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60-545: The memorial complex, designed by Alexander Vasiliev and Yevgeniy Levinson, was opened on May 9, 1960. About 420,000 civilians and 50,000 soldiers of the Leningrad Front were buried in 186 mass graves . Near the entrance an eternal flame is located. A marble plate affirms that from September 4, 1941 to January 22, 1944 107,158 air bombs were dropped on the city, 148,478 shells were fired, 16,744 men died, 33,782 were wounded and 641,803 died of starvation. The center of

120-546: A 2012 survey 55.1% of the population of Leningrad Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Muslims , 1% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), 1% are Old Believers . In addition, 20% of the population declared to be " spiritual but not religious ", 8% is atheist , and 9.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to

180-531: A power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement would be abolished on 18 April 2002. Population : 2,000,997 ( 2021 Census ) ; 1,716,868 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,669,205 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,661,173 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 0.87 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 70.17 years (male — 65.43, female — 74.94) Ethnic composition (2021) According to

240-610: A small part of the Estonian SSR to the east of the River Narva with the town of Jaanilinn (now Ivangorod) was transferred to the Russian SFSR and incorporated into Leningrad Oblast. Since then, the territory of Leningrad Oblast has not changed significantly, although some suburbs of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) have been excluded from the oblast and incorporated into the city. In October 1946 Leningrad gained from

300-412: A small territory of Novgorod Oblast . Uritsk was transferred from the oblast to the city of Leningrad in 1963, Krasnoye Selo and several settlements nearby—in 1973, Lomonosov —in 1978. After a referendum in 1991, the city of Leningrad was renamed back to Saint Petersburg, but Leningrad Oblast retained its name. On 13 June 1996, Leningrad Oblast, alongside Tver Oblast and Saint Petersburg , signed

360-408: Is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ). The oblast has an area of 84,500 square kilometres (32,600 sq mi) and a population of 2,000,997 ( 2021 Census ); up from 1,716,868 recorded in the 2010 Census . Leningrad Oblast is highly industrialized. Its administrative center and largest city is Gatchina . The oblast was established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until 1946 that

420-562: Is a network of railways at the Karelian Isthmus , in particular, connecting Vyborg and Priozersk, as well as south of Saint-Petersburg. There also railway lines connecting Veymarn with Slantsy , Veymarn with Petergof via Sosnovy Bor , Mga with Sonkovo via Kirishi , Volkhov with Vologda via Tikhvin and Cherepovets , Volkhov with Chudovo , and Lodeynoye Pole with Sortavala via Olonets . Most of them support intensive passenger and cargo traffic. Paved roads well cover

480-432: Is also considerable. The territory has no endemic plant taxa. Vascular plant species of Leningrad Oblast listed in the red data book of Russia are Botrychium simplex , Cephalanthera rubra , Cypripedium calceolus , Epipogium aphyllum , Lobelia dortmanna , Myrica gale , Ophrys insectifera , Orchis militaris , Pulsatilla pratensis , Pulsatilla vernalis . The territory of present-day Leningrad Oblast

540-655: Is located around the Gulf of Finland and south of two great freshwater lakes, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega . The oblast includes the Karelian Isthmus and some islands, including Gogland in the Gulf of Finland and Konevets in Lake Ladoga. Much of the area of the oblast belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva , which is the only outflow of Lake Ladoga. The Neva, which flows to the Gulf of Finland (the city of Saint Petersburg

600-561: Is located in its river delta ) is relatively short, but its drainage basin is very large, including Lake Onega and Lake Ilmen . The Svir and the Volkhov flow from Lake Onega and Lake Ilmen, respectively, to Lake Ladoga. Other major tributaries of Lake Ladoga include the Vuoksi and the Syas . Rivers in the western part of the oblast flow to the Gulf of Finland; the two biggest rivers there are

660-711: Is located within the federal city of Saint Petersburg . The oblast, particularly the areas adjacent to Saint Petersburg, is heavily industrialized. The major enterprises include the oil refinery in Kirishi, the Ford car assembly plant, Hyundai Russia assembly plant and the Rexam PLC Beverage Can Europe and Asia packaging plant in Vsevolozhsk, the paper mill in Syssstroy, and the paper mill and

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720-700: Is no scheduled passenger navigation within the oblast, except for seasonal leisure river cruises from Saint-Petersburg. The Onega Canal , shared with Vologda Oblast, serves as a bypass of Lake Onega from the south. Similarly, the Ladoga Canal bypasses Lake Ladoga from the east, from the Svir to the Neva. It is a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway . In contrast, the Tikhvinskaya water system , connecting

