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81-703: Physical Review commenced publication in July 1893, organized by Cornell University professor Edward Nichols and helped by the new president of Cornell, J. Gould Schurman . The journal was managed and edited at Cornell in upstate New York from 1893 to 1913 by Nichols, Ernest Merritt , and Frederick Bedell. The 33 volumes published during this time constitute Physical Review Series I . The American Physical Society (APS), founded in 1899, took over its publication in 1913 and started Physical Review Series II . The journal remained at Cornell under editor-in-chief G. S. Fulcher from 1913 to 1926, before relocating to

162-450: A baccalaureate degree include passing a swimming test, completing two physical education courses, and satisfying a writing requirement. As of 2024, Cornell University has an endowment of $ 10.7 billion, the 14th-largest among all U.S. universities and colleges. In 2018, Cornell ranked third among all U.S. universities behind Harvard University and Stanford University in private fundraising, collecting $ 743 million. In addition to

243-410: A cooperative extension service , which includes 56 offices across the state. These offices provide programs in agriculture and food systems, children, youth and families, community and economic vitality, environment and natural resources, and nutrition and health. The university operates New York's Animal Health Diagnostic Center, which conducts animal disease control and husbandry. Cornell University

324-426: A hybrid open access journal , which make an individual article in a subscription journal open access. The average APC for hybrid journals has been calculated to be almost twice as high as APCs from full open access publishers. Journals with high impact factors from major publishers tend to have the highest APCs. Open access articles often have a surcharge compared to closed-access or paywalled content; for example,

405-577: A "transnational university". In 2017, Cornell opened Cornell Tech , a graduate campus and research center on Roosevelt Island in New York City , which won a competition bid initiated by former Mayor Michael Bloomberg , and is designed to spur technology entrepreneurship in New York City. Cornell University's main campus is located in Ithaca, New York , on East Hill, offering views of

486-623: A 2.1 million square foot state-of-the-art tech campus to be built on Roosevelt Island , on the site of the former Coler Specialty Hospital . The following year, in fall 2012, instruction began at a temporary location at space donated by Google , located at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan . In 2014, construction began on the Cornell Tech campus, and the first phase was completed in September 2017. Thom Mayne of Morphosis Architects

567-494: A Guardian article informed that in 2010, Elsevier's scientific publishing arm reported profits of £724m on just over £2bn in revenue. It was a 36% margin – higher than Apple, Google, or Amazon posted that year. Unless discounts are available to authors from countries with low incomes, or external funding is provided to cover the cost, article processing charges can exclude authors from developing countries or less-funded research fields from publishing. Some publishers justify part of

648-466: A U.S. graduate school vote on unionization was defeated in a vote. In March 2004, Cornell and Stanford University laid the cornerstone for the building and operation of "Bridging the Rift Center", located on the border between Israel and Jordan , and used for education. In 2005, Jeffrey S. Lehman , a former president of Cornell, described the university and its high international profile as

729-1173: A board member in 2019. His eldest daughter Katy Cornell, class of 2001, is expected to become the next life trustee. On July 1, 2024, Michael Kotlikoff , who served as Cornell's 16th provost, began a two-year term as interim president, succeeding Martha E. Pollack , Cornell's fourteenth president , who announced her retirement in May 2024. Cornell's colleges and schools offer a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, including seven undergraduate colleges and seven schools offering graduate and professional programs. All academic departments at Cornell are affiliated with at least one college. Several inter-school academic departments offer courses in more than one college. Students pursuing graduate degrees in these schools are enrolled in Cornell University Graduate School . The School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions provides additional programs for college and high school students, professionals, and other adults. Cornell's four statutory colleges include

810-479: A certain number of pages or publication units is exceeded; additional color fees might apply for figures, primarily for print journals that are not online-only. While publication charges occur upon article acceptance, article submission fees are charged prior to the start of peer review ; they are common among journals in some fields, e.g., finance and economics. Page charge may refer to either publication or submission fees. Article processing charges shift

891-585: A fire in the Residential Club dormitory that killed eight students and one professor. In the late 1960s, Cornell was among the Ivy League universities that experienced heightened student activism related to cultural issues, civil rights, and opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . In 1969, armed anti- Vietnam War protesters occupied Willard Straight Hall , an incident that led to

