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175-721: BPIP is not related with the New Order's era Agency for Development, Education, Implementation of Guidelines for the Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila ( Badan Pembinaan Pendidikan Pelaksanaan Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila , BP-7). As ideology unique to Indonesia, efforts to preserve, educate, and develop of Pancasila have been carried out since the 1950s. Pancasila has included in basic education system since 1950 thru issuance of Law No. 4/1950. However, in 1959, attempts for Pancasila preservation started to become skewed in practice and used as political tool for gaining

350-628: A currency board system, President Bill Clinton and IMF managing director Michel Camdessus deliberately worsened the Indonesian crisis to force Suharto to resign. Hanke quoted Camdessus as saying "We created the conditions that obliged President Suharto to leave his job". Economic meltdown was accompanied by increasing political tension. Anti-Chinese riots occurred in Situbondo (1996), Tasikmalaya (1996), Banjarmasin (1997), and Makassar (1997); while bloody ethnic clashes broke out between

525-521: A "Family Welfare Training" programme ( Indonesian : Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga , PKK ), which was rooted on a 1957 conference on home economics in Bogor , was made compulsory in 1972, especially on rural regions. It wasn't until 1980 that feminism would gain an uprising with the establishment of several foundations, for example the Annisa Shanti foundation (Yasanti). Suharto relied on

700-474: A "secular model of scientific development" rather than a religious one. In Indonesian political history, Habibie was an Islamic scholar and the first president during the Reformasi era. During his era Islamic puritanism and Islamic conservatism was given the "living breath" and opportunities, and Habibie had a good relationship with Indonesian Islamists and right-wing activists. For his role, Habibie

875-546: A Defense Acquisition Institute ( Lembaga Akuisisi Pertahanan ), a military counterpart of BRIN, which was intended to oversee all military research and development agencies. On 2 March 2022, the Ministry of Defense and BRIN signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for research collaboration to bridge the gap between military and civilian researchers. On 17 June 2022, the Defense Research and Development Agency

1050-414: A basic principle; he later secured another parliamentary resolution in 1983 ( Tap MPR No. II/1983 ) which prohibited all organizations from adhering to any principles except Pancasila, a policy known as Pancasila sole principle ( asas tunggal Pancasila ). He instituted a Pancasila indoctrination program that was mandatory for all Indonesians, from primary school students to office workers. Pancasila,

1225-403: A bill which would have severely curtailed presidential authority, Suharto had him removed from his position as MPRS chairman in 1969 and forced his early retirement from the military in 1972. In 1967, generals HR Dharsono, Kemal Idris , and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo (dubbed "New Order Radicals") opposed Suharto's decision to allow the participation of existing political parties in elections in favour of

1400-798: A blanket guarantee for bank deposits, and set up the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency to take over management of troubled banks to prevent the collapse of the financial system. Based on IMF recommendations, the government increased interest rates to 70% in February 1998 to control spiralling inflation caused by the higher price of imports, but this action killed availability of credit to the corporate sector. Suharto's foot-dragging in undertaking reforms demanded by IMF in relation to his children's business further weakened public confidence. According to American economist Steve Hanke , invited by Suharto in February 1998 to plan

1575-510: A communist state. After an unsuccessful attempt of covert support to Timorese anti-communist groups UDT and APODETI , Suharto authorised a full-scale invasion of the colony on 7 December 1975 followed with its official annexation as Indonesia's 27th province of East Timor in July 1976. The "encirclement and annihilation" campaigns of 1977–1979 broke the back of Fretilin control over the hinterlands, although continuing guerilla resistance forced

1750-640: A concept similar to corporatism . The government formed civil society groups to unite the populace in support of government programs. For instance, the government created and required all civil servants and employees of state- and local government-owned enterprises and those of Bank Indonesia to join KORPRI (the Employees' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia) in November 1971 to ensure their loyalty; organised

1925-518: A gold medal from the FAO in November 1985. In the early 1980s, Suharto responded to the fall in oil exports due to the 1980s oil glut by successfully shifting the main pillar of the economy into export -oriented labour-intensive manufacturing, made globally competitive by Indonesia's low wages and a series of currency devaluations . Industrialization was mostly undertaken by ethnic-Chinese companies, which evolved into immense conglomerates , dominating

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2100-485: A hallmark of the presidency for its subsequent 30 years. Within a few years, however, many of its original allies had become indifferent or averse to the New Order, which comprised a military faction supported by a narrow civilian group. Among much of the pro-democracy movement that forced Suharto to resign in the 1998 Indonesian Revolution and then gained power, the term New Order has come to be used pejoratively. It

2275-656: A key to reaching the perfect life ( ilmu kasampurnaning hurip ) of harmony with God and fellow mankind. In practice, however, the vagueness of Pancasila was exploited by Suharto's government to justify their actions and to condemn their opponents as "anti-Pancasila". The Dwifungsi ("Dual Function") policy allowed the military to have an active role in all levels of Indonesian government, economy, and society. Having been appointed president, Suharto still needed to share power with various elements including Indonesian generals who considered Suharto as mere primus inter pares as well as Islamic and student groups who participated in

2450-417: A mix of people from BPIP, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of National Development and Planning, as well as academicians and professionals. The decree also raised the status of BRIN above that of a mere research and development agency. The decree officially gave BRIN the power and status of a ministerial office, as a cabinet-level agency (termed as Lembaga Setingkat Kementerian ). The decree granted

2625-456: A non-ideological two-party system somewhat similar to those found in many Western countries. Suharto then proceeded to send Dharsono overseas as ambassador, while Kemal Idris and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo were sent to distant North Sumatra and South Sulawesi as regional commanders. While many original leaders of the 1966 student movement ( Angkatan 66 ) were successfully co-opted into the regime, it faced large student demonstrations challenging

2800-551: A non-research institution under the Ministry of Agriculture with tasks assigned in the future. While this option is more advantageous for BRIN, the execution of the option must be not be rushed before the 31 December 2022 deadline, as mandated by Circular No. B/295/M.SM.02.03/2021. The report urged the government to change their deadline if the second option is chosen. On 21 September 2021, the Ministry of Agriculture made plans to disband Balitbangtan, despite previous ministry reluctance to do so, and relinquish all of it units to BRIN. As

2975-475: A parliamentary resolution irrevocable by Sukarno ( Tap MPRS no. XXV/MPRS/1966 ), that confirmed Suharto's ban of the PKI and simultaneously banned " Communism / Marxism-Leninism " ( sic ; explicitly defined in the resolution's corresponding explanatory memorandum to include "the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by ... Stalin , Mao Tse Tung et cetera "), as well as promulgating other resolutions that elevated

3150-431: A period of controversy since May 2021, Megawati Soekarnoputri, Sri Mulyani, Suharso Monoarfa, Sudhamek Agung Waspodo Sunyoto, Emil Salim, I Gede Wenten, Bambang Kesowo, Adi Utarini, Marsudi Wahyu Kisworo, and Tri Mumpuni were inaugurated as BRIN Steering Committee members by President Widodo. In an attempt to consolidate state research activities under BRIN, the Indonesian government changed several ministries affected by

3325-534: A presidential decree (known as the Supersemar ), which gave him authority to take any action necessary to maintain security. Using the decree, the PKI was banned in March 1966 and the parliament ( MPRS ), government and military were purged of pro-Sukarno elements, many of whom were accused of being communist sympathisers, and replaced with Suharto supporters. A June session of the now-purged parliament promulgated

3500-403: A rather vague and generalist set of principles originally formulated by Sukarno in 1945, was vigorously promoted as a sacrosanct national ideology which represented the ancient wisdom of the Indonesian people even before the entry of foreign-based religions such as Hinduism or Islam . In a July 1982 speech that reflected his deep infatuation with Javanese beliefs , Suharto glorified Pancasila as

3675-455: A re-organization of the armed forces that concentrated power away from commanders to the president. In March 1983, he appointed General Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani as head of the armed forces. A tough and capable soldier, Moerdani was also a Roman Catholic, which precluded him from posing a political threat to Suharto. Suharto ruthlessly suppressed elements that disturbed the tranquility of

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3850-424: A replacement for Balitbangtan, the ministry set up an agency tentatively called the "Agricultural Standardization and System Agency" (Indonesian: Badan Standardisasi dan Sistem Pertanian (BSSP)), a regulatory and standardization agency. Along with the disbandment of Balitbangtan, part of the ministry's Food Security Agency was also relinquished to BRIN, while another part was expected to become an embryonic agency,

