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88-410: The Palatinal Crypt is located under the former Castle Church, built in 1768 (and finally destroyed in 1957), in the central wing of the palace. The underground crypt was first used as a burial place between 1770 and 1777. Only ten people were buried, including five infants, all of them commoners. Later their corpses were removed. On 23 August 1820 Elisabeth Karoline, the infant daughter of Palatine Joseph

176-457: A cordon sanitaire guarded armed civilians from nearby uninfected villages under military supervision. This led to a revolt in two villages, who let out their quarantined neighbours and attempted to break through the cordon. The Governor appealed for an arms shipment to the martial council in Vienna, which generally opposed arming civilians in fear of a rebellion. Joseph negotiated and obtained

264-587: A constitutional monarchy . Conspiracy theories emerged that he had been murderd by the Viennese court for planning to seize the crown with the help of Judge Royal Zichy  [ hu ] . A crown guard  [ hu ] , Count József Teleki  [ hu ] , főispán of Békés and Ugocsa Counties advised the King to allow for the election of another member of the imperial family to calm tensions. Moson County proposed Albert, Duke of Teschen ,

352-510: A procession under triumphal arches , received by a cheering crowd. On the 21st, he was inaugurated as főispán of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County , followed by mass in the Matthias Church , a lunch hosted by Prince-Primate Battyhány with six hundred guests, and a ball at night. On the next day, he took his seat as president of the governing council. He continued studying Hungarian history and law with Lakics, and started learning

440-526: A burden and keep local priests from advancing in their careers), he proved to be a level-headed and caring leader. Contrary to the hopes of the reactionary party, most members of the aristocracy and the gentry wanted to see Archduke Joseph as elected palatine, a sentiment that was only strengthened after they met him. However, the body to elect the palatine was the Diet of Hungary , which Emperor-King Francis had no intention of allowing to happen. As he needed

528-745: A close relationship with the House of Romanov and especially his former mother-in-law Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna , his brother relied on his help in keeping the Russians allied during the Napoleonic Wars . In December 1802, the Empress Dowager invited Joseph to Saint Petersburg. He arrived on 30 March, and found the imperial court in three factions around the Emperor Alexander I , Empress Consort Elizabeth Alexeievna , and

616-402: A display of fireworks on her name day . As an enthusiastic pyrotechnician , he prepared the explosives himself. On 10 July, the day of the planned festivities, between 12 and 1 p.m., something caught fire, causing all of the prepared rockets and the remaining gunpowder to explode. His brother Charles rushed to the rescue with servants, but they struggled to break down the door. This delay

704-404: A few ' atheistic and freethinking ' young people. While he was mostly satisfied with the work of priests, he would have preferred to have less parishes but all of them with good pastors. He criticised members of the aristocracy for not striving for knowledge and 'useful occupations', that few of them ran for public office and most of those who did neglected their positions. He proposed that in

792-587: A free export of grain (which had been forbidden to keep the enemy French from acquiring it) to boost the economy. The pressing situation of the Imperial Army in the ongoing war finally led to the Viennese court accepting that the diet needed to be consulted, but in May and in Pozsony. Despite tragedies in his personal life (the death of his infant daughter and his wife in early 1801), as well health concerns,

880-465: A governor instead of the election of a palatine was an important win for the reactionary party of the Hungarian nobility led by Baron József Izdenczy, and seen by others as a step back on the road of constitutional development. Izdenczy's circles had painted a grim picture of Hungary to the King, convincing him that a rebellion was imminent. Francis decided that he would not call for a diet because of

968-458: A member of the governing council and Miklós Skerlecz  [ hu ] , főispán of Zagreb County . Skerlecz argued that the main goal of Austrian customs regulations was to prevent the founding of factories in Hungary and to exclude Hungarian merchants from international trade . Another economist supporting a major reform was Gergely Berzeviczy . He wrote a detailed thesis endorsing

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1056-541: A prominent role in the development of Pest as a cultural and economic centre; the neoclassical buildings constructed on his initiative define the city's modern appearance. The landscaping of the City Park of Budapest and Margaret Island happened under his supervision. He supported public education , technical higher education , the arts , the construction of railroads , and various progressive -thinking societies and associations. He donated substantially towards

