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82-520: During Indonesian National Revolution , the civil service was divided into Republic of Indonesia government and Dutch East Indies government. The Indonesian government formed Office of Civil Servant Affairs ( Indonesian : Kantor Urusan Pegawai Negeri , KUP) with Government Regulation 11/1948 on 30 May 1948 which located at Yogyakarta . The Dutch East Indies government formed General Staff Service ( Dutch : Dienst voor Algemene Personele , DAPZ, Indonesian : Djawatan Umum Urusan Pegawai , DUUP), by

164-632: A Dutch-Indonesian union and an elected legislature, although Dutch Queen Wilhelmina made a speech in London in May 1941 promising unspecified changes to the relationship with the East Indies after the war. On 23 January 1942, three years before the 1945 proclamation, an independence activist Nani Wartabone declared "Indonesian independence" after he and his people won in a revolt in Gorontalo against

246-818: A central role in the Indonesian National Revolution . One of the other changes that had also taken place during the Japanese occupation included the population in Indonesia undertaking military training. Conflict occurred not only with the Dutch, but also when the Japanese tried to re-establish control in October 1945 in Bandung, and furthermore when the British tried to establish control. After

328-599: A decade, Parindra was lukewarm, resenting the possibility of Soetardjo succeeding where the other nationalist organizations had failed. The petition was passed by a majority of the Volksraad , but rejected by the Dutch in November 1938. In May 1937, Parindra, the Indonesian People's Movement (Gerindo), was established by younger Marxists including Amir Sjarifuddin , another future prime minister, to campaign for

410-402: A declaration worded as follows: Sukarno and Hatta rejected this wording, believing that it had the potential to spark violence and would cause problems for the Japanese as it implied a transfer of sovereignty in violation of the terms of the surrender. Sukarno drafted the final version, which read as follows: This final version contained the phrase "transfer of power", which was acceptable to

492-606: A few Indonesians were able to gain a larger role in commerce. The Indonesian independence movement began in May 1908, which is commemorated as the " Day of National Awakening " ( Indonesian : Hari Kebangkitan Nasional ). Indonesian nationalism and movements supporting independence from Dutch colonialism, such as Budi Utomo , the Indonesian National Party (PNI), Sarekat Islam and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), grew rapidly in

574-440: A harsh Japanese response. We the people of Indonesia do hereby declare the independence of Indonesia. Matters concerning the transfer of power and other matters will be executed in an orderly manner and in the shortest possible time. Djakarta, 17 August 05 In the name of the people of Indonesia The date of the declaration, "05" refers to " Japanese imperial year ( 皇紀 , kōki ) 2605". Indonesian youths spread news of

656-462: A lesser extent in Sumatra (Indonesia's two dominant islands), the Japanese spread and encouraged nationalist sentiment. Although this was done more for Japanese political advantage than from altruistic support of Indonesian independence, this support created new Indonesian institutions (including local neighbourhood organisations) and elevated political leaders such as Sukarno. Just as significantly for

738-645: A more reasoned approach. Some leaders, such as the leftist Tan Malaka , spread the idea that this was a revolutionary struggle to be led and won by the Indonesian pemuda . Sukarno and Hatta, by contrast, were more interested in planning government and institutions to achieve independence through diplomacy. Pro-revolution demonstrations took place in large cities, including one in Jakarta on 19 September with over 200,000 people, which Sukarno and Hatta, fearing violence, successfully quelled. By September 1945, many of

820-425: A peak in November and December, with 1,200 killed in Bandung as the pemuda returned to the offensive. In March 1946, departing Republicans responded to a British ultimatum for them to leave the city of Bandung by deliberately burning down much of the southern half of the city in what is popularly known in Indonesia as the " Bandung Sea of Fire ". The Battle of Surabaya was the heaviest and bloodiest single battle of

902-540: A proclamation. Meanwhile, various pemuda groups had heard the surrender rumors and held a meeting. Those present included D. N. Aidit , Chairul Saleh and Wikana . They decided to send a deputation led by Wikana to meet Sukarno at his home and demand an immediate proclamation of independence in person, rather than through the PPKI, which they saw as having no credibility, and which in any case had no pemuda members. In an angry exchange, Sukarno refused to do so as besides

