170-537: The Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defence system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks. It was launched in 2000 after the Kargil War by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government. Testing was carried out and continuing as of 2006, and the system was expected to be operational within four years according to
340-692: A Taepodong-1 missile over northern Japan, the Japanese have been jointly developing a new surface-to-air interceptor known as the Patriot Advanced Capability 3 (PAC-3) with the US. Tests have been successful, and there are 11 locations that are planned for the PAC-3 to be installed. The approximate locations are near major air bases, like Kadena Air Base , and ammunition storage centers of the Japanese military. The exact location are not known to
510-467: A land-based anti-ballistic missile test on 11 January 2010. The test was exoatmospheric and done in midcourse phase and with a kinetic kill vehicle . China is the second country after US that demonstrated intercepting ballistic missile with a kinetic kill vehicle, the interceptor missile was a SC-19 . The sources suggest the system is not operationally deployed as of 2010. On 27 January 2013, China did another anti ballistic missile test. According to
680-635: A Spitfire happened upon a V-2 rising through the trees, and fired on it with no effect. This led to allied efforts to capture launching sites in Belgium and the Netherlands. A wartime study by Bell Labs into the task of shooting down ballistic missiles in flight concluded it was not possible. In order to intercept a missile, one needs to be able to steer the attack onto the missile before it hits. A V-2's speed would require guns of effectively instantaneous reaction time, or some sort of weapon with ranges on
850-499: A body diameter of 1,200 mm (47 in), and a launch weight of around 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). It was estimated that the second stage had a length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), and that it had inertial and command update mid-course guidance, with a terminal infrared focal plane array. The missile was described as being relatively high-speed and maneuverable, with thrust vectoring in both stages. The range capability has been described as around 50 km (31 mi). On
1020-519: A complex test designed to validate how the system can detect, identify, track and then discriminate real from decoy targets delivered into space by an improved Silver Sparrow target missile. According to officials, the milestone test paves the way toward low-rate initial production of the Arrow 3. David's Sling (Hebrew: קלע דוד), also sometimes called Magic Wand (Hebrew: שרביט קסמים), is an Israel Defense Forces military system being jointly developed by
1190-419: A cruise missile defence system. In order to ward off the threats of nuke-tipped cruise missile attack India has a new missile defence programme which will be focused solely on intercepting cruise missiles. The technological breakthrough has been created with an Advanced Air Defence missile (AAD). DRDO Chief, Dr V K Saraswat stated in an Interview " Our studies have indicated that this AAD will be able to handle
1360-480: A cruise missile intercept ". Furthermore, India is acquiring airborne radars like EL/W-2090 AWACS to ensure detection of cruise missiles in order to stay on top of the threat. Barak-8 is a long-range anti-air and anti-missile naval defence system developed jointly by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. The Indian Army inducted
1530-443: A datalink. When the interceptors close onto the target missile, it activates the radar seeker to search for the target missile and guides itself to intercept the target. Multiple PAD and AAD interceptors can be launched against a target for high kill probability. The Prithvi Air Defence (PAD), also known as Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor is an anti-ballistic missile developed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles outside
1700-488: A defense system against ballistic missiles. Another Arrow 2 test (AST#5) took place on September 14, 2000, this time with a new target missile, the Rafael Advanced Defense Systems " Black Sparrow ". This airborne ballistic target missile, launched by an IAF F-15 towards Israel's coastline at a ballistic trajectory simulating an aggressor "Scud", was intercepted and destroyed. Consequently,
1870-574: A few more times, including in November 2015. The HQ-29, a counterpart to the MIM-104F PAC-3 , was first tested in 2011. Surface-to-air missiles that supposedly have some terminal ABM capability (as opposed to midcourse capability): The technology and experience from the successful anti-satellite test using a ground-launched interceptor during January 2007 was immediately applied to current ABM efforts and development. China carried out
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#17327757066542040-414: A halt seconds after takeoff and the missile was intentionally destroyed due to fears it might go off track and hit a settled location. This was caused by the failure of the ground tracking radars to track the missile's trajectory . Test number two took place on March 25, 1991. Designed to check missile components during launch, it was conducted from a ship at sea. Once again a missile malfunction resulted in
2210-635: A joint test at the Naval Air Station Point Mugu (NAS Point Mugu ) Missile Test Center in California , in which the Arrow interceptor was launched against a real "Scud-B" missile. The test represented a realistic scenario that could not have been tested in Israel due to test-field safety restrictions. To enable the test a full battery was shipped to Point Mugu. The "Green Pine" radar and command-and-control systems were deployed at
2380-671: A letter of intent and agreeing to initial joint requirements. The ultimate goal of the project is to develop a countermeasure that could be integrated into the French-led EU TWISTER (Timely Warning and Interception with Space-based TheatER surveillance) capability program. TWISTER, launched in 2019 with MBDA France acting as lead contractor as well, is intended to be an air defense system capable of early warning, tracking and intercepting high-performance air threats, including defense against ballistic missiles (BMD) and hypersonic vehicles. The program involves France, Italy, Spain ,
2550-418: A limited number of systems worldwide that can intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles : During 1993, a symposium was held by western European nations to discuss potential future ballistic missile defence programs. In the end, the council recommended deployment of early warning and surveillance systems as well as regionally controlled defence systems. During spring 2006 reports about negotiations between
2720-432: A malfunctioning electric battery that was not providing enough power to a key element of the Arrow system. The test was widely referred to as a failure, however objectives of interoperability with other ballistic missile defense systems were achieved. On February 22, 2011, the Arrow system successfully intercepted a long-range ballistic target missile during a flight test conducted at NAS Point Mugu. The target missile
2890-553: A maximum range of more than 5,000 km capable of intercepting intermediate-range ballistic missile and intercontinental ballistic missile . The missile was scheduled to be tested between 2024 and 2025. It is expected that future frontline ships of the Indian Navy will also be equipped with this missile. Swordfish is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the BMD system. The Long Range Tracking Radar (LRTR) currently has
3060-759: A new missile defence system in Central Europe. According to a July 2007 survey, a majority of Poles were opposed to hosting a component of the system in Poland. By 28 July 2016 Missile Defense Agency planning and agreements had clarified enough to give more details about the Aegis Ashore sites in Romania (2014) and Poland (2018). Project 640 had been the PRC's indigenous effort to develop ABM capability. The Academy of Anti-Ballistic Missile & Anti-Satellite
3230-546: A nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war. The leader of Pakistan's senate noted that " the purpose of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed ." Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998, the Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent cover to markedly increase coercion against India. Development of an anti-ballistic missile system began in late 1999, suggesting that India initiated
3400-398: A period of crisis in anticipation of trouble. This is less than optimal for a weapon intended to defend against an attack at any moment. Prithvi Air Defence Exercise The PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise) was conducted in November 2006 in which a PAD missile successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi-II Missile at an altitude of 50 km (31 mi). The Prithvi-II ballistic missile
3570-549: A range of 600 km (370 mi) to 800 km (500 mi) and can spot objects as small as a cricket ball . The DRDO plans to upgrade the capacity of Swordfish to 1,500 km by 2017. As per Ministry of Defence (MoD), two units of VLRTR systems were accorded by the Union Government under a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) and Indian Air Force for Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. First unit
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#17327757066543740-507: A range of over 1,000 km (620 mi) once again at the NAS Point Mugu, was reportedly aborted in the final second before launch after the missile failed to establish a communications link. A target had been released from a C-17 Globemaster III aircraft, the radar detected the target and transferred its tracks, but the interceptor was not launched. "Tracking of the target worked well, but tracking trajectory information that
