Seberang Perai :
130-539: Seberang Perai : The Penang Strait is an 11 kilometre-wide strait that separates Penang Island from mainland Malay Peninsula . Penang Island is to the west of the channel , while Seberang Perai , the mainland half of the State of Penang , is to the east. The northern and southern ends of the channel join the Strait of Malacca , one of the world's busiest maritime routes. The strait provides deepwater passage to
260-460: A pre-dreadnought battleship . With the advent of the dreadnought battleship before World War I , the armored cruiser evolved into a vessel of similar scale known as the battlecruiser . The very large battlecruisers of the World War I era that succeeded armored cruisers were now classified, along with dreadnought battleships, as capital ships . By the early 20th century, after World War I,
390-489: A "heavy" cruiser was one with guns of more than 6.1-inch (155 mm) calibre. The Second London Naval Treaty attempted to reduce the tonnage of new cruisers to 8,000 or less, but this had little effect; Japan and Germany were not signatories, and some navies had already begun to evade treaty limitations on warships. The first London treaty did touch off a period of the major powers building 6-inch or 6.1-inch gunned cruisers, nominally of 10,000 tons and with up to fifteen guns,
520-494: A "poor cousin" to George Town , Seberang Perai has undergone significant transformation in the decades following Malaya's independence. The Penang state government has been actively promoting a policy of balanced development between the two cities, and Seberang Perai has been positioned as the "future of Penang". In 2021, 'Penang Bay', an initiative aimed at promoting sustainable development, urban regeneration and creative economy between downtown George Town and Butterworth ,
650-598: A busy shipping route. The Penang Strait separates Penang Island from the Malay Peninsula to the east. It connects with the Strait of Malacca to the north and south. The strait can also be further divided into the North Channel and the South Channel. The North Channel refers to the body of water north of the northeastern promontory of Penang Island , where George Town is situated, whereas
780-517: A combination of those materials, remained popular until towards the end of the 19th century. The ironclad's armor often meant that they were limited to short range under steam, and many ironclads were unsuited to long-range missions or for work in distant colonies. The unarmored cruiser—often a screw sloop or screw frigate —could continue in this role. Even though mid- to late-19th century cruisers typically carried up-to-date guns firing explosive shells , they were unable to face ironclads in combat. This
910-514: A common sight during the annual festivities. The Minor Basilica of St. Anne at Bukit Mertajam plays host to the annual Novena feast , which draws thousands of pilgrims from abroad. The 'Street of Harmony' at Seberang Jaya has nine places of worship, each representing a different faith, and is a tribute to religious diversity within the township. As part of urban renewal efforts, several locations at Butterworth have been adorned with street art . Additionally, container art pieces showcasing
1040-726: A cruiser as a surface combatant displacing at least 9750 tonnes; with respect to vessels in service as of the early 2020s it includes the Type 055, the Sejong the Great from South Korea , the Atago and Maya from Japan and the Ticonderoga and Zumwalt from the US. The term "cruiser" or "cruizer" was first commonly used in the 17th century to refer to an independent warship. "Cruiser" meant
1170-737: A displacement of less than 3,000 tons. During the two following decades, this cruiser type came to be the inspiration for combining heavy artillery, high speed and low displacement. The torpedo cruiser (known in the Royal Navy as the torpedo gunboat ) was a smaller unarmored cruiser, which emerged in the 1880s–1890s. These ships could reach speeds up to 20 knots (37 km/h) and were armed with medium to small calibre guns as well as torpedoes. These ships were tasked with guard and reconnaissance duties, to repeat signals and all other fleet duties for which smaller vessels were suited. These ships could also function as flagships of torpedo boat flotillas. After
1300-573: A divide of two cruiser types, heavy cruisers having 6.1 inches to 8 inch guns, while those with guns of 6.1 inches or less were light cruisers . Each type were limited in total and individual tonnage which shaped cruiser design until the collapse of the treaty system just prior to the start of World War II. Some variations on the Treaty cruiser design included the German Deutschland -class "pocket battleships", which had heavier armament at
1430-421: A fleet of fast unprotected steel cruisers were ideal for commerce raiding , while the torpedo boat would be able to destroy an enemy battleship fleet. Steel also offered the cruiser a way of acquiring the protection needed to survive in combat. Steel armor was considerably stronger, for the same weight, than iron. By putting a relatively thin layer of steel armor above the vital parts of the ship, and by placing
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#17327726623871560-421: A fleet of large, fast, powerfully armed vessels which would be able to hunt down and mop up enemy cruisers and armored cruisers with overwhelming fire superiority was needed. They were equipped with the same gun types as battleships, though usually with fewer guns, and were intended to engage enemy capital ships as well. This type of vessel came to be known as the battlecruiser , and the first were commissioned into
1690-437: A group of protected cruisers produced in the same yard and known as the "Elswick cruisers". Her forecastle , poop deck and the wooden board deck had been removed, replaced with an armored deck. Esmeralda ' s armament consisted of fore and aft 10-inch (25.4 cm) guns and 6-inch (15.2 cm) guns in the midships positions. It could reach a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h), and was propelled by steam alone. It also had
1820-475: A growing services sector concentrated around retail and tourism. In 2020, Seberang Perai's GDP was worth RM45.149 billion (US$ 10.836 billion), accounting for about 46.5% of Penang's total GDP. The economy of Seberang Perai is primarily driven by the services and manufacturing sectors, which together contributed nearly 93% of the city's GDP that year. The first industrial estates in Penang were established in
1950-496: A heavy cruiser, their 280 mm (11 in) main armament was heavier than the 203 mm (8 in) guns of other nations' heavy cruisers, and the latter two members of the class also had tall conning towers resembling battleships. The Panzerschiffe were listed as Ersatz replacements for retiring Reichsmarine coastal defense battleships, which added to their propaganda status in the Kriegsmarine as Ersatz battleships; within
2080-683: A maximum range of 13,500 metres (14,800 yd) at 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph), still well below the "Long Lance". The Japanese were able to keep the Type 93's performance and oxygen power secret until the Allies recovered one in early 1943, thus the Allies faced a great threat they were not aware of in 1942. The Type 93 was also fitted to Japanese post-1930 light cruisers and the majority of their World War II destroyers. Heavy cruisers continued in use until after World War II, with some converted to guided-missile cruisers for air defense or strategic attack and some used for shore bombardment by