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972-462: A full four-year MD program, mirrors the medical school curriculum taught at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City . The college also offers a two-year undergraduate pre-medical program, which has a separate admissions process and was established as an undergraduate program in September 2002 as the first coeducational institute of higher education in Qatar. The college is partially funded by

1053-431: A gas-fired combined heat and power facility, an on-campus hydroelectric plant, and a lake source cooling system. In 2007, Cornell established a Center for a Sustainable Future The same year, following a multiyear, cross-campus discussion about energy and sustainability, Cornell's Atkinson Center for Sustainability was established, funded by an $ 80 million gift from alumnus David R. Atkinson ('60) and his wife Patricia,

1134-543: A graduate student group, At What Cost?, was formed at Cornell to oppose a graduate student unionization drive run by CASE/UAW, an affiliate of the United Auto Workers . The vote to unionize, held in October 2002, was rejected, and At What Cost? was considered instrumental in the unusually large 90% turnout for the vote and in the 2-to-1 defeat of the unionization proposal, the first instance in history in which

1215-571: A home for and connection between the numerous research communities that make up quantum information science and technology, spanning from pure science to engineering to computer science and beyond. In 2023 PRX Life was launched to advance research from the interdisciplinary communities at the interface of the physical and life sciences. Jacilynn (Brant) Otero Margaret Hudson The term of copyright on volumes published before 1928 has expired. These volumes are available online for free in their entirety: Cornell University Cornell University

1296-482: A restructuring of the university's governance and forced the resignation of then Cornell president James Alfred Perkins . Since the 20th century, rankings of universities and colleges, Cornell University and its academic programs have routinely ranked among the best in the world. In 1995, the National Research Council ranked Cornell's Ph.D. programs as sixth-best in the nation. It also ranked

1377-503: A significant and growing number of them do. They are the most common funding method for professionally published open access articles. APC fees applied to academic research are usually expensive, effectively limiting open access publishing to wealthier institutions, scholars, and students. The APC model of open access, among other controversies, is part of the wider and increasingly global Open Access OA's ethics debate. Most journals do not charge APCs. The global average per-journal APC

1458-703: Is Michael Thoennessen , whose term began in September 2017. To celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the journal, a memoir was published jointly by the APS and AIP. In 1998, the first issue of Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams was published, and in 2005, Physical Review Special Topics: Physics Education Research was launched. In January 2016 the names of both journals were changed to remove "Special Topics". Physical Review also started an online magazine, Physical Review Focus , in 1998 to explain and provide historical context for selected articles from Physical Review and Physical Review Letters . This

1539-513: Is US$ 1,626, its recent increase indicating "that authors choose to publish in more expensive journals". A 2019 analysis has shown 75% of European spending on scientific journals goes to "big five" publishers ( Elsevier , Springer Nature , Wiley , Taylor & Francis and the American Chemical Society (ACS) ). Together they accounted for 56% of articles published. Author fees or page charges have existed since at least

1620-569: Is a nonprofit organization with a decentralized structure in which its 16 colleges, including 12 privately endowed colleges and four publicly supported statutory colleges, exercise significant autonomy to define and manage their respective academic programs, admissions, advising, and confer degrees. Cornell also operates eCornell , which provides online professional development and certificate programs and participates in New York's land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant programs. Cornell University

1701-439: Is a private Ivy League land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York , United States. The university was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White . Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational and nonsectarian institution. As of fall 2023, the student body included 16,071 undergraduate and 10,207 graduate students from all 50 U.S. states and 130 countries. The university

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1782-568: Is affiliated with neighboring Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , one of the nation's leading cancer centers, Rockefeller University , and the Hospital for Special Surgery . Many faculty members have joint appointments at these institutions. Weill Cornell, Rockefeller, and Memorial Sloan–Kettering offer the Tri-Institutional MD–PhD Program , which is available to selected entering Cornell medical students. From 1942 to 1979,

1863-511: Is bordered by two gorges , Fall Creek Gorge and Cascadilla Gorge. The gorges are popular swimming spots during warmer months, but their use is discouraged by the university and city code due to potential safety hazards. Adjacent to the main campus, Cornell owns the 2,800-acre (1,100 ha) Cornell Botanic Gardens , which features various plants, trees, and ponds. Cornell University has implemented several green initiatives , designed to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact, including

