283-525: (Redirected from Rosomoni ) Names only appearing in Widsith with no further information are excluded from the list. A-C [ edit ] Modernized name Names in medieval languages Name meaning and/or identification Notes Amals Middle High German : Amelunge , Old Norse : Aumlungar , Old English : Amulinga in Alfred
566-563: A Hraiðmaraʀ (Hreith-sea). Hreosnaburh Old English : Hreosnaburh The name may mean "hill of sorrows", but Orchard considers it meaningless unless emended as Hrefnaburh ("raven's stronghold"). It is one of several legendary place names that have a fictive quality. Just like the names of the Danish rulers alliterated with their residence Heorot / Hleiðr , the Yngling rulers' names alliterated with their residence Uppsala ,
849-8608: A . ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , pp. 438f. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 684. ^ Krause 2010 , p. 186. ^ Pritsak 1981 , p. 211. ^ Eggers 2002 , pp. 460–61. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 101. ^ Jones 1969 , p. 52. ^ Shippey 2008 , p. 227. ^ Clark Hall 1916 , pp. 206, 210. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 276. ^ Malone 1926 , p. 344. ^ Malone 1953 , p. 156. ^ Clarke 1911 , p. 172. ^ Clarke 1911 , p. 173. ^ Waßenhoven 2008 , pp. 46–47. ^ Gillespie 1973 , pp. 98–99. ^ Gillespie 1973 , pp. 97–99. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , pp. 103, 139. ^ Krause 2010 , p. 200. ^ Schneider 1962 , p. 372. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 414. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 217. ^ Byock 1999 , p. 138. ^ Wolfram 2004 , p. 44ff. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 188. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 188ff. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 105. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 190f. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 148. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 147–148. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 106. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 85–86. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 159–160. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 484. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 66. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. lx. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 507. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 200. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 210. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 501. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 435. ^ Chambers 1912 , p. 25. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 191f. ^ Chambers 1912 , p. 12. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 191. ^ Neumann & Castritius 2010 . ^ Gschwantler 1971 , pp. 167–168. ^ Gschwantler 1971 , p. 164-165. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 192. ^ Chambers 1912 , p. 210. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 193. ^ E.g. Old Norse : Hólmgarðaríki ("Realm of Novgorod"), Old Norse : Austrríki ("Eastern Realm"), Old Norse : Austrvegr ("Eastern Route"), Old Norse : Rússía , Old Norse : Rússland , Old Norse : Svíþióð hinn kalda ("the Cold Sweden"), and Old Norse : Svíþjóð hin mikla ("the Great Sweden"). ^ Kurzjurin & Jarošenko 2019 , pp. 154–156. ^ Jansson 1987 , p. 57. ^ Mägi 2018 , pp. 152ff. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 108. ^ Hellquist 1922 , p. 103. ^ Swanton 1997 , p. 208. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 103. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 191. ^ Bellows 1928 , p. 261. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 312. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 336. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 4. ^ Wahlberg 2003 , p. 281. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 13. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 194. ^ Malone 1953 , pp. 153–154. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. 472. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 122. ^ Clarke 1911 , p. 267. ^ Lawrence 1915 , p. 393. ^ Neidorf 2018a , p. 863. ^ Byrd 2015 , p. 211. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 164. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 179. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 120. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 197f. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 198f. ^ Bellows 1928 , p. 319. ^ Bellows 1928 , pp. 319ff. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 201. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 208. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 213. ^ Koch 2020 , p. 131. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 196, 200. ^ Faulkes 1995 , p. 64. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 455. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 172-174. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 221. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 743. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 578. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 579. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 251. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 109. ^ Bellows 1928 , p. 306. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 222. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 256. ^ Jackson 2009 , p. 438. ^ Jackson 2009 , p. 439. ^ Jackson 2009 , p. 441. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 601. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 128. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 56. ^ Peterson 2004 , p. 16. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 129. ^ Uecker 1972 , p. 126. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 196. ^ Wessén 1927 , p. 79. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 227. ^ Hollander 1928 , pp. 217, 227. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 568. ^ Simek 1993 , p. 306. ^ Byock 1999 , p. 306. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. lxi. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 202ff. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 203f. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 32. ^ Schneider 1934 , p. 138. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 129. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 150. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 101. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 205. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 639. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 136. ^ Brinker-von der Heyde 1999 , p. 347. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 57. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 50. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 36. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 37. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 31. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 45, 88. ^ Sundqvist 2002 , p. 96. ^ Boyer & Renaud 2012 , p. 235. ^ Wahlberg 2003 , p. 336. ^ Andersson 2012 , p. 41. ^ McTurk 1991 , p. 126. ^ Fisher 2015 , p. 638. ^ Peterson 2007 , p. 247. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 204. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 144. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016 , p. 31, note 80. ^ Jones 1969 , p. 38. ^ de Vries 1962 , pp. 653–654. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 446. ^ Rübekeil 2017 , pp. 997f. ^ Waßenhoven 2008 , pp. 45–46. ^ Finch 1965 , p. 64. ^ Jónsson 1932 , p. 293. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 210. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 134. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 139. ^ Krause 2010 , p. 295. ^ Krause 2010 , p. 313. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 119, 135, 137. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 135. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 444. ^ Neidorf 2013b , pp. 170–171. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 207f. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 205. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 65. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 209. ^ Reichert 1994 , p. 503. ^ Reichert 1994 , pp. 505–506. ^ Reichert 1994 , pp. 506–507. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 211. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 212. ^ Hollander 1928 , pp. 187f. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 138. ^ Nerman 1925 , pp. 237–241, 245. ^ Newton 1993 , p. 117. ^ Jones 1969 , p. 41. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 153. ^ Neidorf 2018a , p. 847. ^ Much 1919 , p. 160. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 215. ^ Niles 2007 , p. 128. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 118. Sources [ edit ] Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in