2210-691: A persistent issue for decades, with the Juru, Jawi and Perai rivers classified as having average water quality (Class III) by Malaysia's Department of Environment since 2016. Throughout the 19th century, Province Wellesley was administered from George Town without any local governance structure in place. This changed in 1913 when the Municipal Ordinance came into effect, mandating the establishment of local governments in Province Wellesley. Three local governments were created, namely
2340-513: A preemptive assault on Perai . The Kedahan forces were routed and the Sultan was forced to sue for peace . In 1800, the EIC annexed a strip of the mainland from Kedah for a sum of 4,000 Spanish dollars . This acquisition, negotiated by George Caunter on behalf of Lieutenant-Governor George Leith , gave the EIC permanent sovereignty over both Penang Island and the newly acquired territory, which
2470-602: A range of more than 20 nautical miles. They were mainly used to attack enemy surface ships and shore-based targets. In addition, there were 10–16 secondary guns with a caliber of less than 130 mm (5.1 in). Also, dozens of automatic antiaircraft guns were installed to fight aircraft and small vessels such as torpedo boats. For example, in World War II, American Alaska-class cruisers were more than 30,000 tons, equipped with nine 12 in (305 mm) guns. Some cruisers could also carry three or four seaplanes to correct
2600-518: A scaled-up heavy cruiser design. Their hull classification symbol of CB (cruiser, big) reflected this. A precursor to the anti-aircraft cruiser was the Romanian British-built protected cruiser Elisabeta . After the start of World War I, her four 120 mm main guns were landed and her four 75 mm (12-pounder) secondary guns were modified for anti-aircraft fire. The development of the anti-aircraft cruiser began in 1935 when
2730-468: A total of 20 police stations throughout the city as of 2022 . According to the 2020 Malaysian census, Seberang Perai had a population of 946,092 within its jurisdiction of 748 km (289 sq mi), giving it a population density of 1,264.8/km (3,276/sq mi). This also makes Seberang Perai the third largest city by population in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur and Kajang . Seberang Perai
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#17327726623872860-612: A widespread classification following the London Naval Treaty in 1930. The heavy cruiser's immediate precursors were the light cruiser designs of the 1910s and 1920s; the US lightly armored 8-inch "treaty cruisers" of the 1920s (built under the Washington Naval Treaty) were originally classed as light cruisers until the London Treaty forced their redesignation. Initially, all cruisers built under
2990-544: Is also the most populous settlement within the George Town Conurbation , containing over 54.3% of Penang's population. The city centre of Butterworth recorded a population of 80,378, or approximately 8.5% of the total population of Seberang Perai. In the decades following Malaya's independence, Seberang Perai's population grew rapidly due to the spillover of development from George Town . Between 1975 and 1990, suburban sprawl became more pronounced within
3120-494: Is connected to George Town by two road bridges. The 13.5 km (8.4 mi) Penang Bridge connects the suburb of Perai with Gelugor in the island city. Opened in 2014, the Second Penang Bridge spans 24 km (15 mi) between Batu Kawan and Batu Maung on the island. Cruiser This is an accepted version of this page A cruiser is a type of warship . Modern cruisers are generally
3250-486: Is represented by seven Members of Parliament and 21 state constituencies . Prior to 2023, state elections had been conducted simultaneously with nationwide general elections every five years. As of 2023 , ethnic Malays formed the majority in 11 of the 21 state constituencies, especially in the city's north . On the other hand, non-Malays were largely clustered in urban constituencies such as at Butterworth , Perai , Bukit Mertajam and Batu Kawan , as well as many of
3380-564: Is the tallest point within Seberang Perai. The city's coast is divided into a northern sandy shoreline and a muddy, mangrove-covered southern coastline. The southern coast is geographically sheltered by Penang Island , while the northern shoreline is more exposed to the Malacca Strait . Seberang Perai's jurisdiction also includes two offshore islets – Aman and Gedung islands. These islets feature mudflats that connect with
3510-457: The 1937 Coronation Fleet Review . The British press referred to the vessels as pocket battleships, in reference to the heavy firepower contained in the relatively small vessels; they were considerably smaller than contemporary battleships, though at 28 knots were slower than battlecruisers. At up to 16,000 tons at full load, they were not treaty compliant 10,000 ton cruisers. And although their displacement and scale of armor protection were that of
3640-503: The Cherok Tok Kun megalith , found at Bukit Mertajam , both indicate significant Hindu influence at the area between the 5th and 6th centuries. In 1786, Francis Light acquired Penang Island from Kedah in exchange for British military protection. However, when Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah of Kedah attempted to retake the island by force in response to the EIC's reneging on military protection, British forces launched
3770-668: The German "pocket battleship" Admiral Graf Spee (which was on a commerce raiding mission) in the Battle of the River Plate ; German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee then took refuge in neutral Montevideo , Uruguay . By broadcasting messages indicating capital ships were in the area, the British caused Admiral Graf Spee ' s captain to think he faced a hopeless situation while low on ammunition and order his ship scuttled. On 8 June 1940
3900-482: The Indians at almost 10%. During the British colonial era, agriculture promoted significant immigration from China and India, resulting in sizable non-Malay populations within the central and southern districts of the city. In particular, Chinese comprised the majority at areas such as Butterworth, Bukit Mertajam and Nibong Tebal . Economic sectors in Seberang Perai by GDP share (2020) Formerly regarded as
4030-618: The London Naval Treaty allowed large light cruisers to be built, with the same tonnage as heavy cruisers and armed with up to fifteen 155 mm (6.1 in) guns. The Japanese Mogami class were built to this treaty's limit, the Americans and British also built similar ships. However, in 1939 the Mogami s were refitted as heavy cruisers with ten 203 mm (8.0 in) guns. In December 1939, three British cruisers engaged
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4160-783: The Middle East , as well as Malay refugees from Kedah fleeing the Siamese conquest of their homeland . In 1831, the EIC expanded Province Wellesley northwards, moving the international border between British and Siamese territories from the Perai River to the Muda River . The territory's boundaries were further extended in 1868 and in the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 , effectively enlarging the British-held territory from