3910-487: A sequence of launches. The test did not include actual interceptions. Another successful test held on December 16, 2003 (AST#9), examined the system's ability to intercept and destroy incoming missiles at significantly high altitudes, around 60 km (37 mi). Reportedly, AST#8 and AST#9 also tested integration of the Arrow with Patriot batteries. On July 29, 2004, Israel and the United States carried out
4080-575: A single national missile defense system. According to Arieh Herzog, the planned block-5 will include new ground- and airborne sensors, a command and control system, and a new target missile – the Silver Sparrow – to simulate potentially nuclear-capable delivery vehicles developed by Iran. According to the U.S. Missile Defense Agency, block-5 is expected to be able to deal with "more stressing regional threats" by increasing total defended area by some 50 percent. The planned block-5 will optimize
4250-409: A target going faster than ICBM warheads. On 16 November 2020 an SM-3 Block IIA interceptor successfully destroyed an ICBM in mid-course, under Link-16 Command and Control, Battle Management, and Communications ( C2BMC ). The U.S. Army Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system began production in 2008. Its stated range as a short to intermediate ballistic missile interceptor means that it
4420-573: A variant of Barak 8 missile to meet its requirement for a medium-range surface-to-air air defence missile. The naval version of this missile has the capability to intercept incoming enemy cruise missiles and combat jets targeting its warships at sea. It would also be inducted into the Indian Air Force , followed by the Army. India has a joint venture for this missile with Israel . Recently developed, India's Akash missile defence system also has
4590-503: A vertical hot launch from the container and a secondary burn to sustain the missile's trajectory towards the target at a speed of Mach 9, or 2.5 km/s (1.6 mi/s). Thrust vector control is used in the boost and sustainer phases of flight. At the ignition of the second stage sustainer motor, the first stage assembly separates. The Arrow missile is launched before the threat missile's trajectory and intercept point are accurately known. As more trajectory data becomes available,
4760-430: Is South Korea's next anti-ballistic missile generation. It is expected to have a range of 150 km and be able to intercept targets between 40 km and 100 km of altitude, and it can also be used as an aircraft interceptor. The L-SAM system is expected to be complete and ready to use in 2024. The idea of destroying rockets before they can hit their target dates from the first use of modern missiles in warfare,
4930-494: Is a surface-to-air missile designed to counter ballistic missiles (missile defense). Ballistic missiles are used to deliver nuclear , chemical , biological , or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory . The term "anti-ballistic missile" is a generic term for a system designed to intercept and destroy any type of ballistic threat; however, it is commonly used for systems specifically designed to counter intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). There are
5100-515: Is a 13 m tall, 18.87 tons, three stage missile. Solid rocket motors with flexible nozzles constituted the first two stages, with the Kill Vehicle being the third stage. According to a report published on the official DRDO website, the missile has the capability to shoot down targets moving at 10 km per second in orbits as high as 1,200 km. The accuracy of the missile is less than 10 cm It has been suggested that this missile may have
5270-463: Is a family of anti-ballistic missiles designed to fulfill an Israeli requirement for a missile defense system that would be more effective against ballistic missiles than the MIM-104 Patriot surface-to-air missile . Jointly funded and produced by Israel and the United States, development of the system began in 1986 and has continued since, drawing some contested criticism. Undertaken by
Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme - Misplaced Pages Continue
5440-420: Is a two-stage missile and powered by solid propellants. The missile boasts an advanced but indigenous missile control system. It has a range of 1,500 km to 3,000 km along with a large kill altitude bracket. It has the capability to neutralise any nuclear-capable ballistic missile with a range of about 5,000 km. On 2 November 2022, the maiden successful test of the missile was conducted by DRDO. The test witnessed
5610-551: Is an indium antimonide focal plane array. The kill vehicle is designed to achieve a hit-to-kill interception, but if this is not achieved, the proximity fuze will direct the warhead fragments at the target shortly before reaching the closest point to the target. The high explosive directed blast fragmentation warhead is capable of destroying a target within a 40–50 m (130–160 ft) radius. In this manner, Arrow also differs from Patriot PAC-3, THAAD, and Standard Missile 3, which rely purely on hit-to-kill technology in which
5780-423: Is an anti-ballistic missile designed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles in the endo-atmosphere at an altitude of 40 km (25 mi). The AAD is a single-stage, solid-fuelled missile with siliconised carbon jet vanes. Guidance is similar to that of PAD with indigenous radio frequency seeker. It supports inertial navigation system (INS), mid-course updates from ground-based radar and active radar homing in
5950-407: Is an anti-ballistic missile designed to intercept incoming ballistic missiles in the exo-atmosphere at an altitude from 50 km (31 mi) to 180 km (110 mi). The PDV is a two-stage missile and both the stages are powered by solid propellants. It has an innovative system for controlling the vehicle at an altitude of more than 180 km. The PDV is intended to replace the existing PAD in
6120-455: Is capable of detecting targets at ranges of up to about 500 km (310 mi) and is able to track more than 30 targets at speeds over 3,000 m/s (10,000 ft/s). The radar illuminates the target and guides the Arrow missile to within 4 m (13 ft) of the target. An advanced version of the radar, called "Super Green Pine", "Green Pine" Block-B, or "Great Pine" ( Hebrew : אורן אדיר , pronounced [oʁen adiʁ] ),
6290-434: Is designed to take out target missiles at altitudes above 150 km (93 mi). On 27 April 2014 first PDV was successfully test- conducted by DRDO. On 11 February 2017, DRDO successfully conducted a second test for PDV missile. The third test was conducted on 12 February 2019. In March 2019, India conducted an ASAT test . India officially confirmed that this missile was a Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor. PDV Mk-2
6460-749: Is equipped with a dual redundant communication link to the Launch Control Complex (LCC) and has an RF Wireless Link and a Physical Link. The DRDO Floating Test Range is expected to assist in the development of the Phase 2. This vessel INS Anvesh (A41) was set to undergo sea trials in September 2021. On 21 April 2023, DRDO and the Indian Navy conducted the maiden flight trial of the sea-based interceptor missile for naval ballistic missile defence capability. Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV)
6630-499: Is expected to include a new Battle Management Center, armored launchers with high shooting availability, better communication with other missile systems and wider ranges of interceptions. On September 9, 2014, an intercept test was conducted over the Mediterranean Sea with block-4.1 versions of the operational system. The outcome was inconclusive and remained so until data was fully analyzed. In February 2015, an official at
6800-582: Is expected to perform much better than the Patriot did in the Gulf War. On 29 July 2004 Israel and the United States carried out a joint experiment in the US, in which the Arrow was launched against a real Scud missile. The experiment was a success, as the Arrow destroyed the Scud with a direct hit. During December 2005 the system was deployed successfully in a test against a replicated Shahab-3 missile. This feat
6970-576: Is for terminal phase interception. The current Phase-1 of the Indian ABM system can intercept ballistic missiles of range up to 2,000 km and the Phase-2 will increase it up to 5,000 km. Iran used Arman and S-300 missile systems for ballistic missile defense. The Arrow project was begun after the U.S. and Israel agreed to co-fund it on 6 May 1986. The Arrow ABM system was designed and constructed in Israel with financial support by
Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme - Misplaced Pages Continue
7140-926: Is not designed to hit midcourse ICBMs, which can reach terminal phase speeds of mach 8 or greater. The THAAD interceptor has a reported maximum speed of mach 8, and THAAD has repeatedly proven it can intercept descending exoatmospheric missiles in a ballistic trajectory. The U.S. Army Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) system was developed by the Missile Defense Agency . It combines ground-based AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar installations and mobile AN/TPY-2 X-band radars with 44 exoatmospheric interceptors stationed in underground silos around California and Alaska, to protect against low-count ICBM attacks from rogue states. Each Ground-Based Interceptor (GBI) rocket carries an Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) kinetic kill interceptor, with 97% probability of intercept when four interceptors are launched at