1144-536: A referral he had received from Németh. The other important matter in Joseph's first year in Hungary was that of the Royal University of Pest. Since 1790, there had been plans to move it to a smaller city, namely Nagyszombat (today Trnava, Slovakia ), Esztergom , Vác , or Eger . In 1794, these cities urged their respective counties to reach an agreement, while Pest tried to keep the institution. Most of

1232-478: A report to Archduke Charles characterised the mood of participants as 'confused' and 'withdrawn'. To avoid further escalation, Joseph talked to Francis personally in early August. He described how determined the envoys were to achieve their goals and that they represented the general opinion of Hungary; he openly told the King that if Vienna insisted on the content of the letter of 12 July, the situation would deteriorate beyond help. He expressed his support for some of

1320-878: A trip to the Austrian Netherlands , which the Habsburg monarchy had temporarily regained during the French Revolutionary Wars . After his brother's swearing-in in Brussels , he studied the culture and economy of the country. From 14 April to 31 May, he was on the battlefield and witnessed one minor win and multiple losses. He analysed the tactics of the Imperial Army and the French Revolutionary Army , and drew caricatures of imperial military leaders. When Joseph's father became king of Hungary in 1790, he re-established

1408-608: Is from 16 November 1804, when he wrote to city leadership that the sovereign himself wanted Pest to be regulated and improved, although there is no proof of the King being interested. Joseph appointed Hungarian-German architect József Hild to oversee the works, and in October 1808, the Pesti Szépítő Bizottság , 'Beautifying Committee of Pest', headed by the Palatine himself, was established. He proposed and oversaw

1496-536: Is identical with the innermost vault (Room C). In Room B and C the side walls are clad with false marble revetment while the vaulted ceiling is decorated with frescoes depicting the starry sky and angels in the corners. There is a terrazzo floor in grey and claret hues. A big double sarcophagus near the southern wall of the crypt contains the bodies of Archduke Joseph Charles (1833-1905) and his wife, Klotild (1846-1927). Their marble statues were made by György Zala and modelled after their death masks. A bronze Angel of

1584-567: Is very fiery and very sensitive in his privileges, besides being distrustful, but by a strict observance of our laws one can easily get along with him. The first issue Joseph needed to settle was the case of eight university and secondary school teachers who had allegedly been associated with Imre Martinovics and freemasonry . The accusations were one of them translating La Marseillaise to Hungarian, and others organising gatherings with convicted freemasons and Martinovics co-conspirators or teaching pantheism . The King ordered an investigation, which

1672-875: The National Széchényi Library and the Hungarian National Museum . He contributed valuable codices and books to its collection. In 1826, he founded the National Royal Joseph Institute and School of the Blind (today the National Institute for the Blind). In 1835, he participated in founding of The Royal Hungarian Ludovica Defense Academy (today Zrínyi Miklós National Defence University  [ hu ] ) to provide training for cadets . At

1760-695: The Palazzo Pitti in Florence, spent summers in the Villa del Poggio Imperiale or the Villa di Poggio a Caiano , and some winters in Pisa . The grand ducal couple created a warm, intimate environment for their children. They raised them according to the modern principles of the age, paying special attention to their diet and regular physical exercise. Their education plan was based both on traditional courtly values, emphasising etiquette and royal duty, and on

1848-503: The Russian Empire . In 1798 and 1799, he visited Saint Petersburg twice to finalise marriage plans with Emperor Paul I 's daughter. During the negotiations, he suffered humiliations because of diplomatic mistakes by the Viennese court, which led to him to view his brother's administration with a critical eye. Prior to 1798, he served to execute imperial will in Hungary, and during his short first marriage, he worked little. After

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1936-520: The ajo expected them to be graceful, serious, and disciplined beyond their years, leading to disagreements. Archduke Joseph was only under Colloredo's guidance for two and a half years, and when he left in 1782, Major Manfredini was promoted to ajo . He allowed his charges more freedom. The preparatory stage of Joseph's education lasted until the age of nine, by when he had learned to speak and write in German, French, Italian, and Latin . He received