4290-504: The Mogami and Tone classes as heavy cruisers by replacing their 6.1 in (155 mm) triple turrets with 8 in (203 mm) twin turrets. Torpedo refits were also made to most heavy cruisers, resulting in up to sixteen 24 in (610 mm) tubes per ship, plus a set of reloads. In 1941 the 1920s light cruisers Ōi and Kitakami were converted to torpedo cruisers with four 5.5 in (140 mm) guns and forty 24 in (610 mm) torpedo tubes. In 1944 Kitakami
4420-534: The Neolithic era. The site of Guar Kepah, located on the southern banks of the Muda River , is home to human remains found in shell middens that indicate the settlement of the area in that period. Guar Kepah remains the only known example of coastal adaptation among Neolithic humans in Malaysia. Seberang Perai was once a part of the Bujang Valley civilisation. The Mahanavika Buddhagupta plaque and
4550-771: The Port of Penang , which is located in Butterworth in Seberang Perai . In addition, Swettenham Pier in George Town , Penang 's capital city that is situated on Penang Island , is a popular destination for cruise ships, serving as one of the major entry points into Penang . Since the foundation of Penang as a trading outpost of the British Empire in 1786, the Penang Strait has historically been
4680-553: The Sukma Games held that year , the multi-purpose stadium has a FIFA -certified football field, and also hosts motorsports events and concerts. In addition to the stadium, newer sports facilities have been planned in areas like Nibong Tebal and Seberang Jaya . In the late 19th century, Islamic education, taught in huts called pondoks in Malay , was common in the rural areas of Province Wellesley. These pondoks served as
4810-553: The Type 93 torpedo for these ships, eventually nicknamed "Long Lance" by the Allies. This type used compressed oxygen instead of compressed air, allowing it to achieve ranges and speeds unmatched by other torpedoes. It could achieve a range of 22,000 metres (24,000 yd) at 50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph), compared with the US Mark 15 torpedo with 5,500 metres (6,000 yd) at 45 knots (83 km/h; 52 mph). The Mark 15 had
4940-409: The cruising warships of a fleet. In the middle of the 19th century, cruiser came to be a classification of the ships intended for cruising distant waters, for commerce raiding , and for scouting for the battle fleet. Cruisers came in a wide variety of sizes, from the medium-sized protected cruiser to large armored cruisers that were nearly as big (although not as powerful or as well-armored) as
5070-423: The north . Despite limited land availability, Penang has consistently recorded the highest average rice yield in Malaysia since 2018, with a total yield of RM190.8 million in 2022. Seberang Perai's ethnic diversity has given rise to a variety of cultural celebrations throughout the year. Chinese New Year is celebrated at Chinese-majority areas such as Butterworth , where public events and decorated streets are
5200-420: The northern and central districts of the city. By 1991, Seberang Perai's population outstripped that of Penang Island for the first time in the state's history. As of 2020 , Malays accounted for 49% of Seberang Perai's population and were the majority ethnic group in the northern part of the city . Ethnic Chinese constituted a significant proportion of the city's population at nearly 33%, followed by
5330-666: The short-range air defense role. By the end of the Cold War the line between cruisers and destroyers had blurred, with the Ticonderoga -class cruiser using the hull of the Spruance -class destroyer but receiving the cruiser designation due to their enhanced mission and combat systems. As of 2023 , only three countries operated active duty vessels formally classed as cruisers: the United States , Russia and Italy . These cruisers are primarily armed with guided missiles, with
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5460-482: The strait . Thus, cargo and container shipping are mainly handled in Butterworth , while Swettenham Pier in George Town continues to receive cruise ships to this day. In 2015 alone, Swettenham Pier recorded 145 port calls, the highest in Malaysia . Meanwhile, Butterworth 's port facilities handled more than 1.2 million TEU of cargo in 2013, making it one of the busiest harbours in the country. The Penang Strait
5590-482: The third largest city in Malaysia . Originally a part of Kedah , the territory containing the city was ceded to the British East India Company in 1800. It was named Province Wellesley and has been administered as part of Penang ever since. The territory became a centre for cash crop agriculture , while the development of new towns such as Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam followed with
5720-433: The "rice bowl" of Penang, Seberang Perai has a long history of agriculture. During British rule, spice, sugar and rubber were some of the major crops in the territory. Post-independence, the focus has shifted to rice, palm oil and coconut cultivation. As of 2017 , agriculture made up nearly 44% of Seberang Perai's land use. The city had approximately 12,472 acres (5,047 ha) of paddy fields as of 2008 , mainly located in
5850-414: The 1900s, these ships were usually traded for faster ships with better sea going qualities. Steel also affected the construction and role of armored cruisers. Steel meant that new designs of battleship, later known as pre-dreadnought battleships , would be able to combine firepower and armor with better endurance and speed than ever before. The armored cruisers of the 1890s and early 1900s greatly resembled
5980-402: The 1920s had displacements of less than 10,000 tons and a speed of up to 35 knots. They were equipped with 6–12 main guns with a caliber of 127–133 mm (5–5.5 inches). In addition, they were equipped with 8–12 secondary guns under 127 mm (5 in) and dozens of small caliber cannons, as well as torpedoes and mines. Some ships also carried 2–4 seaplanes, mainly for reconnaissance. In 1930
6110-547: The 1930s the US developed a series of new guns firing "super-heavy" armor piercing ammunition; these included the 6-inch (152 mm)/47 caliber gun Mark 16 introduced with the 15-gun Brooklyn -class cruisers in 1936, and the 8-inch (203 mm)/55 caliber gun Mark 12 introduced with USS Wichita in 1937. The heavy cruiser was a type of cruiser designed for long range, high speed and an armament of naval guns around 203 mm (8 in) in calibre. The first heavy cruisers were built in 1915, although it only became
6240-572: The 1960s at Mak Mandin and Perai during the tenure of the state's first Chief Minister Wong Pow Nee . However, these early efforts at industrialisation were limited to import substitution . After the revocation of George Town's free port status and the fall of the Alliance -led state government in 1969 , newly elected Chief Minister Lim Chong Eu sought to restructure Penang's economy. The Nathan Report of 1970, produced by Robert R. Nathan Associates , proposed an export-led growth strategy and
6370-409: The 31 towers will boast a unique betel nut design, making them a visually striking landmark alongside the iconic Penang Bridge. In addition to the two bridges, Penang ferry service is another transportation link between Penang Island and the mainland ( Penang Sentral ). Unlike the two bridges, the ferry service operates out of a terminal within the heart of George Town , offering a direct link into