7310-415: Is now complete. The Indian Air Force (IAF) and Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) are awaiting for Government of India approval to install the missile shield around national capital which will take three to four years for installation post approval. Since the early 90s, India has faced the threat of ballistic missile attacks from Pakistan against which it has fought multiple wars in
7480-762: Is operated by the Protective Sword unit under the Air Defense Command of the Israeli Air Force (IAF). Although several of its components have been exported, the Air Defense Command is the sole user of the complete Arrow system. The spaceflight upper-tier portion of Israel's missile defense, Arrow 3 , was declared operational on January 18, 2017. Arrow 3 operates at greater speeds, greater range and at greater altitudes than Arrow 2, intercepting ballistic missiles during
7650-594: Is the Sky Bow III (TK-3) . Since North Korea started developing its nuclear weapon program, South Korea has been under imminent danger. South Korea started its BDM program by acquiring 8 batteries of the MIM-104 Patriot ( PAC-2 ) missiles from the United States. The PAC-2 was developed to destroy incoming aircraft and is now unreliable in defending a ballistic missile attack from North Korea, as they have developed further their nuclear program. As of 2018, South Korea decided to improve its defense system by upgrading to
7820-421: Is then processed by ten computers which run simultaneously. The MCC is connected to all other elements of the defence through a WAN . The MCC performs target classifications and assignment as well as kill assessments. It also acts as a decision support system for the commander. It can also decide the number of interceptors required for the target for an assured kill probability. After performing all these functions,
7990-502: Is to propose an architecture and technology maturation concept study for an endo-atmospheric interceptor to counter new, highly sophisticated emerging threats. HYDIS² is centered around the MBDA's Aquila hypersonic missile interceptor concept and will involve a consortium of 19 partners and over 30 subcontractors from 14 European countries. France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands have already confirmed their support and commitment, by signing
8160-611: Is to take the place of the original "Green Pine. As of 2008 both versions were active. The "Super Green Pine" extends detection range to about 800–900 km (500–560 mi). An even more advanced upgrade of the Super Green Pine is under development. The "Golden Citron" ( Hebrew : אתרוג זהב , pronounced [etʁoɡ zahav] ) truck-mounted net-centric open systems architecture Battle Management Command, Control, Communication & Intelligence Center can control up to 14 intercepts simultaneously. As of 2007 it
8330-554: The Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System . Japan is currently modifying another 4 destroyers so that they can take part of their defense force against ballistic missiles, bringing the total number to 8 ships. The Moscow ABM defense system was designed with the aim of being able to intercept the ICBM warheads aimed at Moscow and other important industrial regions, and is based on: In several tests,
8500-554: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is developing a new Prithvi interceptor missile code-named PDV. The PDV is designed to take out the target missile at altitudes above 150 km (93 mi). The first PDV was successfully test fired on 27 April 2014. According to scientist V K Saraswat of the DRDO, the missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 percent. On 15 May 2016, India successfully launched AAD renamed Ashwin from Abdul Kalam Island off
8670-551: The Fakel 5V61 (known in the west as Galosh), was developed to carry the larger warhead and carry it much further from the launch site. Further development continued, and the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system , designed to protect Moscow, became operational in 1971. A-35 was designed for exoatmospheric interceptions, and would have been highly susceptible to a well-arranged attack using multiple warheads and radar black-out techniques. A-35
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#17327757066548840-474: The Israel Defense Prize for the development and production of the Arrow system. According to Uzi Rubin , first Director of IMDO, with the passage of time most of the pessimistic predictions have proven to be unfounded. Israel's defense industries overcame the technical challenge, the system's development was completed a full decade ahead of what was predicted, and there are no indications that
9010-586: The Kapustin Yar , and intercepted by a V-1000 launched from Sary-Shagan . The dummy warhead was destroyed by the impact of 16,000 tungsten-carbide spherical impactors 140 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 25 km (82,000 ft). The V-1000 missile system was nonetheless considered not reliable enough and abandoned in favour of nuclear-armed ABMs. Retired V-1000 was used to develop 1Ya2TA sounding rocket , capable of launching 520 kg scientific payload to an altitude of 400 km. A much larger missile,
9180-441: The Kargil War between India and Pakistan became the first direct conflict between two declared nuclear powers. As the war progressed, the first hint of the possible use of a nuclear weapon was on 31 May, when Pakistani foreign secretary Shamshad Ahmad made a statement warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use "any weapon" in its arsenal . This was immediately interpreted as an obvious threat of
9350-717: The PAC-3 , which has a hit-to-kill capability against incoming missiles. The main reason that the South Korean anti-ballistic defense system is not very developed is because they have tried to developed their own, without help from other countries, since the beginning of the 1990s. The South Korean Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) has confirmed that it has test launched the L-SAM system in February 2022. This particular missile has been in development since 2019 and
9520-588: The Strategic Defense Initiative critics in the United States. Pedatzur argued that it was exceedingly simple to fool an Arrow-type defensive system with simple, cheap, and easily installed countermeasures, which would render the Arrow system ineffective. He doubted Israel's defense industries could rise to the challenge of such a complex system, citing anonymous experts in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) who predicted that
9690-532: The US Air Force and nuclear weapons establishments who suggested it would be much simpler to build more nuclear warheads and guarantee mutually assured destruction . Zeus was eventually cancelled in 1963. In 1958, the U.S. sought to explore whether airbursting nuclear weapons might be used to ward off ICBMs. It conducted several test explosions of low-yield nuclear weapons – 1.7kt boosted fission W25 warheads – launched from ships to very high altitudes over
9860-608: The active radar seeker . Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL) provided the motors, jet vanes and structures for the AAD and PAD. High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) supplied the propellants for the missile. Research Centre Imarat and Programme Air Defence (PGAD) at Hyderabad are spearheading the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. By April 2019, the Phase-1 of the program
10030-416: The kinetic force of a precise impact causes the destruction of the threat. According to Dov Raviv , a senior developer dubbed "the father of the Arrow anti-ballistic missile", a single Arrow interceptor has a 90 percent probability of destroying a target missile at the highest altitude possible. In case of failure two more interceptors can be launched towards the target at short time intervals. If
10200-567: The AAD missile for interception at endo-atmospheric altitudes of up to 30 km (19 mi). The deployed system would consist of many launch vehicles, radars , Launch Control Centres (LCC) and the Mission Control Centre (MCC). All these are geographically distributed and connected by a secure communication network. The MCC is the software intensive component of the ballistic missile defence system. It receives information from various sources such as radars and satellites which
10370-710: The Advanced Air Defence (AAD) system which destroyed a 'hostile' target ballistic missile, a modified Prithvi, at an altitude of 16 km over the Bay of Bengal . The Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile positioned at Abdul Kalam Island, about 70 km across sea from Chandipur, received signals from tracking radars installed along the coastline and travelled through the sky at a speed of Mach 4.5 to destroy it. The Advanced Air Defence (AAD) also known as Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor
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#173277570665410540-657: The Arrow 1 technology demonstrator. The Gulf War , which exposed the controversial performance of the Patriot missile against Iraqi " Al Hussein " missiles, gave further impetus to the development of the Arrow. It was initially designed to intercept missiles such as the SS-1 "Scud" , its "Al Hussein" derivative, the SS-21 "Scarab" operated by Syria , and the CSS-2 operated by Saudi Arabia . The Arrow evolved also with an eye on
10710-400: The Arrow 4, a new missile-intercepting system to defend against much more sophisticated future threats. In 2017 Boaz Levy, IAI executive vice president, said it was probably too early to call the effort Arrow 4. Nevertheless, he acknowledged that ongoing design studies are aimed at a future interceptor that will extend capabilities beyond Arrow 2 and Arrow 3. In early 2021 Israel revealed that