1944-466: Is characterized by an irregular layout and a mix of architectural styles, which have developed over time and are attributed to the university's ever-changing master plans for the campus. The more ornate buildings generally predate World War II . Since then, more recent buildings on the campus are characterized by modernist architectural styles. Several Cornell University buildings have been named National Historic Landmarks , and ten have been listed on

2025-506: Is not a widespread practice. An article processing charge does not guarantee that the author retains copyright to the work, or that it will be made available under a Creative Commons license . Journals use a variety of ways to generate the income required to cover publishing costs (including editorial costs, any costs of administering the peer review system), such as subsidies from institutions and subscriptions . A majority of open access journals do not charge article processing charges, but

2106-442: Is now one of the nation's longest continuously published student newspapers in the nation. From the 19th to early 20th centuries, Cornell had several literary societies that were founded to encourage writing, reading, and oration skills. The U.S. Bureau of Education described three of them as a "purely literary society" following the "traditions of the old literary societies of Eastern universities. In 1967, Cornell experienced

2187-745: Is one of three private land-grant universities in the United States. Among the university's eight undergraduate colleges, four are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York system, including the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences , the College of Human Ecology , the Industrial and Labor Relations School , and the Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy. Among Cornell's graduate schools, only

2268-643: Is organized into eight undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions on its main Ithaca campus. Each college and academic division has near autonomy in defining its respective admission standards and academic curriculum . In addition to its primary campus in Ithaca, the university administers three satellite campuses, including two in New York City , the medical school and Cornell Tech , and one in Education City in Al Rayyan , Qatar . Cornell

2349-454: Is sometimes charged to authors. Most commonly, it is involved in making an academic work available as open access (OA), in either a full OA journal or in a hybrid journal . This fee may be paid by the author, the author's institution, or their research funder. Sometimes, publication fees are also involved in traditional journals or for paywalled content. Some publishers waive the fee in cases of hardship or geographic location, but this

2430-545: The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences charges $ 1590–$ 4215 per article (depending on length) for closed-access, with a surcharge of $ 1700–$ 2200 for open-access (depending on licence). Similarly, AGU 's Journal of Geophysical Research charges $ 1000 for closed-access and $ 3500 for open-access. Even when publishers do not charge standard fees, excess or overlength fees might still apply after

2511-657: The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences , College of Human Ecology , School of Industrial and Labor Relations , and College of Veterinary Medicine . In the 2010–2011 fiscal year, these four colleges received $ 131.9 million in State University of New York (SUNY) appropriations to support teaching, research, and service missions, making them accountable to SUNY trustees and state agencies. New York residents enrolled in these colleges qualify for discounted tuition; however, their academic activities are considered by New York state to be private and non-state entities. Cornell's nine privately endowed, non-statutory colleges include

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2592-519: The College of Architecture, Art, and Planning opened an 11,000 square foot, Gensler -designed facility at 26 Broadway in Manhattan's Financial District. The General Electric Building at 570 Lexington Avenue serves as the New York City location for over a dozen additional Cornell University programs, including the New York City headquarters of the School of Industrial and Labor Relations and

2673-476: The College of Arts and Sciences , College of Architecture, Art, and Planning , College of Engineering , and College of Hotel Administration , each of which operate independently of state funding and oversight, which grants them greater autonomy in determining their academic programs, admissions, and advising. They also do not offer discounted tuition for New York residents. As of 2023, among Cornell's 15,182 undergraduate students, 4,602 (30.3%) are affiliated with

2754-641: The Directory of Open Access Journals , but published only 35% of the articles. In 2021, it was estimated that 17,000 to 29,000 diamond OA journals published 8–9% of all scholarly journal articles and 45% of open access articles. Nearly all Latin American OA journals use the diamond model, whereas a little over half of African and Western European OA journals are diamond OA. However, the percentage of diamond OA articles covered in Scopus and Web of Science for

2835-570: The Maine – New Hampshire coast, which is operated in conjunction with the University of New Hampshire and focuses on undergraduate education and research. Until 2011, Cornell operated Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico , which was the site of the world's largest single-dish radio telescope . The university maintains several facilities dedicated to conservation and ecology , including

2916-690: The National Register of Historic Places : Andrew Dickson White House , Bailey Hall , Caldwell Hall , the Computing and Communications Center , Morrill Hall , Rice Hall , Fernow Hall , Wing Hall , Llenroc , and Deke House . Three other listed historic buildings, the original Roberts Hall, East Robert Hall, and Stone Hall, were demolished in the 1980s to make way for new campus buildings and development. The majority of Cornell University's academic and administrative facilities are located on its main campus in Ithaca. The architectural styles on