6500-679: The CLAA designation until 1949. The concept of the quick-firing dual-purpose gun anti-aircraft cruiser was embraced in several designs completed too late to see combat, including: USS Worcester , completed in 1948; USS Roanoke , completed in 1949; two Tre Kronor -class cruisers, completed in 1947; two De Zeven Provinciën -class cruisers, completed in 1953; De Grasse , completed in 1955; Colbert , completed in 1959; and HMS Tiger , HMS Lion and HMS Blake , all completed between 1959 and 1961. Most post-World War II cruisers were tasked with air defense roles. In
6630-565: The German capital ships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , classed as battleships but with large cruiser armament, sank the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious with gunfire. From October 1940 through March 1941 the German heavy cruiser (also known as "pocket battleship", see above) Admiral Scheer conducted a successful commerce-raiding voyage in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. On 27 May 1941, HMS Dorsetshire attempted to finish off
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#17327726623876760-555: The Japanese four days later. During the Japanese occupation , Province Wellesley, like George Town , underwent significant social upheaval. Civilians suffered harsh treatment from the Japanese, who attempted to enforce order, while living conditions worsened along with the economic situation. Rice farmers in Province Wellesley were encouraged to increase their yields, but the rice supply deficit proved too great to overcome. Despite
6890-534: The Kriegsmarine, the Panzerschiffe had the propaganda value of capital ships: heavy cruisers with battleship guns, torpedoes, and scout aircraft. The similar Swedish Panzerschiffe were tactically used as centers of battlefleets and not as cruisers. They were deployed by Nazi Germany in support of the German interests in the Spanish Civil War. Panzerschiff Admiral Graf Spee represented Germany in
7020-699: The Marine Department (northern region) and Lai Chew Hock, chairman of the Penang Dragon Boat Association, regarding the suitability for conducting water sports in the Penang Straits. Shamsir cited busy traffic, unpredictable weather, and strong currents for his concerns, while Chew Hock claimed the area was unsuitable for any water sports activities due to debris from fishing boats and strong currents. However, Lim Choo Hooi, chairman of Penang Forward Sports Club, refuted
7150-576: The Muda River in the north to the Kerian River in the south. The development of roads and railways in the early 20th century promoted the growth of Province Wellesley's rubber industry. Malaya 's new rail lines, which ran from the Siamese border to the north to Singapore to the south, cut through Province Wellesley, allowing the Port of Penang to become a major tin exporter. This led to
7280-607: The North and Central Seberang Perai rural district councils, respectively. The three remaining local governments were subsequently merged into a single municipality in 1974. Two years later, Seberang Perai was conferred municipal status and the local government was renamed the Seberang Perai Municipal Council. In the early 1960s, the Penang state government began industrialising Seberang Perai through
7410-535: The Penang Strait - the Penang Bridge and the Second Penang Bridge . The Penang Bridge , completed in 1985, connects Perai on the mainland with the suburb of Gelugor on Penang Island . In 2014, the Second Penang Bridge further south was opened for public use, thereby substituting the Penang Bridge as the longest bridge in Southeast Asia . The Second Penang Bridge runs between Batu Kawan on
7540-437: The Penang Strait has served as an important shipping route within the State of Penang . Up until the 1970s, the main harbour facilities were situated at Weld Quay in George Town . The reclamation of Weld Quay in the late 19th century allowed larger ships to dock off the city's waterfront, as the depth of the seas off Weld Quay was deeper. In 1974, the Port of Penang 's cargo facilities were shifted to Butterworth across
7670-745: The Royal Navy in 1907. The British battlecruisers sacrificed protection for speed, as they were intended to "choose their range" (to the enemy) with superior speed and only engage the enemy at long range. When engaged at moderate ranges, the lack of protection combined with unsafe ammunition handling practices became tragic with the loss of three of them at the Battle of Jutland . Germany and eventually Japan followed suit to build these vessels, replacing armored cruisers in most frontline roles. German battlecruisers were generally better protected but slower than British battlecruisers. Battlecruisers were in many cases larger and more expensive than contemporary battleships, due to their much larger propulsion plants. At around
7800-521: The Royal Navy re-armed HMS Coventry and HMS Curlew . Torpedo tubes and 6-inch (152 mm) low-angle guns were removed from these World War I light cruisers and replaced with ten 4-inch (102 mm) high-angle guns, with appropriate fire-control equipment to provide larger warships with protection against high-altitude bombers. A tactical shortcoming was recognised after completing six additional conversions of C-class cruisers . Having sacrificed anti-ship weapons for anti-aircraft armament,
7930-432: The Royal Navy, only battlecruisers HMS Hood , HMS Repulse and HMS Renown were capable of both outrunning and outgunning the Panzerschiffe. They were seen in the 1930s as a new and serious threat by both Britain and France. While the Kriegsmarine reclassified them as heavy cruisers in 1940, Deutschland -class ships continued to be called pocket battleships in the popular press. The American Alaska class represented
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#17327726623878060-399: The South Channel covers the body of water south of that promontory . The rivers that flow into the Penang Strait are listed as follows. Penang Island : Seberang Perai : A handful of islands and islets lie within the South Channel of the Penang Strait. The largest of all is Jerejak Island , located off the southeastern coast of Penang Island . The largely forested island was once
8190-738: The United States in the Korean War and the Vietnam War . The German Deutschland class was a series of three Panzerschiffe ("armored ships"), a form of heavily armed cruiser, designed and built by the German Reichsmarine in nominal accordance with restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . All three ships were launched between 1931 and 1934, and served with Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II . Within
8320-704: The Washington treaty had torpedo tubes, regardless of nationality. However, in 1930, results of war games caused the US Naval War College to conclude that only perhaps half of cruisers would use their torpedoes in action. In a surface engagement, long-range gunfire and destroyer torpedoes would decide the issue, and under air attack numerous cruisers would be lost before getting within torpedo range. Thus, beginning with USS New Orleans launched in 1933, new cruisers were built without torpedoes, and torpedoes were removed from older heavy cruisers due to
8450-532: The accuracy of gunfire and perform reconnaissance. Together with battleships, these heavy cruisers formed powerful naval task forces, which dominated the world's oceans for more than a century. After the signing of the Washington Treaty on Arms Limitation in 1922, the tonnage and quantity of battleships, aircraft carriers and cruisers were severely restricted. In order not to violate the treaty, countries began to develop light cruisers. Light cruisers of