4025-460: A revision of the constituting document. The biggest issues were clashes between Law No. 10/1997 (Nuclear Power) and Law No. 21/2013 (Law of Space), by which BATAN and LAPAN, respectively, were created, not through Presidential Decrees, such as created LIPI, BPPT, and other agencies. On 7 July 2021, the government announced that the presidential decree No. 33/2021 would be superseded and thus change BRIN's operation and structure. The replacement document

4200-526: A series of trips to promote investment into Indonesia, starting in the natural resources sector. Among the first foreign investors to re-enter Indonesia were mining companies Freeport Sulphur Company and International Nickel Company , later followed by significant investment from Japanese, South Korean, and Taiwanese companies. British-owned businesses nationalized by the Sukarno administration as part of Konfrontasi (including then- dual-listed Unilever and

4375-580: A viable economic system to lift its citizens out of poverty and hunger. Meanwhile, Sukarno led Indonesia into Konfrontasi , a military confrontation with Malaysia; removed Indonesia from the United Nations ; and stepped up revolutionary and anti-Western rhetoric. By 1965 at the height of the Cold War , the PKI penetrated all levels of government. With the support of Sukarno and the Air Force,

4550-546: Is a cabinet-level government agency formed by the Indonesian government in 2019. Originally a new agency attached to the Ministry of Research and Technology , which became the Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency, the agency was controversially separated and established as a new non-ministerial government agency directly under the President of Indonesia on 28 April 2021. On 23 August 2021,

4725-610: Is a form of "holding research institution". BRIN chairman Laksana Tri Handoko claimed that the agencys is a "Research Mothership" that houses all the state research activities of Indonesia. In September 2021, BRIN became a member of the International Science Council . On 17 April 2018, Presidential Decree No. 38/2018 regarding the National Research Main Framework of 2017–2045 was signed by President Joko Widodo . The decree

4900-468: Is also expanded with Head of Pancasila Ideology Development Agency Decree No. 5/2021 and No. 2/2018. With the enforcement of Presidential Decree No. 33/2021, the National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesian: Badan Riset dan Inovasi nasional , BRIN) also coordinated with Pancasila Ideology Development Agency. Both agency initially shared the same Steering Committee. With the revision of

5075-503: Is currently a Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra) politician sitting on Commission IV, also lamented the government's decision to liquidate the agency she founded with Indonesian agricultural scientists. In the hearing, Limpo asked for the support of Commission IV to spare Balitbangtan from liquidation, or, if liquidated, that only basic research divisions be relinquished to BRIN, while specialized agricultural researches would still be done by Balitbangtan. Earlier, on 20 August 2021,

5250-586: Is debatable and many studies indicate that poverty was much higher than claimed, with as many as 50% of Indonesians living on a dollar PPP a day or less. From 1966 to 1997, Indonesia recorded real GDP growth of 5.03% per year, pushing real GDP per capita upwards from US$ 806 to US$ 4,114. In 1966, the manufacturing sector made up less than 10% of GDP (mostly industries related to oil and agriculture). By 1997, manufacturing had risen to 25% of GDP, and 53% of exports consisted of manufactured products. The government invested into massive infrastructure development (notably

5425-531: Is frequently employed to describe figures who were either tied to the Suharto period, or who upheld the practises of his authoritarian administration, such as corruption , collusion and nepotism (widely known by the acronym KKN: korupsi , kolusi , nepotisme ). Sukarno was Indonesia's founding president, a position he had held since the Republic's formation in 1945. In 1955, the first general parliamentary elections delivered an unstable parliament and from

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5600-541: Is intended to outline the national research policies and priorities for comprehensive sustainable development. Before BRIN existed, government research and development activities were scattered throughout various ministries and government institutes and were mostly pursuing short term outcomes. Not only that, research and development management was considered far from effective. In 2018, the Corruption Eradication Commission reported that, of

5775-519: Is not without its limitations. In January 2022, BRIN decided to focus only on civilian research, for flexibility and ease in forming research collaborations. Defense and security research would not be within BRIN's scope due to the critical and secretive nature of such research. As a result, only the Defense Research and Development Agency of the Ministry of Defense was left out of the integration of ministerial research and development into BRIN, despite some of

5950-558: Is the spelling reform of Indonesian language decreed by Suharto on 17 August 1972. Inspired by Javanese culture of priyayi , the New Order, during its consolidation era, was antifeminist and patriarchic , officially defined as "familyism" ( Indonesian : kekeluargaan ). In 1974, President Suharto established civil servant wives' corps Dharma Wanita , organized under the doctrine of "Five Women's Dharma " ( Indonesian : Pancadharma Wanita ), an antifeminist, patriarchic doctrine similar to Nazi Germany's Kinder, Küche, Kirche ) ;

6125-680: The Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) to cover its budget deficit. Suharto's government issued the Domestic Investment Law of June 1968 to allow development of a domestic capitalist class capable of motoring economic growth to supplement existing state-owned enterprises. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw emergence of domestic entrepreneurs (mostly Chinese-Indonesians ) in the import-substitution light-manufacturing sector such as Astra Group and Salim Group . Flush with IGGI foreign aid and later

6300-486: The "Old Order" or Orde Lama ). Immediately following the attempted coup in 1965, the political situation was uncertain, and Suharto's New Order found much popular support from groups wanting a separation from Indonesia's problems since its independence. The 'generation of 66' ( Angkatan 66 ) epitomised talk of a new group of young leaders and new intellectual thought. Following Indonesia's communal and political conflicts, and its economic collapse and social breakdown of

6475-778: The Dayak and Madurese settlers in Central Kalimantan in 1997. After violent campaign season, Golkar won the heavily rigged May 1997 MPR elections . The new MPR voted unanimously to re-elect Suharto to another five-year term in office in March 1998, upon which he proceeded to appoint his protege BJ Habibie as vice-president while stacking the cabinet with his own family and business associates (his daughter Tutut became Minister of Social Affairs). The government's decision to increase fuel prices by 70% on 4 May triggered anti-Chinese rioting in Medan . With Suharto increasingly seen as

6650-831: The Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology , a long-time subordinate agency of the Ministry of Research and Technology , officially become subordinate to BRIN. It was announced that it had become a "research unit under the BRIN". The name of the Eijkman Institute was later changed to the Eijkman Molecular Biology Research Center, under the Life Sciences Research Organization of the National Research and Innovation Agency. This

6825-543: The House of Representatives (DPR) are yet to be made clear. As a result, currently consultation on research matters is split between two different commissions of the DPR. As part of the bargain made by preexisting agencies with BRIN, agencies subsumed into BRIN would still able to use their old designations when they do business, as the names were used for decades; and some active projects, contracts, and cooperations still retained

7000-637: The Indonesian rupiah . In the private sector, many Indonesian corporations had been borrowing heavily in lower-interest U.S. dollars, while their revenues were mostly in rupiah; their debt rapidly increased as the US dollar appreciated, leaving many companies virtually bankrupt. These companies desperately sold rupiah and bought U.S. dollars, causing the rupiah's value to drop from Rp 2,600 per dollar in August 1997 to over Rp 14,800 per dollar by January 1998. Efforts by

7175-613: The Jakarta Inner Ring Road , which Tutut had a majority (75% at one time) stake through her PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada subsidiary PT Citra Marga Nusaphala Persada; the national car project, monopolized by Bambang and Tommy (through the Bimantara Group (now MNC Group )'s joint venture with the Hyundai Motor Company , and Timor Putra Nasional 's joint venture with Kia Motors , respectively);

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7350-566: The Manipol USDEK ideology was enshrined thru Provisional People's Consultative Assembly Resolution No. I/MPRS/1960, the resolution required the population to follow Sukarno's interpretation of Pancasila according to him and rejected any alternative interpretation. As a tool for its development, the Supreme Advisory Council (Indonesian: Dewan Pertimbangan Agung , DPA) was used to socialize and promote Manipol USDEK as

7525-524: The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology 's Human Resources Research and Development Agency was allowed to much of its R&D due to the agency's specialized research in communication monitoring and policy making, research that is not innovative. Moreover the agency focuses largely on education and training. On 24 November 2021, the agency only relinquished 30 researchers, 2 research programs, and their funding to BRIN, to be combinied with preexisting BRIN research agencies. BRIN's research scope

7700-488: The Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia , prepared 3 options: (1) full integration of those research and development divisions from the respective ministries to BRIN, with each ministry fully relinquishing their research and development responsibilities, with this plan being the most radical, given the required structural changes, which would be overseen by Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform ; (2) program transition, with only some of