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984-1056: Is a political position. Head of National Civil Service Agency is the highest civil servant in National Civil Service Agency. The National Civil Service Agency consists of: Indonesian National Revolution [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED]   Netherlands [REDACTED]   United Kingdom [REDACTED] Sukarno [REDACTED] M. Hatta [REDACTED] Sudirman [REDACTED] O. Soemohardjo [REDACTED] HB IX [REDACTED] Gatot Soebroto [REDACTED] A.H Nasution and others... • United Kingdom : 980 killed • Japan : 1,293 killed • 5,500–20,000 Indo people and European civilians killed and 2,500 missing 1946 1947–1948 1949 Post- RTC Taishō period Shōwa period 18th century 19th century 20th century The Indonesian National Revolution ( Indonesian : Revolusi Nasional Indonesia ), also known as

1066-467: The Constitution of Indonesia . The Dutch, as the former colonial power, viewed the republicans as collaborators with the Japanese, and desired to restore their colonial rule, as they still had political and economic interests in the former Dutch East Indies. The result was a four-year war for Indonesian independence. Indonesian youths had played an important role in the proclamation, and they played

1148-690: The Imperial Japanese Navy . As the area controlled by the Navy was the source of essential supplies, including food, to the other areas, rear-admiral Tadashi Maeda was appointed to the liaison office of the naval attaché in Batavia to expedite deliveries and to ensure the maintenance of good relations with the Army. In April 1943, the Japanese established the Triple-A mass movement. Its name

1230-580: The Indonesian War of Independence ( Indonesian : Perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia , Dutch : Indonesische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and

1312-708: The Indonesian language . This expression of national unity was a reaction to the older generation, which tended to identify with their region or ethnicity, and subsequently became known as the Youth Pledge . The PNI grew rapidly, causing concern for the authorities, who arrested Sukarno and seven party leaders in December 1929. They were put on trial for being a threat to public order and in September 1930 received sentences of one to four years – Sukarno received

1394-729: The Netherlands ' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949. The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II allies ) were able to control

1476-553: The Perhimpoenan Indonesia , or Indonesian Association. Among its leaders were future Indonesian vice-president Mohammad Hatta and future prime minister Sutan Sjahrir . In September 1927, Hatta and other members were arrested for inciting resistance to Dutch authority in the East Indies, but thanks to a rousing defense speech by Hatta, they were acquitted. Back in the East Indies, in 1927, nationalist and future Indonesian president Sukarno turned his study club into

1558-531: The 10,000 Indo-Europeans and European internees in the volatile Central Java interior. British detachments sent to the towns of Ambarawa and Magelang encountered strong Republican resistance and used air attacks against the Indonesians. Sukarno arranged a ceasefire on 2 November, but by late November fighting had resumed and the British withdrew to the coast (refer Battle of Ambarawa ). Republican attacks against Allied and alleged pro-Dutch civilians reached

1640-598: The 1945–46 period, which is known as the Bersiap . Estimates of the death toll of the Bersiap period vary from 3,500 to 30,000. NIOD concluded a Dutch casualty number of approximately 5,500 with possible higher numbers but not above 10,000. Estimates of the number of Indonesian fighters killed in the lead up to and during the Battle of Surabaya range from 6,300 to 15,000. The Japanese forces lost around 1,000 soldiers and

1722-499: The British commander Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison diverted soldiers of the former Dutch colonial army to eastern Indonesia, where Dutch reoccupation was proceeding smoothly. Tensions mounted as Allied troops entered Java and Sumatra; clashes broke out between Republicans and their perceived enemies, namely Dutch prisoners, Dutch colonial troops (KNIL) , Chinese, Indo-Europeans and Japanese. The first stages of warfare were initiated in October 1945 when, in accordance with

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1804-454: The British forces registered 660 soldiers, mostly British Indians , as killed (with a similar number missing in action). The actual Dutch military was hardly involved, as it started to return to Indonesia only in March and April 1946. By the end of August 1945, a central Republican government had been established in Jakarta. It adopted a constitution drafted during the Japanese occupation by

1886-982: The Decree of the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies Number 13 dated June 9, 1948, headed by Mr. J.W. Van Hoogstraken and located in Jakarta. After dissolution of United States of Indonesia on 15 August 1950, government saw that the need for centralization in Jakarta, thus merged DUUP into KUP and relocated to Jakarta. In 1972, KUP was transformed into National Civil Service Administration Agency ( Indonesian : Badan Administrasi Kepegawaian Negara , BAKN). Later, BAKN transformed into National Civil Service Agency ( Indonesian : Badan Kepegawaian Nasional , BKN). In October 2021, National Civil Service Agency detected fraud on Civil Servant Selection. For this reason, NCSA had made breakthrough innovations with face recording technology from registration to