8580-525: The advent of roads and railways towards the end of the 19th century. After Malaya's independence, Seberang Perai benefitted from the development spillover from George Town . The Port of Penang , the third busiest seaport in the country, was relocated to the municipality in 1974, bolstering its industrial-based economy that has attracted numerous multinational companies . Two road bridges were constructed to physically connect Seberang Perai with George Town, complementing an existing ferry service between
8710-497: The battlecruiser squadrons were required to operate with the battle fleet. Some light cruisers were built specifically to act as the leaders of flotillas of destroyers. These vessels were essentially large coastal patrol boats armed with multiple light guns. One such warship was Grivița of the Romanian Navy . She displaced 110 tons, measured 60 meters in length and was armed with four light guns. The auxiliary cruiser
8840-440: The battleships of the day; they tended to carry slightly smaller main armament (7.5-to-10-inch (190 to 250 mm) rather than 12-inch) and have somewhat thinner armor in exchange for a faster speed (perhaps 21 to 23 knots (39 to 43 km/h) rather than 18). Because of their similarity, the lines between battleships and armored cruisers became blurred. Shortly after the turn of the 20th century there were difficult questions about
8970-555: The city centre for those entering from the mainland. Seberang Perai Seberang Perai is a city in the Malaysian state of Penang . Located on the Malay Peninsula and separated from Penang Island by the Penang Strait , it shares borders with Kedah to the north and east and Perak to the south. The city spans an area of 748 km (289 sq mi) and had a population of 946,092 as of 2020 , making it
9100-517: The city, the other being a Universiti Teknologi MARA campus at Permatang Pauh . Several private institutions have also been established throughout the city, including at Batu Kawan , where local colleges have formed partnerships with foreign universities such as University of Wollongong and University of Plymouth . Following the success of the Penang Digital Library in George Town , the Penang state government has initiated
9230-485: The city. In recent years, private hospitals such as Bagan Specialist Centre, Sunway Medical Centre and KPJ Penang Specialist Hospital have contributed significantly in making Penang the top destination for medical tourism in Malaysia. The Seberang Perai City Council has also installed three automated external defibrillators (AEDs) throughout the city as of 2023 as part of a state-wide initiative to enhance survival rates of cardiac arrest cases. Seberang Perai
9360-419: The claim, saying that neither the wave tides nor the monsoon season posed a problem for training sessions. Coaches would need to check sea and weather conditions prior to conducting training sessions. He also said that the tragedy site was protected from tsunamis and strong waves and had been used for training for three years, making it one of the safest stretches of public shoreline. Two bridges now traverse
9490-559: The coal bunkers where they might stop shellfire, a useful degree of protection could be achieved without slowing the ship too much. Protected cruisers generally had an armored deck with sloped sides, providing similar protection to a light armored belt at less weight and expense. The first protected cruiser was the Chilean ship Esmeralda , launched in 1883. Produced by a shipyard at Elswick , in Britain, owned by Armstrong , she inspired
9620-476: The coastal areas in the south . In the 2023 state election , the Pakatan Harapan - Barisan Nasional alliance retained 12 of Seberang Perai's constituencies, whereas the far-right Perikatan Nasional opposition bloc won nine Malay-majority seats across swathes of the north and southeast. Parliamentary constituencies State constituencies Seberang Perai has a judicial system that consists of
9750-412: The construction of experimental steam-powered frigates and sloops. By the middle of the 1850s, the British and U.S. Navies were both building steam frigates with very long hulls and a heavy gun armament, for instance USS Merrimack or Mersey . The 1860s saw the introduction of the ironclad . The first ironclads were frigates, in the sense of having one gun deck; however, they were also clearly
9880-417: The construction of similar digital libraries at Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam . Healthcare in Penang is provided by a two-tier system consisting of public and private hospitals. The Malaysian Ministry of Health administers four public hospitals in Seberang Perai – namely at Kepala Batas , Seberang Jaya , Bukit Mertajam and Sungai Bakap. In addition, six private hospitals are scattered throughout
10010-407: The converted anti-aircraft cruisers might themselves need protection against surface units. New construction was undertaken to create cruisers of similar speed and displacement with dual-purpose guns , which offered good anti-aircraft protection with anti-surface capability for the traditional light cruiser role of defending capital ships from destroyers. The first purpose built anti-aircraft cruiser
10140-768: The cruiser varied according to ship and navy, often including air defense and shore bombardment . During the Cold War the Soviet Navy 's cruisers had heavy anti-ship missile armament designed to sink NATO carrier task-forces via saturation attack . The U.S. Navy built guided-missile cruisers upon destroyer-style hulls (some called " destroyer leaders " or "frigates" prior to the 1975 reclassification ) primarily designed to provide air defense while often adding anti-submarine capabilities , being larger and having longer-range surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) than early Charles F. Adams guided-missile destroyers tasked with
10270-425: The design of future cruisers. Modern armored cruisers, almost as powerful as battleships, were also fast enough to outrun older protected and unarmored cruisers. In the Royal Navy, Jackie Fisher cut back hugely on older vessels, including many cruisers of different sorts, calling them "a miser's hoard of useless junk" that any modern cruiser would sweep from the seas. The scout cruiser also appeared in this era; this
10400-480: The direct successors to protected cruisers could be placed on a consistent scale of warship size, smaller than a battleship but larger than a destroyer . In 1922, the Washington Naval Treaty placed a formal limit on these cruisers, which were defined as warships of up to 10,000 tons displacement carrying guns no larger than 8 inches in calibre ; whilst the 1930 London Naval Treaty created
10530-472: The early 1950s, advances in aviation technology forced the move from anti-aircraft artillery to anti-aircraft missiles. Therefore, most modern cruisers are equipped with surface-to-air missiles as their main armament. Today's equivalent of the anti-aircraft cruiser is the guided-missile cruiser (CAG/CLG/CG/CGN). Cruisers participated in a number of surface engagements in the early part of World War II, along with escorting carrier and battleship groups throughout