7875-405: The Ministry of Religious Affairs ' Research, Development, Education, and Training Agency. To strengthen BRIN's ability to coordinate all national research with those at the regional and local levels, on 22 July 2021 the Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform issued Circular No. B/295/M.SM.02.03/2021 on the reformation and transformation of research resources. The circular

8050-514: The New York Agreement of 1962 which required a plebiscite on integration of West Irian into Indonesia before end of 1969, the Suharto government began organising for a so-called " Act of Free Choice " (PEPERA) scheduled on July–August 1969. The government sent RPKAD special forces under Sarwo Edhie Wibowo which secured the surrender of several bands of the former Dutch-organized militia ( Papoea Vrijwilligers Korps / PVK ) at large in

8225-648: The TABANAS ( Tabungan Pembangunan Nasional , National Development Savings) program to the populace. The Jakarta Stock Exchange , originally opened in 1912 as the Batavia (later Jakarta) branch of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (now Euronext Amsterdam ) and re-opened in 1977, performed strongly due to a spree of domestic IPOs and an influx of foreign funds after deregulation in 1990. The sudden availability of credit fuelled strong economic growth in

8400-873: The United States Congress passing limitations on IMET assistance to the Indonesian Military. Suharto retaliated by cancelling purchase orders for American F-16 fighter jets in 1997. When the Netherlands condemned the Santa Cruz Massacre, Suharto retaliated by expelling the Dutch from IGGI in March 1992 and renaming it the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) which continued increasing aid to Indonesia. Realizing this trend, Suharto sought wider alliances under

8575-455: The central bank to defend its managed float regime by selling dollars had little impact and instead drained Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves, forcing the government to free-float the currency and seek liquidity aid from the IMF (International Monetary Fund). In exchange for US$ 43 billion in liquidity aid, Suharto was forced to sign three letters of intent from October 1997 to April 1998 with

8750-503: The infant mortality rate by more than 60%. The government's Bantuan Pembangunan Sekolah Dasar program, better known as SD Inpres and launched in 1973, resulted in the primary-school enrollment ratio reaching 90% by 1983 while almost eliminating the education gap between boys and girls. Sustained support for agriculture resulted in Indonesia reaching rice self-sufficiency by 1984, an unprecedented achievement which earned Suharto

8925-484: The " Pancasila Democracy", Golkar won the MPR general elections of 1977 , 1982 , 1987 , 1992 , and 1997 with massive landslides. The elected MPR then proceeded to unanimously re-elect Suharto as president in 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998. Suharto proceeded with social engineering projects designed to transform Indonesian society into a de-politicized "floating mass" supportive of the national mission of "development",

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9100-426: The "Steering Committee – Executive" system, between BPIP and BRIN, is necessary for building "responsible science-based policy making" to guide national research programs that follow national interests and protect from irresponsible research that might be in conflict with national ideology and interests. The ruling Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle supported the decision, largely due to Megawati's contribution to

9275-554: The "green generals"). To win support from the nascent Muslim business community, which resented dominance of Chinese-Indonesian conglomerates, Suharto formed the Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in November 1990, and appointed his protégé B. J. Habibie , Minister for Research and Technology since 1978, as its leader. During this period of Suharto's cozying with Islamists, race riots against ethnic-Chinese began to occur quite regularly, beginning with

9450-475: The 1960s, a split within the military was fostered by Western countries backing a right-wing faction against a left-wing faction backed by the PKI. On 30 September 1965, six generals were killed by a group calling themselves the 30 September Movement , who alleged a right-wing plot to kill the President. General Suharto led the army in suppressing the abortive coup attempt. The PKI were quickly blamed, and

9625-610: The 30-year-old New Order system. By 1996, Megawati Sukarnoputri , the daughter of Sukarno and chairwoman of the normally compliant PDI , was becoming a rallying point for this growing discontent. In response, Suharto backed a co-opted faction of the PDI led by Suryadi, which removed Megawati from the chair. On 27 July 1996, an attack by soldiers and hired thugs led by Lieutenant-General Sutiyoso on demonstrating Megawati supporters in Jakarta resulted in fatal riots and looting. This incident

9800-485: The 460 members of DPR were soldiers of the Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces (ABRI)—mostly Indonesian Army soldiers—directly appointed by the government as part of Dwifungsi , while the remaining seats were allocated to political parties based on results of a general election. This mechanism ensures significant government control over legislative affairs, particularly the appointment of presidents. To participate in

9975-488: The Agricultural Research and Development agency is relatively large, with established networks of state agriculture research institutes responsible for research activities on more than 707.4 million hectares of land, and possessing greater manpower than all other Indonesian institutes of science combined. Endang S. Thohari, former Ministry of Agriculture scientist, and one of the founders of Balitbangtan, who

10150-451: The April 1994 riot in Medan . By the 1990s, Suharto's government came to be dominated by sycophantic civilian politicians such as Habibie , Harmoko , Ginandjar Kartasasmita , and Akbar Tanjung , who owed their position solely to Suharto. As a sign of Habibie's growing clout, when three prominent Indonesian magazines— Tempo , DeTIK , and Editor —criticised Habibie's purchase of almost

10325-700: The BRIN Steering Committee increased power over BRIN activities and gave it the right to form Executive Assistance Task Forces to assist BRIN executives under "special circumstances". BRIN also required to report its institutional performance biannually to the Steering Committee, and annually reported to the president. On 2 September 2021, acting executive officers of the Research Organizations were inaugurated. With their inauguration, LIPI, BPPT, LAPAN, and BATAN come to

10500-1249: The BRIN constituting document thru Presidential Decree No. 78/2021, the BRIN Steering Committee altered, and save only the Head of BRIN Steering Committee position to be filled with the Head of BPIP Steering Committee, while other steering committee now mixed from Ministry of Finance, Ministry of National Development Planning, academicians, and professionals. For 2022 Curriculum Reform , BPIP developed Pancasila education materials. 15 Pancasila learning books were produced, as result of BPIP research and development. The materials designed for cover Pancasila education for Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, Junior High Education, Middle High Education and Vocational Education, and Higher Education level. The books launched on 1 June 2022. In occasion of 2022 Pancasila Day celebration, on 3 June 2022, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology announced that Pancasila studies officially returned to all level of Indonesia education system after being removed since reformasi . The ministry, through its Agency of Education Standards, Curriculum, and Assessments (Indonesian: Badan Standar, Kurikulum, dan Asesmen Pendidikan , BSKAP) announced that

10675-556: The BRIN steering committee. The executive, which oversees research and day-to-day activities, as directed by the steering committee, is headed by the chairman. The decree also granted the local government for each province and city the ability to have their own research and development departments become a part of the Regional Research and Innovation Agency ( Badan Riset dan Inovasi Daerah ) (BRIDA). While BRIDA offices would be responsive to local governments, BRIN would have

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10850-522: The British part of also-then-dual-listed Royal Dutch/Shell ) were reprivatized; however, Dutch companies originally nationalized in the late 1950s-early 1960s (including but not limited to Hollandsche Beton Groep , NILLMIJ (by 1969 merged into Ennia, now Aegon ), and the Dutch part of Royal Dutch/Shell) were not reprivatized due to nationalist sentiments. From 1967, the government managed to secure low-interest foreign aid from ten countries grouped under

11025-470: The FBSI ( Federasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia ) as the only legal labour union for workers not eligible for KORPRI membership in February 1973 (later renamed as SPSI/ Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia in 1985), established under the pretext of tripartism , officially defined as Pancasilaist Industrial Relations ( Indonesian : Hubungan Industrial Pancasila ) (while in fact it cements only business interests with

11200-473: The IMF. The letters of intent promised reforms, which included closing banks owned by Suharto's family and cronies starting in November 1997. Plans to close unhealthy banks resulted in a bank run that drained liquidity; depositors knew of the poor regulations and risky related-party credit extensions of Indonesian banks. In January 1998, the government was forced to provide emergency liquidity assistance (BLBI), issue

11375-485: The Indonesian scientific community, and as the party claimed, one of the people advocating for greater scientific funding for Indonesian research agencies. Yanuar Nugroho, political scientist and research advisor of the Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance think-tank based in Jakarta, commented that if the steering committee exists for organizational purposes, it will not be a problem, as their job will be just steering

11550-492: The MPRS appointed Suharto to the first of his five-year terms as President. The "New Order" was so called to distinguish and "better" itself from Sukarno's "Old Order". Pancasila was promoted as the national ideology, one that pre-dated introduced religions such as Hinduism or Islam . Suharto secured a parliamentary resolution in 1978 ( Tap MPR No. II/1978 ) which obliged all organisations in Indonesia to adhere to Pancasila as