1132-733: A Gothic migration from Scandinavia to the mouth of the Vistula, c. 100 B.C. to be trustworthy in its general outline. Greeks Old English : Crēacas , Middle High German : Krieche(n) , Old Norse : Grecia, Girkland The Greeks are an Indo-European people living in Greece but also ruling the Byzantine Empire ; the name probably derives from a single Greek tribe. The name derives in Germanic languages via Gothic, regularly showing initial k for g . Widsith places
1415-544: A Northern Connection! (Thesis). SAXO-Institute, University of Copenhagen. Harrison, Dick (2009). Harrison, Dick (ed.). Sveriges historia . Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Norstedts. ISBN 9789113023779 . Hellquist, Elof (1922). Svensk etymologisk ordbok . Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups förlag. Hermodsson, Lars (1993). Goterna. Ett krigarfolk och dess bibel . Stockholm. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) Clarke, M. G. (1911). Sidelights on Teutonic History During
1698-847: A Reassessment . D. S. Brewer, Cambridge. pp. 58–78. ISBN 978-1-84384-387-0 . Simek, Rudolf (1993). Dictionary of Northern Mythology . Translated by Hall; Angela. D. S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-369-4 . Skre, Dagfinn (2019). "Rulership and Ruler's Sites in 1st–10th-century Scandinavia". Ergänzungsbände zumReallexikon derGermanischen Altertumskunde . Vol. 114. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 193–243. doi : 10.1515/9783110421101-003 . ISBN 978-3-11-042579-6 . S2CID 213950135 . Ståhl, Harry (1976). Ortnamn och ortnamnsforskning . AWE/GEBERS. p. 130. ISBN 91-20-04466-6 . Staver, Ruth Johnston (2005). A companion to Beowulf . Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. ISBN 0-313-33224-X . Strid, Jan Paul (2011). "Retracing
1981-521: A Viking. Mornaland Old Norse : Mornaland Mentioned in Oddrúnargrátr ("Oddrun's lament"), but it is not known from anywhere else. Jónsson commented that he name reminded him of the Myrgings (see below), and Cleasby & Sigfússon suggest Moravia . The verb morna means "to mourn". Munarheim Old Norse : Munarheimr The name means the "home of love". It
2264-659: A bird while riding who are subject to Attila in the Nibelungenlied . Perse Old English : Perse A group of people mentioned in Widsith , line 84, and it may refer to the Celtic Parisi tribe at the Humber . If it were emended to werse it would refer to the versir , the inhabitants of Voss near Bergen , Norway , and if emended to Merse it would refer to the inhabitants of Mors , an island in
2547-727: A change known as Holtzmann's law . An epenthetic vowel became popular by 1200 in Old Danish, 1250 in Old Swedish and Old Norwegian, and 1300 in Old Icelandic. An unstressed vowel was used which varied by dialect. Old Norwegian exhibited all three: /u/ was used in West Norwegian south of Bergen , as in aftur , aftor (older aptr ); North of Bergen, /i/ appeared in aftir , after ; and East Norwegian used /a/ , after , aftær . Old Norse
2830-761: A descriptive word, but both are probably created for poetic purposes. Hindarfjall Old Norse : Hindarfjall ON for "Hind mountain". It is called Hindarheið in Norna-Gests þáttr , and Skatalund ("grove of heroes") in Helreið Brynhildar , and Norna-Gests þáttr . The mountain in the land of the Franks where Brunhild is asleep behind flames in the Norse tradition. Hinnøya Old Norse : Ǫmð , Old English : Amoþingas An island whose people are mentioned in Widsith . It
3113-675: A dynasty. In Beowulf it is explained that Hoc was the father of the Danes Hnæf and Hildeburh, so it appears that the Hocings were a Danish group. The fact that there is h-alliteration, and Hnæf and his men are referred to has Healfdene and Scyldings , suggests that the Hocings were related to the ruling dynasty of the Danes, the Scyldings. The patronym appears in no other context for a group of people, but Charlemagne's wife Hildegard had
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#17327718671953396-417: A female raven or a male crow. All neuter words have identical nominative and accusative forms, and all feminine words have identical nominative and accusative plurals. The gender of some words' plurals does not agree with that of their singulars, such as lim and mund . Some words, such as hungr , have multiple genders, evidenced by their determiners being declined in different genders within
3679-664: A fief following Biterolf's excellent service to him, although the hero is originally from Spain. Moritz Haupt and Hermann Schneider both believed that Dietleib was originally a Danish hero, as in the Þiðreks saga , and that Styria (MHG Stîre ) might be a south German adaptation of the Stör river in Schleswig-Holstein. Suebi ( Swabians ) Old English : Swǣfas , Middle High German : Swâben , Old Norse : Sváva[r] From PGmc *swēbaz, from *swē- ("one's own"). The Swabians in modern southern Germany. The name
3962-412: A front vowel to be split into a semivowel-vowel sequence before a back vowel in the following syllable. While West Norse only broke /e/ , East Norse also broke /i/ . The change was blocked by a /w/ , /l/ , or /ʀ/ preceding the potentially-broken vowel. Some /ja/ or /jɔ/ and /jaː/ or /jɔː/ result from breaking of /e/ and /eː/ respectively. When a noun, pronoun, adjective, or verb has
4245-409: A given sentence. Nouns, adjectives, and pronouns were declined in four grammatical cases – nominative , accusative , genitive , and dative – in singular and plural numbers. Adjectives and pronouns were additionally declined in three grammatical genders. Some pronouns (first and second person) could have dual number in addition to singular and plural. The genitive
4528-520: A great-grandfather named Huoching , and Høkingr is a sea-king in an Icelandic poem, where it means Hoc's sword. Hofferdh Old Norse : Hofferdh An unidentified town in Suáwen (Swabia, but meaning generally southern Germany). The name is probably allegorical and from ON hofferd ("pride," "pomp") from MHG Hoverde / Hôchvart ("pride" also "noble, elegant living"), from MHG hôch ("high") and varn ("to live, to fare"). According to
4811-584: A long vowel or diphthong in the accented syllable and its stem ends in a single l , n , or s , the r (or the elder r - or z -variant ʀ ) in an ending is assimilated. When the accented vowel is short, the ending is dropped. The nominative of the strong masculine declension and some i-stem feminine nouns uses one such -r (ʀ). Óðin-r ( Óðin-ʀ ) becomes Óðinn instead of * Óðinr ( * Óðinʀ ). The verb blása ('to blow'), has third person present tense blæss ('[he] blows') rather than * blæsr ( * blæsʀ ). Similarly,
5094-519: A misreading of í grindom ("within a harbour marked out with stakes") in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I . Granmar reports that Helgi Hundingsbane has a large force there. Grove of Bondage Old Norse : Fjǫturlundr In Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II , Helgi ("dedicated to the gods") is killed by his brother-in-law Dag using a spear that he has been given by Odin. This has long been compared to an account by Tacitus on
5377-474: A noun must mirror the gender of that noun , so that one says, " heill maðr! " but, " heilt barn! ". As in other languages, the grammatical gender of an impersonal noun is generally unrelated to an expected natural gender of that noun. While indeed karl , "man" is masculine, kona , "woman", is feminine, and hús , "house", is neuter, so also are hrafn and kráka , for "raven" and "crow", masculine and feminine respectively, even in reference to
5660-694: A people mentioned in Widsith , line 81. The name Halla herred is attested in the Doomesday book of Valdemar II of Denmark for an area at the Randers Fjord in north Jutland . The attestation in Widsith has also been emended to Hæreþan and connected to the Charudes . The North Germanic form is from * halþar , while the OE name shows another grade, haluþi , which changed into halyþi , to hæliþi , and finally to Hæleþ . The ON Hǫlðar corresponds to