2024-460: The customs regulations of Maria Theresa  [ hu ] and Joseph II. Cities, towns, and guilds compiled proof and wrote explanations of why the existing system was unjust and unsustainable, asking for an equal treatment of all parts of the Habsburg monarchy in economic regulations. Deputies were selected to present this material, including Baron József Podmaniczky  [ hu ] ,

2112-520: The 'strong advance of the revolutionary spirit' and proposed a secret police for bigger cities. These ideas had already been brought up during the reign of Joseph II but were too fiercely opposed by the nobility. While a secret police was established to monitor the mood in ten cities, there is no proof of the Palatine ever collaborating with them. A major turning point in Archduke Joseph's attitude towards his office were his travels to

2200-591: The 21st, the nobles asked for time to discuss the demands and for economic reforms to ease the introduction of higher taxes. Emperor-King Francis received their referral well, and it seemed that the efforts of Archduke Joseph would result in a smoother process. However, conservative and anti-constitutional circles in Vienna raised concerns about the assembly debating the Emperor-King's proposals in any way, and while negotiations were peaceful and well-intentioned, both parties remained unwilling to compromise. During

2288-595: The Archduke's Hofmeister János Szapáry urged him to return to Buda and asked Emperor Francis to order him back under some pretense. Joseph refused to consider leaving. Eventually, after the imperial family tried to pressure him into marrying Princess Amalia, he decided to leave in June, and spent his last few weeks in Pavlovsk as the Empress Dowager's personal guest. Once he had returned to Vienna, he honestly described

2376-655: The Diet of 1825, which was gathered after a break of thirteen years on Joseph's insistence, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was established, to which he contributed ten thousand forints . In 1846, he founded the Royal Joseph Polytechnic (today's Budapest University of Technology and Economics ). For the development of Hungarian transportation, he founded the Kőbánya horsecar line in 1827–28 and

2464-661: The Dowager Empress. Joseph joined the Dowager's circles. While he tried to seem neutral, his inclinations soon became public knowledge. During his stay, he ate lunch with the Emperor almost every day and spent the afternoons with him. Alexander disclosed his opinions and worries, which Joseph reported to Vienna. Still, he enjoyed the company of the Empress Dowager and Grand Duchesses Maria and Catherine Pavlovna more, spending evenings with them. Joseph's preference for

2552-605: The Dowager's faction displeased the Russian court, particularly when he declined a tour of the country with the Emperor. The imperial couple found the fact that he ignored the Empress Consort's sister, Princess Amalia of Baden offensive, as they wished him to marry her. When it became obvious that he was not interested in the Princess, it seemed unclear why he had even travelled to Saint Petersburg. Sensing these tensions,

2640-467: The Hungarian progressives László Lovassy , Lajos Kossuth , and Miklós Wesselényi . When, in 1843, the Viennese government tried to shut down the Védegylet  [ hu ] , an association helping Hungarian industries by promoting and purchasing their products, it was the Palatine who protected it. In 1802, Joseph supported the establishment of a national library, which would later develop into

2728-453: The King and insisted on all of their demands, despite Joseph trying to convince them to compromise. He told the envoys that if they did not accept his mediation, he would advise the Emperor to refuse all of their requests. In response, the diet voted to allow for twelve thousand new recruits and promised to find a solution for continuous recruitment on the next diet. The Diet of 1804 did not deliver on these promises. Joseph had grown tired of

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2816-498: The King's uncle-in-law, who had served as governor of Hungary from 1765 to 1781. Others would have preferred Archduke Charles, who had become popular with his military successes in the French Revolutionary Wars, and Count Teleki himself suggested Joseph. Although on 18 July Emperor-King Francis asked for more time to prepare an election, on the 20th he appointed Joseph governor of Hungary. The appointment of

2904-518: The Martinovics uprising, and Izdenczy's party also hoped to abolish the office of palatine. Nevertheless, to avoid upsetting progressive circles, the Baron advised the King to give more power to Joseph than that of the previous governor, so that his position would be more similar to that of a palatine. Thus, Joseph was not welcomed with unequivocal enthusiasm, especially because many of the holders of

2992-403: The Palatine prepared thoroughly for the assembly, struggling with the reluctance of the Emperor and his ministers who were unwilling to compromise. They denied to help the Hungarian economy in any way and did not want to consider re-attaching Dalmatia. They also refused to consider any educational reforms, arguing that this matter was to be decided by the monarch alone, without having to consulting