11725-629: The Madurese. In the Sambas conflict, both Malays and Dayaks massacred Madurese. The crisis climaxed when Suharto was on a state visit to Egypt in May 1998. Security forces killed four student demonstrators from Jakarta's Trisakti University on 12 May 1998, which was followed by anti-Chinese rioting and looting across Jakarta and some other cities on 13–15 May that destroyed thousands of buildings and killed over 1,000 people. Various theories exist on

11900-459: The March 1988 MPR session, military legislators attempted to pressure Suharto by unsuccessfully seeking to block the nomination of Sudharmono , a Suharto-loyalist, as vice-president. After General Moerdani voiced his objections on the Suharto family's corruption , the president dismissed him from the position of military chief. Suharto proceeded to slowly "de-militarize" his regime; he dissolved

12075-488: The Ministry of Home Affairs offered its assistance to the regional and local governments in establishing their BRIDA offices. On 28 August 2021, BRIN, announced plans to cut off and dismantle redundant state research institutions and centers of excellence (COEs) in Indonesia to achieve efficiency in funding. BRIN also developed means to prevent the formation of such institutions in the future, to avoid redundant and needlessly costly research efforts. On 22 September 2021,

12250-565: The National Civil Service Agency, and the National Institute of Public Administration—held a symposium on Research Institution Reformation, where issues relating to research coordination under BRIN were discussed. The issues were: (1) the transfer of human resource from the institutions that were to be subsumed into BRIN, and (2) the difficulties involved in the formation of BRIDA. On the formation of BRIDA,

12425-629: The National Food Agency. On 21 September 2022, Balitbangtan was formally dissolved. BRIN's existence was not welcomed by Indonesian Islamist groups. The Islamist groups, led by the current Islamist parliamentary opposition party, Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), continuously attacked BRIN's existence, largely because of their dislike of Megawati and the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). The PKS had made numerous attacks, called "criticisms", against

12600-630: The New Order society. From 1983 to 1985, army death squads murdered up to 10,000 suspected criminals in response to a spike in crime rate (dubbed " Petrus Killings "). Suharto's imposition of Pancasila as sole ideology caused protests from conservative Islamic groups which considered Islamic law ( sharia ) to be above any human conceptions. In September 1984, a violent demonstration in the Tanjung Priok area of Jakarta by conservative Muslims led to soldiers opening fire , massacring up to 100 protesters. A retaliatory series of small bombings (notably

12775-508: The Office of the Chairman of BRIN the power to form Research Organizations as the chairman deems necessary, with the approval of the Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform. On 24 January 2022, it was announced that 12 approved research organizations, from a planned 18, would be finalized on 1 February 2022. The full structure of BRIN is as follows: BRIN's formation

12950-611: The PKI, which had become the country’s strongest political party. Sukarno’s anti-imperial ideology saw Indonesia increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union and China which was met with indignation from Western countries. The cash-strapped government had to scrap public sector subsidies, annual inflation rose to as high as 1,000%, export revenues were shrinking, infrastructure crumbling, and factories were operating at minimal capacity with negligible investment. Sukarno’s administration became increasingly ineffective in providing

13125-529: The People's Republic of China were suspended in October 1967 due to suspicion of Chinese involvement in 30 September Movement (diplomatic relations were only restored in 1990). Due to Suharto's destruction of PKI the Soviet Union embargoed military sales to Indonesia. However, from 1967 to 1970 foreign minister Adam Malik managed to secure several agreements to restructure massive debts incurred by Sukarno from

13300-516: The Qur'an and Islam in remarks which were described as Islamophobic. Furthermore, the hijab was banned from 1982 to 1991 in state schools. The new president enlisted a group of mostly American-educated Indonesian economists , dubbed the " Berkeley Mafia ", to formulate government economic policy. By cutting subsidies and government debt, and reforming the exchange rate mechanism, inflation dropped from 660% in 1966 to 19% in 1969. The threat of famine

13475-683: The Research Professor Communication Forum of Balitbangtan also voiced the same concern. Tahlim Sudaryanto, agriculture professor and the head of the Research Professor Communication Forum submitted a forum report to the Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform and the Ministry of State Secretariat . The forum report concluded that it is very hard to combine an agency as large as Balitbangtan with BRIN without disruption. The forum report offered two options: (1) soft integration, and (2) partial integration. If soft integration were chosen, BRIN would lack

13650-527: The Soviet Union and other Eastern European communist states. Regionally, having ended confrontation with Malaysia in August 1966, Indonesia became a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in August 1967. This organisation is designed to establish a peaceful relationship between Southeast Asian countries free from conflicts such as the ongoing Vietnam War . In 1974,

13825-483: The Supersemar into a parliamentary resolution also irrevocable by Sukarno, and stripped Sukarno of his title of president for life . In August–September 1966, and against the wishes of Sukarno, the New Order ended Indonesia's confrontation with Malaysia and rejoined the United Nations . Parliament re-convened in March 1967 to impeach the President for his apparent toleration of 30 September Movement and violation of

14000-438: The administrative structure of BRIN. The decree altered the BRIN Steering Committee and increased the Research Organizations of BRIN from the original 4 to 7, but less than the 11 originally planned. The Deputies structures was also altered to not be based on fields of expertise as before. On 6 September 2021, the full structure of BRIN was disclosed, citing Presidential Decree No. 78/2021 and Chairman of BRIN Decree No. 1/2021. It

14175-416: The agency gained cabinet-level status through enactment of Presidential Decree No. 78/2021. Under the new presidential regulation, the agency became the sole national research agency of Indonesia. The agency has been characterized as a "scientific merger company" for its controversial strategy of subsuming many pre-existing scientific agencies. Aswismarmo , an Indonesian scholar and historian, noted that BRIN

14350-454: The anti-communist purge. Suharto, aided by his "Office of Personal Assistants" ( Aspri ) clique of military officers from his days as commander of Diponegoro Division, particularly Ali Murtopo , began to systematically cement his hold on power by subtly sidelining potential rivals while rewarding loyalists with political position and monetary incentives. Having successfully stood-down MPRS chairman General Nasution 's 1968 attempt to introduce

14525-496: The army led an anti-communist purge that killed an estimated 500,000 to a million people. Public opinion shifted against Sukarno in part due to his apparent knowledge of, and sympathy for, the events of 30 September, and for his tolerance of leftist and communist elements whom the army blamed for the coup attempt. Student groups, such as KAMI , were encouraged by, and sided with, the Army against Sukarno. In March 1966, Suharto secured

14700-458: The barracks and banning them from even using the Islamic greeting As-salamu alaykum , and these anti-Islamic policies were entirely supported by Suharto, despite Suharto being a Muslim himself, since he considered political Islam a threat to his power. The Christian General Theo Syafei, who also served under Suharto, spoke out against political Islam coming to power in Indonesia, and insulted

14875-510: The bombing of Borobudur Temple in January 1985) led to arrests of hundreds of conservative Islamic activists, ranging from future parliamentary leader A. M. Fatwa to radical cleric Abu Bakar Bashir (future founder of terrorist group Jemaah Islamiyah ). Attacks on police by the resurgent Libyan -aided Free Aceh Movement in 1989 led to a brutal military operation (" Operasi Jaring Merah ") that killed up to 12,000 people, mostly civilians, by

15050-505: The books will be used for new mandatory course Pancasila studies, replaced the previous modeled civic studies course. New Order (Indonesia) The New Order ( Indonesian : Orde Baru , abbreviated Orba ) describes the regime of the second Indonesian President Suharto from his rise to power in 1966 until his resignation in 1998. Suharto coined the term upon his accession and used it to contrast his presidency with that of his predecessor Sukarno (retroactively dubbed

15225-584: The campus unrest by issuing a decree on the "Normalization of Campus Life" (NKK) which prohibited political activities on-campus not related to academic pursuits. In 1980, fifty prominent political figures—including Nasution—signed the Petition of Fifty which criticised Suharto's use of Pancasila to silence his critics. Suharto refused to address the petitioners' concerns, and some of them were imprisoned with others having restrictions imposed on their movements. To placate demands from civilian politicians for

15400-603: The clove industry, monopolized by a Tommy-linked governmental body called the Clove Buffering and Marketing Administration ( Indonesian : Badan Penyangga dan Pemasaran Cengkeh , BPPC); and even the cinema market (and furthermore, all imports of films distributed by the American major film studios ), monopolised by 21 Cineplex , owned by Suharto's cousin Sudwikatmono's Subentra Group (now Indika Group). The family

