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93-601: The city lies at the crossroads of important railroads and highways linking it to Cluj-Napoca , Baia Mare , Satu Mare , Deda , Bistrița , and Vatra Dornei . Artifacts dating back to 5500 BC and belonging to the Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture , as well as artifacts dating back to the 15th century BC and belonging to the Wietenberg culture from the Bronze Age have been discovered on the territory of Dej. Also in

186-515: A Roman province ; the territory of the city became part of the province of Dacia Superior , and later Dacia Porolissensis . According to Gesta Hungarorum , Vlach political formations located in the north and northwest of Transylvania, led by Gelou , Glad , and Menumorut were conquered by the Hungarian tribes at the beginning of the tenth century. During the Menumorut voivodeship ,

279-461: A ski tow . Băișoara winter resort is located approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the city of Cluj-Napoca, and includes two ski trails, for beginner and advanced skiers, respectively: Zidul Mic and Zidul Mare . Two other summer resorts/spas are included in the metropolitan area, namely Cojocna and Someșeni Baths. There are a large number of castles in the countryside surroundings, constructed by wealthy medieval families living in

372-529: A city where only about a tenth of the inhabitants belonged to the Orthodox state church. This endeavour had only mixed results: by 1939, Hungarians still dominated local economic (and to a certain extent) cultural life: for instance, Cluj had five Hungarian daily newspapers and just one in Romanian. In 1940, Cluj, along with the rest of Northern Transylvania , became part of Miklós Horthy 's Hungary through

465-647: A document from 1332. Its Saxon name Clusenburg / Clusenbvrg appeared in 1348, but from 1408 the form Clausenburg was used. The Romanian name of the city used to be spelled alternately as Cluj or Cluș , the latter being the case in Mihai Eminescu 's Poesis . Other historical names for the city, all related to or derived from "Cluj" in different languages, include Latin Claudiopolis , Italian Clausemburgo , Turkish Kaloşvar and Yiddish קלויזנבורג Kloyznburg or קלאזין Klazin . Napoca,

558-524: A liaison and facilitating the implementation of National Development Plans and governing programmes at the local level. Like all other local councils in Romania, the Cluj-Napoca local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. Cluj-Napoca is also the capital of the historical region of Transylvania , a status that resonates to this day. Currently,

651-614: A native of nearby Bobâlna , was arrested in March 1945 by the dreaded Securitate and died under house arrest in 1950. In December 1950, Someș County was abolished, and Dej District was organized in its place within the Cluj Region . Following the administrative reform of 1968, the city of Dej was declared a municipality within Cluj County. A tragic event in the history of the city were the catastrophic floods of May 1970 , when all

744-752: A petition sent in 1892 by the political leaders of Transylvania's Romanians to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor-King Franz Joseph . It asked for equal rights with the Hungarians and demanded an end to persecutions and attempts at Magyarisation . The Emperor forwarded the memorandum to Budapest—the Hungarian capital. The authors, among them Ioan Rațiu and Iuliu Coroianu, were arrested, tried and sentenced to prison for "high treason" in Kolozsvár/Cluj in May 1894. During

837-561: A population of 379,733 residents (as of 2015 ). Finally, the population of the peri-urban area numbers over 420,000 residents. The new metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca became operational in December 2008. According to the 2007 data provided by the County Population Register Service, the total population of the city is as high as 392,276 people. The variation between this number and the census data

930-627: A population of 411,379. Besides Cluj-Napoca, it includes seventeen communes : Aiton , Apahida , Baciu , Bonțida , Borșa , Căianu , Chinteni , Ciurila , Cojocna , Feleacu , Florești , Gârbău , Gilău , Jucu , Petreștii de Jos , Tureni and Vultureni . The executive presidium of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) and all its departments are headquartered in Cluj, as are local and regional organisations of most Romanian political parties. In order to counterbalance

1023-416: A powerful echo within the city; there was a real possibility that demonstrations by students sympathizing with their peers across the border could escalate into an uprising. The protests provided the Romanian authorities with a pretext to speed up the process of "unification" of the local Babeș (Romanian) and Bolyai (Hungarian) universities, allegedly contemplated before the 1956 events. Hungarians remained

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1116-604: A rotating basis. In 1541, Kolozsvár became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (that transformed to Principality of Transylvania in 1570) after the Ottoman Turks occupied the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary; a period of economic and cultural prosperity followed. Although Alba Iulia ( Gyulafehérvár ) served as a political capital for the princes of Transylvania, Cluj ( Kolozsvár ) enjoyed