10880-536: The Arrow program, 50–80 percent of which was funded by the United States . Israel contributes approximately $ 65 million annually. The Arrow program encountered opposition from the Israeli Air Force , whose traditional doctrine of deterrence and use of preemptive strikes stand in sharp contrast with the nature of the missile. In addition, the IAF feared that the procurement of the costly missiles would diminish
11050-489: The Arrow system successfully intercepted its target at some 100 km (62 mi) from shore, the highest and farthest that the Arrow 2 had been tested to date. In October 2002 the second battery was declared operational. A successful test of the Arrow 2 block-2 took place on January 5, 2003 (AST#8). Four missiles were launched towards four simulated targets in order to examine the interceptor's performance during special flight conditions as well as system performance during
11220-475: The Arrow system. The multibillion-dollar development program of the Arrow is undertaken in Israel with the financial support of the United States. When the development program began, the projection for the total cost of its development and manufacture – including the initial production of missiles – was an estimated $ 1.6 billion. The price of a single Arrow missile was estimated at $ 3 million. Between 1989 and 2007 some $ 2.4 billion had been reportedly invested in
11390-573: The Arrow was judged to be a more complete concept and have greater range. The AB-10 system was criticized as being merely an improved MIM-23 Hawk , rather than a system designed from the outset for missile interception. The United States and Israel signed a memorandum of understanding to co-fund the Arrow program on May 6, 1986, and in 1988 the United States Department of Defense Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) placed an order with Israel Aircraft Industries for
11560-542: The Arrow weapon system successfully detected and made a simulated intercept of a new target missile, the " Blue Sparrow ", a successor of the "Black Sparrow" capable of simulating "Scud-C/D" missiles and reportedly the Iranian Shahab-3 as well. During the test, a target missile was launched from an IAF F-15 at a height of 90,000 feet (27.5 km). The missile split into multiple warheads , making it harder to intercept it. Nevertheless, "Green Pine" tracked
11730-483: The Arrow would not be relevant against future threats of missiles with nuclear warheads, since it would never be able to supply hermetic defense and the impact of even a single nuclear warhead in Israel's densely populated urban area would be an existential threat to Israel. At the same time, John E. Pike , who worked then with the Federation of American Scientists , stated that "given technical problems with
11900-721: The Aster 30 Block II, which can destroy ballistic missiles up to a maximum range of 3,000 km (1,900 mi). It will incorporate a kill vehicle warhead. Involving France, Italy, Germany and the Netherlands , the HYDIS² (HYpersonic Defence Interceptor Study) was announced on June 20, 2023 and is a project led by MBDA . It was selected in March 2023 and is partially funded by the European Defense Fund (EDF). Its aim
12070-573: The Aster 30 missile and on 1 December 2011 a successful interception of a Black Sparrow ballistic target missile. The Horizon-class frigates in French and Italian service, the Royal Navy 's Type 45 destroyers , and the French and Italian FREMM-class frigates are all armed with PAAMS (or variants of it) integrating Aster 15 and Aster 30 missiles. France and Italy are developing a new variant,
12240-607: The Chinese Defence Ministry, the missile launch is defensive in character and is not aimed against any countries. Experts hailed China's technological breakthrough because it is difficult to intercept ballistic missiles that have reached the highest point and speed in the middle of their course. Only two countries, including the US, have successfully conducted such a test in the past decade. On 4 February 2021, China successfully conducted mid-course intercept anti-ballistic missile test. Military analysts indicates that
12410-454: The DRDO carried out a second successful test of the PAD interceptor missile. The target used was a ship launched Dhanush missile which followed the trajectory of a missile with range of a 1,500 km (930 mi). The target was tracked by Swordfish (LRTR) radar and destroyed by the PAD at 75 km (47 mi) altitude. On 6 March 2011 DRDO successfully test-fired an interceptor missile from
12580-593: The Development of Weapons and Technological Infrastructure , part of the Israeli Ministry of Defense , runs the Arrow development project under the "Homa" administration. The "Homa" administration, which is also commonly referred to as the IMDO – Israel Missile Defense Organization , is responsible for coordinating industrial activities of Israel's different defense companies involved in the development of
12750-539: The German V-1 and V-2 program of World War II . British fighters destroyed some V-1 "buzz bombs" in flight, although concentrated barrages of heavy anti-aircraft artillery had greater success. Under the lend-lease program, 200 US 90 mm AA guns with SCR-584 radars and Western Electric / Bell Labs computers were sent to the UK. These demonstrated a 95% success rate against V-1s that flew into their range. The V-2,
12920-403: The IMDO acknowledged that a test successfully acquired, but narrowly missed its target. The exact reason behind the failure was not provided, but officials initially attributed the glitch to easily correctable software issues. By April 2011 IMDO launched initial definition of a new block-5 upgrade to the complete Arrow system that will merge the lower-tier Arrow 2 and exoatmospheric Arrow 3 into
13090-490: The Israeli Ministry of Defense. A full system interception test (AST#4) was held on November 1, 1999. During this test the Arrow system located, tracked and intercepted a TM-91C target missile simulating a "Scud" missile, launched on a very steep trajectory from a ship located offshore. The IAI TM-91C target missile was itself based on the Arrow 1 interceptor. On March 14, 2000, the first complete Arrow 2 battery
13260-594: The Israeli defense contractor Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and the American defense contractor Raytheon , designed to intercept tactical ballistic missiles, as well as medium- to long-range rockets and slower-flying cruise missiles, such as those possessed by Hezbollah , fired at ranges from 40 km to 300 km. It is designed with the aim of intercepting the newest generation of tactical ballistic missiles, such as Iskander . Since 1998, when North Korea launched
13430-623: The MALAM division of the Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and Boeing , it is overseen by the Israeli Ministry of Defense 's " Homa " ( Hebrew : חומה , pronounced [χoma] , " rampart ") administration and the U.S. Missile Defense Agency . It forms the long-range layer of Israel's multi-tiered missile defence system, along with David's Sling (at medium-to-long range) and Iron Dome and Iron Beam [experimental] (at short ranges). The Arrow system consists of
13600-513: The MCC assigns the target to the LCC of a launch battery. The LCC starts computing the time to launch the interceptor based upon information received from a radar based on the speed, altitude and flight path of the target. The LCC prepares the missile for launch in real time and carries out ground guidance computation. After the interceptor is launched, it is provided target information from the radar through
13770-556: The Netherlands, Finland and Germany. Competing against HYDIS², the EU HYDEF (European Hypersonic Defence Interceptor) also covers the concept phase to develop an endo-atmospheric interceptor and is related to TWISTER. Selected in July 2022, it is also partially funded by the EDF. It is coordinated by Spain's SENER Aeroespacial Sociedad Anonima , while Germany's Diehl Defence is serving as
13940-470: The PAD/AAD combination. It has a IIR seeker for its kill vehicle as well. The PDV will replace the PAD with a far more capable missile and will complete Phase 1 of the BMD system, allowing it to be operational by 2013. Whereupon Phase 2 development will take over for protection against missiles of the 5,000 km (3,100 mi) range class. The first test flight of the missile was expected in 2010. The PDV
14110-417: The Patriot's AN/MPQ-53 fire control radar. Tests carried out by the U.S and Israel have successfully linked the Arrow with both U.S and Israeli versions of the Patriot. The "Citron Tree" has three banks of operator consoles laid out in a U shape. In the center sits the officer in command who oversees the engagement, but also has links to the other parts of the battery as well as to IAF headquarters . On
14280-614: The U.S. Patriot missiles. China has acquired and is license-producing the S-300PMU-2/S-300PMU-1 series of terminal ABM-capable SAMs. China-produced HQ-9 SAM system may possess terminal ABM capabilities. PRC Navy's operating modern air-defense destroyers known as the Type 052C Destroyer and Type 051C Destroyer are armed with naval HQ-9 missiles. The HQ-19, similar to the THAAD , was first tested in 2003, and subsequently
14450-482: The U.S. and other states (although most strategic arms reduction treaties were between the Soviet Union and U.S., not NATO). The German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier , a Social Democrat, expressed severe concerns about the way in which the U.S. had conveyed its plans to its European partners and criticised the U.S. administration for not having consulted Russia prior to announcing its endeavours to deploy