15575-522: The constitution by promoting PKI's international communist agenda, negligence of the economy, and promotion of national "moral degradation" via his womanising behaviour. In March 1967, the MPRS stripped Sukarno of his remaining power, and Suharto was named Acting President . Sukarno was placed under house arrest in Bogor Palace ; little more was heard from him, and he died in June 1970. In March 1968,

15750-570: The creation of the Guidelines for the Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila (Indonesian: Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila , P-4 or Ekaprasetia Pancakarsa ) as a national policy. On 26 March 1979, thru Presidential Decree No. 10/1979, the Agency for Development, Education, Implementation of Guidelines for the Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila ( Badan Pembinaan Pendidikan Pelaksanaan Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila , BP-7)

15925-444: The deadline; a further temporary extension was issued, to 30 April 2020. This deadline was also missed, creating uncertainty for Indonesian researchers. The uncertainty was due to conflicts between three ministries: the Ministry of Research and Technology, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights , and the Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform . The People's Representative Council requested Joko Widodo to warn

16100-735: The decision, because the Steering Committee office was not mandated by Bill No. 11/2019 and thus did not have a legal basis. The Steering Committee's only basis was the Bill of Pancasila Ideology Direction, which supposedly became the legal basis for BPIP to grab power and which did not pass. The Prosperous Justice Party also criticized the combining of older state scientific institutes—such as LIPI, LAPAN, BPPT, and BATAN—because it not only would erase landmark Indonesia scientific institutions but also would clash with existing laws, primarily Law No. 10/1997 (Nuclear Power) and Law No. 21/2013 (Law of Space). The chairman, Laksana Tri Handoko, however, supported that

16275-442: The defacto national principle. The need of Pancasila preservation become intensified after the 30 September Movement , after Suharto concluded that Pancasila was no longer practiced by Indonesian population, thus " Communism / Marxism-Leninism " ( sic , official state terminology) was raised as contender and challenged the state ideology. By mandate of People's Consultative Assembly Resolution No. II/MPR/1978, Suharto formalized

16450-480: The duty of the development, practice and application of Pancasila per the provisions of Resolution 1/PCA/2003 on the Application of Pancasila by the People's Consultative Assembly - the current official state interpretation of the dogma of Pancasila, formulated to apply lessons learned from the reformasi movements of the 90s. The structure of BPIP is largely based on Presidential Decree No. 7/2018. The structure

16625-616: The early 1990s, but weak regulation of the financial sector sowed the seeds of the catastrophic crisis in 1997 which eventually lead to Suharto's resignation. The growth of the economy was coincided by rapid expansion in corruption, collusion, and nepotism ( Korupsi, Kolusi, dan Nepotisme / KKN ). In the early 1980s, Suharto's children, particularly Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana ("Tutut"), Hutomo Mandala Putra ("Tommy") , and Bambang Trihatmodjo, grew increasingly venal and corrupt. Their companies were given lucrative government contracts and protected from market competition by monopolies. Examples include

16800-451: The elections, Suharto realised the need to align himself with a political party. After initially considering alignment with Sukarno's old party, the PNI , in 1969 Suharto took control of an obscure military-run federation of NGOs called Golkar ("Functional Group") and transform it into his electoral vehicle under the co-ordination of his right-hand man Ali Murtopo . The first general election

16975-483: The end, but their integration process still continued, with its expected completion pushed back to one year after the enactment of Decree No.78/2021. On 3 September 2021, BRIN announced that it would be gradually filling positions, in September 2021, December 2021, and March 2022. The size of BRIN was yet to be disclosed to the public; on 6 September 2021, this was publicly made known. On 13 October 2021, after

17150-506: The entire fleet of the disbanded East German Navy in 1993, despite most of the vessels having little value other than scrap, Suharto ordered the offending publications to be closed down on 21 June 1994 on the pretext that these critiques could "incite conflicts within the cabinet". This would lead to several of the closed publications' journalists to form the Alliance of Independent Journalists shortly thereafter; Tempo would later move to

17325-523: The ethnic Chinese were encouraged to take Indonesian-sounding names . Furthermore, Chinese Indonesians are also subject to the Certificate of Citizenship in order to enter an academy, obtain a passport, register for an election, and to get married. In 1968, Suharto commenced the very successful family planning program ( Keluarga Berentjana /KB) to stem the huge population growth rate and hence increase per-capita income. A lasting legacy from this period

17500-480: The first batch of 2022 consolidations. Two researchers, Eko Noer Kristianto and Heru Susetyo, submitted a judicial review to the Constitutional Court to challenge the government decision. The researchers claimed that BRIN's existence "potentially raised uncertainties" in the Indonesia scientific community and requested clarification on "integration" in laws regulating sciences in Indonesia. The case

17675-473: The first incarnation of Free Aceh Movement separatists under Hasan di Tiro in 1977 led to dispatch of small special forces detachments who quickly either killed or forced the movement's members to flee abroad. Notably, in March 1981, Suharto authorised a successful special forces mission to end hijacking of a Garuda Indonesia flight by Islamic extremists at Don Muang Airport in Bangkok . To comply with

17850-448: The formation of BRIN was criticized due to its being coordinated with and sharing the same Steering Committee with BPIP. Critics are afraid that in doing so, BRIN becomes politicized and vulnerable to government intervention, which would threaten scientific freedom. This controversy arose largely because Megawati, a member of the BRIN steering committee, is also a political party leader. The opposition Prosperous Justice Party also lamented

18025-507: The funding and execution of ministerial research programs being relinquished to BRIN, or (3) partial transition, by which only part of the research arms within the ministerial research and development divisions would be relinquished to BRIN, with the staff retaining their place within their originating ministries. The third option was probably offered due to some ministries having their research and development divisions being combined with those concerned with human resources development, such as in

18200-406: The governing regime's political will and capitalist markets; and (3) ensuring BRIN's clear role as executor, not just as regulator, to prevent overlapping roles with ministries, and making clear BRIN's role as either independent agency of its own, or combining the existing government research and development agencies under the BRIN umbrella. While it was desired by Indonesia's scientific community,

18375-528: The government forced the four Islamic parties to merge into the PPP ( Partai Persatuan Pembangunan /United Development Party) while the five non-Islamic parties were fused into PDI ( Partai Demokrasi Indonesia /Indonesian Democratic Party). The government ensured that these parties never developed effective opposition by controlling their leadership, while establishing the "re-call" system to remove any outspoken legislators from their positions. Using this system dubbed

18550-605: The government to maintain strong military presence in the half-island until 1999. An estimated minimum of 90,800 and maximum of 213,600 conflict-related deaths occurred in East Timor during Indonesian rule (1974–1999) ; namely, 17,600–19,600 killings and 73,200 to 194,000 'excess' deaths from hunger and illness. Indonesian forces were responsible for about 70% of the violent killings. By 1996, Indonesia's poverty rate had dropped to around 11% compared with 45% in 1970 according to some studies, though this claim of poverty reduction

18725-539: The government's Legal Documentation Information Network. The decree further cemented the ministry's regulatory oversight with regard to science, research, and technology through formation of the General Directorate of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, a miniaturized version of the Ministry of Research and Technology within the ministry body, not BRIN. While it made clear that BRIN would not have regulatory oversight anymore and vested that function in

18900-401: The growth of a small number of Chinese-Indonesian conglomerates since they could not challenge his rule due to their ethnic-minority status, and, based on past experience, he thought that they possessed the skills and capital needed to create real growth for the country. In exchange for Suharto's patronage, the conglomerates provided vital financing for his "regime maintenance" activities. In

19075-536: The hearing by Commission IV of the People's Representative Council on 25 August 2021, Syahrul Yasin Limpo , the Minister of Agriculture, expressed his concern about BRIN's plan to subsume the Ministry of Agriculture's Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development ( Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian (Balitbangtan)). While its performance is not as well known as that of other research agencies,

19250-496: The holding of elections, as manifested in MPRS resolutions of 1966 and 1967, Suharto government formulated a series of laws regarding elections as well as the structure and duties of parliament which were passed by MPRS in November 1969 after protracted negotiations. The law provided for a parliament ( Madjelis Permusjawaratan Rakjat /MPR) with the power to elect presidents consisting of a lower house ( Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat /DPR ) as well as regional and groups representatives. 100 of