10660-450: The early 20th century. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 placed limits on the construction of ships with a standard displacement of more than 10,000 tons and an armament of guns larger than 8-inch (203 mm). A number of navies commissioned classes of cruisers at the top end of this limit, known as " treaty cruisers ". The London Naval Treaty in 1930 then formalised the distinction between these "heavy" cruisers and light cruisers:
10790-562: The emergence of new towns, such as Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam , as logistics hubs. The Municipal Ordinance of 1913 resulted in the creation of three local governments within Province Wellesley – the Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam town boards, and the Province Wellesley Rural Board. The creation of local governments further accelerated infrastructural developments within the territory. RAF Butterworth
10920-456: The end of World War II , the Penang Strait was also mined by the Allied forces, using air-dropped mines to impede Japanese merchant shipping. On 17 January 2010, a dragon boat tragedy occurred when the strong currents resulted in a boat collision, capsizing a dragon boat and killing 6 paddlers on board. The incident raised concerns by several officers, especially Shamsir Mohamed, officer of
11050-471: The establishment of "pioneer farms" in the territory by Japanese administrators in 1944, food shortages persisted until the end of the war when British forces liberated Penang . Following the war's end, British authorities swiftly undertook action to restore order in Province Wellesley, which was plagued by elements of the Chinese underworld and communist infiltrations. In 1953, the British reorganised
11180-460: The establishment of the first industrial estates at Mak Mandin and Perai . In 1974, the Port of Penang was relocated from George Town to the municipality, and in 1980, the adjacent Perai Free Industrial Zone was created to take advantage of the available maritime and rail infrastructure. These were accompanied by a significant increase in the municipality's population, which was largely due to
11310-620: The exceptions of the aircraft cruisers Admiral Kuznetsov and Giuseppe Garibaldi . BAP Almirante Grau was the last gun cruiser in service, serving with the Peruvian Navy until 2017. Nevertheless, other classes in addition to the above may be considered cruisers due to differing classification systems. The US/NATO system includes the Type 055 from China and the Kirov and Slava from Russia. International Institute for Strategic Studies ' "The Military Balance" defines
11440-531: The expense of speed compared to standard heavy cruisers, and the American Alaska class , which was a scaled-up heavy cruiser design designated as a "cruiser-killer". In the later 20th century, the obsolescence of the battleship left the cruiser as the largest and most powerful surface combatant ships (aircraft carriers not being considered surface combatants, as their attack capability comes from their air wings rather than on-board weapons). The role of
11570-400: The frigate became the preeminent type of cruiser. A frigate was a small, fast, long range, lightly armed (single gun-deck) ship used for scouting, carrying dispatches, and disrupting enemy trade. The other principal type of cruiser was the sloop, but many other miscellaneous types of ship were used as well. During the 19th century, navies began to use steam power for their fleets. The 1840s saw
11700-619: The identities of Penang's local communities have also been installed at Butterworth and Batu Kawan . In recent years, Seberang Perai has emerged as a venue for newly introduced events that celebrate the city's culture and nascent arts scene, such as the Butterworth Fringe Festival and the Penang International Paddy Festival. The 40,000-seater Penang State Stadium at Batu Kawan is the main stadium of Penang. Constructed in 2000 for
11830-562: The largest ships in a fleet after aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships , and can usually perform several operational roles from search-and-destroy to ocean escort to sea denial . The term "cruiser", which has been in use for several hundred years, has changed its meaning over time. During the Age of Sail , the term cruising referred to certain kinds of missions—independent scouting, commerce protection, or raiding—usually fulfilled by frigates or sloops-of-war , which functioned as
11960-467: The local governments were gradually amalgamated by the then Alliance -controlled state government . The Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam municipal governments were merged with the North and Central Seberang Perai rural district councils, respectively, in 1961. The three remaining district councils were consolidated into a single municipality in 1974. As a municipality, Seberang Perai was conferred municipal status in 1976 and city status in 2019. One of
12090-417: The local governments within the territory. Five local governments – one each for the municipalities of Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam, and three rural district councils – were instituted. After Malaya gained independence in 1957, the ruling Alliance coalition moved to amalgamate the local governments within Seberang Perai. In 1961, the Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam municipalities were consolidated with
12220-450: The logistical hub of Penang, serving as a termini for rail and ferry services. The relocation of the Port of Penang to the city in 1974 facilitated the development of new container services. In 2022, the seaport handled close to 1.32 million TEUs of cargo, the third highest in Malaysia. The logistical role of Seberang Perai is further complemented by Penang Sentral , a transit-oriented development (TOD) at Butterworth . Known as
12350-699: The magistrate and sessions courts. Each of the city's three districts is served by these courts. The north district cases are under the jurisdiction of the Butterworth Magistrates Court, while the central district cases are presided over by the Bukit Mertajam Magistrates Court. The south district cases are handled by the Jawi Magistrates Court. The Royal Malaysia Police is responsible for law enforcement within Seberang Perai, maintaining
12480-399: The mainland and Batu Maung on the island. To bolster Penang's electricity grid, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) initiated a RM500 million cross-straits electric grid project in 2022. This significant investment aims to deliver a substantial 2,000 megawatts (MW) of power from the national grid to the island. The project encompasses an 8.5-kilometer-long monopole transmission line, while six of
12610-473: The mainland due to sedimentation that occurred during the construction of the Penang Bridge . The city is demarcated by the Muda River to the north, which serves as the border between Seberang Perai and Kedah . To the south, the tripoint between Seberang Perai, Kedah and Perak lies within the Kerian River . Several riverine systems flow through the city, including Perai , Juru, Jejawi and Tengah rivers. River pollution caused by industrial waste has been
12740-621: The mayor of Seberang Perai is Hj Baderul Amin Abdul Hamid. The City Tower , located at Bukit Tengah , serves as the city council's headquarters. MBSP's current urban planning strategy is outlined in the Seberang Perai Local Plan 2030 , first published in 2021. In 2025, MBSP projected its estimated revenue at RM367.3 million and an estimated expenditure of RM416.1 million, which included allocations for environment, public safety and infrastructure. Seberang Perai