5943-702: A poetic invention. Several locations with that name exist in southern Scandinavia, such as Årnäs in Västergötland , which is commonly believed to correspond to the kingdom of the Geats, and one on the coast near Kungsbacka ("king's hill"), where the Geatish royal seat has been conjectured to have been located. The location, where Beowulf fights the dragon, and where their dead bodies are laid out. East-Thuringians Old English : Ēastþyringas A people mentioned in Widsith , line 86, and identical to
SECTION 20
#17327718671956226-425: A raunchy flyting contest with Helgi and his companion Atli that ends with Hrímgerðr being caught by sunrise and turning to stone. Hatun Old Norse : Hátún The name means the "high enclosure". A location mentioned in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I among the estates given to the hero at his naming ceremony. Heaðobards Old English : Heaðubeardan The Heaðobards are sworn enemies of
6509-530: A real people. Most scholars localize them somewhere on the shores of the Baltic Sea. They were identified as early as Price (1826) as the people of Hälsingland (see above), he considered Helsinki ( Helsingfors ), Helsingborg and Helsingör to be traces left by their settlers. That these names were spread by colonizers is a view also shared by Chambers (1912). Chambers comments that philologists around 1912 generally have connected this people with
6792-8943: A region around Geneva, but this is a clear typo for "Jura". ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 124. ^ Wessén 1927 , p. 1927. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 226. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 17. ^ Rübekeil 2017 , p. 997. ^ Gillespie 1973 , pp. 16–17. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 66. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 593. ^ Byock 1999 , p. 128. ^ Pritsak 1981 , p. 199. ^ Tolkien 1960 , p. xxiii. ^ Clarke 1911 , p. 268. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. 469. ^ Damico 1984 , p. 64. ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 92. ^ Jones 1969 , p. 30. ^ Shippey 2008 , p. 233. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 44. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016 , p. 22. ^ Wessén 1952 , p. 64. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 135. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 136. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 68. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 73. ^ Kaufmann 1968 , p. 91. ^ Clarke 1911 , pp. 62f. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 62. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 58–59. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 60–61. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 59–60. ^ Pritsak 1981 , pp. 211f. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. 368. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. 416. ^ Orchard 2003 , p. 172. ^ Shippey 2014 , p. 72. ^ Hiatt 2010 , p. 13. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. lxvii. ^ Nerman 1925 , p. 114. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. lxvii, note 3. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 143. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 149. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 79. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 71. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 71–72. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 71-72. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 74. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 73. ^ Beck, Geuenich & Steuer (1995) , s.v. Franken . ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 46. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 64. ^ Hollander 1928 , pp. 222, 228f. ^ Finch 1965 , p. 17. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 209. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 115. ^ Uecker 1972 , pp. 117–120. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 47. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 77. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 152. ^ Byock 1999 , p. 130. ^ Wahlberg 2003 , p. 84. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 87. ^ Brink 2002 , p. 688. ^ Hermodsson 1993 , pp. 26ff. ^ Rübekeil 2002 , pp. 603–604. ^ Rübekeil 2002 , p. 603. ^ Ståhl 1976 , p. 130. ^ Niles 2007 , pp. 124–126, 131–136. ^ Larsson 2004 , pp. 169f. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 153. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. 248. ^ Neidorf 2021 , p. 4. ^ Nedoma & Anton 1998 , p. 66. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 198. ^ Simek 1993 , p. 121. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 155f. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 156. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 206. ^ Finch 1965 , p. 15. ^ Finch 1965 , p. 16. ^ Wessén 1927 , p. 86. ^ Waggoner 2009 , p. 14. ^ Krause 2010 , p. 90. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 123. ^ Strid 2011 , p. 43. ^ Brink 2002 , pp. 90, 110. ^ Wahlberg 2003 , p. 92. ^ Andersson 1996 , pp. 13ff. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 73. ^ Fulk 2018 , p. 21. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 82–83. ^ Anderson 1999 , p. 44. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 18. ^ Orel 2003 , pp. 141, 142. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 141. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 142. ^ Simek 1993 , p. 280. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 157. ^ Brink 2008 , p. 98. ^ Skre 2019 , p. 210. ^ Hellquist 1922 , p. 257. ^ Harrison 2009 , p. 139. ^ Rahmqvist 2000 , p. 49. ^ Peel 2015 , p. 16. ^ Grane 2007 , p. 154. ^ Gruszczyński 2019 , p. 243, note 8. ^ Chambers 1912 , p. 194. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 158. ^ Reichert 1996 , p. 250. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 202. ^ Hollander 1928 , pp. 202ff. ^ Jónsson 1932 , pp. 199ff. ^ Gwara 2008 , p. 143. ^ Swanton 1997 , p. 209. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 136. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 36. ^ Gwara 2008 , p. 142. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 216. ^ Wessén 1927 , p. 73. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 159. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 169. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 64. ^ Schneider 1962 , p. 368. ^ Lienert 2015 , p. 86. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 72. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 170f. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 170. ^ Chadwick 1921 , p. 27. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 309. ^ Chadwick 1921 , p. 33. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 120. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 128f. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 230. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 274. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 95. ^ Krause 2010 , p. 137. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 172. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 173. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 89. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 174. ^ Ebel 2000 , p. 154. ^ Reichert 1998 , pp. 87–88. ^ Ebel 2000 , p. 153. ^ Ebel 2000 , pp. 153–154. ^ Reichert 1998 , p. 87. ^ Staver 2005 , p. 106. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. Iviii, note 1. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 176. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 175. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. 400. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. lxvi. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 176f. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 177. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 224. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 80. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 114. ^ McTurk 2006 , p. 684. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 179. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 94. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 179f. ^ Pritsak 1981 , pp. 212f. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 117. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 680. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 294. ^ Heggarty & Renfrew 2014 , p. 1979. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. lxv, note 7. ^ Cronan 1918 , p. 1. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. lxv. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 186. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 376. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 516. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 219. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 329. ^ Simek 1993 , p. 187f. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. Iviii. ^ Iversen 2020 , p. 263. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 344. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 99. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , pp. 98–99. ^ Wessén 1927 , p. 12. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 214. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 228. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 88. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 123. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 119. ^ Klein 1966 , p. 859. ^ de Vries 2000 , p. 373. ^ Lindow 2001 , p. 135. ^ Uecker 1972 , p. 53. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 28. ^ Gustavson 1991 , p. 24. ^ Gentry et al. 2011 , p. 100. ^ Schneider 1962 , pp. 276–277. ^ Malone 1962 , pp. 186f. ^ Hollander 1928 , pp. 221, 392. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 183. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 95. ^ Jónsson 1932 , pp. 299. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874 , p. 435. ^ Tolkien 1960 , p. 5, note
7075-740: A region that was in close contact with the Baltic Sea area due to the Neva and Volga river trade routes . Sevafjoll Old Norse : Sevafjǫll The name means "wet mountains". It appears in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II . The place where Helgi Hundingsbane lived with his Valkyrie Sigrún after having fought and won a war for her sake. They had several sons, but soon Sigrún's brother killed him in revenge for their father. Sigarsholm, Sigarsvöll Old Norse : Sigarsholmr and Sigarsvǫll Sigarsholm
7358-767: A reputation for robbery and boastfulness. They attack the Burgundians as they travel to the Huns in Hungary. Banings Old English : Bāningas A people mentioned in Widsith and perhaps located in central Germany. It may be connected with the district name Bainab that appears Origo Gentis Langobardorum , and the people Βαινοχαῖμαι that Ptolemy located near the Elbe . Bechelaren Middle High German : Bechelâren , Old Norse : Bakalar Pöchlarn in modern Austria. The Þiðreks saga places it on
7641-651: A root hreiðr meaning first "fence" and then "assembly" (de Vries rejects this as well). Widsith locates the Hrædas on the Vistula , and the Hervarar Saga similarly located Hreiðgotaland adjacent to Garðaríki , Hunaland, and Saxland, while Haukr Erlendsson placed them in eastern Poland. West Norse sources such as Snorri tend to instead localize Hreiðgotaland in Jutland . The Rök runestone mentions
7924-672: A root fal , one of the ethnic names for a group of the Saxons, found in MLG as val , equivalent to Slavic pol(ije) ("flat land, field") with a suffix -str. In the Þiðreks saga a forest lying between Denmark and Hunland (Northern Germany). Sequences involving the Veleti and Dietleib von Steyr occur here. Fehmarn Old Norse : Fimber An island in the Baltic off the coast of Holstein. The name may derived from Slavic ve morju ("in
8207-525: A ruler named Hūn. The name derives from hæt ("hat") meaning "helmet" and - ware ("inhabitants"), so it means "helmet bearers" or "helmet dwellers". They were a "people on the lower Rhine" who were Frankish or allied with the Franks. They were raid's victims but also the ones who defeated the Geats. They are also mentioned in connection with Hygelac's raid by Liber Historiæ Francorum where they are called Attoarii . Cumans Middle High German : Valwen A nomadic Turkic people also known as
8490-476: A similar development influenced by Middle Low German . Various languages unrelated to Old Norse and others not closely related have been heavily influenced by Norse, particularly the Norman language ; to a lesser extent, Finnish and Estonian . Russian, Ukrainian , Belarusian , Lithuanian and Latvian also have a few Norse loanwords. The words Rus and Russia , according to one theory, may be named after
8773-400: A tribe)'. The second thula contains the names of the peoples the narrator visited, the model being 'With the (name of a tribe) I was, and with the (name of another tribe)'. In the third and final thula , the narrator lists the heroes of myth and legend that he has visited, with the model '(Hero's name) I sought and (hero's name) and (hero's name)'. The poem refers to a group of people called
List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend - Misplaced Pages Continue
9056-608: A voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in all cases, and others have that realisation only in the middle of words and between vowels (with it otherwise being realised [ɡ] ). The Old East Norse /ʀ/ was an apical consonant , with its precise position unknown; it is reconstructed as a palatal sibilant . It descended from Proto-Germanic /z/ and eventually developed into /r/ , as had already occurred in Old West Norse. The consonant digraphs ⟨hl⟩ , ⟨hr⟩ , and ⟨hn⟩ occurred word-initially. It
9339-467: A vowel or semivowel of a different vowel backness . In the case of i-umlaut and ʀ-umlaut , this entails a fronting of back vowels, with retention of lip rounding. In the case of u-umlaut , this entails labialization of unrounded vowels. Umlaut is phonemic and in many situations grammatically significant as a side effect of losing the Proto-Germanic morphological suffixes whose vowels created
9622-486: A witch on Varin's Isle and of having played the female part to him in sexual intercourse. Varin's Fjord appears in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I as a location where the hero's fleet was moored. It also appears in Helgakvíða Hjǫrvarðssonar as the place where the gýgr Hrimgerd wants to meet the hero. Veleti Middle High German : Wilzen , Old Norse : Wilcinaland A Slavic tribe living between
9905-448: A word. Strong verbs ablaut the lemma 's nucleus to derive the past forms of the verb. This parallels English conjugation, where, e.g., the nucleus of sing becomes sang in the past tense and sung in the past participle. Some verbs are derived by ablaut, as the present-in-past verbs do by consequence of being derived from the past tense forms of strong verbs. Umlaut or mutation is an assimilatory process acting on vowels preceding
10188-481: A young Heaðobard to kill the Dane and escape with the sword. After this Ingeld's interest in the bride will diminish and the feud will start again. Heaðoreamas See Romerike . Hebrews Old English : Ebrēas A people mentioned in Widsith , line 83, possibly referring to the people of Judah in contrast to those of Israel . Heðinsey Old Norse : Heðinsey It may be
10471-459: Is ON for "World of Darkness and is probably a deliberately irreal location. The place where Gunnar is thrown into the snake pit in Atlakviða . Icelander Nikulús Bergsson identified as having taken place in the city of Luni, Italy . Nibelungs Middle High German : Nibelunge , Old Norse : Niflungar , Latin : Franci nebulones ( Waltharius ) Name could originate with
10754-624: Is a genitive plural of hals ("neck") referring to a narrow strait, and in this case the narrow part of the Gulf of Bothnia . It was long an independent region of Scandinavia, and it probably did not become a part of Sweden until the Christianization in the 11th c. The laws of the Helsings concerned all of the northern 2/3 of Sweden, Norrland , until at least 1436. During the Roman era,
11037-405: Is a variant of buði and means "swollen", cf. busilkinna ("woman with swollen cheeks"), while tjǫrn means "lake". When Sigurd chooses a horse, he drives a herd through the river Busiltjorn and the only horse that does not swim back is Grani. Carpathians Old Norse : Harvaða fjöllum Most scholars have long agreed that Hervarar saga preserves an ancient Germanic form of
11320-632: Is an Old English poem of 143 lines. It survives only in the Exeter Book ( pages 84v–87r ), a manuscript of Old English poetry compiled in the late-10th century, which contains approximately one-sixth of all surviving Old English poetry. "Widsith" is located between the poems " Vainglory " and " The Fortunes of Men ". Since the donation of the Exeter Book in 1076, it has been housed in Exeter Cathedral in southwestern England. The poem