19425-417: The independence of each scientific organization and synergy between the scientific organizations. The fear is that if many scientific organizations are all combined under BRIN, then BRIN would monopolize state-sponsored research. Not only that, with the status of only research and development agency, not a group of ministries as before, the bargaining power of BRIN would be weak. These issues were resolved with

19600-666: The issuance of Presidential Decree No. 33/2021, which established the Steering Committee and making Megawati the ex-officio chairman. To prevent BRIN from become a political tool, the Indonesian Young Scientists Academy (Indonesian: Akademi Ilmuwan Muda Indonesia (ALMI)) took three stances: (1) the government must base policy and decision making on what's good for science and technology; (2) preventing BRIN, science and technology institute and research centers, and universities from becoming state corporations, ensuring their neutrality and independence from

19775-413: The issuance of the new temporary BRIN constituting document, Presidential Decree No. 78/2021. Not only the formation of BRIN, the formation of BRIDA offices across Indonesia was also difficult, largely because regional and local research and development agencies had been so long neglected, lacking resources, with their researches limited by regional and local policy making and lack of innovation. During

19950-430: The jump in oil exports during the 1973 oil crisis , the government began a series of large-scale intensive investment in infrastructure under a series of five-year plans ( Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun / REPELITA ): While establishing a formal economy based on rational and sound macroeconomic policies, Suharto continued his past modus operandi of creating a vast network of charitable organisations (" yayasan ") run by

20125-450: The jungles since the Indonesian takeover in 1963, while sending Catholic volunteers under Jusuf Wanandi to distribute consumer goods to promote pro-Indonesian sentiments. In March 1969, it was agreed that the plebiscite will be channelled via 1,025 tribal chiefs, citing the logistical challenge and political ignorance of the population. Using the above strategy, the plebiscite produced a unanimous decision for integration with Indonesia, which

20300-534: The late 1950s through to the mid-1960s, the "New Order" was committed to achieving and maintaining political order, economic development, and the removal of mass participation in the political process. The features of the "New Order" established from the late 1960s were thus a strong political role for the military, the bureaucratisation and corporatisation of political and societal organisations, and selective but brutal repression of opponents. Strident anti-communist , anti-socialist , and anti-Islamist doctrine remained

20475-524: The late 1950s, Sukarno's rule became increasingly autocratic under his " Guided Democracy ". Described as the great " dalang ", Sukarno’s position depended on his concept of NASAKOM (Nationalism, Religion, Communism) whereby he sought to balance the competing Indonesian Military, Islamic groups, and the increasingly powerful Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). To the resentment of the Military and Muslim groups, this arrangement became increasingly reliant on

20650-409: The late 1980s, the Suharto government decided to de-regulate the banking sector to encourage savings and providing domestic source of financing required for growth. Suharto decreed the "October Package of 1988" ( PAKTO 88 ), which eased requirements for establishing banks and extending credit, resulting in a 50% increase in number of banks from 1989 to 1991. To promote savings, the government introduced

20825-561: The launch of the Palapa telecommunication satellites); consequently Indonesian infrastructure in the mid-1990s was considered on par with China's. Suharto was keen to capitalise on such achievements to justify his presidency, and an MPR resolution in 1983 granted him the title of "Father of Development". Suharto's health-care programs (such as the Puskesmas program) increased life expectancy from 47 years (1966) to 67 years (1997) and cut

21000-575: The legitimacy of the 1971 elections, the Golput Movement, the costly construction of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah theme park (1972), the domination of foreign capitalists ( Malari Incident of 1974), and the lack of term limits of Suharto's presidency (1978). The New Order responded by imprisoning student activists and sending army units to occupy the campus of the Bandung Institute of Technology in 1978. In April 1978, Suharto ended

21175-464: The managerial burden on local/regional governments. It also better drew the dividing line between BRIN and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. BRIN inherited much of the former Ministry of Research and Technology, except some responsibilities that had to be left to the new ministry. The decree also reconfigured the office of the Steering Committee, from its membership being drawn solely from BPIP steering committee members to being

21350-556: The media. The organizational structure of BRIN was also greatly expanded by this decree. BRIN was now divided into two parts, the steering committee and the executive. The steering committee, whose members are, controversially, ex-officio , the members of the steering committee of the Pancasila Ideology Development Agency (BPIP); and the chairman of the BPIP steering committee is also the chairman of

21525-483: The military and his family members, which extracted "donations" from domestic and foreign enterprises in exchange for necessary government support and permits. While some proceeds of these organisations were used for genuinely charitable purposes (such as building a heart-disease hospital by Yayasan Harapan Kita run by the first lady), most of the money was recycled as slush funds to reward political allies to maintain support for Suharto's presidency. In February 1975,

21700-603: The military to ruthlessly maintain domestic security, organised by the Kopkamtib (Operation Command for the Restoration of Security and Order) and BAKIN (State Intelligence Coordination Agency). To maintain strict control over the country, Suharto expanded the army's territorial system down to the village level, while military officers were appointed as regional heads under the rubric of the Dwifungsi ("Dual Function") of

21875-531: The military. By 1969, 70% of Indonesia's provincial governors and more than half of its district chiefs were active military officers. Suharto authorised Operasi Trisula which destroyed PKI remnants trying to organise a guerrilla base in the Blitar area in 1968 and ordered several military operations which ended the communist PGRS-Paraku insurgency in West Kalimantan (1967–1972). Attacks on oil workers by

22050-477: The ministries to work together and consolidate their efforts. Following a restructuring of the ministries in April 2021, BRIN was made a new, separate, non-ministerial agency. Laksana Tri Handoko , the former Chief of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences , was appointed as the chairman of BRIN. On 5 May 2021, Joko Widodo signed Presidential Decree No. 33/2021, effectively establishing BRIN as

22225-526: The ministry, the document still did not yet made clear the coordination between the ministry and BRIN. Nadiem Makarim himself asserted that BRIN is a partner of the ministry in performing research, not subordinate to the ministry. On 10 August 2021, as part of leaving the past, and the legacy of the Ristek era, behind, BRIN introduced a new logo. The change of the logo was announced at the same time of 26th National Technology Awakening Day celebration. The logo

22400-423: The myriad yayasan s run by Suharto family grew even larger, levying millions of dollars in "donations" from the public and private sectors each year. By the 1980s, Suharto's grip on power was very strong, maintained by strict control over civil society, engineered elections, liberal use of the military's coercive powers, and a strong economy. Upon his retirement from the military in June 1976, Suharto undertook

22575-815: The nation's economy. The largest conglomerates are the Salim Group , led by Liem Sioe Liong (Sudono Salim) , the Sinar Mas Group , led by Oei Ek Tjong (Eka Tjipta Widjaja) , the Astra Group , led by Tjia Han Poen (William Soeryadjaya) , the Lippo Group , led by Lie Mo Tie (Mochtar Riady) , the Barito Pacific Group, led by Pang Djun Phen (Prajogo Pangestu) , and the Nusamba Group, led by Bob Hasan . Suharto decided to support

22750-445: The national government research funding of around 24.92 trillion rupiahs allocated for research (0.25% of Indonesia Bruto domestic product ), only 43.74% was spent on Research and Development (RnD) activities, while the rest went for operational costs (30.68%), service costs (13.17%), capital expenditure (6.65%), and education and training (5.77%). Fictitious research, overlapping research, and various misuse and mismanagement of funding

22925-468: The national research ecosystem, to promote national self-sufficiency . On 13 August 2019, Widodo signed Law No. 11 of 2019 concerning the National System of Sciences and Technology. Article 48 of the law laid the foundation of the future BRIN. After winning the election on 23 October 2019, he signed Presidential Decision No. 113/P/2019 on the formation of his cabinet. According to this, BRIN

23100-565: The neighbouring colony of Portuguese Timor descended into civil war after the withdrawal of Portuguese authority following the Carnation Revolution , whereby the leftist-leaning Fretilin ( Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente ) emerged triumphant. After persuasion from Western countries (including from US president Gerald R. Ford and Australian prime minister Gough Whitlam during their visits to Indonesia), Suharto decided to intervene to prevent establishment of

23275-546: The new institution since the beginning of the separation of BRIN from the Ministry of Research and technology. The Islamist party also used an Islamic-themed populist narrative in an attempt to delegitimize BRIN's existence and claimed that that BRIN's existence was part of a "de- Habibie -nization project", accusing the Widodo administration of attempts to "remove landmarks left by Habibie and other Islamic scholars and scientists in building Indonesia research ecosystem" and favoring