2997-1039: The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York , which operates three substations, the Cornell Lake Erie Research and Extension Laboratory in Portland , the Hudson Valley Laboratory in Highland , and the Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory in Riverhead on Long Island . The Cornell Lab of Ornithology in Ithaca conducts research on biological diversity in birds. Additional research facilities include

3078-633: The Veterinary Medicine College is supported by New York state . The main campus of Cornell University in Ithaca spans 745 acres (301 ha). As of October 2024, 64  Nobel laureates , 4 Turing Award winners, and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell. Cornell counts more than 250,000 living alumni, which include 34  Marshall Scholars , 33  Rhodes Scholars , 29  Truman Scholars , 63  Olympic Medalists , 10 current Fortune 500 CEOs , and 35 billionaires. Cornell University

3159-548: The Wellcome Trust from the direct support of research to the support of open access publication. Robert Terry, Senior Policy Advisor at the Wellcome Trust, has said that he feels that 1–2% of their research budget will change from the creation of knowledge to the dissemination of knowledge. Research institutions could cover the cost of open access by converting to an open access journal cost-recovery model, with

3240-416: The 1930s. Different academic publishers have widely varying levels of fees, from under $ 100 to over $ 5000, and even sometimes as high as €9500 ($ 10851) for the journal Nature . Meanwhile, an independent study indicated that the actual costs of efficiently publishing a scholarly article should be in the region of €200–€1000. High fees are sometimes charged by traditional publishers in order to publish in

3321-417: The APS launched Physical Review Fluids "to include additional areas of fluid dynamics research", and in 2017 it launched Physical Review Materials "to fill a gap" in the coverage of materials research. In 2019 Physical Review Research was launched to provide a broad fully open-access journal at about the same selectivity level as the older A – E journals. In 2020, PRX Quantum was launched to provide

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3402-1132: The Animal Science Teaching and Research Center, the Duck Research Laboratory, the Cornell Biological Field Station, the Freeville Organic Research Farm, the Homer C. Thompson Vegetable Research Farm, and biodiversity laboratories in Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic and the Peruvian Amazonia in Peru . Cornell offers various study abroad and scholarship programs, which allow students to gain experience and earn credit towards their degrees. The "Capital Semester" program offers students

3483-986: The Atkinson Center. Cornell's medical campus in New York City , also called Weill Cornell, is on the Upper East Side of Manhattan . It is home to two Cornell divisions, Weill Cornell Medicine , the university's medical school, and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences . Since 1927, Weill Cornell has been affiliated with NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital , one of the nation's largest hospitals. While Cornell's medical school maintains its own faculty and academic divisions, it shares administrative and teaching hospital functions with Columbia University Medical Center . In addition to NewYork-Presbyterian, Cornell's teaching hospitals include Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan and its Westchester Division in White Plains, New York . Weill Cornell Medical College

3564-586: The College of Arts and Sciences, which is the largest college by enrollment, followed by 3,203 (21.1%) in Engineering, and 3,101 (20.4%) in Agriculture and Life Sciences. The smallest of the seven undergraduate colleges is Architecture, Art, and Planning, with 503 (3.3%) students. Academic requirements for graduation are developed and managed by the respective colleges, and university-wide requirements for

3645-627: The Cornell Cooperative Extension. Students om the School of Industrial and Labor Relations' Extension and Outreach Program make workplace expertise available to organizations, union members, policymakers, and working adults. The College of Engineering's Operations Research Manhattan, located in the city's Financial District , brings together business optimization research and decision support services used in financial applications and public health logistics planning. In 2015,

3726-547: The New York City branch of the Cornell Cooperative Extension. In September 2004, Cornell opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar in Education City , near Doha , which is the first U.S. medical school established outside of the United States. The college, which is a joint initiative with the Qatar government , is part of Cornell's efforts to increase its international influence. The college,

3807-587: The New York State Open Meetings Law. The university charter (specifically, paragraph 1.b of section 5703 of the Education Law) provides that one member of the board, the life trustee, is the eldest living lineal descendant of Ezra Cornell. As of 2024, the current and longest-serving life trustee is Ezra Cornell, class of 1971, the great-great-great grandson of the original Ezra Cornell. He celebrated 50 years of service as