780-601: Is not forgotten. Neither the shells' ferocity Nor the terror of bombardments in forty-three. The entire city's earth was covered. Not one of your lives, comrades, is forgot. Under the uninterrupted fire from heaven, earth and water, You did you everyday heroic deed With honour, and simply. And together with your Fatherland, You all prevailed in victory. So let the thankful people, The Motherland and hero city Leningrad Eternally lower their standards On this sad and solemn meadow. Leningrad Front The Leningrad Front ( Russian : Ленинградский фронт )

840-585: Is relatively flat and mostly covered with forest and swamps. An exception is the rocky Karelian Isthmus , which contains a lake district, as well as the Vepsian Upland in the east. The biggest lakes on the isthmus are Lake Vuoksa , Lake Sukhodolskoye , and Lake Otradnoye . Leningrad Oblast contains two federally protected natural areas, the Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve and Mshinskoye Boloto Zakaznik , both created to protect

900-858: The Baltic Offensive , it advanced in the Narva - Tartu direction, and then towards Tallinn . Following the capture of continental Estonia, elements of the front, along with the Baltic fleet, took part in recapturing the Moonsund archipelago . These were the last offensive operations of the front. Forces of the Leningrad Front were then stationed on the Soviet-Finnish border, and all along the Baltic coast from Leningrad to Riga . Later,

960-610: The Karelian Isthmus again in the Moscow Armistice of September 19, 1944. This time the newly acquired territories on the isthmus were incorporated into the Leningrad Oblast ( Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts ). In 1947 the territorial gains were confirmed with the Paris Peace Treaty . Novgorod and Pskov Oblasts were formed out of the southern parts of Leningrad Oblast in 1944. In January 1945

1020-629: The Koporye Fortress , both built in the 14th century, and the Ivangorod Fortress , originally built in 1492, are excellent examples of Russian fortification art. Podporozhsky District contains the best samples of wooden ecclesiastical architecture in Leningrad Oblast, some of which are collectively referred to as Podporozhye Ring : The Resurrection Church in the settlement of Vazhiny , the Saint Nicholas Church in

1080-686: The Legislative Assembly of Leningrad Oblast , which consists of 50 deputies elected by the region's inhabitants according to a mixed proportional-majority system for a term of 5 years. In 2016, the Legislative Assembly of the sixth convocation was formed, in which there are 4 factions: United Russia (40 deputies), A Just Russia (3 deputies), Communist Party of the Russian Federation (3 deputies), Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (4 deputies). The Chairman of

1140-799: The Luga and the Narva , which forms the border of Russia and Estonia. Small areas in the east of the oblast lie within the river basin of the Chagodoshcha , a tributary of the Mologa , and of the Suda , both within the Volga basin. A ridgeline in Tikhvinsky District in the eastern oblast forms part of the divide between the Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea basins. The terrain of Leningrad Oblast

1200-695: The Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940 gained some territories, including the Karelian Isthmus . Their Karelian population was hastily evacuated to inner Finland and later replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. A small part of the territory (the municipalities of Kanneljärvi , Koivisto and Rautu ) was incorporated into Leningrad Oblast, the rest being included within the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic . In 1941, Germany invaded

1260-674: The Syas and the Mologa , which provided access from the Ladoga to the river basin of the Volga, is disused. The trans-border Saimaa Canal connects Lake Saimaa in Finland with the Gulf of Finland, has special status, and is occasionally used for passenger navigation. Ust-Luga , Vyborg , Vysotsk , and Primorsk are the major sea terminals on the Gulf of Finland. There is a number of airfields in Leningrad oblast that are now used only by

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1320-872: The Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station and the Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station , both on the Svir River, and the Narva Hydroelectric Station on the Narva River. There are many science and high-tech institutions around Saint Petersburg, some of which are located in the oblast. For example, Gatchina is the site of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute  [ ru ] and Sosnovy Bor hosts

1380-561: The general aviation . Scheduled and international flights are available exclusively from Pulkovo airport in Saint-Petersburg. The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant is located in the city of Sosnovy Bor . There are four major hydroelectric plants in the oblast. The Volkhov Hydroelectric Station , on the Volkhov River, was constructed in 1921 and became the first major hydropower station in the Soviet Union. The others are

1440-685: The Estonian border to Tallinn. R23 connects Saint Petersburg with Pskov; it is a part of the E95 . A114 runs to Vologda via Cherepovets. A paid motorway between Saint Petersburg and Moscow and the new A121 from Saint-Petersburg to Sortavala , around the Western coast of Ladoga are under construction. Roads are well served by bus traffic. The Luga , the Svir , the Volkhov , and the Neva are all navigable and heavily user for cargo transport, however, there