23450-417: The old constituting document, BRIDA offices were formed solely by their respective local and regional governments. In the new constituting document, BRIDA formation is jointly managed by local/regional governments and BRIN, with BRIN providing advice to the local government. The BRIDAs can be attached to the local/regional government research and development department. This new arrangement comparatively lessened

23625-491: The old names. For example, LAPAN would become the Aeronautics and Space Research Organization ( Organisasi Riset Penerbangan dan Antariksa (ORPA)). Despite being known as ORPA, it can still use LAPAN on preexisting projects, contracts, and cooperations. On 30 July 2021, Joko Widodo issued Presidential Decree No. 62/2021, the permanent constituting document of Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology , to

23800-512: The organization and its policies. However, if the steering committee exists to control the direction of the growth and advancement of research, it may become the problem as it will be seen as an attempt of the government, whoever is in power, to monopolize the sciences based on government' point of view. Because Indonesia will nowt have only BRIN, BRIN has to be "right and righteous" first before fully operating. The current status of BRIN, and its expansion by "eating" older existing research agencies,

23975-482: The origins of the racial pogrom against the ethnic-Chinese . One theory suggested rivalry between military chief General Wiranto and Prabowo Subianto , while another theory suggested deliberate provocation by Suharto to divert blame for the crisis to the ethnic-Chinese and discredit the student movement. National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesia) The National Research and Innovation Agency ( Indonesian : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional , BRIN)

24150-514: The party gained increasing influence at the expense of the Army, thus ensuring the Army's enmity. Muslim clerics, many of whom were landowners, felt threatened by the PKI's rural land confiscation actions. The army was alarmed at Sukarno’s support for the PKI’s wish to quickly establish a "fifth force" of armed peasants and labourers, which was first announced by the PKI to a CBS News journalist. Adding to this desperate and fractious nature of Indonesia in

24325-565: The power to control Balitbangtan, which would still be attached to the Ministry of Agriculture, although Balitbangtan programs and funding would be supervised by BRIN. While the option would not be as advantageous to BRIN, the option does strengthen BRIN and Balitbangtan in collaboration in the National Plan of National Research Priorities of 2020 – 2024 period. If partial integration were chosen, part of Balitbangtan would be relinquished to BRIN, and what remained with Balitbangtan would become

24500-497: The power to monitor, control, and evaluate the research in each BRIDA office. The decree mandated to every province and regencies and townships government must form their own BRIDA office in 2 years after the decree become effective. With currently there are 34 provinces, 416 regencies, and 98 townships in Indonesia, 548 BRIDA offices are expected to be formed at least until 2023. The government allocated Rp 6.6 trillion to fund BRIN for Fiscal Year 2022. The Fiscal Year 2022 funding

24675-432: The powerful Kopkamtib in September 1988 and ensured key military positions were held by loyalists. In an attempt to diversify his power base away from the military, Suharto began courting support from Islamic elements. He undertook a much-publicized hajj pilgrimage in 1991, took up name of Haji Mohammad Suharto, started promoting Islamic values into society, and promoted the careers of Islamic-oriented generals (dubbed

24850-473: The reform. Some ministries, which did not want to lose their R&D institutions to BRIN, due to R&D being vital for decision making were made to rescale their R&D operations, while also contributing part of their unit and resources to BRIN. Most ministries would no longer perform large-scale research, except for policy making purposes. The reform also changed BRIN so that it could perform such large scale research. There were some exceptions. For example,

25025-486: The researchers being transferred to BRIN. Also left out the integration were research and development agencies of the Indonesian National Armed Forces . This led into various units and researches formerly under LAPAN and BPPT, units that focused in military research and defense and security affairs, being kept out of BRIN and instead put under the Ministry of Defense. There was a plan to form

25200-571: The rubric of economic development, away from over-reliance to United States support. Suharto was elected as head of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1992, while Indonesia became a founding member of APEC , in 1989, and hosted the Bogor APEC Summit in 1994. Domestically, the growing rapaciousness of Suharto's family created discontent among the military, which lost access to power and lucrative rent-seeking opportunities. In

25375-688: The sole national research agency and decreeing that all Indonesian national research agencies—such as the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology  [ id ] (BPPT), the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia  [ id ] (BATAN), and the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)—be subsumed into BRIN. As expected, BRIN

25550-570: The source of the country's mounting economic and political crises, prominent political figures spoke out against his presidency (notably Muslim politician Amien Rais ), and in January 1998 university students began organising nationwide demonstrations. In West Kalimantan there was communal violence between Dayaks and Madurese in 1996, in the Sambas conflict of 1999, and the Sampit conflict of 2001, all of which resulted in large-scale massacres of

25725-445: The state oil company Pertamina was forced to default on its US$ 15 billion in loans from American and Canadian creditors . The company's director, General Ibnu Sutowo (a close ally of Suharto), invested the windfall income from rising oil prices into a myriad of other business activities such as shipping, steel, construction, real estate, and hospitals. These businesses were mismanaged and riddled with corruption. The government

25900-667: The state); and established the MUI ( Majelis Ulama Indonesia ) in 1975 to control Islamic clerics. In 1966 to 1967, to promote assimilation of the influential Chinese Indonesians , the Suharto government passed several laws as part of the so-called "Basic Policy for the Solution of Chinese Problem", whereby only one Chinese-language publication (controlled by the army) was allowed to continue, all Chinese cultural and religious expressions (including display of Chinese characters) were prohibited from public space, Chinese schools were phased out, and

26075-656: The support for ruling regime. During Sukarno administration, Pancasila preservation was hampered due to Sukarno 1959 political manifesto (originally his address during the 1959 Indonesian Independence Day parade), which introduced Manipol USDEK , short for Sukarno's interpretation of Constitution of 1945 , Indonesian Socialism (a non-Russian variant of National Bolshevism ), guided democracy , guided economy, and Indonesia nationalism. This manifesto resulted in Pancasila mixed together with leftist ideologies and being used as tool for perpetuation of Sukarno administration. After

26250-435: The then-largely-uncensored internet as Tempointeraktif (which still exists today as tempo.co ) for the rest of the New Order, and the owner of DeTIK would launch another magazine called DeTAK . By the 1990s, elements of the growing Indonesian middle class , created by Suharto's economic development, were becoming restless with his autocracy and his family's brazen corruption, fuelling demands for " Reformasi " (reform) of

26425-573: The time ended the insurgency ended in 1992. More subtly, the Suharto government sought to better control the press by issuing a 1984 law requiring all media to possess a press operating licence ( SIUPP ) which could be revoked at any time by the Ministry of Information. In the international arena, Western concern over Communism waned with the end of the Cold War , and Suharto's human-rights record came under greater international scrutiny. The November 1991 Santa Cruz Massacre in Dili , East Timor, resulted in

26600-456: Was addressed to all state-owned research institutions and regional and local research and development departments, and it mandated that those institutes coordinate their research and development under BRIN, and pushed for the formation of BRIDA offices by no later than 31 December 2022. On 12 August 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs' Research and Development Agency—along with the Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform, BRIN,

26775-450: Was alleviated by influx of USAID rice aid shipments in 1967 to 1968. Realizing the dearth of domestic capital capable of re-juvenating growth, Suharto reversed Sukarno's economic autarky policies by opening selected economic sectors of the country to foreign investment under the new Foreign Investment Law of January 1967 (containing generous tax holidays and free movement of money). Suharto himself travelled to Western Europe and Japan in

26950-419: Was also criticized. Azyumardi Azra , an Indonesian Islamic scholar, lamented the agency's merging strategy that was expected to take place over a very short period of time. Such process would be very, and even if it is succeeded, the resulting organization would become so massive. BRIN's merger strategy would undermine the National System of Sciences and Technology outlined by Law No. 11/2019, which law mandated

27125-416: Was also reported. BRIN was formed with the intent to fix the problems in Indonesia's research ecosystem. In January 2019, BRIN's formation was suggested by Megawati Soekarnoputri , the fifth President of Indonesia and leader of Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle , in a speech given to mark her party's 46th anniversary. In her speech, she suggested a research and innovation agency to direct and support

27300-498: Was drawn by Triawan Munaf [ id ], former chief of the Creative Economy Agency of Jokowi's previous Working Cabinet . The new logo was a stylized integration of the previous logos of LIPI, BPPT, LAPAN, and BATAN. At the ceremony, Chairman Handoko announced the finalization of the upcoming draft of the BRIN lineup. On 24 August 2021, the new BRIN temporary constitutional document, Presidential Decree No. 78/2021,