12870-491: The most powerful ships in the navy, and were principally to serve in the line of battle. In spite of their great speed, they would have been wasted in a cruising role. The French constructed a number of smaller ironclads for overseas cruising duties, starting with the Belliqueuse , commissioned 1865. These "station ironclads" were the beginning of the development of the armored cruisers, a type of ironclad specifically for
13000-482: The perceived hazard of their being exploded by shell fire. The Japanese took exactly the opposite approach with cruiser torpedoes, and this proved crucial to their tactical victories in most of the numerous cruiser actions of 1942. Beginning with the Furutaka class launched in 1925, every Japanese heavy cruiser was armed with 24-inch (610 mm) torpedoes, larger than any other cruisers'. By 1933 Japan had developed
13130-424: The precursors to the madrasa system and modern religious schools that are still prevalent across the city. As of 2022 , Seberang Perai is home to a total of 159 primary schools and 79 secondary schools, in addition to one international school located in the city's south . In 2001, Universiti Sains Malaysia relocated its engineering campus to Nibong Tebal , and it is now one of the two public universities in
13260-513: The purpose or mission of a ship, rather than a category of vessel. However, the term was nonetheless used to mean a smaller, faster warship suitable for such a role. In the 17th century, the ship of the line was generally too large, inflexible, and expensive to be dispatched on long-range missions (for instance, to the Americas), and too strategically important to be put at risk of fouling and foundering by continual patrol duties. The Dutch navy
13390-488: The same time as the battlecruiser was developed, the distinction between the armored and the unarmored cruiser finally disappeared. By the British Town class , the first of which was launched in 1909, it was possible for a small, fast cruiser to carry both belt and deck armor, particularly when turbine engines were adopted. These light armored cruisers began to occupy the traditional cruiser role once it became clear that
13520-606: The same way. In British service these were known as Armed Merchant Cruisers (AMC). The Germans and French used them in World War I as raiders because of their high speed (around 30 knots (56 km/h)), and they were used again as raiders early in World War II by the Germans and Japanese. In both the First World War and in the early part of the Second, they were used as convoy escorts by the British. Cruisers were one of
13650-423: The same year, RM65.7 billion worth of exports passed through the Port of Penang, making Seberang Perai the seventh largest exporter among Malaysian cities . The development of newer townships, namely Seberang Jaya and Batu Kawan , has given rise to a thriving retail sector, attracting major players such as Sunway Group and IKEA , respectively. In 2016, Design Village , Penang's first premium outlet mall ,
13780-418: The site of a leper asylum, which was then converted into a maximum security prison before its eventual closure in 1993. Other islets within the strait are Aman Island and Gedung Island , both of which are located off the southern coast of Seberang Perai . Man-made islets were also created during the construction of the Penang Bridge in the 1980s. Ever since the establishment of George Town in 1786,
13910-858: The southern limits of Kedah, which were formed by the river. The Hokkiens referred to the northern banks of the river as koay kang , which means "across the river". At the time, passengers from George Town would land at Perai and cross the river to get to Butterworth and the hinterland beyond. The term koay kang coincides with the Malay name Seberang Perai. [REDACTED] British East India Company 1800–1858 [REDACTED] British Raj 1858–1867 [REDACTED] Straits Settlements 1826–1941; 1945–1946 [REDACTED] Empire of Japan 1941–1945 [REDACTED] Malayan Union 1946–1948 [REDACTED] Federation of Malaya 1948–1963 [REDACTED] Malaysia 1963–present Seberang Perai bears evidence of human habitation during
14040-460: The spillover of development from George Town. Decades of economic growth and the availability of industrial land have led to substantial investments in infrastructure, including the completions of the Penang Bridge and the Second Penang Bridge that connect the municipality with George Town. The industrial sector has also spurred the development of newer townships within the municipality, such as Seberang Jaya and Batu Kawan . Seberang Perai
14170-933: The strengthening of linkages with the global economy. In 1980, the Perai Free Industrial Zone was created with the aim of becoming a significant manufacturing hub for bulk items, taking advantage of its proximity to the Port of Penang and the railway line that connects it to the rest of western Peninsular Malaysia . Seberang Perai is now home to nine of Penang's industrial clusters – namely at Mak Mandin, Perai, Seberang Jaya , Bukit Tengah , Bukit Minyak , Simpang Ampat and Batu Kawan . The availability of industrial land has attracted several local and multinational companies (MNCs), such as Mattel , Flex , Sanmina , JinkoSolar , Honeywell and Lam Research . In 2022, Seberang Perai received investments worth nearly RM10.9 billion, which accounted for 79% of Penang's total inbound investments that year. Within
14300-589: The supersized cruiser design. Due to the German pocket battleships , the Scharnhorst class , and rumored Japanese "super cruisers", all of which carried guns larger than the standard heavy cruiser's 8-inch size dictated by naval treaty limitations, the Alaska s were intended to be "cruiser-killers". While superficially appearing similar to a battleship/battlecruiser and mounting three triple turrets of 12-inch guns , their actual protection scheme and design resembled
14430-536: The territory was acquired by the British East India Company (EIC) in 1800. The term "Seberang Perai" is believed to have emerged from a local expression used to refer to the northern banks of the Perai River . After the acquisition of Province Wellesley, the river became the boundary between British-held territory to the south and Kedah to the north. Seberang means "the other side" in Malay . The Thai word plāi ( Thai : ปลาย ), meaning "the end", referred to
14560-490: The town boards for Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam , and the Province Wellesley Rural Board, which administered the rest of the territory. The Seberang Perai City Council (MBSP) was formed following several reorganisations throughout the 20th century. In 1953, the Province Wellesley Rural Board was split into three rural district councils for the Northern , Central and Southern districts. After Malaya's independence,
14690-577: The traditional cruiser missions of fast, independent raiding and patrol. The first true armored cruiser was the Russian General-Admiral , completed in 1874, and followed by the British Shannon a few years later. Until the 1890s armored cruisers were still built with masts for a full sailing rig, to enable them to operate far from friendly coaling stations. Unarmored cruising warships, built out of wood, iron, steel or