3080-467: The Peace is standing above them with outstretched wings. During the restoration works in 1978 Archduchess Klotild Maria (1884-1903) was reburied in the tomb of her parents. The tomb of Ladislaus Philip (1875-1895) is decorated with a white marble statue of the young archduke who died in a tragic hunting accident. The statue was made by Alajos Stróbl and it was modelled after his death mask. Two tombs near

3168-513: The Viennese government and the Hungarian nobility were of each other, the diet promised to be difficult. One possibility was that the more radical Hungarian proposals would cause the Austrian party to become antagonistic and defensive, strengthening their reactionary and absolutist factions. This would have made necessary reforms impossible. Despite these signs of probable failure, the Palatine worked hard, studying previous negotiations between

3256-440: The archdukes that a person's 'true vocation' was to strive for the happiness of themselves and others, which could only be achieved in a society. With them he analysed examples of good and bad statesmanship, focusing on the importance of institutions, legislation , education, the sciences, the arts, and different aspects of the economy. He taught them to assess all matters objectively. Archduke Joseph's father, Grand Duke Leopold,

3344-424: The assembly by mid-August, and he asked the Emperor-King to settle some minor issues and close the diet. Economic reforms were never seriously considered, especially because the issue was brought up on 14 July, the same day the ill-received royal letter of the 12nd was presented to the envoys. After more peaceful negotiations during September, the Emperor-King's hesitance to re-attach Modruš-Rijeka County meant that

3432-596: The assistance of Hungarians in fighting the French Revolutionary Wars he was eventually convinced to gather a diet with the sole purpose of electing a palatine. After much negotiation, during which the Governor tried to convince the King that a diet and a palatine were necessary to attain the required aid, while Izdenczy argued against him, Francis conceded to Joseph. On 8 November 1796, the diet had its first session in Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia), Archduke Joseph

3520-504: The best artists of the 19th century. A list of later burials: The crypt survived World War II unscathed and was not destroyed during the post-war reconstruction, though it was closed to the public. The memory of Palatine Joseph was respected even by the postwar Communist government and his statue in Pest was spared. The crypt was robbed several times during the reconstruction works, first in 1966. The most serious incident happened in 1973, when

3608-464: The brothers: Joseph stopped merely executing Francis' will and became the more pro-active party. He remained a conservative and worried that the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers could 'confuse' the less-educated. He warned the Emperor to keep an eye on returning prisoners of war who might have picked up revolutionary ideas in France. In early 1798, he suggested the establishment of a police force against

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3696-414: The children's grandmother, Empress Dowager Maria Theresa, the family's life revolved around the strict observance of Catholic rituals. Every day, the children listened to religious texts while getting ready in the morning, attended mass , studied the catechism , and prayed the rosary . The Empress followed their development closely through her correspondence with their parents and educational staff. It

3784-476: The clerical elite, conservative aristocrats, and the gentry's deputies wanted to see it removed. On 23 October 1795, the referral reached the governing council. The Governor himself followed public opinion. The first problem Joseph resolved on his own was an outbreak of plague in Syrmia County , worsened by hurried and inconsistent countermeasures. Joseph ordered a lockdown of the infected area with

3872-608: The construction of Lipótváros and the City Park , which he supplied with trees from his private park in Alcsút . In 1815, he supported the building of Buda Observatory  [ hu ] on Gellért Hill . He bought Margaret Island and turned it into a park. When the 1838 flood  [ hu ] devastated Pest-Buda, he personally directed the rescue mission and helped relieve those affected. Archduchess Hermine of Austria Archduchess Hermine of Austria (Hermine Amalie Marie; 14 September 1817 – 13 February 1842)

3960-575: The corpses were thrown out of their sarcophagi by the robbers. Later the human remains were identified and reburied. The crypt was restored in 1985-1987. The official opening ceremony on 3 October 1987 was attended by eleven descendants of Palatine Joseph. Since then the Palatinal Crypt is part of the exhibition of the Hungarian National Gallery . The Palatinal Crypt consists of three interconnected vaults. The crypt itself