3888-614: The Qatar government through the Qatar Foundation , a Qatar state-led non-profit organization, which contributed $ 750 million for its construction. The medical center is housed in a large two-story structure designed by Arata Isozaki , a Japanese architect. In 2004, the Qatar Foundation, announced the construction of a 350-bed Specialty Teaching Hospital near the medical college in Education City, which

3969-531: The Senate , Speaker of the Assembly , and president of the university serve in ex officio voting capacities. The board is responsible for electing a President to serve as the university's chief executive and educational officer. From 2014 to 2022, Robert Harrison served as chairman of the board. He was succeeded by Kraig Kayser. The Board of Trustees holds four regular meetings annually, which are subject to

4050-534: The Townhouse Community. The architectural styles of North Campus are more modern, reflecting the growth of the university and need for expanded student housing during the 20th century. The West Campus House System showcases a blend of architectural styles, including Gothic -style buildings and residential halls collectively known as "the Gothics." In Collegetown, located near the campus in Ithaca,

4131-699: The Weill Cornell Medical campus also housed the Cornell School of Nursing . On December 19, 2011, Cornell and Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa won a competition for rights to claim free city land and $ 100 million in subsidies to build an engineering campus in New York City. The competition, established by former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg , was designed to increase entrepreneurship and job growth in New York City's technology sector. The winning bid consisted of

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4212-750: The academic quality of 18 individual Cornell Ph.D. programs among the top ten in the nation, which included astrophysics (ninth-best), chemistry (sixth-best), civil engineering (sixth-best), comparative literature (sixth-best), computer science (fifth-best), ecology (fourth-best), electrical engineering (seventh-best), English (seventh-best), French (eighth-best), geosciences (tenth-best), German (third-best), linguistics (ninth-best), materials science (third-best), mechanical engineering (seventh-best), philosophy (ninth-best), physics (sixth-best), Spanish (eighth-best), and statistics / biostatistics (fourth-best). The council ranked Cornell's College of Arts and Humanities faculty as fifth-best in

4293-482: The architectural styles are diverse, reflecting the area's mixed-use nature. The Schwartz Performing Arts Center and two upper-level residence halls are surrounded by a variety of apartment buildings, eateries, and businesses. Cornell University's main campus in Ithaca is located in the Finger Lakes region in upstate New York and features views of the city , Cayuga Lake , and surrounding valleys. The campus

4374-503: The article processing charge by attributing it to the cost of producing print material when in reality they publish digital-only issues. Under the traditional model, the prohibitive costs of some non-open access journal subscriptions already place a heavy burden on the research community. Many open access publishers do offer discounts or publishing fee waivers to authors from developing countries or those suffering financial hardship. For these reasons, some funding bodies simply will not pay

4455-494: The article processing charges required to publish in many open access journals (e.g. those published by BioMed Central ). It has been argued that this may reduce the ability to publish research results due to lack of sufficient funds, leading to some research not becoming a part of the public record. Another concern is the redirection of money by major funding agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and

4536-481: The burden of payment from readers to authors (or their funders), which creates a new set of concerns. One concern is that if a publisher makes a profit from accepting papers, it has an incentive to accept anything submitted, rather than selecting and rejecting articles based on quality. This could be remedied, however, by charging for the peer-review rather than acceptance. Another concern is that institutional budgets may need to be adjusted in order to provide funding for

4617-488: The campus range from ornate Collegiate Gothic , Victorian , and Neoclassical buildings to more spare international and modernist structures. Frederick Law Olmsted , designer of Central Park , proposed a "grand terrace" overlooking Cayuga Lake in one of the earliest plans for the development of the campus. North Campus features primarily residential buildings, including ten residence halls designed to accommodate first and second-year students, and transfer students in

4698-502: The city and Cayuga Lake . The campus has expanded to approximately 745 acres (301 ha) since its founding, now including multiple academic buildings, laboratories, administrative facilities, athletic centers, auditoriums, museums, and residential areas. In 2011, Travel + Leisure recognized Cornell's campus in Ithaca as one of the most beautiful in the United States, praising its unique blend of architectural styles, historic landmarks, and picturesque surroundings. The Ithaca campus