1500-408: The Legislative Assembly is Sergei Bebenin. In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1927 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed, Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected, Administratively , Leningrad Oblast is divided into seventeen districts and one town of oblast significance ( Sosnovy Bor ). In terms of area,

1560-506: The Leningrad Front took over the town of Narva . On April 21, 1944, parts of the Leningrad front were broken off to create the 3rd Baltic Front. In June 1944, the Leningrad front, along with the Baltic fleet had successfully carried out the Vyborg operation. As a result of which, Finland would later leave the German side of the war. From September–November 1944, the front participated in

1620-401: The Leningrad front included: Following November 25, 1942, the structure of the Leningrad front constantly increased, it subsequently included: Leningrad Oblast Leningrad Oblast ( Russian : Ленинградская область , romanized :  Leningradskaya oblast’ , IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ] ; Veps : Leningradan agj ; Finnish : Leningradin alue )

1680-768: The Leningrad front was reinforced with elements of the recently disbanded 2nd Baltic Front . These forces were primarily stationed near the Courland Pocket , with the task of containing the German Army Group Courland , which would continue to resist Soviet forces up until the end of war in Europe . On June 24, 1945, the Leningrad front was reorganized into the Leningrad Military District . Upon its creation in August 1941,

1740-698: The Research Institute of Optical and Electronic Devices. Since prehistory, the Volkhov and the Neva Rivers were constituents of major trade routes, and archaeological sites dot their banks. Staraya Ladoga has many pre-1700 sites, including two of about a couple of dozens standing pre-Mongol churches in Russia. Both of them were built in the 1160s. The Oreshek Fortress in Shlisselburg and

1800-599: The Revolution With all their lives. We cannot list their noble names here, There are so many of them under the eternal protection of granite. But know this, those who regard these stones: No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten. Enemies, clad in armour and in iron, were bursting into the city, But workers, schoolchildren, teachers and home guards stood up with the army And like one, they all said Death will sooner fear us, than we will fear death. The hungry, harsh, dark winter of forty-one And forty-two

1860-702: The Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , and shortly thereafter the territory became the site of the Battle of Leningrad . The Wehrmacht captured the southwestern part of the oblast and reached Tikhvin in the east, while Finnish troops quickly recaptured the ceded territories in the Continuation War , encircling Leningrad from the land. In 1944 Soviet offensives managed to expel the Wehrmacht and put military pressure on Finland, which ceded

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1920-417: The advent of rail transport in the late 19th century, the areas in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg had been popular summer resort destinations ( dachas ) for its residents. However, while Saint Petersburg itself was populated mostly by Russians from the very beginning, it was not until the 20th century that its surrounding population was Russified. In 1914, with the beginning of World War I , Saint Petersburg

1980-601: The architectural composition is the bronze monument symbolizing the Mother Motherland , by sculptors Vera Isaeva and Robert Taurit. By granite steps leading down from the eternal flame visitors enter the main 480-meter path which leads to the majestic Motherland monument. The words of poet Olga Berggolts are carved on a granite wall located behind this monument: Here lie Leningraders Here are citydwellers – men, women, and children And next to them, Red Army soldiers. They defended you, Leningrad, The cradle of

2040-624: The attack against the Red Army under Leon Trotsky ultimately failed, and Yudenich retreated. The border with Estonia was established in the Russian-Estonian Treaty of Tartu of 1920. Finland-backed Ingrian Finns of North Ingria attempted to secede in 1918–1920, but were incorporated back with the Russian-Finnish Treaty of Tartu , which settled the border between Finland and Soviet Russia. In 1924, Petrograd

2100-473: The capital of the Russian Empire . In 1708, most of the territory was organized into Ingermanland Governorate under Governor General Alexander Menshikov . It was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710 (the borders of that governorate, however, differed very significantly from those of the present-day oblast and included much of the areas of current Novgorod, Pskov, and Vologda Oblasts). In 1721,

2160-559: The forest and swamp landscapes of northwestern Russia. The most taxonomically diverse vascular plant families are Asteraceae , Cyperaceae , Poaceae and Rosaceae . By far the most diverse genus is Carex (68 species). The diversity in genera Hieracium (with Pilosella ), Ranunculus (with Batrachium ), Alchemilla , Galium , Potamogeton , Salix , Veronica , Viola , Juncus , Artemisia , Potentilla , Rumex , Festuca , Epilobium , Poa , Trifolium , Campanula , Vicia , Lathyrus , Geranium