11603-614: Is an emendation of the MS' Lidwicingum as Lidingum . A people mentioned in Widsith , line 80, and mentioned as Liðungar in Íslenzkir Annálar , and generally accepted as the inhabitants of the Oslo region. Another identification is the Letavici of Armorica whose name has forms like Lidwiccas in Old English annals. Limfjord Old Norse : Limfjorðr In Atlamál ,
List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend - Misplaced Pages Continue
11886-581: Is an old and inflammatory debate, influenced by a strong movement of popular modern Geatish revisionism . Gefflegan Old English : Gefflēgan A people mentioned in Widsith , line 60. Malone analyses it as gefl , an epithet cognate with Gothic gifla ("pinnacle"), an Ēgan which would refer to the Aviones . Their location may have been in Jutland . Gepids Old English : Gifðas , Old English : Gefþan Latin : Gepidae The Gepids had migrated from southern Sweden to
12169-1965: Is associated with the city of Xanten in the Nibelungenlied , but not elsewhere, possibly via association of his name ("victory-peace") with saint Viktor of Xanten . References [ edit ] ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 6. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 23. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 18. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 5. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 18–22. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 127f. ^ Orel 2003 , p. 19. ^ Tolkien 1960 , p. 9, note 1. ^ Tolkien 1960 , p. 67. ^ Finch 1965 , pp. 25f. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 7. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 137. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 71. ^ Wessén 1927 , p. 83. ^ Pritsak 1981 , p. 210. ^ Pritsak 1993 , pp. 286–287. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 10. ^ Malone 1962 , p. 129f. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 30. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 35. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 34. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 12. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 25. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 91. ^ Schneider 1962 , p. 235. ^ Gillespie 1973 , pp. 9–10. ^ Tolkien 1960 , p. 3, note 2. ^ Pritsak 1981 , p. 194. ^ Wahlberg 2003 , p. 43. ^ Tolkien 1960 , p. xxx. ^ Wessén 1927 , p. 87. ^ Hollander 1928 , p. 85. ^ Wessén 1927 , p. 85. ^ Wahlberg 2003 , p. 49. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 194–195. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 39–40. ^ Paff 1959 , p. 39. ^ Paff 1959 , pp. 36–39. ^ Klaeber 2008 , p. 465. ^ Gillespie 1973 , p. 180. Paff says "Swabian Tura"
12452-630: Is called "Elsentroye" in Dietrichs Flucht . Hagen/Högni is also sometimes connected to Troy (see Tronje). Tyrol Middle High German : Tirol Region in the Alps in modern Austria bordering Italy. Dietrich's adventures fighting supernatural beings are frequently set in Tyrol. The dwarf kingdoms of Virginal and Laurin are also located there, as is the mountain Jochgrim from which
12735-544: Is classified as Old West Norse, and Old West Norse traits were found in western Sweden . In what is present-day Denmark and Sweden, most speakers spoke Old East Norse. Though Old Gutnish is sometimes included in the Old East Norse dialect due to geographical associations, it developed its own unique features and shared in changes to both other branches. The 12th-century Icelandic Gray Goose Laws state that Swedes , Norwegians , Icelanders , and Danes spoke
13018-514: Is commonly used to refer to Dietrich in medieval German epic. In Dietrichs Flucht , Dietrich von Bern's father Dietmar founds Bern, whereas in the Heldenbuch-Prosa the city is constructed by Dietrich's real father, the demon Machmet (Mohammad), in three nights. Bohemians ( Czechs ) Middle High German : Bêheim A Slavic people living in the modern Czech Republic. Attila and Dietrich von Bern are challenged by Wenezlan,
13301-458: Is considered unidentified, but a location in south-eastern Sweden has been suggested. The location where Helgi Hjörvardsson dies after a duel, and where later Helgi Hundingsbane wins his battle against Hothbrodd . Frisians Old English : Frísan , Frēsan , Frȳsan , Middle High German : Friesen , Old Norse : Frísir From PGmc * Frīsaz . Unclear origin; perhaps related to PGmc * frijaz ("free"). Conflict between
13584-416: Is derived from PGmc * Gutaniz (pl.) from PGmc * geutan meaning "to pour, to mould" and it is the same as that of the population of Gotland , The ethnonym is closely related to that of the Geats with which it shares etymology, probably meaning " pourers (of semen) ", i.e. "men". Old Norse does not differentiate between Gotlanders and Goths and Old English between them and Geats. In Middle High German epic,
13867-400: Is derived from PGmc * skaþōn ("harm, damage") and * aʒwjō / aχwjō ("island"), and may be reconstructed as * Skaðinawiō with the same meaning ("damage island"). It may have originally denoted the south-westernmost point at Falsterbo with its dangerous shallows. In Beowulf the names Scedeland and Scedenig are used to denote the Danish territory reflecting the fact that Scania was part of
14150-788: Is different from Wikidata Articles containing Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing Gothic-language text Articles containing Margu-language text Articles containing German-language text CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) CS1 interwiki-linked names CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 CS1 maint: location missing publisher CS1: long volume value CS1 errors: missing periodical Widsith "Widsith" ( Old English : Wīdsīþ , "far-traveller", lit. "wide-journey"), also known as "The Traveller's Song" ,
14433-465: Is expected to exist, such as in the male names Ragnarr , Steinarr (supposedly * Ragnarʀ , * Steinarʀ ), the result is apparently always /rː/ rather than */rʀ/ or */ʀː/ . This is observable in the Runic corpus. In Old Norse, i/j adjacent to i , e , their u-umlauts, and æ was not possible, nor u/v adjacent to u , o , their i-umlauts, and ǫ . At
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#173277186719514716-623: Is first attested in Caesar and then attested referring to a number of tribes in northern Germania in Tacitus. The Swabians are frequently mentioned in German epic, as characters travelling from the Rhine to Hungary or Italy must pass through their territory. Several minor heroes are Swabians. In the Þiðreks saga , the name Svávaland is used to refer to southern Germany in general. Widsith makes
14999-498: Is for the most part a survey of the people, kings, and heroes of Europe in the Heroic Age of Northern Europe. There is some controversy as to when "Widsith" was first composed. Some historians, such as John Niles , argue that the work was invented after King Alfred 's rule to present "a common glorious past", while others, such as Kemp Malone , have argued that the piece is an authentic transcription of old heroic songs. Among
15282-403: Is found well into the 15th century. Old Norse was divided into three dialects : Old West Norse (Old West Nordic, often referred to as Old Norse ), Old East Norse (Old East Nordic), and Old Gutnish . Old West Norse and Old East Norse formed a dialect continuum , with no clear geographical boundary between them. Old East Norse traits were found in eastern Norway , although Old Norwegian
15565-535: Is generally accepted to derive from Finnic ruotsi (" Swedes ") from the ON root roðr meaning "rower crew") and initially, it referred to the Swedes active on the waterways of Eastern Europe. Later it became the name of the state they founded, Kievan Rus' . The ON name Garðar(íki) is probably from the network of forts ( garðar , cf. Slavic gorod ) built to protect the routes. There are many other ON names for
15848-592: Is identified with the estuary of the Eider . The word fīfel may mean "flooder, overflower". The fight between Offa and the Myrgings was at this location. Franks Old English : Francan , Old English : Froncan , Middle High German : Franken , Old Norse : Frakkar The ethnonym Franks is derived from PGmc * Frankan- , itself probably from PGmc * frankaz meaning "fierce, daring, eager to fight". An alternative etymology proposes to derive