1968-548: The Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia . The revolution marked the end of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies , except for New Guinea . It also significantly changed ethnic castes as well as reducing the power of many of the local rulers ( raja ). It did not significantly improve the economic or political fortunes of the majority of the population, although

2050-563: The Dutch East Indies, and rapidly overran the archipelago. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. The Japanese banned the use of the Dutch language as well as the Indonesian flag and anthem , and the Japanese calendar was imposed. The archipelago was administered as three separate regions: Sumatra by the Twenty-Fifth Army , Java and Madura by the Sixteenth Army and Kalimantan and the resource-rich eastern islands by

2132-508: The Dutch when they reoccupied their colony. At a meeting in Singapore at the end of July, it was decided that Java would become independent at the end of September, followed by other areas. On 6 and 9 August, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki . On 7 August, the Japanese announced the formation of a Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) to accelerate preparations for establishing an Indonesian government for

2214-466: The Dutch who were afraid of Japanese invasion of Celebes. He was later imprisoned by the Japanese after they had invaded the area. With the outbreak of the war in the Far East , and the initial successes of Japan, in early 1942, the Dutch authorities gave Amir Sjarifuddin money to establish an underground resistance movement and sent Hatta and Sjahrir back to Java. In January 1942, the Japanese invaded

2296-710: The Imperial Japanese forces stationed there, as well as maintaining order on the island until the Dutch could return. As US forces were focusing on the Japanese home islands, the archipelago was put under the jurisdiction of British Admiral Earl Louis Mountbatten , the Supreme Allied Commander , South East Asia Command . Allied enclaves already existed in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo ), Morotai ( Maluku ) and parts of Irian Jaya ; Dutch administrators had already returned to these areas. In

2378-493: The Indonesian Nationalist Association, which in May 1928 became the Indonesian National Party (PNI). The party aimed to achieve Indonesian independence through mass-based non-cooperation with the authorities. In October 1928, the representatives at a Youth Congress held in Batavia, the capital, adopted the ideals of one motherland, Indonesia; one nation, the nation of Indonesia; and one language,

2460-401: The Japanese as the Japanese language translation of the phrase implied transfer of administrative control, rather than of sovereignty, which could have been seen as a violation by the Japanese of the ceasefire commitment to preserve the status quo . It was also acceptable to the Indonesians, who could interpret this transfer in a wider sense. Meanwhile, the phrase "in an orderly manner" reassured

2542-492: The Japanese military that there would be no interference in a declaration of independence as long as it was not associated with the Japanese, as this would be a breach of the surrender terms. Sukarno and Hatta then went to Maeda's house, now the Formulation of Proclamation Text Museum , where members of the PPKI were waiting, having been told to go there by Subardjo. Earlier that day, the pemuda led by Sjahrir had produced

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2624-661: The Japanese navy areas, the arrival of Allied troops quickly prevented revolutionary activities where Australian troops, followed by Dutch troops and administrators, took the Japanese surrender (except for Bali and Lombok ). Due to the lack of strong resistance, two Australian Army divisions succeeded in occupying eastern Indonesia. The British were charged with restoring order and civilian government in Java. The Dutch took this to mean pre-war colonial administration and continued to claim sovereignty over Indonesia. The British and Indian troops did not, however, land on Java to accept

2706-587: The Japanese surrender until late September 1945. Lord Mountbatten's immediate tasks included the repatriation of some 300,000 Japanese, and freeing prisoners of war. He did not want, nor did he have the resources, to commit his troops to a long struggle to regain Indonesia for the Dutch. The first British troops reached Jakarta in late September 1945, and arrived in the cities of Medan ( North Sumatra ), Padang ( West Sumatra ), Palembang ( South Sumatra ), Semarang ( Central Java ) and Surabaya ( East Java ) in October. In an attempt to avoid clashes with Indonesians,

2788-728: The Japanese, and denounced the Republic as a creation of Japanese fascism . The Dutch East Indies administration had just received a ten million dollar loan from the United States to finance its return to Indonesia. The Netherlands, however, was critically weakened from World War II in Europe and did not return as a significant military force until early 1946. The Japanese and members of the Allied forces reluctantly agreed to act as caretakers. Australian forces of I Corps under general Leslie Morshead had landed in Borneo in May 1945, to destroy