27475-478: Was duly noted by United Nations General Assembly in November 1969. Under Suharto, political Islamists were suppressed and religious Muslims were carefully watched by the Indonesian government. Several Christian Generals who served under Suharto like Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani actively persecuted religious Muslims in the Indonesian armed forces, which was described as being "anti-Islamic", denying religious Muslims promotions, and preventing them from praying in

27650-718: Was followed by waves of arrests on 200 democracy activists, 23 of whom were kidnapped (some were murdered) by army squads called Tim Mawar ("Rose Team") led by Suharto's son-in-law, Major-General Prabowo Subianto . Regardless of these incidents, as late as mid-1997, Suharto's grip on power seemed as secure as ever with the military led by his loyalists, all opposition groups suppressed, and the economy in good shape. The 1997 Asian financial crisis began in July 1997, in Thailand , and spread into Indonesia as foreign speculative investors pulled out their investments, sucking U.S. dollar liquidity in Indonesia and causing severe depreciation of

27825-577: Was forced to bail out the company, in the process nearly doubling the national debt , while Ibnu Sutowo was removed from his position. Upon assuming power, Suharto government adopted a policy of neutrality in the Cold War with quiet alignment with the Western bloc (including Japan and South Korea) with the objective of securing support for Indonesia's economic recovery. Western countries, impressed by Suharto's strong anti-communist credentials, were quick to offer their support. Diplomatic relations with

28000-1391: Was founded by Suharto administration to futher develop Pancasila as national ideology. BP-7's operational structure spanned from the central government to town level. After reformasi , BP-7 was formally abolished by President Habibie by issuance of Presidential Decree No. 27/1999 due to its connections to Suharto - and his interpretation of the ideology, Resolution 2/MPR/1978, as too authoritarian and anti-democratic, as well as unadaptable to current circumstances. With no longer have agency dedicated to preserve it, Pancasila no longer protected and threatened. Excessive freedom brought by reformasi , together with abolition of Pancasila studies in post-New Order education system also enabled other foreign ideologies to be imported to Indonesia without filter, resulted in much mixture and loss uniformity in Pancasila teaching and enabled to various interpretation of Pancasila to be exist, further threatening Pancasila as ideology and also resulted in loss of national identity and threatening national resilience. 18 years after dissolution of BP-7, Joko Widodo issued Presidential Decree No. 54/2017, establishing Presidential Unit of Pancasila Ideology Development (Indonesia: Unit Kerja Presiden Pembinaan Ideologi Pancasila , UKP-PIP). UKP-PIP later elevated to BPIP by issuance of Presidential Decree No. 7/2018. The current agency, as its basis, provides

28175-497: Was held on 3 July 1971 with ten participants: Golkar, four Islamic parties, as well as five nationalist and Christian parties. Campaigning on a non-ideological platform of "development", and aided by official government support and subtle intimidation tactics. Golkar secured 62.8% of the popular vote. The March 1973 general session of the MPR promptly appointed Suharto to a second term in office with Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX as vice-president. On 5 January 1973, to allow better control,

28350-457: Was increased to Rp 10.51 trillion on 27 September 2021. On 20 September 2021, it was revealed that more than 11,000 employees of the former Ministry of Research and Technology, LIPI, BPPT, LAPAN, and BATAN were being moved from their original institutions to BRIN. On 9 June 2021, the chairman of BRIN, Laksana Tri Handoko, announced a plan for BRIN to become expanded and integrated with the ministerial research and development divisions. The plan

28525-489: Was initially registered as Submission Deed No. 34/PUU/PAN.MK/AP3/08/2021 to the Constitutional Court. The deed was later registered as Case No. 46/PUU-XIX/2021 on 7 September 2021. The first review session was held on 21 September 2021. On 15 December 2021, the Constitutional Court decided to dismiss the case. Presidential Decree No. 33/2021 clashed with existing laws, and scientists and lawmakers called for

28700-681: Was made the PKS party's patron in 2016; for the PKS Habibie is a "scholar and democrat". BRIN has been criticized for apparent inefficiency. Laksana Tri Handoko was involved in controversy with Commission VII DPR, which resulted in the Commission recommending his expulsion from BRIN, to be replaced by a more competent person and that BRIN be audited by the Audit Board of Indonesia (BPK). One Commission VII DPR member, Syaikhul Islam Ali from

28875-525: Was no longer positioned as a regulatory body, as any regulatory function remains with the ministry. Despite being signed on that day, the decree, which was backdated to 28 April 2021, was not published on government's law official channel, the Documentation Legal Information Network ( Jaringan Dokumentasi Informasi Hukum ) until 29 May 2021, which made it officially in force, although it had already become known through

29050-476: Was not something new, as the issue already existed in 2018, with the Law of National System of Sciences and Technology discussed in the parliament . In April 2021, President Widodo intended that in the future, the work of the national research and development activities would be consolidated within BRIN, to preclude overlapping research efforts. In announcing this plan, BRIN, together with the Ministry of Finance , and

29225-607: Was replaced by the Agency for Defense Policy and Technology Development . The Research and Development Center of the Indonesian National Police would also not be liquidated. On 11 January 2022, the National Police signed a research collaboration MoU with BRIN, as most of its research partnerships had already been liquidated. This is a list of BRIN's predecessor agencies. (first incarnation) Presidential Decree No. 78/2021 overhauled and expanded

29400-446: Was revealed that those 7 Research Organizations were formed from more than a dozen former research organizations. On 24 September 2021, Chairman of BRIN Regulation No. 1/2021 was fully published. The regulation specified BRIN's executive officers and deputies. The number of research organizations under BRIN is fluid and seems to always be changing; it was said they would amount to "dozens". Chairman of BRIN Regulation No. 4/2021 granted

29575-475: Was said to have controlled about 36,000 km of real estate in Indonesia, including 100,000 m of prime office space in Jakarta and nearly 40% of the land in East Timor. Additionally, Suharto's family members received free shares in 1,251 of Indonesia's most lucrative domestic companies (mostly run by Suharto's ethnic-Chinese cronies), while foreign-owned companies were encouraged to establish "strategic partnerships" with Suharto family's companies. Meanwhile,

29750-771: Was signed as the replacement to Presidential Decree No. 33/2021; it was published on 1 September 2021. Based on the new decree, the structure of the BRIN steering committee and its staff was overhauled, the Technical Implementing Organizations (now termed simply as Research Organizations) in BRIN were expanded, and the integration mechanism clarified. The new decree did not spare BATAN and LAPAN from disbandment, however; BATAN and LAPAN relinquished their power and rights granted by Law No. 10/1997 (Nuclear Power) and Law No. 21/2013 (Law of Space), respectively, to BRIN. The decree also provided mechanisms for local and regional government to form BRIDA offices. In

29925-577: Was still being drafted at the time of the announcement, which did give a glimpse of the future changes. The announcement outlined 5 major points of revision: (1) Changes to the presidential decree's articles that conflicted with preexisting laws; (2) Clarification of the integration mechanisms; (3) Harmonization between BRIN and other scientific and scientific regulatory agencies; (4) Fixing inter-agency coordination issues; (5) Setting up 10 to 11 Technical Implementing Organizations under BRIN. What Technical Implementing Organizations would be subordinated under BRIN

30100-420: Was the first BRIN organizational capture after the consolidation. On 24 January 2022, BRIN announced that eventually 919 state research units from 74 ministries and non-ministerial research arms would be consolidated under the BRIN umbrella. These units would be consolidated to form 104 research centers scattered across 18 research organizations. 12 research organizations would be inaugurated on 1 February 2022 as

30275-420: Was to be attached to the Ministry of Research and Technology. On 24 October 2019, BRIN's temporary constituting document, Presidential Decree No. 74/2019, was signed. The constituting document specified that the organization of BRIN must be fixed within three months after the signing of the temporary document. Bambang Brodjonegoro , the Minister of Research and Technology, failed to set the structure of BRIN by

30450-540: Was unknown at the time, but there would be some demotions of currently preexisting organizations, and some others would be split off from preexisting organizations. The revision also defended BATAN and LAPAN being dismantled, although some parts of those institutions would join BRIN. Despite that, the said revision planned to clarify the differences between BRIN and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology in regulating science in Indonesia. The coordination between these two institutions on research matters with

30625-437: Was welcomed by many scientists, and politicians, who praised its being a separate, independent agency that reports directly to the president. However, there were fears that BRIN might become a political tool that would create a conflict of interest. BRIN's existence is closely tied to ex-president Megawati, and there was a rumor that Megawati wanted to be placed on BRIN's "Directorial Committee". The rumor become reality with

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