4048-415: The country's good spirits, for example by permitting diets. During the French Revolutionary Wars, Archduke Charles, Joseph's brother and leader of the Imperial Army, planned a major reform of military training and service , and demanded recruits and money from Hungary. This could only be granted by the diet, and the Viennese court was afraid that the nobility would bring up their many complaints if one

4136-430: The country's rights if the Emperor-King tried to infringe upon them, but emphasised the importance of 'complete trust' in the sovereign. The Emperor is my brother; but if he should violate the least of your rights, I would forget the ties of blood to remind myself that I am your palatine. The main goals of the deputies was to pass legislation to support the agricultural and industrial development of Hungary, stifled by

4224-529: The deputies' recommendations, including rebuttals against accusations by the Viennese government who claimed that it was the 'laziness' and 'primitiveness' of Hungarians that made the country less useful than it could have been to the Habsburg monarchy. In summary, the Hungarians wanted a more independent economy, free from the 'shackles' put in place by previous sovereigns. Despite their efforts, Austrians were dismissive, and Emperor-King Francis committed to

4312-469: The diet ended in distrust and pessimism in October. To the Palatine, King Francis wrote that Hungarian nobles 'only want gains for themselves, without looking to the good of the whole' empire, and that he would need 'great resignation' to forget their 'behaviour against [him]'. The reckless eagerness to achieve Your Majesty's intentions right now, which has not given me time to think about its possibility and feasibility, insufficient deliberation, [and] [...]

4400-411: The economic concerns of the assembly. As a result, a new royal letter on 14 August focused more on achieving consensus and stated that all decisions would only be in effect until the next diet. In a separate, confidential letter, the sovereign entrusted the Palatine with settling matters 'favourably for the state', giving guidelines. By this time, however, participating nobles had become distrustful of

4488-744: The entrance contain the remains of Archduchess Elizabeth Carolina (1820) and Paulina (1801). The obelisks are decorated with flying bronze angels and crowned with archducal crowns. The other tombs are simpler, with the remains of Palatine Stephen (1817-1867), Archduke Alexander Leopold (1827-1835), Archduchess Maria Dorothea (1797-1855), Archduchess Hermina Maria (1797-1817), Archduchess Hermina Amalie (1817-1842) and Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia (1783-1801). Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary Archduke Joseph Anton of Austria ( German : Erzherzog Joseph Anton Johann Baptist von Österreich ; Hungarian : Habsburg József Antal János Baptista főherceg, József nádor ; 9 March 1776 – 13 January 1847)

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4576-543: The establishment of the Hungarian National Museum , the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , and the National Széchényi Library . He was an archduke of Austria and a prince of Bohemia , Hungary , and Tuscany as the son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor . The Hungarian or Palatinal branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine descends from him. In the Imperial Army , and later in the Austrian Army , he bore

4664-421: The estates prior to the assembly had upset me [...] and at the conference [...] I—to my shame—therefore paid attention to the words rather than to the substance and thus completely spoiled the matter. Your Majesty cannot believe [...] how I feel when I consider what more could have been accomplished by this parliament, and how little more will be possible to be accomplished by it. Since Archduke Joseph had developed

4752-488: The first train line of the country between Pest and Vác . On this, he collaborated with Count István Széchenyi . He helped to establish the Hungarian Commerce Bank of Pest  [ hu ] , and ran a demonstration farm on his Alcsút estate, introducing new methods and species to Hungary. The first mention of Archduke Joseph's plans to elevate Pest, a neglected town, into a modern European city

4840-454: The following talks, Joseph played the role of mediator and calmed the Hungarians, who worried that the Viennese court wanted to introduce continuous recruitment to render diets unnecessary. Tensions were increased by a formal royal letter on 12 July, which emphasised royal prerogatives on the counsel of Archduke Charles. From this, the envoys deduced that the King did not want to respect their right to grant new taxes and recruits. On 18 July,

4928-470: The foreign opinion on the Habsburg monarchy to Emperor Francis and urged him to be more pro-active in his governance. During the decades of his palatinate, Archduke Joseph continued to mediate between his dynasty and the Hungarian people. He tried to moderate and unify the latter, especially at the Diet of 1832–1836. Then, he persuaded the House of Magnates to not veto the proposals of the House of Representatives . In 1840, he obtained imperial amnesty for