1209-462: A solution to this problem. Source (if not otherwise specified): Varga E. Árpád The city's population, at the 2021 census , was 286,598 inhabitants, marking a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census (324,576 inhabitants). The population of the Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area was estimated at 411,379 (2011). As defined by Eurostat , the Cluj-Napoca functional urban area has

1302-664: A surface area of 179.5 square kilometres (69.3 sq mi). The city lies at the confluence of the Apuseni Mountains , the Someș plateau and the Transylvanian plain. It sprawls over the valleys of Someșul Mic and Nadăș , and, to some extent over the secondary valleys of the Popești, Chintău, Borhanci and Popii rivers. The southern part of the city occupies the upper terrace of the northern slope of Feleac Hill, and

1395-409: A village were built to the northwest of the ancient Napoca no later than the late 12th century. This new village was settled by large groups of Transylvanian Saxons , encouraged during the reign of Crown Prince Stephen , Duke of Transylvania. The first reliable mention of the settlement dates from 1275, in a document of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary , when the village ( Villa Kulusvar ) was granted to

1488-503: Is a city in northwestern Romania . It is the second-most populous city in the country and the seat of Cluj County . Geographically, it is roughly equidistant from Bucharest (445 km; 277 mi), Budapest (461 km; 286 mi) and Belgrade (483 km; 300 mi). Located in the Someșul Mic river valley, the city is considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania . For some decades prior to

1581-418: Is first recorded on a milestone discovered in 1758 in the vicinity of the city. Trajan's successor Hadrian granted Napoca the status of municipium as municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napocenses . Later, in the second century AD, the city gained the status of a colonia as Colonia Aurelia Napoca . Napoca became a provincial capital of Dacia Porolissensis and thus the seat of a procurator . The colonia

1674-814: Is not even the only one constructed by the Bánffy family. The commune of Gilău features the Wass-Bánffy Castle, while another Bánffy Castle is located in the Răscruci area. In addition, Nicula Monastery , erected during the 18th century, is an important pilgrimage site in northern Transylvania. This monastery houses the renowned wonder-working Madonna of Nicula. The icon is said to have wept between 15 February and 12 March 1669. During this time, nobles, officers, laity and clergy came to see it. At first they were sceptical, looking at it on both sides, but then humbly crossed themselves and returned home petrified by

1767-492: Is partially explained by the real growth of the population residing in Cluj-Napoca, as well as by different counting methods: "In reality, more people live in Cluj than those who are officially registered", Traian Rotariu, director of the Center for Population Studies, told Foaia Transilvană . Moreover, this number does not include the floating population—an average of over 20 thousand people each year during 2004–2007, according to

1860-532: Is rarely used outside of official contexts. The nickname "treasure city" was acquired in the late 16th century, and refers to the wealth amassed by residents, including in the precious metals trade. The phrase is kincses város in Hungarian, given in Romanian as orașul comoară . The Roman Empire conquered Dacia in AD 101 and 106, during the rule of Trajan , and the Roman settlement Napoca, established about 106,

1953-555: Is surrounded on three sides by hills or mountains with heights between 500 metres (1,600 ft) and 700 metres (2,300 ft). The Someș plateau is situated to the east, while the northern part of town includes Dealurile Clujului ("the Hills of Cluj"), with the peaks, Lombului (684 m (2,244 ft)), Dealul Melcului (617 m (2,024 ft)), Techintău (633 m (2,077 ft)), Hoia (506 m (1,660 ft)) and Gârbău (570 m (1,870 ft)). Other hills are located in

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2046-616: The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , Klausenburg and all of Transylvania were again integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary. During this time, Klausenburg was among the largest and most important cities of the kingdom and was the seat of Kolozs County. Ethnic Romanians in Transylvania suffered oppression and persecution. Their grievances found expression in the Transylvanian Memorandum ,

2139-690: The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania . As of 2021 , 286,598 inhabitants live in the city. The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area had a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the peri-urban area is approximately 420,000. According to a 2007 estimate, the city hosts a visible population of students and other non-residents, an average of over 20,000 people each year during 2004–2007. The city spreads out from St. Michael's Church in Unirii Square , built in