2870-459: The Japanese, still with the ultimate goal of Indonesian independence. The two men urged the Japanese to establish a popular political organization that they would lead, and this came about in March 1943 with the formation of Putera , the Centre of People's Power. Although it was controlled by the Japanese, it was led by Sukarno, Hatta, Hajar Dewantara and pre-war Islamic figure Mas Mansoer . Like

2952-474: The Japanese. Command structures and membership vital for a national army were consequently dismantled. Thus, rather than being formed from a trained, armed, and organised army, the Republican armed forces began to grow in September from usually younger, less trained groups built around charismatic leaders. Creating a rational military structure that was obedient to central authority from such disorganisation,

3034-691: The Japanese. In October 1943, the Japanese formed the Defenders of the Homeland (PETA) volunteer army intended to help fight off an allied invasion of the East Indies, and also established the Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations (Masjumi) as an umbrella group for Muslims. In 1944, Putera was dissolved and replaced by the Java Service Association ( Jawa Hokokai ), with Sukarno and Hatta given key positions in it, albeit answering to

3116-633: The Netherlands East Indies Government in exile was based). These strikes were only fully broken in July 1946. The Japanese, on the other hand, were required by the terms of the surrender to both lay down their arms and maintain order; a contradiction that some resolved by handing weapons to Japanese-trained Indonesians. The resulting power vacuums in Java and Sumatra in the weeks following the Japanese surrender created an atmosphere of uncertainty, but also one of opportunity for

3198-575: The Netherlands and assumed the leadership of the rival New PNI, which had a more Marxist and revolutionary platform than Partindo. Sukarno was arrested again in August 1933, and was exiled first to Flores , then to Bencoolen , while Hatta and Sjahrir were arrested and exiled to the Boven Digul detention camp in western New Guinea. The detention of these nationalist figures effectively ended

3280-463: The PPKI. On 15 August, Japan surrendered , and the Japanese authorities in the East Indies were ordered to maintain the status quo pending the arrival of allied forces. However there was no official confirmation from the Japanese of the surrender. Again there was disagreement between the older generation, including Sukarno and Hatta, who were uncertain how to proceed, and the pemuda , including Sjahrir, who urged Sukarno to declare independence without

3362-577: The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence. With general elections yet to be held, a Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) was appointed to assist the President. Similar committees were established at provincial and regency levels. Questions of allegiance immediately arose amongst indigenous rulers. Central Javanese principalities, for example, immediately declared themselves Republican, while many raja ('rulers') of

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3444-502: The Republican Governor of Jakarta, a Menadonese Christian. Many Balinese raja accepted Republican authority. Fearing the Dutch would attempt to re-establish their authority over Indonesia, the new Republican Government and its leaders moved quickly to strengthen the fledgling administration. Within Indonesia, the newly formed government, although enthusiastic, was fragile and focused in Java (where focused at all). It

3526-529: The Republicans. Many pemuda joined pro-Republic struggle groups ( badan perjuangan ). The most disciplined were soldiers from the Japanese-formed but disbanded Giyūgun ( PETA , volunteer army) and Heiho (local soldiers employed by Japanese armed forces) groups. Many groups were undisciplined, due to both the circumstances of their formation and what they perceived as revolutionary spirit. In

3608-500: The Triple A, it achieved very little. As the tide turned against Japan and its territorial expansion halted, Japan started to talk of greater Indonesian involvement in the governance of Java, where the 16th Army was much more in favor of such participation than the 25th Army or the Navy in other parts of the archipelago. A Central Advisory Council was established, again headed by Sukarno, and more Indonesians were appointed as advisors to

3690-500: The archipelago by Sukarno and Hatta, and in October 1944, established a Free Indonesia Dormitory to prepare youth leaders for an independent Indonesia. With the war situation becoming increasingly dire, in March 1945 the Japanese announced the formation of an Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK), comprising members of the older political generation, including Sukarno and Hatta. Chaired by Rajiman Wediodiningrat , in two sessions in May and June, it decided on

3772-416: The basis for an independent nation and produced a draft constitution . Meanwhile, the younger activists, known as the pemuda , wanted much more overt moves towards independence than the older generation were willing to risk, resulting in a split between the generations. Following the call from the allies for Japan to surrender , the Japanese decided to grant Indonesian independence to create problems for