5016-564: The future, only those should be promoted to the coveted rank of chamberlain or court councillor who had proved themselves in public service. Joseph also emphasised the potential of the lower nobility , advising the court to show more appreciation towards them. In detailing his view on all classes of Hungarian society, he was the most dissatisfied with the bureaucracy , faulting them for a lack of 'zeal' and 'diligence' and for not keeping classified information secret. His proposed solutions focused not on oppressing opposition but on maintaining

5104-793: The highest Hungarian public offices were replaced at the same time, signalling a possible regime change. Before he was sent to Buda, the new governor received an education in Hungarian law from the Josephinist canon lawyer György Zsigmond Lakics, recommended by Izdenczy. He also received instructions from King Francis who advised him to 'keep [his] house in order, manage it well, [...] treat [his] entourage humanely and [not to] tolerate intrigue'. His brother suggested that Joseph travel around Hungary to get to know his new subjects while avoiding spending too much money on this tour. He reminded him that his first duty would be justice to his people. Archduke Joseph entered Buda on 19 September 1795, heading

5192-461: The imperial family moved to Pozsony for the time of the assembly, and various feasts and religious ceremonies were held. As a result of private meetings, the sentiments of envoys with more extreme opinions were consolidated by the time of the diet, and initial negotiations seemed to be promising. However, the royal propositions of 13 May did not mention any of the subjects that concerned the Hungarians but asked for new recruits and higher taxes . On

5280-473: The language from Ferenc Verseghy  [ hu ] who had participated in the Hungarian Jacobin movement. You are to stand at the helm of a noble and powerful nation, of a great and rich country, whose powers must still be increased for the sake of the dynasty. Let it be your main goal to win the respect, confidence, and love of this nation, and work for it with all your might! The Hungarian

5368-453: The loss of his wife, when his focus returned to public matters, he approached them with an opinion of his own. On 9 June 1801, he wrote a referral to his brother asking him to release the remaining political prisoners of the Martinovics uprising, including author and language reformer Ferenc Kazinczy . He urged the Emperor to gather a diet, allow a reform of public education, establish a second university, and take measures to boost trade. He

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5456-426: The necessary weapons, preventing the disease from spreading to other parts of the country. The King mainly tasked Joseph with policing dissenters and uncovering suspected conspiracies. In smaller debates on religious tolerance (which he supported despite being a devout Catholic), wine export (which he supported), or giving refuge to French priests (which he refused to do as he feared that they would be too much of

5544-403: The newer ideas of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau . Until they turned four, the children were entrusted to an all-female staff composed of German-, Italian-, and French-speaking women who were only allowed to use their respective mother tongues with them. Instruction in reading and writing started at the age of three, and regular language classes a year later. According to the desires of

5632-478: The nobility. The Viennese legislature thought that Hungary did not contribute proportionally to the Habsburg monarchy, while many Hungarians criticised the government for suppressing opportunities for industrial development. After a preliminary session on 6 May, the Diet of 1802 was opened on the 13th, with multiple members of the Habsburg dynasty present. In his opening speech, Joseph aligned himself more with Hungarians than with his own family, promising to protect

5720-568: The office of palatine (Hungarian: nádor ) , which had been vacant since 1765. The Diet of Hungary elected one of his younger sons, fourth-born Archduke Alexander Leopold . In 1795, he uncovered and repressed a conspiracy by the Hungarian Jacobin movement  [ hu ] led by Ignác Martinovics . He then joined his family for a holiday in Laxenburg castles , where he planned to surprise his younger sister Amalia with

5808-427: The old regulations. Another problem raised at the diet was that of banknotes , which had been used since 1762. The acceptance of banknotes as payment was made compulsory in 1800. As a result of government debt, inflation was concerning. Already before the diet, the Palatine had alerted the King that the Hungarian nobles would bring up these issues. Given how serious the monarchy's troubles were and how distrustful

5896-433: The plans of Ágost Pollack . The crypt was rebuilt again between 1897 and 1926 by Alajos Hauszmann according to wishes of Archduke Joseph Charles and later Archduchess Klotild, Joseph Charles' widow. After Hauszmann's death the work remained unfinished. The crypt was continuously used by the Hungarian branch of the Habsburg family. It was enriched with new works of art, frescoes, statues, and ornate stone sarcophagi, made by