16131-627: Is killed there. Idumings Old English : Idumingas A people who are mentioned in Widsith , line 87. The name may refer to a Livonian population, the Ydumaei, who were mentioned by Henricus Lettus . Indians (India) Old English : Indēas The inhabitants of South Asia, mentioned in Widsith line 83. A misreading of the name as Judeum was adopted by several scholars. Ilwan Old English : Ilwan or Old English : Eolum (dative) A people who are mentioned in Widsith , line 87. The name refers to
16414-650: Is lacking, but they were in any case a "very minor ethnic group". Klaeber derives Secgan from segc meaning "sword" and compares it to seax as in Saxons . Otherwise it is derived from PGmc * sagjaz which means "companion", "man" or "warrior" and it has cognates in OS segg and ON seggr , and also in Latin socius . This shows that they derive from a PIE form * soki̯ós , of which the stem would be * sokh 2 - ("friend"). Segard Old Norse : Segarðr In Old Norse,
16697-465: Is maybe from brond ("sword") or from ON brandr , which means "prow of a ship". Black Forest Old Norse : Svávaskógr The Norse name means "Swabian Forest" and could also refer to the Swabian Jura around Switzerland. In the Þiðreks saga , Sigurd/Siegfried's mother gives birth to the hero and dies in the "Swabian Forest". Sigurd/Siegfried is subsequently raised by a hind in
16980-521: Is mentioned in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I and Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II . In shining splendour, the Valkyrie Sigrún meets Helgi Hundingsbane for the first time, and the poet gives the place the fitting name "flame mountains". Lombards , Lombardy Latin : Langobardi , Middle High German : Lamparten , Old English : Longbeardan , Old Norse : Langbarðar A Germanic tribe, their name means "men with long beards". In
17263-544: Is mentioned in e.g. Hervarar saga , Orvar-Odd's saga , Ragnar Lodbrok's saga and Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I, 31 Mirkwood Old Norse : Myrkviðr The name means "dark forest." It is unclear if the forest had any geographical meaning originally. As for the location in the Battle of the Goths and the Huns , Omeljan Pritsak identifies it with what would later be called the "dark blue forest" ( Goluboj lěsь ) and
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#173277186719517546-584: Is more common in Old West Norse in both phonemic and allophonic positions, while it only occurs sparsely in post-runic Old East Norse and even in runic Old East Norse. This is still a major difference between Swedish and Faroese and Icelandic today. Plurals of neuters do not have u-umlaut at all in Swedish, but in Faroese and Icelandic they do, for example the Faroese and Icelandic plurals of the word land , lond and lönd respectively, in contrast to
17829-567: Is not used in the saga. The name could have been altered by influence of and confusion with Bardengau , a region in Northern Germany. In the Þiðreks saga , the kingdom of King Arthur , but it is seized by king Isung after Arthur's death. Dietrich von Bern faces twelve champions there, including Siegfried/Sigurd. Dietleib von Steier is killed there by the forces of Hertnið. Brondings Old English : Brondingas The people of Breca and his father Beanstan. The name
18112-492: Is one of several legendary place names that have a fictive quality with an element from the natural world, and like several constructed with the name of an animal in the genitive + a common word for a natural feature, and it seems to be a poetic invention. Where the Geats raise the barrow over Beowulf's remains. Hundings Old English : Hundingas A people who are mentioned in Widsith lines 23 and 81. It means "sons of dogs" and may be an old derogatory term for
18395-401: Is one of several poetic place names found in Helgakvíða Hjǫrvarðssonar . Munarvágr Old Norse : Munarvágr or Unavágar The name appears with variations in spelling. If the first element is Una -, it means "where life is good". The element Munr means "mind", "desire" and "love", and vágr which means "wave". It is located on the island of Samsø in the sagas. It
18678-403: Is place where swords are hidden in Helgakvíða Hjörvardssonar and the name means Sigar 's island. Sigarsvöll mentioned in the same poem means "Sigar's plain", and is the location where the hero dies in a duel. The second location is also mentioned in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I as an estate given to the hero when he was born. The place names are probably symbolical, like other place names in
18961-463: Is probably a creation by the poet to give a country for king Hunding to rule in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II . It is not the same as Hunland, the land of the Huns. Huns Old English : Hūnas , Old Norse : Húnar , Middle High German : Hiunen The Huns, a non-Germanic nomadic tribe. In Old Norse, Húnar is used both for Atli's subjects and as a general name for people from south of Scandinavia. In Middle High German epic,
19244-405: Is probably the same character as Sǣferð of the Sycgan in Widsith 31. Clarke also identifies the two characters and comments that based on the name Ymber (" Ammerland "), the form sycg in Widsith may originally have been secg . He suggests that it was originally a dynastic name among the Anglo-Saxons. Sometimes they are considered to have belonged to the "half Danish tribes", although evidence
19527-568: Is recognized by Dietrich von Bern he rejoins Dietrich, burns down the monastery, and kills all the monks. Wicings Old English : Wīcingas A people mentioned in Widsith lines 47 and 59, and identified with the Heaðobards or the people of the Viken region . The identification has made two scholars identify the Oslo region as the original home of the Heaðobards. Wilten Monastery German : Wilten A monastery near Innsbruck in Tirol . According to an early modern broadsheet from Wilten Monastery (printed 1601),
19810-438: Is reported to have led the Goths there from Gothiscandza . Ongendmyrgings Old English : Ongendmyrgingas A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 85, and the name may have referred to a branch of the Myrgings living in western Schleswig . Malone compares the word ongen(d) with name of the Swedish king Ongentheow He connects ongen to ing and ang that may be in grade relation , which would be
20093-411: Is that the nonphonemic difference between the voiced and the voiceless dental fricative is marked. The oldest texts and runic inscriptions use þ exclusively. Long vowels are denoted with acutes . Most other letters are written with the same glyph as the IPA phoneme, except as shown in the table below. Ablaut patterns are groups of vowels which are swapped, or ablauted, in the nucleus of
20376-800: Is the father of Dageiðr, who together with Alaric , the king of Sweden, had the son Alf . Dag's descendants were called the Daglings ( dǫglingar ). In Snorri's source Ynglingatal 8, dǫglingar ("descendant of Dag") appears, but Elias Wessén comments that this probably refers to Dag the Wise an earlier king of Sweden, and Snorri's inclusion of a second king named Dag appears unmotivated. An ancestral Dag also appears in sources such as Hversu Noregr byggðist , Hervarar saga , Orvar-Odd's saga , and Ragnarssona þáttr . Dean Old English : Dēan A people mentioned in Widsith , line 63, and who lived somewhere in southern Scandinavia. It appears to be
20659-437: Is the largest island what is today Norway. The island was the seat of the 6th c. petty king Goðgestr, an ancestor of the earls of Lade , and notable because of his death. Ynglinga saga relates that the Swedish king Aðils ( Eadgils ) sent Goðgestr a horse named Hrafn that threw him off so that he died. Hlé Fells Old Norse : Hlébjǫrg The word hlé means "leeward". In '' Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II , it
20942-557: Is unclear whether they were sequences of two consonants (with the first element realised as /h/ or perhaps /x/ ) or as single voiceless sonorants /l̥/ , /r̥/ and /n̥/ respectively. In Old Norwegian, Old Danish and later Old Swedish, the groups ⟨hl⟩ , ⟨hr⟩ , and ⟨hn⟩ were reduced to plain ⟨l⟩ , ⟨r⟩ , ⟨n⟩ , which suggests that they had most likely already been pronounced as voiceless sonorants by Old Norse times. The pronunciation of ⟨hv⟩
21225-620: Is unclear, but it may have been /xʷ/ (the Proto-Germanic pronunciation), /hʷ/ or the similar phoneme /ʍ/ . Unlike the three other digraphs, it was retained much longer in all dialects. Without ever developing into a voiceless sonorant in Icelandic, it instead underwent fortition to a plosive /kv/ , which suggests that instead of being a voiceless sonorant, it retained a stronger frication. Primary stress in Old Norse falls on