3854-643: The challenge from Hatta as he knew that only Sukarno and Hatta had the authority to make a credible declaration of independence. Spurred on by this humiliation and the desire to demonstrate the commitment of the pemuda , a decision was taken by a group including Chairul Saleh and Wikana to take action. In the early hours of the morning of 16 August, they took Sukarno and Hatta to the town of Rengasdengklok (today in Karawang Regency , West Java ), ostensibly to protect them from an uprising by Peta troops, but in fact to force them to declare independence. However,

3936-589: The document from the Japanese-formed PPKI, only Sukarno and Hatta would sign it. The meeting broke up at 5am. The latin typewriter used to type the proclamation test was borrowed from Korvettenkapitän Dr.jur. Hermann Kandeler, the leader of a Nazi German military stützpunkt in Pasar Senen, Jakarta. This was because only Japanese typewriters were available in Maeda's house. The original plan

4018-525: The educational reforms of the Dutch Ethical Policy . The occupation of Indonesia by Japan for three and a half years during World War II was a crucial factor in the subsequent revolution. The Netherlands had minimal ability to defend its colony against the Japanese army , and within only three months of their initial attacks, the Japanese had occupied the Dutch East Indies. In Java, and to

4100-475: The first half of the 20th century. Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam and others pursued strategies of co-operation by joining the Dutch initiated Volksraad ("People's Council") in the hope that Indonesia would be granted self-rule. Others chose a non-cooperative strategy demanding the freedom of self-government from the Dutch East Indies colony. The most notable of these leaders were Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta , two students and nationalist leaders who had benefited from

4182-427: The first weeks, Japanese troops often withdrew from urban areas to avoid confrontations. By September 1945, control of major infrastructure installations, including railway stations and trams in Java's largest cities, had been taken over by Republican pemuda who encountered little Japanese resistance. To spread the revolutionary message, pemuda set up their own radio stations and newspapers, and graffiti proclaimed

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4264-525: The following day. The date of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was made a public holiday by a government decree issued on 18 June 1946. In 1918, the Dutch authorities in the Dutch East Indies established a partly-elected People's Council, the Volksraad , which for the first time gave Indonesian nationalists a voice. Meanwhile, Indonesian students studying in the Netherlands formed

4346-559: The formation of an Indonesian parliament in cooperation with the Dutch, which was the same aim of the Indonesian Political Federation (GAPI), formed two years later from a merger of almost all the nationalist organizations. However, the outbreak of the Second World War resulted in the occupation of the Netherlands, and the Dutch government in exile was in no position to respond to GAPI's request for

4428-413: The implementation of the exam. Later, NCSA disqualified 225 candidates due to fraud. NCSA has the task of carrying out government duties in the field of state personnel management in accordance with the provisions of the legislation. In carrying out its duties, NCSA carries out the following functions: Minister of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform is not part of the civil service as it

4510-461: The independence of Indonesia. Matters which concern the transfer of power and other things will be executed by careful means and in the shortest possible time. Djakarta, 17 August 1945 In the name of the people of Indonesia, [signed] Soekarno—Hatta (translation by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , October 1948) It was mid-September before news of the declaration of independence spread to

4592-484: The involvement of the PPKI to avoid accusations from the Allies that independence was sponsored by Japan. In the afternoon of 15 August, Sukarno, Hatta and BPUPK member and future foreign minister Achmad Soebardjo called on Maeda to ask about the surrender rumours, and received unofficial confirmation that they were true. Hatta then asked Soebardjo to arrange a meeting of the PPKI for the following day and went home to draft

4674-499: The longest sentence. The PNI dissolved itself in 1931, and in the same year, Sjahrir returned from the Netherlands and established a party called the New PNI which rather than focussing on mass action and being dependent on one leader, aimed to create a group of leaders who could ensure continuity if any were arrested. In 1931, Sukarno was released and joined the small Indonesia Party (Partindo) , while in August 1932, Hatta returned from

4756-401: The major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra but could not control the countryside. By 1949, international pressure on the Netherlands, the United States threatening to cut off all economic aid for World War II rebuilding efforts to the Netherlands and the partial military stalemate became such that the Netherlands transferred sovereignty over

4838-478: The military governor. Although intended to mobilise the masses for Japanese interests, Sukarno in particular took advantage of his role to tour the archipelago making speeches. On 7 September 1944, Japanese Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for the 'East Indies' "later on" ( di kemudian hari ). The authorities in Java then allowed the flying of the Indonesian flag at Jawa Hokokai buildings. Rear-admiral Maeda provided official funds for tours around