5984-523: The rank of Feldmarschall . Archduke Joseph Anton Johann Baptist of Austria was born on 9 March 1776 in Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany as the ninth child and seventh son of Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain . He had fifteen siblings, two of whom died in infancy . Through his father, he was a grandson of Maria Theresa , Holy Roman Empress Dowager , Queen Regnant of Bohemia and Hungary . The family lived in

6072-466: The thought that I might, with my authority and the trust of the estates placed in me, see through a matter which had repeatedly failed before—which flattered my self-esteem—tempted me to make a proposal to Your Majesty without having considered the consequences. This, however, would have been far from drawing the present consequences had not the false arguments and harsh expressions [...] in said resolution excited tempers. [...] [T]he stubborn discussions with

6160-445: The traditional education of Austrian archdukes, learning etiquette and conduite (the behaviour expected in high society ), genealogy , geography, history, ethics , law, natural law , political science , and mathematics. Joseph had a preference for history, archaeology , and natural history , and was not as apt in mathematics. It was important for his parents that all of their children learned some form of manual labour ; Joseph

6248-527: The two parties. When he learned that the főispán s of each county were commanded to submit the instructions given to their respective envoys to the Austrian chancellery , he was concerned that this would cause distrust among Hungarians. He gave frequent descriptions of public sentiment to the Emperor-King, telling him that while most people deemed the royal demands just and necessary, opinions differed on methods of execution. To elevate spirits, some members of

6336-971: Was heir presumptive to the thrones of his brother, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor , who had no surviving children. When he died in 1790, Leopold and his family moved to Vienna, where Joseph and his brothers arrived on 13 May. With his approaching fifteenth birthday, the final, three-year stage of his education started. Focused on military training and political science , this included subjects such as politics, investigative history, and law, which he learned from Hofrat ('Court Councillor') Franz von Zeiller  [ de ] . He and his brothers travelled extensively and inspected institutions, recording their experiences in diaries. In 1792, sixteen-year-old Joseph lost both of his parents in three months, and his eldest brother, Francis , became emperor-king . Joseph accompanied him to his coronations in Frankfurt , Prague , and Buda , where he spent twenty-seven days. This

6424-587: Was Maria Theresa who appointed the young archdukes' ajo , 'governor', Count Franz de Paula Karl von Colloredo-Waldsee  [ de ] , assisted by the sottoajo , 'vice-governor', Major Marquess Federigo Manfredini , and tutors . Grand Duke Leopold and Count Colloredo aimed to teach the children to lead a simple life, be humble, dutiful, and devoted to the well-being of their subjects. In their studies, they were taught to be inquisitive and independent. The Grand Duke wished for his children to live as free and unrestricted as possible, while

6512-417: Was another palatinal daughter, Archduchess Hermine Amalie in 1842. Palatine Joseph himself was interred on 13 January 1847. Stone sarcophagi were erected by Palatine Stephen in 1847. The crypt was damaged during the siege of Buda by the Hungarian revolutionary armies in 1849. It was restored by Archduke Joseph Charles, the younger son of Palatine Joseph in 1852. The reconstruction was carried out according to

6600-528: Was brought up by her stepmother, Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg . She spent much of her childhood in Buda and at the family estate in Alcsútdoboz and received an excellent education. Contemporaries described Archduchess Hermine as comely, kind and modest. However, she was a slim young woman, with frail body, and prone to diseases. She therefore never married. In 1837 she became Princess-Abbess of

6688-581: Was buried in the crypt. Seventeen years later, the Palatine's 13-year-old son Alexander Leopold followed. This time Palatine Joseph decided to convert the crypt into a family mausoleum. He asked for permission from the Viennese court and commissioned architect Franz Hüppmann with the task. The work was finished in March 1838. The Palatine's first and second wives, Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia and Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym , and his infant daughter, Paulina, were reburied here. The next burial