14620-490: The U.S. military have demonstrated the feasibility of destroying long and short range ballistic missiles. Combat effectiveness of newer systems against 1950s tactical ballistic missiles seems very high, as the MIM-104 Patriot (PAC-1 and PAC-2) had a 100% success rate in Operation Iraqi Freedom. The U.S. Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System (Aegis BMD) uses RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 , which hit
14790-588: The United States and Israeli governments have initiated development of an upper-tier component to the Israeli Air Defense Command, known as Arrow 3. The development is based on an architecture definition study conducted in 2006–2007, determining the need for the upper-tier component to be integrated into Israel's ballistic missile defense system. According to Arieh Herzog, the main element of this upper tier will be an exoatmospheric interceptor, to be jointly developed by IAI and Boeing . Arrow 3
14960-404: The United States by a multibillion-dollar development program called "Minhelet Homa" (Wall Administration) with the participation of companies like Israel Military Industries , Tadiran and Israel Aerospace Industries . During 1998 the Israeli military conducted a successful test of their Arrow missile. Designed to intercept incoming missiles travelling at up to 2-mile/s (3 km/s), the Arrow
15130-872: The United States, Poland, and the Czech Republic were published. The plans propose the installation of a latest generation ABM system with a radar site in the Czech Republic and the launch site in Poland . The system was announced to be aimed against ICBMs from Iran and North Korea. This caused harsh comments by Russian President Vladimir Putin at the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) security conference during spring 2007 in Munich. Other European ministers commented that any change of strategic weapons should be negotiated on NATO level and not 'unilaterally' [sic, actually bilaterally] between
15300-512: The ability of "Green Pine" and "Golden Citron" to work with Patriot system elements operated by U.S. Army was successfully tested against simulated "Scud"-type targets during regular series of U.S.–Israeli biennial exercises code-named " Juniper Cobra ". Actual testing of the complete Arrow system was resumed in December 2005, when the system successfully intercepted a target at an unspecified but reported record low altitude. This test (AST#10)
15470-437: The abortion of the experiment. A third test, designed to examine the Arrow's interception capabilities, was conducted on October 31, 1991. The missile was once again launched from a ship at sea, and was once more aborted because of a repeat of previous malfunctions. On September 23, 1992, in another test of the missile components during launch, the systems finally operated as planned and the Arrow reached its designated point in
15640-640: The advanced missile programs of Iran . Yitzhak Rabin , then Defense Minister of Israel , viewed the emerging missile threat as one of the most dangerous future threats on Israel's security. He said of the program that: I had the honor, during my term of office as Minister of Defense, in the National Unity Government , to vote in favor of Israel's participation in the Strategic Defense Initiative... introduced by President Reagan ... The Israeli Administration for
15810-546: The aim of creating a missile capable of intercepting the V-2. But defences against Soviet long-range bombers took priority until 1957, when the Soviet Union demonstrated its advances in ICBM technology with the launch of Sputnik , the Earth's first artificial satellite. The US Army accelerated development of their LIM-49 Nike Zeus system in response. Zeus was criticized throughout its development program, especially from those within
15980-448: The anti-ballistic missile system began in 1999. Around 40 public and private companies were involved in the development of the systems. They include Ordnance Factory Board , Bharat Electronics Limited and Bharat Dynamics among others. Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) developed the mission control software for the AAD missile. Research Centre Imarat (RCI) developed navigation, electromechanical actuation systems and
16150-535: The atmosphere (exo-atmospheric). Based on the Prithvi missile , PAD is a two-stage missile with a maximum interception altitude of 80 km (50 mi). The first stage is a Solid fuelled motor while the second stage is Liquid fuelled. It has manoeuvre thrusters which can generate a lateral acceleration of more than 5 g s at 50 km (31 mi) altitude. Guidance is provided by an internal navigation system with mid-course updates from LRTR and active radar homing in
16320-623: The atmosphere) interceptor system, intercepted a Prithvi-II ballistic missile. The PAD missile has the secondary stage of the Prithvi missile and can reach altitude of 80 km (50 mi). During the test, the target missile was intercepted at a 50 km (31 mi) altitude. On 6 December 2007, the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) missile system was tested successfully. This missile is an endo-atmospheric interceptor with an altitude of 30 km (19 mi). First reported in 2009,
16490-510: The atmosphere) regions. In August 2017, the government cleared the allocation of 850 hectares of land in Alwar district and 350 hectares in Pali district of Rajasthan for setting up radars to track missiles to the DRDO. Defending against an attack by a cruise missile, on the other hand, is similar to tackling a low-flying crewed aircraft and hence most methods of aircraft defence can be used for
16660-567: The ballistic missile defence shield. After successful implementation in Delhi and Mumbai, the system will be used to cover other major cities in the country. This shield can destroy incoming ballistic missiles launched from as far as 2,500 km (1,600 mi) away. When the Phase II is completed and PDV is developed, the two anti-ballistic missiles can intercept targets from up to 5,000 km (3,100 mi) both at exo and endo-atmospheric (inside
16830-414: The base, while the Arrow launcher was installed 100 km (62 mi) offshore on an island that forms part of the test range. The test was a success, with the interceptor destroying the "Scud" that flew a 300 km (190 mi) trajectory at an altitude of 40 km (25 mi), west of San Nicolas Island . This was the twelfth Arrow interceptor test and the seventh test of the complete system,
17000-521: The capability of exo-atmospheric interception of intercontinental ballistic missiles . A report published on the official DRDO website suggested the same. On DefExpo 2020, DRDO confirmed that PDV Mk-2 was ready for limited series production. The solid rocket booster used is a derivative of the technology first developed for the Sagarika missile . This missile was not derived from the Prithvi ballistic missile . Initially under Phase 2 program, AD-1
17170-597: The capability to " neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles ". Project Kusha is an Indian long-range mobile surface-to- air missile defence system under development by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO). The missile system will have a range of 250 km against fighter jets, 350 km against cruise missiles, sea skimming anti-ship missiles, AWACS and mid air refuelers and will be capable of bringing down ballistic missiles and stealth fighters in
17340-502: The case, but Argus returned key data about a related effect, the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP). Other countries were also involved in early ABM research. A more advanced project was at CARDE in Canada, which researched the main problems of ABM systems. A key problem with any radar system is that the signal is in the form of a cone, which spreads with distance from the transmitter. For long-distance interceptions like ABM systems,
17510-460: The coast of Odisha . As of 8 January 2020, the BMD programme has been completed and the Indian Air Force and the DRDO are awaiting government's final approval before the system is deployed to protect New Delhi and then Mumbai. After these two cities, it will be deployed in other major cities and regions. India has structured a five-layer missile shield for Delhi as of 9 June 2019: PAD and PDV are designed for mid-course interception, while AAD
17680-403: The commander's right sits the engagement officer, who ensures that targets are assigned to other engagement officers sitting on the right-hand leg of the U. Each is assigned a geographical area to defend and two of the officers are more senior as they have an overview of Patriot batteries. To the left of the commander is the resource officer, who monitors the status and readiness of the missiles. On
17850-492: The construction and testing of the Arrow 1 technology demonstrator, production and deployment began with the Arrow 2 version of the missile. The Arrow is considered one of the most advanced missile defense programs in existence. It is the first operational missile defense system specifically designed and built to intercept and destroy ballistic missiles. The first Arrow battery was declared fully operational in October 2000 and
18020-459: The country. DRDO's Air Defence Programme Director V. K. Saraswat says its ideal to destroy a ballistic missile carrying nuclear or conventional warheads in its boost phase . Saraswat further added that it will take another 10–15 years for the premier defence research institute to make it usable on the ground. The two-tiered BMD System consists of the PAD, which will intercept missiles at exo-atmospheric altitudes of 50–80 km (31–50 mi) and