4920-449: The nationalist sentiment. On most islands, struggle committees and militia were set up. Republican newspapers and journals were common in Jakarta, Yogyakarta , and Surakarta , which fostered a generation of writers known as angkatan 45 ('generation of 45') many of whom believed their work could be part of the revolution. Republican leaders struggled to come to terms with popular sentiment; some wanted passionate armed struggle; others

5002-431: The need to discuss matters with the PPKI, he did not want to provoke the Japanese. Hatta subsequently arrived and took the same stance as Sukarno, and pointed out that there was still no official confirmation of the Japanese surrender. He then invited the pemuda to go ahead with a proclamation themselves. Wikana in turn demanded a declaration the following day, 16 August, and the delegation left. Wikana felt humiliated by

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5084-493: The non-cooperation movement, and in December 1935 the moderate Indonesian National Union and Budi Utomo merged to form the Great Indonesia Party (Parindra), which aimed to work with the Dutch to achieve Indonesian independence. When in 1936, Volksraad member Soetardjo submitted a petition asking for a conference to be held that would lead to Indonesian self-government as part of a Dutch-Indonesian union over

5166-409: The older nationalists as it implied no action by the pemuda , and "in the shortest possible time" was taken by the Indonesians to mean before the Allied forces arrived. Chairul Saleh and other pemuda figures protested ineffectually about the changes, but the majority of the PPKI agreed with the wording. After some debate as to who would sign the proclamation, it was agreed that in order to disassociate

5248-502: The outer islands, and many Indonesians far from the capital Jakarta did not believe it. As the news spread, most Indonesians came to regard themselves as pro-Republican, and a mood of revolution swept across the country. External power had shifted; it would be weeks before Allied Forces shipping entered Indonesia (owing in part to boycotts and strikes, in Australia , on coaling, loading and manning Dutch shipping from Australia, where

5330-595: The outer islands, who had been enriched from their support of the Dutch, were less enthusiastic. Such reluctance among many outer islands was sharpened by the radical, non-aristocratic, and sometimes Islamic nature of the Java-centric Republican leadership. Support did, however, come from South Sulawesi (including the King of Bone , who still recalled battles against the Dutch from early in the century), and from Makassarese and Bugis raja , who supported

5412-580: The preamble to the draft constitution , which had been written by the BPUPK, was read, then Sukarno, with Hatta by his side, read the proclamation: Kami, bangsa Indonesia, dengan ini menjatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Hal-hal jang mengenai pemindahan kekoeasaan d.l.l., diselenggarakan dengan tjara saksama dan dalam tempo jang sesingkat-singkatnja. Djakarta, hari 17 boelan 8 tahoen 05 Atas nama bangsa Indonesia, Soekarno/Hatta. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] PETA officer Latief Hendraningat raised

5494-603: The proclamation across Java almost immediately using Japanese news and telegraph facilities, and in Bandung the news was broadcast by radio. However many ordinary Indonesians either did not believe the reports or saw them as a Japanese deception. In Sumatra, only the republican elite in major cities knew about the proclamation by the middle of September. The day after the proclamation, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence met and elected Sukarno as president and Hatta as vice-president. It also ratified

5576-522: The red and white flag of Indonesia and the attendees sung the Indonesian national anthem, Indonesia Raya . An English translation published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as of October 1948 included the entire speech as read by Sukarno . It incorporated remarks made immediately prior to and after the actual proclamation. George McTurnan Kahin , a historian on Indonesia, believed that they were omitted from publication in Indonesia either due to Japanese control of media outlets or fear of provoking

5658-651: The revolution and became a national symbol of Indonesian resistance. Pemuda groups in Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, seized arms and ammunition from the Japanese and set up two new organisations; the Indonesia National Committee (KNI) and the People's Security Council (BKR). By the time the Allied forces arrived at the end of October 1945, the pemuda foothold in Surabaya city

5740-410: The self-proclaimed pemuda , who were ready to die for '100% freedom', were getting impatient. It was common for ethnic 'out-groups' – Dutch internees, Eurasian , Ambonese and Chinese – and anyone considered to be a spy, to be subjected to intimidation, kidnapping, robbery, murder and organised massacres. Such attacks would continue throughout the course of the revolution, but were most present during