2232-710: The Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden ; some animals have also found refuge there. The city has a number of other parks, of which the largest is the Central Park . This park was founded during the 19th century and includes an artificial lake with an island, as well as the largest casino in the city, Chios . Other notable parks in the city are the Iuliu Hațieganu Park of the Babeș-Bolyai University , which features some sport facilities,

2325-579: The Communist government changed the name of the city by adding "Napoca" to it. During the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Cluj-Napoca was one of the scenes of the rebellion: 26 were killed and approximately 170 injured. After the end of totalitarian rule, the nationalist politician Gheorghe Funar became mayor and governed for the next 12 years. His tenure was marked by strong Romanian nationalism and acts of ethnic provocation against

2418-754: The Hașdeu Park, within the eponymous student housing district, the high-elevation Cetățuia, and the Opera Park, behind the building of the Cluj-Napoca Romanian Opera . The city is surrounded by forests and grasslands. Rare species of plants, such as Venus's slipper and iris , are found in the two botanical reservations of Cluj-Napoca, Fânațele Clujului and Rezervația Valea Morii ("Mill Valley Reservation"). Animals such as boars, badgers, foxes, rabbits and squirrels live in nearby forest areas such as Făget and Hoia. The latter forest hosts

2511-559: The Institute for Research on National Minorities , subordinated to the Romanian Government , opened its official headquarters in Cluj-Napoca. Eleven hospitals function in the city, nine of which are run by the county and two (for oncology and cardiology) by the health ministry . Additionally, there are well over a hundred private medical cabinets and dentists' offices each. In 2022, work began on an emergency hospital for

2604-708: The Second Vienna Award arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . After the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 and installed a puppet government under Döme Sztójay , they forced large-scale antisemitic measures in the city. The headquarters of the local Gestapo were located in the New York Hotel. That May, the authorities began the relocation of the Jews to the Iris ghetto . Liquidation of

2697-582: The Turda ( Torda ) Diet had adopted a more radical religion, Ferenc Dávid 's Unitarianism , characterised by the free interpretation of the Bible and denial of the dogma of the Trinity . Stephen Báthory founded a Catholic Jesuit academy in the city in order to promote an anti-Reform movement; however, it did not have much success. For a year, in 1600–1601, Cluj became part of the personal union of Michael

2790-473: The appointment of Petru Groza as Prime Minister . After the elections of November 1946 , residents of villages near Dej revolted against the falsification of the election results by the communist authorities and launched the first revolt against the new regime, being stopped by armed troops at the Someș bridge. The name of the city was related to the name of the first Romanian Communist Party leader, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej who lived here in 1931 and worked at

2883-557: The 14th century and named after the Archangel Michael , Cluj's patron saint . The municipality covers an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi). Cluj experienced a decade of decline during the 1990s, its international reputation suffering from the policies of its mayor at the time, Gheorghe Funar . In the early 21st century, the city is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts

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2976-624: The 15th century, and a tower from 16th century fortifications. It was primarily a market town for local wines and other agricultural products. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 the city of Dés was the scene of military confrontations between units of the Hungarian army and units of the Austrian army, which included Romanian border regiments and Romanian peasants, under the command of colonel Karl von Urban . The biggest battle for control of Dés took place on 24 November 1848 in

3069-499: The 16,148 captured Jews occurred through six deportations to Auschwitz in May–June 1944. Despite facing severe sanctions from the Hungarian administration, some Jews escaped across the border to Romania, with the assistance of intellectuals such as Emil Hațieganu , Raoul Șorban , Aurel Socol and Dezső Miskolczy , as well as various peasants from Mănăștur. On 11 October 1944 the city was captured by Romanian and Soviet troops. It

3162-600: The Bishop of Transylvania. On 19 August 1316, during the rule of the new king, Charles I of Hungary , Cluj was granted the status of a city ( Latin : civitas ), as a reward for the Saxons' contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian voivode , Ladislaus Kán . The couple buried together and known as the Lovers of Cluj-Napoca are believed to have lived between 1450 and 1550. Many craft guilds were established in

3255-648: The Brave . Under the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699, it became part of the Habsburg monarchy . In the 17th century, Cluj suffered from great calamities, suffering from epidemics of the plague and devastating fires. The end of this century brought the end of Turkish sovereignty, but found the city bereft of much of its wealth, municipal freedom, cultural centrality, political significance and even population. It gradually regained its important position within Transylvania as