18190-486: The development of the Arrow 4 interceptor was ongoing and that the system was targeting the interception of hypersonic threats such as hypersonic cruise missiles and hypersonic glide vehicles . Efforts to counter hypersonic threats took on new urgency following a November 2022 announcement by Iran that they had tested a hypersonic missile, although its authenticity is disputed; such a missile launched from Iran could hit Israel in as little as four minutes. The Arrow system
18360-469: The existing Super Green Pine radar to operate with the AN/TPY-2 radar as well as with radars commanding anti-ballistic missiles aboard United States Navy destroyers . U.S. radars will be used to support closed-loop operations if Israel and U.S. targets in the region come under attack. Another successful Arrow 2 test (AST#18a) took place on August 12, 2020, over the Mediterranean Sea. By August 2008
18530-435: The expenditures for the Arrow harmed other IDF procurement plans to any degree whatsoever. Rubin insists that Israel's missile defense is now an established fact and that most of the warnings issued by critics have failed to materialize. Pedatzur, however, remained unconvinced. The first launch of the Arrow interceptor took place on August 9, 1990, designed to test the missile's control and guidance systems. The test came to
18700-472: The first interception of a real "Scud". This significant test became known as the AST USFT#1. Following this test, then Defense Minister of Israel , Shaul Mofaz , said: We are in an age of uncertainty. Countries in the 'third circle' [Iran] are continuing their efforts to acquire non-conventional capabilities along with long-ranged launch capabilities. The Arrow is the best missile system of its kind in
18870-400: The first of these destroys the target, the second can be directed to another target. Using this technique, three independent interception possibilities are provided which raise the interception probability from 90 percent to 99.9 percent, thus satisfying the leakage rate requirement. The Arrow also has the capability to simultaneously intercept a salvo of more than five incoming missiles, with
19040-427: The first true ballistic missile, has no known record of being destroyed in the air. SCR-584's could be used to plot the trajectories of the missiles and provide some warning, but were more useful in backtracking their ballistic trajectory and determining the rough launch locations. The Allies launched Operation Crossbow to find and destroy V-2s before launch, but these operations were largely ineffective. In one instance
19210-583: The following month saw the Palmachim Arrow battery declared operational by the Israeli Air Defense Command. The "Black Sparrow" has since been used as the aggressor target in the AST#6, AST#9, and AST#10 tests. Reportedly, in June 2001 Arrow missiles were test-fired in the course of a joint American-Israeli-Turkish exercise code-named Anatolian Eagle , in the southeast of Turkey. On August 27, 2001 (AST#6),
19380-458: The go-ahead to begin deployment of such a system on 17 August 1956. Their test system, known simply as System A, was based on the V-1000 missile, which was similar to the early US efforts. The first successful test interception was carried out on 24 November 1960, and the first with a live warhead on 4 March 1961. In this test, a dummy warhead was released by a R-12 ballistic missile launched from
19550-509: The ground should such a warhead be intercepted. The conclusion was that nothing would reach the ground if the warhead is destroyed above the jet stream , which flows from west to east and would therefore blow any chemical residue. Nevertheless, Arrow is also capable of low altitude interception, as well as multi-tactical ballistic missiles interception. The two-stage missile is equipped with solid propellant booster and sustainer rocket motors. The missile uses an initial burn to carry out
19720-716: The head of the country's missiles development programme, Vijay Kumar Saraswat . Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan and China, it is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based interceptor missiles , namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for High Altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched from 5,000 kilometres away. The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts. The PAD
19890-473: The improvement of the interception range from 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 mi). The improved missile will utilise a gimbaled directional warhead, a technology also used by Israel, the US and Russia. This technology allows for a smaller warhead to destroy the target missile. The second stage of the PAD uses liquid rocket propellant , which corrodes fuel tanks when stored for long, the PAD could not be on standby 24×7. Instead, it would need to be filled up during
20060-418: The inherent inaccuracy of the radar makes an interception difficult. CARDE considered using a terminal guidance system to address the accuracy concerns, and developed several advanced infrared detectors for this role. They also studied a number of missile airframe designs, a new and much more powerful solid rocket fuel, and numerous systems for testing it all. After a series of drastic budget reductions during
20230-595: The joint production supersonic Arrow anti-missile interceptors, Arrow 2 and Arrow 3, the Elta EL/M-2080 "Green Pine" and "Great Pine" early-warning AESA radars , the Elisra "Golden Citron" ("Citron Tree") C I center, and the Israel Aerospace Industries "Brown Hazelnut" ("Hazelnut Tree") launch control center. The system is mobile and can be moved to other prepared sites. Following
20400-471: The late 1950s the research ended. One offshoot of the project was Gerald Bull 's system for inexpensive high-speed testing, consisting of missile airframes shot from a sabot round, which would later be the basis of Project HARP . Another was the CRV7 and Black Brant rockets, which used the new solid rocket fuel. The Soviet military had requested funding for ABM research as early as 1953, but were only given
20570-457: The launchers can be reloaded in an hour. The system is transportable rather than mobile, as it can be moved to other prepared sites, but cannot be set up just anywhere. The "Green Pine" is an active electronically scanned array (AESA) solid state radar operating at L band in the range 500 MHz to 1,000 MHz, or 1,000 MHz to 2,000 MHz. It operates in search, detection, tracking, and missile guidance modes simultaneously. It
20740-469: The left of the U sits the sky picture officer, who is in contact with the Home Front Command and uses the center's ability to predict impact point to alert the civil authorities . Also at these consoles are an intelligence officer and an after-action / debrief officer, who uses recordings as it is impossible to absorb all the information during engagements. All in all, the "Golden Citron"
20910-463: The missile was not launched due to a ground computer failure. The ninth test launch on June 12, 1994, also known as ATD#1 (Arrow Demonstration Test 1), saw an Arrow 1 successfully intercepting a target missile launched from a ship anchored in the middle of the Mediterranean . The Arrow 1 was reportedly a two-stage solid propellant missile, with an overall length of 7.5 m (25 ft),
21080-578: The next block was launched without a target on March 26, 2007, in order to gather information on its flight and performance, introducing unspecified modifications to its hardware and electronics and reduced manufacturing costs by some 20 percent. Arieh Herzog , then Director of IMDO, has said: "Our Arrow operational system can without a doubt deal with all of the operational threats in the Middle East , particularly in Iran and Syria." On April 15, 2008,
21250-565: The optimum intercept point is more precisely defined, towards which the missiles is then guided. The 500 kg (1,100 lb) kill vehicle section of the missile, containing the warhead, fusing and the terminal seeker, is equipped with four moving delta aerodynamic control fins to give low altitude interception capability. The dual mode missile seeker has a passive infrared seeker for the acquisition and tracking of tactical ballistic missiles and an active radar seeker used to home on air-breathing targets at low altitudes. The infrared seeker
21420-449: The order of dozens of miles, neither of which appeared possible. This was, however, just before the emergence of high-speed computing systems. By the mid-1950s, things had changed considerably, and many forces worldwide were considering ABM systems. The American armed forces began experimenting with anti-missile missiles soon after World War II, as the extent of German research into rocketry became clear. Project Wizard began in 1946, with
21590-545: The other hand, the Arrow 1 could be a single stage missile. Development of the "big and cumbersome" Arrow 1 then ceased and further research continued with the "smaller, faster and more lethal" Arrow 2. Two successful tests (designated IIT#21 and IIT#22) of the steering, control and cruising systems were conducted without target missiles on July 30, 1995, and February 20, 1996. Two successful interceptions took place on August 20, 1996, and March 11, 1997, and were designated AIT#21 and AIT#22. Another interception test (AIT#23)
21760-557: The overall technical lead. They are heading a consortium of partners and subcontractors from various EU countries. India has an active ABM development effort using indigenously developed and integrated radars, and indigenous missiles. In November 2006, India successfully conducted the PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise) in which an anti-ballistic missile, called the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) , an exo-atmospheric (outside