5822-464: The subsequent revolution, the Japanese destroyed and replaced much of the Dutch-created economic, administrative, and political infrastructure. On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, but no date was set. For supporters of Sukarno, this announcement was seen as vindication for his collaboration with the Japanese. The unconditional surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945

5904-514: The terms of their surrender, the Japanese tried to re-establish the authority they had relinquished to Indonesians in the towns and cities. Japanese military police killed Republican pemuda in Pekalongan (Central Java) on 3 October, and Japanese troops drove Republican pemuda out of Bandung in West Java and handed the city to the British, but the fiercest fighting involving the Japanese

5986-474: The two men still refused to make such a proclamation without assurances from the Japanese. Later that morning, Maeda learned that Sukarno and Hatta had disappeared. An Army investigation led to Wikana, who was pressured to return the two men to Jakarta. Following a guarantee of safety and cooperation from Maeda, as well as the use of his house for discussions, Subardjo went to Rengasdengklok and brought Sukarno and Hatta back to Jakarta. They obtained an assurance from

6068-512: The whole of the East Indies, not just Java. Two days later, Sukarno, Hatta and Rajiman Wediodiningrat were flown by the Japanese to Dalat , near Saigon , to meet with Field Marshall Hisaichi Terauchi , the Japanese commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group , who promised independence for the territory of the former Dutch East Indies and formally appointed Sukarno and Hatta as chairman and vice-chairman of

6150-513: Was described as "a strong unified fortress". The city itself was in pandemonium. There was bloody hand-to-hand fighting on every street corner. Bodies were strewn everywhere. Decapitated, dismembered trunks lay piled one on top of the other   ... Indonesians were shooting and stabbing and murdering wildly — Sukarno Indonesian Declaration of Independence The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence ( Indonesian : Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia , or simply Proklamasi )

6232-411: Was eagerly received by the radical and politicised pemuda (Indonesian for 'male youth') groups. They pressured Sukarno and Hatta to proclaim Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, two days later. The following day, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) elected Sukarno as president , and Hatta as vice-president . PROCLAMATION We, the people of Indonesia, hereby declare

6314-412: Was for the proclamation to be read in public before a crowd at the square in the center of Jakarta, now Merdeka Square . However, the Japanese authorities, fearing disorder, deployed soldiers to the area, and as a result, the proclamation was made at Sukarno's house at 56 Jalan Pegangsaan Timur at 10 AM Japan Standard Time , which was in use during the occupation. The ceremony was very simple. Firstly,

6396-633: Was in Semarang. On 14 October, British forces began to occupy the city. Retreating Republican forces retaliated by killing between 130 and 300 Japanese prisoners they were holding. Five hundred Japanese and two thousand Indonesians had been killed and the Japanese had almost captured the city six days later when British forces arrived. The Allies repatriated the remaining Japanese troops and civilians to Japan, although about 1,000 elected to remain behind and later assisted Republican forces in fighting for independence. The British subsequently decided to evacuate

6478-506: Was one of the major problems of the revolution, a problem that remains through to contemporary times. In the self-created Indonesian army, Japanese-trained Indonesian officers prevailed over those trained by the Dutch. A thirty-year-old former school teacher, Sudirman , was elected 'commander-in-chief' at the first meeting of Division Commanders in Yogyakarta on 12 November 1945. The Dutch accused Sukarno and Hatta of collaborating with

6560-481: Was rarely and loosely in contact with the outer islands, which had more Japanese troops (particularly in Japanese naval areas), less sympathetic Japanese commanders, and fewer Republican leaders and activists. In November 1945, a parliamentary form of government was established and Sjahrir was appointed prime minister. In the week following the Japanese surrender, the Giyūgun (PETA) and Heiho groups were disbanded by

6642-517: Was read at 10:00 Tokyo Standard Time on Friday, 17 August 1945 in Jakarta . The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution , fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949. The document was signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta , who were appointed president and vice-president respectively

6724-608: Was taken from the Japanese propaganda slogan portraying Japan as the leader, protector and light of Asia. However it failed to gain support as no significant Indonesian nationalists were involved, and the propaganda was too heavy-handed. The Japanese then decided that it would be more effective to use pre-war nationalists to mobilize the population in support of their war aims. In July, the 25th Army freed Sukarno from exile in Sumatra, and he joined Hatta and Sjahrir in Jakarta, as Batavia had been renamed. They agreed that Sjahrir would work underground, while Sukarno and Hatta would cooperate with

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