3348-729: The Bronze Age, the exploitation of salt deposits in the area of today's city began and developed. During the Iron Age , the Geto-Dacian civilization arose and spread over a vast territory. The Someș Valley was an integral part of this historical evolution, as evidenced by archaeological discoveries in the area, such as the Dacian fortress at Dealul Florilor. After the Dacian Wars , Emperor Trajan transformed most of Dacia into

3441-456: The Bungăr forest, and continued on the territory of the city. The Hungarian forces led by major Miklós Katona were put on the run by Von Urban, towards Nagybánya . More than 150 people fell in this battle; in their memory, the monument "The Sleeping Lion" was erected in 1889. The 19th century was a period of profound urban transformation and modernization works for the city, including the building of

3534-467: The Cluj Court of Appeals. The city also hosts the county's commercial and military tribunals. Cluj-Napoca has its own municipal police force, Poliția Municipiului Cluj-Napoca , which is responsible for policing of crime within the whole city, and operates a number of special divisions. The Cluj-Napoca Police are headquartered on Decebal Street in the city centre (with a number of precincts throughout

3627-890: The County Prefecture, the City Hall, the Rudolf Hospital, the Palace of Justice, the Greek Catholic Church, the theater, the army barracks, and the "Andrei Mureșanu” High School. In 1882, the Cluj– Apahida –Dej railway line was opened, with an extension to Ocna Dej, while in 1910 the Ferdinand mine was electrified. The Dej Prison , located in the northern part of the town, was completed in 1894. On 1 December 1918, eleven delegates from Dej took part in

3720-514: The Hungarian army headed by the Polish general Józef Bem , launched an offensive into Transylvania, recapturing Klausenburg by Christmas 1848. After the 1848 revolution, an absolutist regime was established, followed by a liberal regime that came to power in 1860. In this latter period, the government granted equal rights to the ethnic Romanians, but only briefly. In 1865, the Diet in Cluj abolished

3813-629: The Hungarian-speaking minority. This deterred foreign investment; however, in June 2004 , Gheorghe Funar was voted out of office, and the city entered a period of rapid economic growth. From 2004 to 2009, the mayor was Emil Boc , concurrently president of the Democratic Liberal Party . He went on to be elected as prime minister , returning as mayor in 2012. Cluj-Napoca, located in the central part of Transylvania , has

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3906-613: The Romanian National Assembly in Alba Iulia , which proclaimed the union of Transylvania with Romania . In the aftermath of World War I and the ensuing Hungarian–Romanian War , the Romanian Army entered the city on 21 December 1918, and later the city became part of Romania . The interwar period brought important transformations to the city of Dej that allowed its development and modernization under

3999-628: The Romulus Vuia ethnographical park, with exhibits dating back to 1678. Various people report alien encounters in the Hoia-Baciu forest , large networks of catacombs that connect the old churches of the city, or the presence of a monster in the nearby lake of Tarnița . A modern, 750-metre (820 yd)-long ski resort sits on Feleac Hill, with an altitude difference of 98 metres (107 yd) between its highest and lowest points. This ski resort offers outdoor lighting, artificial snow and

4092-520: The absence of any real collaboration between the actors involved (Child Rights Protection Directorate, Social Assistance Service within the District Directorate for Labour and Social Protection, Minors Receiving Centre, Guardian Authority within the City Hall, Police). There are numerous street children, whose poverty and lack of documented identity brings them into constant conflict with local law enforcement. Following cooperation between

4185-496: The activity of the county police department. The study found the highest satisfaction with car traffic supervision, the presence of officers in the street, and road education; on the negative side, corruption and public transport safety remain concerns. Efforts made by local authorities in the Cluj-Napoca district at the end of the 1990s to reform the protection of children's rights and assistance for street children proved insufficient due to lack of funding, incoherent policies and

4278-496: The autumn of 1918, as World War I drew to a close, Cluj became a centre of revolutionary activity, headed by Amos Frâncu . On 28 October 1918, Frâncu made an appeal for the organisation of the "union of all Romanians". Thirty-nine delegates were elected from Cluj to attend the proclamation of the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania in the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918;

4371-520: The beginning of the Middle Ages , two groups of buildings existed on the current site of the city: the wooden fortress at Cluj-Mănăștur ( Kolozsmonostor ) and the civilian settlement developed around the current Piața Muzeului (Museum Place) in the city centre. Although the precise date of the conquest of Transylvania by the Hungarians is not known, the earliest Hungarian artifacts found in