14820-573: The treaty limit. Thus, most light cruisers ordered after 1930 were the size of heavy cruisers but with more and smaller guns. The Imperial Japanese Navy began this new race with the Mogami class , launched in 1934. After building smaller light cruisers with six or eight 6-inch guns launched 1931–35, the British Royal Navy followed with the 12-gun Southampton class in 1936. To match foreign developments and potential treaty violations, in
14950-481: The two cities. Penang Sentral , a new transit-oriented development , has strengthened Seberang Perai's role as the logistics hub of northwestern Malaysia. Following decades of rapid urbanisation and infrastructural developments, Seberang Perai was conferred city status in 2019. Seberang Perai was originally named Province Wellesley after Richard Wellesley , who was the Governor-General of India when
15080-532: The two city governments in Penang, MBSP is led by a mayor, assisted by a secretary and 24 councillors who perform oversight responsibilities over 18 departments. The Penang state government appoints the mayor and councillors, with the councillors serving under an extendable one-year term. Local government elections were put in place in 1961, but were suspended due to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation and have not been reinstated since. As of June 2024 ,
15210-486: The war. In the later part of the war, Allied cruisers primarily provided anti-aircraft (AA) escort for carrier groups and performed shore bombardment. Japanese cruisers similarly escorted carrier and battleship groups in the later part of the war, notably in the disastrous Battle of the Philippine Sea and Battle of Leyte Gulf . In 1937–41 the Japanese, having withdrawn from all naval treaties, upgraded or completed
15340-480: The workhorse types of warship during World War I . By the time of World War I, cruisers had accelerated their development and improved their quality significantly, with drainage volume reaching 3000–4000 tons, a speed of 25–30 knots and a calibre of 127–152 mm. Naval construction in the 1920s and 1930s was limited by international treaties designed to prevent the repetition of the Dreadnought arms race of
15470-461: Was a merchant ship hastily armed with small guns on the outbreak of war. Auxiliary cruisers were used to fill gaps in their long-range lines or provide escort for other cargo ships, although they generally proved to be useless in this role because of their low speed, feeble firepower and lack of armor. In both world wars the Germans also used small merchant ships armed with cruiser guns to surprise Allied merchant ships. Some large liners were armed in
15600-532: Was a small, fast, lightly armed and armored type designed primarily for reconnaissance. The Royal Navy and the Italian Navy were the primary developers of this type. The growing size and power of the armored cruiser resulted in the battlecruiser, with an armament and size similar to the revolutionary new dreadnought battleship; the brainchild of British admiral Jackie Fisher. He believed that to ensure British naval dominance in its overseas colonial possessions,
15730-548: Was also the scene where the initial shots of the Battle of Penang were fired on 28 October 1914. The Imperial German Navy cruiser , SMS Emden , sailed into the strait disguised as a British ship before shelling and torpedoing the Imperial Russian Navy cruiser , Zhemchug . SMS Emden then sailed northwest towards the Malacca Straits , sinking another French warship along the way. Towards
15860-542: Was evidenced by the clash between HMS Shah , a modern British cruiser, and the Peruvian monitor Huáscar . Even though the Peruvian vessel was obsolete by the time of the encounter, it stood up well to roughly 50 hits from British shells. In the 1880s, naval engineers began to use steel as a material for construction and armament. A steel cruiser could be lighter and faster than one built of iron or wood. The Jeune Ecole school of naval doctrine suggested that
15990-458: Was further converted to carry up to eight Kaiten human torpedoes in place of ordinary torpedoes. Before World War II, cruisers were mainly divided into three types: heavy cruisers, light cruisers and auxiliary cruisers. Heavy cruiser tonnage reached 20–30,000 tons, speed 32–34 knots, endurance of more than 10,000 nautical miles, armor thickness of 127–203 mm. Heavy cruisers were equipped with eight or nine 8 in (203 mm) guns with
16120-412: Was granted city status in 2019. Seberang Perai spans the entire mainland portion of Penang. With a total land mass of 747.8 km (288.7 sq mi), Seberang Perai is slightly larger than Singapore . The terrain of the city is mostly flat and alluvial , except for the hilly region that lays along its eastern border with Kedah. Standing at a height of 1,787 ft (545 m), Mertajam Hill
16250-429: Was launched, further enhancing Batu Kawan as a retail destination. The Penang state government has undertaken initiatives to promote agritourism and ecotourism in Seberang Perai. The Penang Tourism Master Plan, formulated in 2021, identified the city's agricultural sector, as well as natural features like mangroves, mudflats and waterways, as having untapped tourism potential. Seberang Perai has historically been
16380-479: Was named Province Wellesley after Governor-General of India Richard Wellesley . The Perai River became the international border between British and Kedah territories. The EIC had sought to turn the island into an agricultural outpost. The annexation of Province Wellesley allowed for the expansion of the cash crop industry from the island to the mainland. This led to the harvesting of spices and sugar, which attracted migrants from China , India , Myanmar and
16510-582: Was noted for its cruisers in the 17th century, while the Royal Navy —and later French and Spanish navies—subsequently caught up in terms of their numbers and deployment. The British Cruiser and Convoy Acts were an attempt by mercantile interests in Parliament to focus the Navy on commerce defence and raiding with cruisers, rather than the more scarce and expensive ships of the line. During the 18th century
16640-445: Was officially announced. With significant industrialisation since the 1970s, the city has been designated a "growth centre" within the George Town Conurbation . Nine of Penang's industrial clusters are located in the city, which has emerged as a significant recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) and the seventh largest exporter in Malaysia . The development of newer townships has also driven economic diversification , with
16770-544: Was opened just a few months prior to the outbreak of hostilities between Britain and Japan in December 1941. As Japanese troops landed in Kota Bharu and Songkhla , Allied squadrons defending northern Malaya were decimated and had to retreat to RAF Butterworth by 8 December. The air base was subsequently attacked by Japanese bombers the following day. The Royal Air Force abandoned it on 15 December, and Penang fell to
16900-536: Was the British Dido class , completed in 1940–42. The US Navy's Atlanta -class cruisers (CLAA: light cruiser with anti-aircraft capability) were designed to match the capabilities of the Royal Navy. Both Dido and Atlanta cruisers initially carried torpedo tubes; the Atlanta cruisers at least were originally designed as destroyer leaders, were originally designated CL ( light cruiser ), and did not receive
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