4779-517: The extra fees for open access publishing: the European Union scientific research initiative Horizon Europe does not cover the APCs for articles in hybrid open-access journals . Diamond open access is a term used to describe journals that have no article processing charges, and make articles available to read without restrictions. In 2020, diamond OA journals comprised 69% of the journals in

4860-839: The family, Physical Review E , was introduced in 1993 to a large part to accommodate the huge amount of new research in nonlinear dynamics . Combined, these constitute Physical Review Series III . The editorial office moved in 1980 to its present location across the expressway from Brookhaven National Laboratory. Goudsmit retired in 1974 and Pasternack in the mid-1970s. Past Editors in Chief include David Lazarus (1980–1990; University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign ), Benjamin Bederson (1990–1996; New York University ), Martin Blume (1996–2007; Brookhaven National Laboratory), and Gene Sprouse (2007–2015; SUNY Stony Brook ). The current Editor in Chief

4941-462: The general-interest articles that appeared as Physical Review Focus . A short-lived journal, also called Physics , was published by Pergamon Press and Physics Publishing Co. from 1964 through 1968, with the goal of printing "a selection of papers which are worth the attention of all physicists." The four volumes of this journal were eventually made freely available online by the APS under the alternative title Physics Physique Физика , reflecting how

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5022-535: The institutions' annual tool access subscription savings being available to cover annual open access publication costs. A 2017 study by the Max Planck Society estimates the annual turnovers of academic publishers amount to approximately €7.6 billion. It is argued that this money comes predominantly from publicly funded scientific libraries as they purchase subscriptions or licenses in order to provide access to scientific journals for their members. The study

5103-645: The journals were managed on an interim basis still in Minnesota by E. L. Hill and J. William Buchta until Samuel Goudsmit and Simon Pasternack were appointed and the editorial office moved to Brookhaven National Laboratory on Eastern Long Island , New York . In July 1958, the sister journal Physical Review Letters was introduced to publish short articles of particularly broad interest, initially edited by George L. Trigg , who remained as editor until 1988. In 1970, Physical Review split into sub-journals Physical Review A , B , C , and D . A fifth member of

5184-478: The largest gift ever received by Cornell from an individual at the time. A subsequent $ 30 million commitment in 2021 will name a new multidisciplinary building on campus. As of 2020, the university, which has committed to achieving net carbon neutrality by 2035 is powered by six solar farms, which provide 28 megawatts of power. Cornell is developing an enhanced geothermal system, known as Earth Source Heating, designed to meet campus heating needs. In 2023, Cornell

5265-525: The location of editor John Torrence Tate, Sr. at the University of Minnesota . In 1929, the APS started publishing Reviews of Modern Physics , a venue for longer review articles. In 1932, the newly formed American Institute of Physics took over publication of Physical Review . During the Great Depression , wealthy scientist Alfred Loomis anonymously paid the journal's fees for authors who could not afford them. After Tate's death in 1950,

5346-560: The nation, its Mathematics and Physical Sciences faculty as sixth-best, and its College of Engineering as fifth-best. In 2000, Cornell began expanding its international programs. In 2004, the university opened Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar in Education City in Al Rayyan , Qatar . The university also developed partnerships with academic institutions in India , the People's Republic of China , and Singapore . In August 2002,

5427-1006: The opportunity to intern in the New York State Legislature in Albany , the state capital. The Cornell in Washington program enables students to spend a semester in Washington, D.C. , participating in research or internships. The Cornell in Rome program allows students to study architecture, urban studies, and the arts in Rome , Italy. The university is also a member of the Laidlaw Scholars program, which provides funding to undergraduates to conduct internationally focused research and foster leadership skills. As New York state's land-grant university , Cornell operates

5508-615: The preferred formats. Since 2011, authors can pay an article processing charge to make their papers open access. Such papers are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (CC-BY). Physical Review Letters celebrated their 50th birthday in 2008. The APS has a copyright policy to permit the author to reuse parts of the published article in a derivative or new work, including on Misplaced Pages . The APS has an online publication entitled Physics , aiming to help physicists and physics students to learn about new developments outside of their own subfield. This now includes

5589-569: The title was originally printed on the journal covers and how it was sometimes referred to in the years since. It also publishes Physical Review X , an online-only open access journal . It is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes, as timely as possible, original research papers from all areas of pure, applied, and interdisciplinary physics. In 2014 Physical Review Applied began publishing research across all aspects of experimental and theoretical applications of physics, including their interactions with other sciences, engineering, and industry. In 2016