4464-434: The best air quality in the European Union, according to research published in 2014 by a French magazine and air-quality organization that studied the EU's hundred largest cities. The city government is headed by a mayor . Since 2012, the office is held by Emil Boc , who was returned at that year's local election for a third term, having resigned in 2008 to become Prime Minister . Decisions are approved and discussed by

4557-402: The centre has been considerably reduced, with most of the initial beneficiaries successfully integrated into the programme rather than returning to the streets. From 2000 onwards, Cluj-Napoca has seen an increase in illegal road races , which occur mainly at night on the city's outskirts or on industrial sites and occasionally produce victims. There have been attempts to organize legal races as

4650-451: The centumvirate—the city council, consisting of one hundred men—be half composed from the homines bone conditiones (the wealthy people), with craftsmen supplying the other half; together they would elect the chief judge and the jury. Meanwhile, an agreement was reached providing that half of the representatives on this city council were to be drawn from the Hungarian, half from the Saxon population, and that judicial offices were to be held on

4743-405: The city is the largest in the Nord-Vest development region , which is equivalent to NUTS-II regions in the European Union and is used by the European Union and the Romanian Government for statistical analysis and regional development. The Nord-Vest development region is not, however, an administrative entity. The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area became operational in December 2008, and comprises

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4836-400: The city's current name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the Medieval Latin name Castrum Clus . Despite the fact that Clus as a county name was recorded in the 1173 document Thomas comes Clusiensis , it is believed that the county's designation derives from the name of the castrum , which might have existed prior to its first mention in 1213, and not vice versa. With respect to

4929-400: The city) and it is subordinated to the County's Police Inspectorate on Traian Street. City Hall has its own community police force, Poliția Primăriei , dealing with local community issues. Cluj-Napoca also houses the County's Gendarmerie Inspectorate . Cluj-Napoca and the surrounding area ( Cluj County ) had a rate of 268 criminal convictions per 100,000 inhabitants during 2006, just above

5022-414: The city. The most notable of them is the Bonțida Bánffy Castle —once known as "the Versailles of Transylvania" —in the nearby village of Bonțida , 32 kilometres (20 mi) from the city centre. In 1963, the castle was used as a set for Liviu Ciulei 's film Forest of the Hanged , which won an award at Cannes . There are other castles located in the vicinity of the city; indeed, the castle at Bonțida

5115-403: The country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University , with its botanical garden ; nationally renowned cultural institutions such as the National Theatre and Opera ; as well as the largest Romanian-owned commercial bank. Cluj-Napoca held the titles of European Youth Capital in 2015, and European City of Sport in 2018. In 2021, the city joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and

5208-480: The defense of the salt road was ensured by the fortresses from Ocna Dej and Cuzdrioara and the fortified points from Uriu and Urișor . The extension of the Kingdom of Hungary to the center and south of Transylvania was achieved with the help of Székely and German settlers. The first German settlers arrived in the Dej area in the years 1141–1143, entering from Satu Mare to Dej, Bistrița , Cluj , and Reghin . After leaving Holland and Flanders because of

5301-531: The early 1960s. Most of the political prisoners had been sentenced during show trials. Around 1960, three figures associated with the Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu case were incarcerated at Dej and subjected to harsh treatment: Belu Zilber , Herant Torosian , and Harry Brauner . Others included Radu Cioculescu  [ ro ] (who died there in 1961), Vasile Leu , Nicolae Mărgineanu , Ștefan I. Nenițescu , George Tomaziu  [ ro ] , Alexandru Popovici, and Alexandru Todea . Additionally, members of

5394-482: The entire North-West region ; the cost is estimated at over 500 million euros. Cluj-Napoca has a complex judicial organisation, as a consequence of its status of county capital. The Cluj-Napoca Court of Justice is the local judicial institution and is under the purview of the Cluj County Tribunal, which also exerts its jurisdiction over the courts of Dej , Gherla , Turda , and Huedin . Appeals from these tribunals' verdicts, and more serious cases, are directed to

5487-506: The first transport on May 28 when 3,150 Jews were deported; the second on June 6, when 3,360 Jews were deported; the third on June 8, when the last 1,364 Jews were deported. Most of those deported were exterminated in the Auschwitz–Birkenau camp, with just over 800 deportees surviving. Towards the end of World War II , Romanian and Soviet armies entered the city on October 15, 1944. The territory of Northern Transylvania remained under Soviet military administration until March 9, 1945, after