2220-493: The lake Road of Life . During the blockade, the front executed various offensive and defensive operations, until finally with the help of the Baltic and Volkhov Front , the blockade was lifted. From June 1942, Leonid Govorov had been the commander of the front, and in June 1944, he was awarded the title Marshal of the Soviet Union . In January 1943, forces of the Leningrad front made their first advances in years when they took

2280-412: The largest administrative district is Podporozhsky (7,706 square kilometers (2,975 sq mi)), and the smallest is Lomonosovsky (1,919 square kilometers (741 sq mi)). Lomonosovsky District is the only district in Russia that has its administrative center (the town of Lomonosov ) located within a different federal subject . While the district is a part of Leningrad Oblast, Lomonosov

2340-525: The local Orthodox population of Russian and Finnic ancestry massively fled from Ingria to neighbour Russian provinces, so Ingrian Finns soon became the dominant ethnic group. During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) the territory of what is now Leningrad Oblast was conquered from Sweden by Russia under Peter the Great , who founded Saint Petersburg amidst the land in 1703, which soon became

2400-624: The modern entity. Administratively, the oblast was divided into nine okrugs ( Borovichi , Cherepovets , Leningrad , Lodeynoye Pole , Luga , Murmansk , Novgorod , Pskov , and Velikiye Luki ), each of which was in turn subdivided into districts . In 1929, Velikiye Luki Okrug was transferred to newly formed Western Oblast . Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast in December 1931. In 1935 five southernmost districts were made part of Kalinin Oblast . In 1936 some parts of

2460-434: The oblast corresponded to the modern territories of the present-day Leningrad Oblast (with the exception of the Karelian Isthmus and the territories along the border with Estonia), Novgorod Oblast , Pskov Oblast , parts of Vologda Oblast , most of Murmansk Oblast , and the federal city of Saint Petersburg. The total area of the oblast was 360,400 square kilometres (139,200 sq mi); more than four times larger than

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2520-491: The oblast some former Finnish territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District , including the town of Terijoki . In 1953, Pavlovsky District of the oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory including Pavlovsk were made subordinate to Leningrad. In 1954 the settlements Levashovo , Pargolovo and Pesochny were also transferred to Leningrad. In 1956 Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast gained

2580-401: The oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. The oblast was named after the city of Leningrad . In 1991, the city restored its original name, Saint Petersburg , but the oblast retains the name of Leningrad. It overlaps the historical region of Ingria , and is bordered by Finland ( Kymenlaakso and South Karelia ) in the northwest and Estonia ( Ida-Viru County ) in

2640-479: The outskirts of Leningrad, initiating the two-and-a-half-year-long siege of Leningrad . Although Finnish forces to the north stopped at the old Finnish–Soviet border, the Leningrad front suffered severe losses on the Finnish Front . From September 8, soldiers of the front were forced to conduct operations under the conditions of a blockade, with very little supply. Some supplies did reach the city however via

2700-826: The plant producing oil platforms in Vyborg, and the Tikhvin industrial site in Tikhvin. The main agricultural specializations of the oblast are cattle breeding with meat and milk production and poultry production. The main agricultural lands are in the east and in the southwest of the oblast. Saint-Petersburg is a major railway hub, and all railways running to it cross also Leningrad Oblast. They connect Saint-Petersburg with Moscow ( Saint Petersburg – Moscow Railway ), Helsinki via Vyborg , Murmansk via Petrozavodsk , Sortavala via Priozersk , Tallinn via Kingisepp , Riga via Pskov , Vitebsk via Dno , and Veliky Novgorod . There

2760-467: The question. State power in the region is exercised on the basis of the Charter, which was adopted on 27 October 1994. The highest official of the region is the governor , who is elected for a term of five years. Since 28 May 2012, he has been Aleksandr Drozdenko . The executive power in the region is exercised by the administration, which includes: Legislative power in the region is exercised by

2820-427: The regime. Starting from the 1929, the Soviet authorities carried out mass deportations of the Ingrian Finnish population of the oblast, which constituted the majority in many rural localities as late as in the beginning of the 20th century, to the east, replacing them with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union waged the Winter War against neighbouring Finland and with

2880-471: The territorial concessions of Sweden were confirmed with the Treaty of Nystad . The life of the countryside was greatly influenced by the vicinity of the imperial capital, which became a growing market for its agricultural production as well as the main consumer of its mineral and forest resources. In 1719–1810, Ladoga Canal was dug between the Svir River and the Neva River as part of the Volga-Baltic waterway to bypass stormy waters of Lake Ladoga . Since