21508-575: Is unknown, but Malone emends it as Ofdingum and derives it from Ovida . As a dynastic name it would have referred to the Ostrogoths of Geberic 's time. It may be assumed that the Ostrogoths of Geberic's time (4th c.) still controlled the Vistula basin. Moinsheim and Moinsheimar Old Norse : Móinsheim and Móinsheimar Mentioned in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I and Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II . Bugge who tried to locate
21791-604: Is used exclusively and instead of the term "Goth". In Dietrichs Flucht and Rabenschlacht , Dietrich's followers are split between Amelungs and Wolfings, whereas in the Nibelungenlied , all his followers are Amelungs. The Þiðreks saga confuses Amlungaland with the land of the Harlungen, who in German sources are associated with Breisach and the south Rhine. Amoþingas See Hinnøya Ænenas Old English : Ǣnenas A people mentioned in Widsith that can not be identified. Perhaps, they are identical to
22074-409: Is where Helgi Hundingsbane killed the sons of Hrollaugr. Hlymdalir Old Norse : Hlymdalir Hlymr means "clash, as of hooves", and dalir means "dales". The place where Aslaug is raised by Brunhild's fosterfather Heimir. Hocings Old English : Hōcingas A people mentioned in Widsith , line 29, and it is the plural form of a patronym and used for a people ruled by
22357-833: The Kaiserchronik , the Pomeranians are among Dietrich von Bern (Theodoric the Great)'s force invading Italy to fight Odoacer. Prussians Middle High German : Priuzen A Baltic people who were either wiped out or conquered by the Teutonic Knights . In Biterolf und Dietleib , Attila's Huns conquer the Prussians, and they are mentioned in other epics as well. Raben Middle High German : Raben(e) , Old Norse : Rana , possibly Gronsport Ravenna , Italy. The Þiðreks saga locates
22640-579: The "black forest" ( Černyj lěsь ) near the Dnieper . German chronicler Thietmar von Merseburg (died 1018) uses Miriquidui to refer to the Ore Mountains , which would be on the route taken by a messenger crossing from the Rhine (Burgundians) to the Danube (Huns). A forest mentioned almost exclusively in Old Norse heroic poems that is often on the border between one land and another, as between
22923-574: The Aesti of Tacitus , with the Istaevones and with the Istrians . Malone rejects the other identifications on linguistic and historic grounds. Italian Peninsula Old English : Eatul A location mentioned in Widsith , line 70, and the name is the Old English form of Italy . Jassarfjǫll Old Norse : Jassarfjǫll Several theories have been proposed such as
23206-576: The Assyrians . Etzelnburg Middle High German : Etzelnburc City of Etzel (Attila). Either Esztergom or Buda in Hungary. The name of Etzel's capital in the Middle High German tradition. Falstr scogr Old Norse : Falstr scógr , Falar Several thick forest once occupied the area of Holstein , from which the territory derives its name ( Holta[z] "forest"). The name Falstr probably derives from
23489-513: The Byzantine emperor is number five. Old Norse language Old Norse , also referred to as Old Nordic , or Old Scandinavian , was a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements and chronologically coincides with the Viking Age ,
23772-486: The Christianization of Scandinavia , and the consolidation of Scandinavian kingdoms from about the 8th to the 15th centuries. The Proto-Norse language developed into Old Norse by the 8th century, and Old Norse began to develop into the modern North Germanic languages in the mid- to late 14th century, ending the language phase known as Old Norse. These dates, however, are not absolute, since written Old Norse
24055-824: The Czech Jeseniky Mountains , the north Hungarian Jaszygi mountains and hills in Croatian Banovina . However, Jas - can be connected to the Alans and so Jassarfjǫll were probably the Jas/Alan hills, the Donets Ridge which were considered sacred by locals until the 16th century. Jochgrimm Middle High German : Jochgrîm Mountain in South Tyrol . The three queens who send Ecke out to seek Dietrich von Bern in
24338-564: The Dniepr was the capital of the Goths in Hervarar saga . It has been identified with Kamjans'ke Horodyšče , near Kamianka-Dniprovska which has provided archaeological finds to support it. Kiev has also been proposed but does not fit archaeologically or historically. Baiuvarii ( Bavarians ) Middle High German : Beier In the Nibelungenlied , the Bavarians have
24621-573: The Eckenlied reside here. Jutes Old Norse : jótar , Old English : Ēotas , Ēotan Latin : Iutae , Eucii? The derivation is unclear, but suggested meanings are "people" (cf. ON ýtar ), "land" (cf. Greek οὖδας ) or "waterland" (cf. the Swedish lake names Juten and Jutern ). They are associated with Jutland and took part in the Anglo-Saxon migration to England, which implies early Scandinavian elements among
24904-522: The Eckenlied , Wolfdietrich bequeathed the invincible suit of armor of Ortnit to Tischcal, where Queen Seburg of Jochgrimm acquired it and gave it to Ecke. The armor was then taken by Dietrich von Bern after he kills Ecke. Thor's Ness, Thrasness Old Norse : Þórsnes , Old Norse : Þrasnes In Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I called " Thor 's Ness", but in Völsunga saga called Thrasness. Þras means "quarrel". In '' Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I ,
25187-572: The Gesta Danorum places it at Hiddensee. Israelites Old English : Isrāhelas A people mentioned in Widsith , line 82, possibly referring to the people of Israel in contrast to those of Judah . Iste Old English : Īste A people mentioned in Widsith , line 87, and identified by Malone as Ostrogoths at the Baltic Sea, and not identical to the Greutungi of Ukraine. They have also been identified with
25470-614: The Hanseatic League in the thirteenth century. It is unclear if the localization in Soest was a feature of north German legend or a creature of the Þiðreks saga . Sok, Sogn Old Norse : Sǫk , Old Norse : Sǫgn An island which in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I is called Sǫgn , which means "report, but in Völsunga saga called Sǫk, which means "legal action", "instigation". In Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I , Gudmund reports that their enemy Helgi has 7000 warriors on
25753-694: The Heaðoreamas ("battle raumar") in Beowulf and as the Raumariciae in Jordanes' Getica . The name is derived from the river Raumelfr , where raumr is derived from rjúmi or rjómi which means "calm". North Germanic tribe Rondings Old English : Rondingas A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 24. Chambers translates it as the "shield men", while Malone compares it to rondburgum ("border strongholds") and interpretes
26036-1025: The Hundingas . I was with the Israelites and with the Assyrians, with the Hebrews and the Indians, and with the Egyptians... The forests of the Vistula in the ancient writing tradition (Widsith, v. 121) are the homeland of the Goths , the material remains of which are generally associated with the Wielbark Culture . Wulfhere sohte ic ond Wyrmhere; ful oft þær wig ne alæg, þonne Hræda here heardum sweordum, ymb Wistlawudu wergan sceoldon ealdne eþelstol Ætlan leodum. I sought Wulfhere and Wyrmhere; there battle did not abate when
26319-760: The Hǣðnas . The people may be mentioned in Ptolemy as the χαιδεινοι . Helmings Old English : Helmingas The name is from Helm means "protector", and a Wulfing called Helm is mentioned in Widsith , line 29. Wealhtheow , Hrothgar 's wife is called ides Helminga ("lady of the Helmings") in Beowulf (610), which means that she belonged to Helm's clan and was a Wulfing. Heodenings Old English : Heodeningas , Old Norse : Hjaðningar , Middle High German : Hegelinge *Heðaningas, from
26602-535: The Latin alphabet , there was no standardized orthography in use in the Middle Ages. A modified version of the letter wynn called vend was used briefly for the sounds /u/ , /v/ , and /w/ . Long vowels were sometimes marked with acutes but also sometimes left unmarked or geminated. The standardized Old Norse spelling was created in the 19th century and is, for the most part, phonemic. The most notable deviation
26885-618: The Limfjord . Traditionally the name has been connected to the Persians . Picts Old English : Peohtas A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 79, and the name refers to the Picts of Scotland . Poles , Poland Middle High German : Pôlân or Middle High German : Bôlân , Old Norse : Pulinar A Slavic people living in modern Poland. The name derives from Slavic pole ("field, prairie") +