5580-416: The floods of the sea, they settled in this region and founded the city of Dej. The city was first mentioned in 1214 as Dees , in 1236 as Deeswar , in 1310 as Deesvitta , in 1351 both Deés and Deésvár occurred, the earlier has been used until eventually it was changed to Dés . It had a royal charter as a free city and was the capital of Szolnok-Doboka County . In 1905, it had a Protestant church from

5673-410: The following years. Additionally, as Cluj-Napoca is the capital of Cluj County , the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the county council ( consiliu județean ) and the prefect , who is appointed by Romania's central government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as

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5766-454: The ground for 65 days each winter. In summer, the average temperature is approximately 20 °C (68 °F), despite the fact that temperatures sometimes reach 35 °C (95 °F) in mid-summer in the city centre. There are infrequent yet heavy and often violent storms in summer. During spring and autumn, temperatures vary between 0 °C (32 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F), with more frequent yet milder periods of rain. The city has

5859-436: The headquarters of the Gubernium and the Diets between 1719 and 1732, and again from 1790 until the revolution of 1848 , when the Gubernium moved to Nagyszeben ( Hermannstadt ), present-day Sibiu). In 1791, a group of Romanian intellectuals drew up a petition, known as Supplex Libellus Valachorum , which was sent to the Emperor in Vienna. The petition demanded the equality of the Romanian nation in Transylvania in respect to

5952-596: The infrastructure of the city was updated. At the 2021 Romanian census , Dej had a population of 31,475, a drop of 6% from the previous census. At the 2011 census , there were 33,497 people living within the city; of those, 81.8% were ethnic Romanians , while 11.3% were ethnic Hungarians , 1.0% Roma , and 0.1% others. Cluj-Napoca Cluj-Napoca ( / ˈ k l uː ʒ n æ ˌ p oʊ k ə / KLOOZH-na-POH-kə ; Romanian: [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] ), or simply Cluj ( Hungarian : Kolozsvár [ˈkoloʒvaːr] , German : Klausenburg ),

6045-425: The laws voted in Sibiu (Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt), and proclaimed the 1848 Law concerning the Union of Transylvania with Hungary. A modern university was founded in 1872, with the intention of promoting the integration of Transylvania into Hungary. Before 1918, the city's only Romanian-language schools were two church-run elementary schools, and the first printed Romanian periodical did not appear until 1903. After

6138-422: The leadership of its mayor, Cornel Pop, who assumed the position in May 1920. From 1925 to 1938, the city was the county seat of Someș County , after which it became part of Ținutul Crișuri . In the wake of the Second Vienna Award of August 30, 1940, the territory of Northern Transylvania (of which the city of Dej was part) reverted to the Kingdom of Hungary. On September 8, 1940, the Hungarian administration

6231-566: The local government ( consiliu local ) made up of 27 elected councillors. The city is divided into 15 districts ( cartiere ) laid out radially. City hall intends to develop local administrative branches for most of the districts. Because of the last years' massive urban development, in 2005 some areas of Cluj were named as districts (Sopor, Borhanci, Becaș, Făget, Zorilor South), but most of them are still construction sites. Beside these, there are some other building areas like Tineretului , Lombului or Oser , which are likely to become districts in

6324-472: The local governmental council and the Prison Fellowship Romania Foundation, homeless people, street children and beggars are taken, identified and accommodated within the Christian Centers for Street Children and Homeless People, respectively, and the Ruhama centre. The latter features a marshaling center for beggars and street children, as well as a flophouse . As a consequence, the fluctuating movement of children, beggars and homeless people in and out of

6417-461: The low areas of the city were under water and 6 people drowned. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, state-owned enterprises were privatized, an environment for developing a market economy was created, new production units with domestic and foreign capital were set up, and many small and medium-sized enterprises emerged in Dej. The educational institutions, the municipal hospital, the cultural institutions were modernized, new churches were built, and

6510-432: The majority of the city's population until the 1960s. Then Romanians began to outnumber Hungarians, due to the population increase as a result of the government's forced industrialisation of the city and new jobs. During the Communist period , the city recorded a high industrial development, as well as enforced construction expansion. On 16 October 1974, when the city celebrated 1850 years since its first mention as Napoca,

6603-407: The name of this camp, there are several hypotheses about its origin. It may represent a derivation from the Latin term clausa – clusa , meaning "closed place", "strait", "ravine". Similar meanings are attributed to the Slavic term kluč , meaning "a key " and the German Klause – Kluse (meaning "mountain pass" or " weir "). The Latin and Slavic names have been attributed to