5670-418: The university became one of the first universities in the nation to include alumni-elected representatives on its board of trustees. Cornell University is home to Cornell University Press , founded in 1869. Cornell was first home to the Cornell Era , a weekly campus publication founded in 1868. In 1880, it was replaced with the founding of The Cornell Daily Sun , an independent student-run newspaper, which

5751-414: The university development program in Ithaca and New York City, each college and program has its own staffed fundraising programs. Cornell University has a robust fundraising program , and it has been the recipient of several sizable private donations, which have enabled the university to expand its reach, create new programs, and drive advancements in education and research. In 1998, Weill Cornell Medicine

5832-520: The university. White agreed to be Cornell University's first president. White spent the first three years at Cornell University overseeing construction of the university's first two buildings, and he traveled to recruit promising students and faculty . On October 7, 1868, Cornell University was inaugurated, and 412 male students were enrolled the following day. Cornell developed as a technologically innovative institution, applying its academic research to its own campus and to outreach efforts. In 1883, it

5913-789: Was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature (Chapter 585 of the Laws of 1865) which was later codified into Article 115 (sections 5701 through 5716) of the Education Law of the Consolidated Laws of New York . Cornell University is governed by a 64-member board of trustees, which includes both privately and publicly appointed trustees appointed by the Governor of New York , alumni-elected trustees, faculty-elected trustees, student-elected trustees, and non-academic staff-elected trustees. The Governor, Temporary President of

5994-548: Was founded on April 27, 1865, by Ezra Cornell , an entrepreneur and New York State Senator , and Andrew Dickson White , an educator and also a New York State Senator, after the New York State legislature authorized the university as the state's land grant institution. Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York as a preliminary site for the university, and granted $ 500,000 of his personal fortune as an initial endowment (equivalent to $ 12,373,000 in 2023) to

6075-400: Was merged into Physics in 2011. The Special Topics journals are open access ; Physics Education Research requires page charges from the authors, but Accelerators and Beams does not. Though not fully open access, Physical Review Letters also requires an author page charge, although this is voluntary. The other journals require such a charge only if manuscripts are not prepared in one of

6156-485: Was one of the first university campuses to utilize electricity developed from a water-powered dynamo to light its campus. Since 1894, Cornell has included colleges that are state-funded and fulfill state statutory requirements; it has also administered research and extension activities that have been jointly funded by New York state and U.S. federal government matching funds. Beginning with its first classes, Cornell University has had active and engaged alumni. In 1872,

6237-539: Was presented by the Max Planck Digital Library and found that subscription budgets would be sufficient to fund the open access publication charges, but does not address how unaffiliated authors or authors from institutions without funds will contribute to the scholarly record. Publishers' high operating profit margins, often on publicly funded research works, and their copyright practices have subjected them to criticism by researchers. For example,

6318-454: Was renamed in recognition of 1955 Cornell alumnus Sanford I. Weill , former chairman and CEO of Citibank , and his wife, following their $ 100 million donation to the university. As of 2013, the Weills have provided over $ 600 million in total donations to the university. Article processing charge An article processing charge ( APC ), also known as a publication fee , is a fee which

6399-556: Was selected to design Cornell Tech's first building. In addition to the tech campus and medical center, Cornell maintains local offices in New York City for some of its service programs. The Cornell Urban Scholars Program encourages students to pursue public service careers, arranging assignments with organizations working with New York City's poorest children, families, and communities. The College of Human Ecology and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences enable students to reach out to local communities by gardening and building with

6480-561: Was the first university in the nation to commit to Kyoto Protocol emission reductions. The same year, a concert held at Barton Hall by Dead & Company raised $ 3.1 million for MusiCares and the Cornell 2030 Project, two organizations which have contributed to the establishment of the Climate Solutions Fund and aims to catalyze large-scale, impactful climate research across the university, which will be administered by

6561-443: Was to be completed in a few years. Cornell University owns and operates a variety of off-campus research facilities and offers study abroad and scholarship programs. These facilities and programs contribute to the university's research endeavors and provide students with unique learning opportunities. Cornell's off-campus research facilities include Shoals Marine Laboratory, a seasonal marine field station on Appledore Island off

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