2940-503: The territory is known as the historical region of Ingria (or the land of Izhora) and in the 17th century, after most of the present-day territory of Leningrad Oblast was captured by Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo of 1617, became subject to substantial Finnish Lutheran population influx from Finnish Karelia (which included Karelian Isthmus , the northwestern part of present-day Leningrad Oblast) and Savonia . Having faced religious pressure from Lutheran pastors and Swedish authorities,

3000-398: The territory of Leningrad Suburban District of Leningrad was returned to Leningrad Oblast and divided into Vsevolozhsky District , Krasnoselsky District , Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944). Vologda Oblast , which has included the easternmost districts of Leningrad Oblast (former Cherepovets Governorate), was created in 1937. Murmansk Oblast

3060-427: The territory was divided between the Kingdom of Sweden and Novgorod Republic (see Swedish-Novgorodian Wars ) and populated mostly by various Baltic Finns people such as Karelians (northwest), Izhorians and Votes (west), Vepsians (east), as well as Ilmen Slavs of Novgorod (south). During the Russo-Swedish Wars of the 15th-17th centuries, the border moved back and forth over the land. The central part of

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3120-454: The town of Shlisselburg from German forces, thus restoring communications between Leningrad and the rest of the country. In mid and late-January 1944 the Leningrad front, along with the Volkhov Front , the 1st Baltic Front and the 2nd Baltic Front , pushed back Army Group North and broke the 28-month-long blockade. Several days later, these forces would completely liberate all of the Leningrad Oblast and Kalinin Oblast . Six months later,

3180-464: The village of Soginitsy , the Sts Peter and Paul Chapel in the village of Zaozerye , and the Saint Athanasy chapel in the village of Posad . The two other notable wooden churches are located in the villages of Gimreka and Shcheleyki close to the Onega Lakeshore. The center of Vyborg preserves many examples of medieval Swedish architecture, unique for Russia. After Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703, many estates and residences were founded around

3240-403: The west, as well as five federal subjects of Russia: the Republic of Karelia in the northeast, Vologda Oblast in the east, Novgorod Oblast in the south, Pskov Oblast in the southwest, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg in the west. The first governor of Leningrad Oblast was Vadim Gustov (in 1996–1998). The current governor, since 2012, is Aleksandr Drozdenko . Leningrad Oblast

3300-588: The western and the central parts of Leningrad Oblast. The M10 highway connects Saint Petersburg with Moscow via Veliky Novgorod in the south and with the Finnish border, continuing across the border to Helsinki, in the north. It is split between European routes E18 (Saint Petersburg to Finland) and E105 (Saint Petersburg to Moscow), and much of it within the oblast is built as a dual carriageway. R21 highway (also part of E105) runs from Saint Petersburg to Murmansk via Petrozavodsk, and A180 (part of E20 ) connects Saint Petersburg with Ivangorod and continues across

3360-424: Was formed during the 1941 German approach on Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg ) by dividing the Northern Front into the Leningrad Front and Karelian Front on August 27, 1941. The Leningrad Front was immediately given the task of containing the German drive towards Leningrad and defending the city from the approaching Army Group North . By September 1941, German forces to the south were effectively stopped on

3420-400: Was populated shortly after the end of the Weichselian glaciation and now hosts numerous archaeological remnants. The Volga trade route and trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks crossed the territory. Staraya Ladoga , the first capital of legendary Rurik , founded in the 8th-9th century, is situated in the east of the oblast, on the Volkhov River . In the 12th-15th centuries,

3480-443: Was renamed Leningrad, and Petrograd Governorate was again renamed accordingly (Leningrad Governorate). Leningrad Oblast was established on 1 August 1927, by the resolutions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast" by merging Cherepovets , Leningrad, Murmansk , Novgorod , and Pskov Governorates . The territory of

3540-431: Was renamed Petrograd and the governorate was accordingly renamed Petrograd Governorate. After the Russian Revolution , in 1918, the capital was transferred from Petrograd to Moscow , farther from the borders of the country. In 1919, during the Russian Civil War , the Northwestern White Army advancing from Estonia and led by Nikolai Yudenich tried to capture Petrograd and even managed to reach its southern outskirts, but

3600-453: Was split from Leningrad Oblast in 1938. In the autumn of 1934, the Forbidden Border Zone along the western border of the Soviet Union was established, where nobody could appear without special permission issued by the NKVD . It was officially only 7.5 km deep initially, but along the Estonian border it extended to as much as 90 km. The zone was to be cleansed of Finnic and other peoples who were considered "politically unreliable" by

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