6696-498: The national average. After the revolution in 1989 , the criminal conviction rate in the county entered a phase of sustained growth, reaching a historic high of 429 in 1998, when it began to fall. Although the overall crime rate is reassuringly low, petty crime can be an irritant for foreigners, as in other large cities of Romania. During the 1990s, two large financial institutions, Banca Dacia Felix and Caritas , went bankrupt due to large-scale fraud and embezzlement. Also notorious

6789-511: The number of victims up to two hundred women, though the actual number was much smaller. This confusion is probably explained by the lack of attention this case received, despite its magnitude, in the Communist press of the time. A 2006 poll shows a high degree of satisfaction with the work of the local police department. More than half the people surveyed during a 2005–2006 poll declared themselves satisfied (62.3%) or very satisfied (3.3%) with

6882-486: The other nations (Saxon, Szekler and Hungarian) governed by the Unio Trium Nationum , but it was rejected by the Diet of Cluj. Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement within the principality. This erupted with the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . The Austrian commander Karl von Urban took control of the city on 18 November 1848, following a battle. Following this,

6975-538: The political influence of Transylvania's Hungarian minority, nationalist Romanians in Transylvania founded the Party of Romanian National Unity (PUNR) at the beginnings of the 1990s; the party was present in the Romanian Parliament during the 1992–1996 legislature. The party eventually moved its main offices to Bucharest and fell into decline as its leadership joined the ideologically similar PRM . In 2008,

7068-409: The pre-Roman and Roman name of ancient settlements in the area of the modern city, was added to the historical and modern name of Cluj during Nicolae Ceaușescu 's national-communist dictatorship as part of his myth-making efforts. This happened in 1974, when the communist authorities made this nationalist gesture with the goal of emphasising the city's pre-Roman roots. The full name of "Cluj-Napoca"

7161-565: The railway station. When he became the de facto ruler of the country, Gheorghe Gheorghiu officially took the name of the city and supported the economic development of the locality. The communist regime brought with it fundamental transformations in the political, administrative and economic life of the city. Many previous leaders fell victim to the regime, as happened with the former mayor, Cornel Pop, who died in Văcărești prison in 1953. Another personality, ex-Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida-Voevod ,

7254-514: The region are dated to the first half of the tenth century. In any case, after that time, the city became part of the Kingdom of Hungary . King Stephen I made the city the seat of the castle county of Kolozs, and King Saint Ladislaus I of Hungary founded the abbey of Cluj-Mănăștur ( Kolozsmonostor ), destroyed during the Tatar invasions in 1241 and 1285. As for the civilian colony, a castle and

7347-537: The same source. Ethnic composition of Cluj-Napoca (2021) Dej Prison Dej Prison is a prison located in Dej , Romania. Located in the northern part of the town, the prison was part of the Dej Courthouse , completed in 1894. It had 66 cells for common criminals. During the early communist regime , the prison housed common criminals. There were seventeen escapes in 1948–1950. The maximum number of inmates

7440-511: The second half of the 13th century, and a patrician stratum based in commerce and craft production displaced the older landed elite in the town's leadership. Through the privilege granted by Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1405, the city opted out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtained the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year. In 1488, King Matthias Corvinus (born in Kolozsvár in 1443) ordered that

7533-479: The support of the princes to a greater extent, thus establishing connections with the most important centres of Eastern Europe at that time, along with Košice ( Kassa ), Kraków , Prague and Vienna. In terms of religion, Protestant ideas first appeared in the middle of the 16th century. During Gáspár Heltai 's service as preacher, Lutheranism grew in importance, as did the Swiss doctrine of Calvinism . By 1571,

7626-488: The transfer of sovereignty was formalized by the Treaty of Trianon in June 1920. The interwar years saw the new authorities embark on a "Romanianisation" campaign: a Capitoline Wolf statue donated by Rome was set up in 1921; in 1932 a plaque written by historian Nicolae Iorga was placed on Matthias Corvinus 's statue, emphasising his Romanian paternal ancestry; and construction of an imposing Orthodox cathedral began, in

7719-546: The trial, approximately 20,000 people who had come to Cluj demonstrated on the streets of the city in support of the defendants. A year later, the King gave them pardon upon the advice of his Hungarian prime minister, Dezső Bánffy . In 1897, the Hungarian government decided that only Hungarian place names should be used and prohibited the use of the German or Romanian versions of the city's name on official government documents. In