21930-549: The participation of all BMD weapon system elements placed in different locations. The test was successful and all sub systems performed satisfactorily. On 24 July 2024, DRDO conducted another successful flight test of the Phase-II Ballistic Missile Defence System. At 1620 hours, the target missile was fired from Launch Complex-IV Dhamra in an attempt to simulate an adversary missile. Weapon system radars stationed on land and at sea spotted
22100-845: The past and also from China. With the heightening of tensions in the region, and in response to Pakistan's deployment of M-11 missiles bought from China, the Indian Government in August 1995 procured six batteries of S-300 Surface-to-air missiles to protect New Delhi and other cities. In May 1998, India for the second time (since its first test in 1974 ) tested nuclear weapons ( see Pokhran-II ), followed by Pakistan ( see Chagai-I ) with its first-ever nuclear test. With Pakistan's testing of nuclear weapons and missile delivery systems, this threat intensified. India has also developed and tested missile delivery systems during Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). In 1999,
22270-575: The programme in light of Pakistan's eschewing of a nuclear No first use policy and heightened tensions during the Kargil War including a possibility of full-scale nuclear war. Development accelerated after Washington vetoed a bid by India to acquire the Israeli Arrow-2 interceptor in 2002. Phase-I of the system will enable interception of missiles up to a 2,000-km range, which will be extended to 5,000-km+ range in Phase-II. Development of
22440-499: The public. A military spokesman said that tests had been done on two sites, one of them a business park in central Tokyo, and Ichigaya – a site not far from the Imperial Palace. Along with the PAC-3, Japan has installed a US-developed ship-based anti-ballistic missile system, which was tested successfully on 18 December 2007. Japan has 4 destroyers of this type capable of carrying RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 and equipped with
22610-461: The radar transferred to the battle management center erroneously showed we would be out of the prescribed safety range, so the mission was aborted," a program source said. The aborted interception came after two earlier setbacks in the planned test, initially scheduled for July 17. The first try was scuttled due to a technical glitch in the C-17 aircraft, and a planned July 20 attempt was scrubbed due to
22780-462: The resources allocated towards offensive projects such as fighter aircraft. A criticism of the concept of missile defense for Israel was aired by Reuven Pedatzur in a comprehensive study published in 1993 by the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies. The arguments made in the study conformed to the opinions of numerous defense officials and analysts, and echoed many of the arguments made by
22950-456: The sky, 45 seconds after launch. As planned, the missile was then destroyed. This successful experiment ended the system's preliminary testing phase. The fifth, sixth, and seventh tests took place on February 28, July 14, and October 14, 1993, respectively. During these, the Arrow managed to pass in close proximity to the target missiles, thereby proving its ability to intercept surface-to-surface missiles. During test number eight on March 1, 1994,
23120-402: The southern Atlantic Ocean. Such an explosion releases a burst of X-rays in the Earth's atmosphere, causing secondary showers of charged particles over an area hundreds of miles across. These can become trapped in the Earth' magnetic field, creating an artificial radiation belt. It was believed that this might be strong enough to damage warheads traveling through the layer. This proved not to be
23290-539: The space-flight portion of their trajectory. According to the chairman of the Israeli Space Agency , Arrow 3 may serve as an anti-satellite weapon , which would make Israel one of the world's few countries capable of shooting down satellites. The Arrow program was launched in light of the acquisition by Arab states of long ranged surface-to-surface missiles . It was chosen over RAFAEL Armament Development Authority 's AB-10 missile defense system since
23460-458: The system would not be available before 2010. He envisaged enormous costs, around $ 10 billion, that would distort budgeting priorities and divert funds from the vital enhancement of the IDF's warfighting capability, thus forcing a profound revision of Israel's national security doctrine. He further argued that even if effective against missiles with conventional , chemical or biological warheads ,
23630-517: The systems radar and command system, coupled with its high development cost, the Arrow program may soon fall by the wayside". Victoria Samson, a research associate of the Center for Defense Information , also stated in October 2002 that the Arrow system cannot track an incoming missile that has split its warhead into submunitions . In June 2003 a group of Israeli chief engineers, co-inventors, and project managers of IAI and subcontractors were awarded
23800-440: The target ("hit-to-kill") the Arrow 2 relies on explosive detonation. Arrow 2 is able to intercept its targets above the stratosphere , high enough so that any nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons do not scatter over Israel. The developers' intention was to perform the destruction sequence away from populated locations. According to Dr. Uzi Rubin, the missile was tested to determine whether chemical warfare agents would reach
23970-619: The target missile, activating the AD-1 Interceptor system. At 1624 hours, the AD-1 endo-atmospheric missile was fired from the ITR Launch Complex-III Chandipur . The entire network-centric weapon system, which includes interceptor missile, mission control center (MCC), low latency communication system, and long range sensors, were validated during the test. The AD-2 missile is in the development phase with
24140-492: The target missiles arriving within a 30-second span. Such capability is currently possessed only by the United States and Russia. According to Raviv, the Arrow can discriminate between a warhead and a decoy . Each Arrow battery is equipped with typically four to eight erectors–launchers, its manning requires about 100 personnel. Each trailer -mounted erector–launcher weighs 35 tonnes (77,000 lb) when loaded with six launch tubes with ready-to-fire missiles. After firing
24310-507: The target. Since 2004, the United States Army plans to replace Raytheon 's Patriot missile (SAM) engagement control station (ECS), along with seven other forms of ABM defense command systems, with Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS) designed to shoot down short, medium, and intermediate range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase by intercepting with a hit-to-kill approach. Northrop Grumman
24480-439: The target. On 6 May 2012, Dr. V. K. Saraswat confirmed the completion of Phase-I and added that Phase-II was planned to be completed by 2016 to protect against missiles having range up to 5,000 km, and intercept missiles which are capable of hypersonic speeds above Mach 5. India is also planning to develop a laser-based weapon system as part of its defence to intercept and destroy missiles soon after they are launched towards
24650-667: The tense situations with China, Taiwan developed the Sky Bow (or Tien-Kung ), this surface-to-air missile can intercept and destroy enemy aircraft and ballistic missiles. These system was created in partnership with Raytheon Technologies , using Lockheed Martin ADAR-HP as inspiration to create the Chang Bai S-band radar system. The missiles have a range of 200 km and was designed to take on fast moving vehicles with low radar cross-section. The latest variant of this system
24820-689: The terminal phase. It is 7.5 m (25 ft) tall, weighs around 1.2 t (1.2 long tons; 1.3 short tons) and a diameter of less than 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in). The land-based launcher of the missile system is manufactured by Tata Advanced Systems (TASL) and was jointly developed by TASL and DRDO. The launcher is based on a 12×12 truck chassis. Each launcher carries 6 missiles in canisterised form and can launch them in Single or Salvo Mode as per situation. The launcher also includes Launch Control System and power generation system. The launcher, termed as Advanced Air Defence Mobile Launcher System (AAD MLS)
24990-516: The terminal phase. PAD has capability to engage the 3,000 km (1,900 mi) class of ballistic missiles at a speed of Mach 5. PAD is fast enough to hit medium-range ballistic missiles and intermediate-range ballistic missiles . LRTR is the target acquisition and fire control radar for the PAD missile. It is an active phased array radar having the capability to track 200 targets at a range of 1,500 km (930 mi). The PAD missile has also been called Pradyumna . Further development led to
25160-666: The terminal stage. The naval version of the missile might be also developed to supplement the LR-SAM missile in the Indian Navy. On 17 November 2010, an interview with Rafael's Vice President Lova Drori confirmed that the David's Sling system has been offered to the Indian Armed Forces . " That is an important potential area for our future cooperation ", Carter said while on his visit to India in July 2012. Ballistic missile defence An anti-ballistic missile ( ABM )
25330-463: The test and dozens done before reflects China's improvement in the area. Rumored midcourse missiles: The Aster is a family of missiles jointly developed by France and Italy . The Aster 30 variants are capable of ballistic missile defense. An export customer, the United Kingdom also operates the Aster 30 Block 0. On 18 October 2010, France announced a successful tactical ABM test of
