

800-402: The time of his death, he was considered "by universal consent to be the ablest man in Rome, in the arts both of peace and war". He had little money, and so was buried at the public charge, and was mourned by the Roman matrons as had been done for Brutus before him. By decree, each citizen contributed a quadrans for the funeral. The remains of Poplicola were buried within the city of Rome, on

832-432: The trial. After the trial, Brutus demanded that his colleague, Collatinus, resign the consulship and go into exile, as a member of the hated royal family, whom the people could not trust. Collatinus was stunned by this betrayal, as he had been one of the leaders of the rebellion following his wife Lucretia 's suicide because of her being raped by the king's son, Sextus Tarquinius . Nevertheless, he resigned, and Valerius

864-412: Was also mortally wounded, but the Romans were ultimately victorious. Valerius collected the spoils of battle and returned to Rome, where he celebrated a triumph on March 1, 509 BC. His four-horse chariot subsequently became the traditional vehicle for a victorious Roman general. Then, Valerius held a magnificent funeral for Brutus, and gave a memorable speech. Livy wrote that Valerius fought

896-406: Was also named Publius Valerius Poplicola who served as consul in 475 BC and 460 BC. Before holding public office, Valerius had spoken in defense of the plebs , the common people of Rome. In 509 BC, Valerius was one of the leaders of the Roman revolution, together with Lucius Junius Brutus , Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus , and Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus . Winning over public opinion while

928-414: Was elected consul three more times, in 508, 507, and 504 BC. Horatius was his colleague again in 507, while his colleague in 508 and 504 was Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus . He was the first consul ever to be re-elected. In 508 BC, Lars Porsena , the king of Clusium , attacked Rome at the behest of Tarquin. According to Plutarch, both Poplicola and his colleague, Lucretius, were severely wounded during

960-519: Was elected to replace him. Meanwhile, Tarquin, whose family was of Etruscan origin, obtained the support of the Etruscan cities of Tarquinii and Veii . At the head of an Etruscan army, Tarquin fought the consuls Brutus and Valerius at the Battle of Silva Arsia . Valerius commanded the Roman infantry, while Brutus led the cavalry. Arruns Tarquinius , the king's son, died in combat with Brutus, who

992-453: Was eventually tried before the senators in Rome, on charges of extortion (Cic. Ver. 5.161-2). Publius Valerius Publicola Publius Valerius Poplicola or Publicola (died 503 BC) was one of four Roman aristocrats who led the overthrow of the monarchy , and became a Roman consul , the colleague of Lucius Junius Brutus in 509 BC, traditionally considered the first year of the Roman Republic . According to Livy and Plutarch ,

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1024-610: Was the founder of the Claudii . When the Sabines attempted to besiege Rome, Poplicola successfully commanded the army, anticipating their movements and thwarting their plans. He was elected consul for the fourth time in 504 BC, and once again defeated the Sabines . He celebrated a triumph in May of that year. Publius Valerius Poplicola died in 503 BC, shortly after passing the consular office to his successors, Agrippa Menenius Lanatus and Publius Postumius Tubertus . Livy records that at

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