7812-473: The valley that narrows or closes between hills just to the west of Cluj-Mănăștur . An alternative proposal relates the name of the city to its first magistrate, Miklus  –  Miklós / Kolos . The Hungarian form Kolozsvár , first recorded in 1246 as Kulusuar , underwent various phonetic changes over the years ( uar / vár means "castle" in Hungarian); the variant Koloswar first appears in

7905-422: The western districts, and the hills of Calvaria and Cetățuia ( Belvedere ) are located near the centre of city. Built on the banks of the river Someșul Mic, the city is also crossed over by brooks or streams such as Pârâul Țiganilor , Pârâul Popești , Pârâul Nădășel , Pârâul Chintenilor , Pârâul Becaș , Pârâul Murătorii ; Canalul Morilor runs through the centre of town. A wide variety of flora grow in

7998-791: The wonder they had seen. During the feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos (commemorating the death of the Virgin Mary ) on 15 August, more than 150,000 people from all over the country come to visit the monastery. Cluj-Napoca has a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ). The climate is influenced by the city's proximity to the Apuseni Mountains , as well as by urbanisation. Some West-Atlantic influences are present during winter and autumn. Winter temperatures are often below 0 °C (32 °F), even though they rarely drop below −10 °C (14 °F). On average, snow covers

8091-409: Was 500 in 1954; political prisoners began to appear around that time, until 1963. Both men and women, some were merely in transit, while others served time for high treason or espionage on behalf of Western powers. In the 1950s, against a backdrop of bureaucratic chaos, the prisoners suffered from lack of beds, blankets, medical attention, hygiene, and food, although the situation was slightly improved in

8184-468: Was decided to exterminate the Jews. On May 3, the city authorities launched the action of ghettoization of Jews in the Bungăr forest, where 3,700 Jews from Dej and 4,100 Jews from other localities in the county were imprisoned. During the operation of the Dej ghetto , Jews were mistreated, tortured, and starved. The deportation of the Jews to the Nazi death camps was done with freight wagons, in three stages:

8277-876: Was evacuated in 274 by the Romans. There are no references to urban settlement on the site for the better part of a millennium thereafter. [REDACTED] Kingdom of Hungary 1000–1526 [REDACTED] Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526–1570 [REDACTED] Principality of Transylvania 1570–1804 [REDACTED]   Austrian Empire 1804–1867 [REDACTED] Austria-Hungary 1867–1918 ( de jure Hungary until 1920 ) [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Romania 1920–1940 ( de facto from 1918 to 1940) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Hungary 1940–1945 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Romania 1945–1947 [REDACTED]   Romanian People's Republic 1947–1965 [REDACTED]   Socialist Republic of Romania 1965–1989 [REDACTED]   Romania 1989–present At

8370-474: Was formally restored to the Kingdom of Romania by the Treaty of Paris in 1947. On 24 January 6 March and 10 May 1946, the Romanian students, who had come back to Cluj after the restoration of northern Transylvania, rose against the claims of autonomy made by nostalgic Hungarians and the new way of life imposed by the Soviets, resulting in clashes and street fights. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 produced

8463-591: Was installed in Dej, and proceeded to take discriminatory measures against Romanians and Jews , forcing many Romanians to take refuge in Romania. In 1944 began the drama of the Jewish population in what was then Szolnok-Doboka County and its capital, Dés (Dej). Following several decrees of the Hungarian government and high-level consultations at a meeting on April 26 with László Endre in Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), it

8556-680: Was named a UNESCO City of Film . On the site of the city was a pre-Roman settlement named Napoca . After the AD 106 Roman conquest of the area , the place was known as Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca . Possible etymologies for Napoca or Napuca include the names of some Dacian tribes such as the Naparis or Napaei , the Greek term napos (νάπος), meaning "timbered valley" or the Indo-European root *snā-p- ( Pokorny 971–972), "to flow, to swim, damp". The first written mention of

8649-513: Was the case of serial killer Romulus Vereș , "the man with the hammer"; during the 1970s, he was charged with five murders and several attempted murders , but never imprisoned on grounds of insanity : he had schizophrenia , blaming the Devil for his actions. Instead, he was institutionalised in the Ștei psychiatric facility in 1976, following a three-year forensic investigation during which four thousand people were questioned. Urban myths brought

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