25500-438: The warhead, simulating an intercept. In September 2008 the IDF attempted a test of actual Arrow 2 block-4 missile against the "Blue Sparrow". The drill had to be aborted, however, when the target missile malfunctioned shortly after launch. Eventually the Arrow 2 block-4 was successfully tested against the "Blue Sparrow" on April 7, 2009. A July 22, 2009, joint test of the Arrow 2 block-4 against an airborne target missile with
25670-431: The world, and represents a force multiplier for our future force. AST USFT#2 was conducted at NAS Point Mugu a month later, on August 26. This test was aimed at examining the Arrow's ability to detect a splitting warhead of a separating ballistic missile. It detected the true target, but a technical malfunction reportedly prevented it from maneuvering to strike it, leading to a suspension of testing. In March–April 2005
25840-519: Was also proposed. Despite the development of missiles, the programme was slowed down due to financial and political reasons. It was finally closed down during 1980 under a new leadership of Deng Xiaoping as it was seemingly deemed unnecessary after the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States and the closure of the US Safeguard ABM system. In March 2006, China tested an interceptor system comparable to
26010-493: Was also the first time the Link 16 data distribution system was used to connect two Arrow units, although the system had been used in previous tests to connect Arrow and Patriot batteries. Furthermore, an improved launcher was used. Another "Juniper Cobra" exercises ran from March 10 to 20, 2007. The computer simulation used for "Juniper Cobra 2007" was similar to the computer simulation used in "Juniper Cobra 2005". A precursor of
26180-613: Was completed. Two new anti ballistic missiles that can intercept IRBMs and ICBMs are being developed. These high speed missiles (AD-1 and AD-2) are being developed to intercept ballistic missiles with a range of around 5,000 km (3,100 mi). The new missile will be similar to the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile deployed by the US. These missiles will travel at hypersonic speeds and will require radars with scan capability of over 1,500 km (930 mi) to successfully intercept
26350-426: Was conducted on August 20, 1997, but the missile was destroyed when its steering system malfunctioned. The fault was corrected in time to ensure the success of AST#3, the first comprehensive test of the entire system. On September 14, 1998, all system components successfully countered a computer-simulated threat. On November 29, 1998, Israel Aerospace Industries delivered the first operational Arrow 2 interceptor to
26520-524: Was declared operational on January 18, 2017. Arrow 3 operates at greater speeds, greater range and at greater altitudes than Arrow 2, intercepting ballistic missiles during the space-flight portion of their trajectory. According to the chairman of the Israeli Space Agency , Arrow 3 may serve as an anti-satellite weapon , which would make Israel one of the world's few countries capable of shooting down satellites. Israel's Defense Ministry and industry developers have begun early work on what could evolve into
26690-488: Was designed to neutralize a medium-range ballistic missile at 1,000-3,000 km range, whereas AD-2 was for intercepting a intermediate-range ballistic missile at 3,000-5,500 km range. However, according to Samir V. Kamat, AD-1 can now intercept an incoming missile fired from a distance of 5,000 km. The AD-1 interceptor missile is developed for both low exo-atmospheric and endo-atmospheric interception roles and can be used against long range ballistic missiles. It
26860-508: Was detected and tracked by the radar, the intercept solutions were plotted by the battle management controller and transferred to the launch units. According to Arieh Herzog , block-4 upgrades "improve the process of discrimination of what happens in the sky and the transmission of target data for much better situational control." Block-4 upgrades also refine midcourse guidance which, when coupled with improved target identification and discrimination capabilities, improves lethality. Block-4.1
27030-577: Was established from 1969 for the purpose of developing Project 640. The project was to involve at least three elements, including the necessary sensors and guidance/command system, the Fan Ji (FJ) missile interceptor, and the XianFeng missile-intercepting cannon. The FJ-1 had completed two successful flight tests during 1979, while the low-altitude interceptor FJ-2 completed some successful flight tests using scaled prototypes. A high altitude FJ-3 interceptor
27200-514: Was launched from a mobile launch platform off the coast of California, within the Point Mugu test range. The test validated new block-4 versions designed to improve discriminating capabilities of the Arrow 2 interceptor. It was a body-to-body impact that completely destroyed the target. On February 10, 2012, developers successfully conducted the final target-tracking test prior to delivery of block-4 Arrow system. The Blue Sparrow target missile
27370-461: Was modified successfully to mimic the trajectory of M-11 missiles . The DRDO plans to test the anti-ballistic shield against missiles with a range of 3,000 km (1,900 mi). The test will be conducted with a modified Prithvi missile launched from a naval ship and the anti-ballistic missile launched from Abdul Kalam Island . The interception of the target missile will take place at approximately 80 km (50 mi) altitude. On 6 March 2009
27540-446: Was one of the world's most advanced net-centric systems. The system provides fully automatic as well as Human-in-the-Loop options at every stage of battle operation management. It is also capable of interoperability with other theater missile defense systems and C I systems. Notably Link 16 , TADIL-J , communications were being altered to allow interoperability with Patriot fire control units. Assigned targets can be handed over to
27710-407: Was originally designed and optimized to intercept short and medium-range ballistic missiles with ranges above 200 km (120 mi). It is not intended to intercept either military aircraft or artillery rockets , the second of which are relatively small and short ranged. In contrast to THAAD , RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 , and MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3 , that use kinetic, direct impact to destroy
27880-443: Was raised in 2017 and the system is operational. According to scientist V K Saraswat of DRDO the missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99.8 percent. On 6 May 2012, Dr V K Saraswat confirmed that Phase-I was complete and can be deployed to protect two Indian cities at a short notice. He also added that Phase-I was comparable with the PAC-3 system . New Delhi , the national capital, and Mumbai were selected for
28050-563: Was repeated on 11 February 2007. The Arrow 3 system is capable of exo-atmosphere interception of ballistic missiles, including of ICBMs . It also acts as an anti-satellite weapon. Lieutenant General Patrick J. O'Reilly, Director of the US Missile Defense Agency , said: "The design of Arrow 3 promises to be an extremely capable system, more advanced than what we have ever attempted in the U.S. with our programs." On 10 December 2015 Arrow 3 scored its first intercept in
28220-607: Was rolled out in a ceremony at Palmachim Airbase . In his speech, then IAF commander Aluf Eitan Ben Eliyahu said: This is a great day for the Air Defense Forces, for the Air Force, the defense establishment and, I would say, for the State of Israel. As of today, we have completed the acceptance of the only weapon system of its kind in the entire world. We are the first to succeed in developing, building and operating
28390-637: Was selected as the prime contractor in 2010; the Army spent $ 2.7 billion on the program between 2009 and 2020. IBCS engagement stations will support identification and tracking of targets using sensor fusion from disparate data streams, and selection of appropriate kill vehicles from available launcher systems. In February 2022 THAAD radar and TFCC (THAAD Fire Control & Communication) demonstrated their interoperability with Patriot PAC-3 MSE missile launchers, engaging targets using both THAAD and Patriot interceptors. Procurement of MIM-104 Patriot and indigenous Tien-Kung anti-ballistic missile systems. With
28560-464: Was tested in November 2006, followed by the AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system, after the United States , Russia , and Israel . The system has undergone several tests but system is yet to be officially commissioned. As per reports emerged in January 2020, the first phase of BMD program
28730-485: Was the fourteenth test of the Arrow missile and the ninth test of the complete system. On February 11, 2007, an Arrow 2 block-3 successfully intercepted and destroyed a "Black Sparrow" target missile simulating a ballistic missile at high altitude. It was the first so-called distributed weapon system test conducted in Israel, which required two Arrow units deployed some 100 km (62 mi) apart to share data on incoming threats and coordinate launching assignments. It
28900-695: Was upgraded during the 1980s to a two-layer system, the A-135 . The Gorgon (SH-11/ABM-4) long-range missile was designed to handle intercepts outside the atmosphere, and the Gazelle (SH-08/ABM-3) short-range missile endoatmospheric intercepts that eluded Gorgon. The A-135 system is considered to be technologically equivalent to the United States Safeguard system of 1975. Arrow-2 The Arrow or Hetz ( Hebrew : חֵץ , pronounced [ˈχet͡s] or pronounced [ˈħet͡s] )
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