6776-532: Was by birth member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine , whose father was the Palatine of Hungary . Hermine was the only daughter of Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary by his second wife, Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym , daughter of Prince Victor II of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym and Princess Amelia of Nassau-Weilburg . Her mother died shortly after giving birth to her and her twin brother, Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary . She

6864-514: Was concerned with what a 'relatively sparse population' the 'vast, abundant area' of Hungary supported (different estimations give between 8.1 and 9 million inhabitants for an area of 282,870 km /109,220 sq mi in 1790) and at what a 'backwards stage of culture, among what primitive economic conditions' these people lived. On 17 June 1801, Joseph submitted a report to Emperor-King Francis, explaining his view and opinions on Hungary. He characterised public opinion and morale as high, except for

6952-399: Was elected palatine on 12 November and inaugurated on the 14th. After his election as palatine, Joseph assumed a more active role in Hungary. While previously he had mostly relied on the opinions and decisions of Izdenczy's ultra-conservative party and supported the removal of progressive teachers accused of corrupting the youth, he now realised that their investigation lacked proof and

7040-401: Was gathered. Joseph worked to convince his brother otherwise, presenting his arguments in his report of June 1801. Two days later, on 19 June, he asked Francis to declare the time and place of the diet, proposing March 1802 and Buda. He also suggested that the sovereign resolve some of the grievances the Hungarian nobility ahead of the diet, such as re-attaching Dalmatia to Hungary, or allowing

7128-406: Was his first individual idea, but was rejected as Vienna wanted to maintain the economic dominance of the Habsburg hereditary lands . In early September, while the sovereign continued to demand soldiers and ammunition from Hungary for the ongoing war, the Palatine relayed the nobility's wish for another diet, which was fervently opposed by the court. This might have convinced Joseph that Vienna

7216-679: Was his first visit to Pest-Buda, and he went to see the library  [ hu ] , botanical garden , and natural history collection of the Royal University of Pest (today Eötvös Loránd University). He met leaders of the country, spending the most time with the Prince-Primate , József Battyhány  [ hu ] , Prince-Archbishop of Esztergom , but also seeing Judge Royal Károly Zichy  [ hu ] and Chancellor Károly Pálffy  [ hu ] . He preferred Pest to Buda. In 1794, Joseph went on on

7304-407: Was instructed in gardening, botany , and horticulture . He learned the binomial nomenclature and taxonomy of over six thousand plants. The teacher to have the greatest impact on the children was Count Sigismund Anton von Hohenwarth , an ex- Jesuit [ 12 ] who later became prince-archbishop of Vienna . His pedagogical philosophy was based on Enlightenment ideas, and he taught

7392-521: Was not in the interest of János Németh, head of the Royal Directorate and close ally of Izdenczy, as he lacked proof. He persuaded Joseph to propose to the King the dismissal of five of the accused teachers, which Francis accepted. According to Domanovszky, in this first matter, which he had to solve three weeks after arriving in Buda, the Governor did have a mind of his own and relied entirely on

7480-467: Was not properly conducted. He criticised this to the Viennese court and reprimanded Németh. Economic considerations first appeared in Archduke Joseph's letters in early 1796. In early February, he alerted Emperor-King Francis to the devastation that the loss of the Polish market for Hungarian wine caused after Poland had been partitioned twice. His proposal that the Emperor-King should help out wine trade

7568-420: Was partial against Hungary and that many of their decisions were biassed. During these first years of his palatinate, the majority of the Archduke's time was taken up by war preparations, equipping and training Hungarian soldiers. In early 1797, after military failures, Emperor-King Francis sent his family to Buda for their safety. Around this time, a shift can be observed in the tone of the letters exchanged by

7656-419: Was probably what led to Alexander Leopold's death. He was found lying unconscious on the floor, his neck, back, and arms covered in burns from his clothes that had caught fire. He soon regained consciousness and lived another forty hours in agony, before passing away on 12 July. The death of Alexander Leopold was greatly mourned by progressive Hungarian nobles , who had hoped that he would help them establish

7744-579: Was the 103rd and penultimate palatine of Hungary who served for over fifty years from 1796 to 1847, after a period as governor in 1795. The latter half of his service coincided with the Hungarian Reform Era , and he mediated between the government of Francis I, King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor and the Hungarian nobility , representing the country's interests in Vienna . He played

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