27168-734: The Lombards and that later was narrowed down to those who lived in East Holstein . The epithet may have an old history with the Lombards and be related to Hungar (* hund-gãr , i.e. "dog spear") or Lamicho, who was the second king of the Lombards according to Paul the Deacon . The king Hunding who appears in the Poetic Edda and king Hundingus in Gesta Danorum are also related. Hundland Old Norse : Hundland It
27451-691: The Moselle valley. Tronu Strand Old Norse : Trǫnueyrr The first element of Trǫnueyrr means "crane", while the second means "gravelly bank". A location where the hero of Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I has ships in his fleet. Tronje Middle High German : Tronege No clear identification: proposals include a castle Troneck in Hunsrück , Kirchberg in Alsace , Troyes , France, Tournai or Tongeren , Belgium, or Trondheim . Place of origin of Hagen/Högni in German tradition. In
27734-416: The Nibelungenlied C, Kriemhild and her mother Ute both stayed at the monastery. A large sarcophagus in the chapel is said to be Siegfried's coffin. Mälaren Old Norse : Lǫgrinn , Loginn , Lauginn , í Leginum The name Lǫgrinn is the definite form of lǫgr which means "water" and "lake", and is cognate with lake . It is located west of Stockholm . In Norse mythology it
28017-479: The Nibelungenlied . Tischcal Middle High German : Tischcâl The name may refer to Dijon in Burgundy . In Wolfdietrich D, Wolfdietrich retires to the monastery of Tischcal, which is under the "Order of Saint George ", and becomes a monk. He aids the monastery in fighting off a giant named Tarias. He does penance for his sins and is visited by the souls of all those he has slain. According to
28300-573: The Nibelungenlied . Localized on Iceland ( Middle High German : Îsland ) in the Nibelungenlied , possibly showing knowledge of Old Norse traditions. However, "Iceland" shows no similarities to Iceland besides being an island far away from the Burgundian realm. Island of the Hjaðningavíg Middle High German : Wülpenwerde or Wülpensand , Old Norse : Höð or Háey Assuming an origin in
28583-478: The Nibelungids , a Frankish dynasty installed in the conquered Burgundian kingdom in southern Gaul. The etymology is uncertain, possibly named after Nivelles (Gmc *Niuwa-alha "new sanctuary"). The word has been influenced by PGmc *nebula- ("mist, darkness") or *nibila- ("low, deep, dark"). The name is consistently applied to the Burgundians in the Old Norse sources, including the Þiðreks saga , but in
28866-511: The Nuithones of Tacitus , if the name is emended to Unithones . Angles Old English : Engle , Old High German : Angil- , Old Norse : Englar From PGmc * Angilaz , itself from the name of the Anglia peninsula , where they settled. Related to PGmc * angōn ("curve; neck") and * angulaz ("hook, tip"). Agnafit Old Norse : Agnafit Located at
29149-532: The River Vid , near Schleswig . Woings Old English : Wōingas A people mentioned in Widsith line 30, and which is otherwise unknown. Malone suggests Veierland as it was known in Old Nose as Vár or Vóm . Wolfdales and Wolf Lake Old Norse : Ulfdalir and Old Norse : Ulfsjar The names of the locations mean "Wolfdales" and "Wolf Lake". In Vǫlundarkvíða ,
29432-667: The Rus' people , a Norse tribe, probably from present-day east-central Sweden. The current Finnish and Estonian words for Sweden are Ruotsi and Rootsi , respectively. A number of loanwords have been introduced into Irish , many associated with fishing and sailing. A similar influence is found in Scottish Gaelic , with over one hundred loanwords estimated to be in the language, many of which are related to fishing and sailing. Old Norse vowel phonemes mostly come in pairs of long and short. The standardized orthography marks
29715-483: The Semnones . They had a grove that could only be entered when they were fettered, and the god who was worshiped was probably Odin, and being fettered may have been an imitation of Odin's self-sacrifice. H-K [ edit ] Modernized name Names in medieval languages Name meaning and/or identification Notes Hald ( North and South ) Old English : Hæleþan The Hæleþan were
29998-576: The Siraces at the Black Sea , mentioned by Tacitus . It may also refer to Serkland . Malone rejects the derivation of Serkland from Saracens because the form would have been * Serkjaland . He instead derives it from sērica , see below. Serings Old English : Seringas A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 75, and the name refers to the Sēres , the people of Central Asia ,
30281-654: The Sámi people of Northern Scandinavia, and mentioned in Widsith , line 79, see also entry. The prefix scride refers to skiing. Scyldings Old English : Scylding , Old Norse : skjǫldungr Traditionally derived from Scyld or Skjöldr , the eponymous founder of the clan. The Skjöldungs , the ruling clan in Lejre among whom several Norse legends and the first part of Beowulf take place. Sea-Danes Old English : Sǣdene A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 29, and referring to
30564-696: The Thuringians , below. The name may be due to their eastern location east of the Elbe . The use of east may be to distinguish them from the Thoringi in the Netherlands . Egyptians Old English : Ēgypte A people mentioned in Widsith , line 83. Eowan Old English : Eowan A people mentioned in Widsith , line 27, who were the inhabitants Öland . Exsyrings Old English : Exsyringas A people mentioned in Widsith , line 82, who were apparently
30847-612: The Vandals , the inhabitants of Vendel (see Vendel Period ) near Uppsala , in Sweden, or to Vendsyssel in northern Jutland . Neither is it always clear in ON sources, whether Vendil refers to Vendel or Vendsyssel, as in the case of the location of the death of the Swedish king Ohthere , where it appears to have moved from Sweden to Denmark in Icelandic sources. From PGmc *Wanđilaz , itself from PGmc * wanđaz ("turned, twisted") or from
31130-826: The Waltharius , Walter's association with Aquitaine (MHG Wasconenlant , Wasconje lant , "Basque Land") and his encounter with Gunther and Hagen in the Vosges (MHG Waskenwalt ) may have reinforced each other. The smith Hertrich dwells there in Biterolf und Dietleib . Arastein Old Norse : Arastein The name means "eagle cliff". After having killed Hunding's sons and just before meeting Sigrun in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I , Helgi Hundingsbani rests at Arastein. Arheimar Old Norse : Árheimar The "river home" on
31413-481: The Waltharius , explained as deriving from Hagen's descent from the ancient Trojans . Troy Middle High German : diu alte Troye or Elsentroye An ancient city in modern Turkey. The Franks claimed Trojan descent. In medieval German epic, Troye can also refer to Troia, Apulia , hence the use of terms such as "old Troy". The wild woman Else is the queen of Troy in Wolfdietrich , and it
31696-567: The Wicinga cynn , which may be the earliest mention of the word " Viking " (lines 47, 59, 80). It closes with a brief comment on the importance and fame offered by poets like Widsith, with many pointed reminders of the munificent generosity offered to tale-singers by patrons "discerning of songs". Hroþwulf ond Hroðgar heoldon lengest sibbe ætsomne suhtorfædran, siþþan hy forwræcon Wicinga cynn ond Ingeldes ord forbigdan, forheowan aet Heorote Heaðobeardna þrym. Hroðulf and Hroðgar held
31979-692: The ljónar of Ynglingatal , i.e. the liunar or Östergötland , but Iversen, who partly bases a study on Malone's analysis of Widsith , considers this identification too speculative to even be mentioned. Other identifications suggested by scholars are the Leonas in Armorica , the Asturians of León, Spain and the Liothida of Jordanes . Lidings, Lidvikings Old English : Lidwicingas , Lidingas , Old Norse : Liðungar Lidingas
32262-542: The word stem , so that hyrjar would be pronounced /ˈhyr.jar/ . In compound words, secondary stress falls on the second stem (e.g. lærisveinn , /ˈlɛːɾ.iˌswɛinː/ ). Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark , runic Old Norse was originally written with the Younger Futhark , which had only 16 letters. Because of the limited number of runes, several runes were used for different sounds, and long and short vowels were not distinguished in writing. Medieval runes came into use some time later. As for
32545-570: The Þiðreks saga is instead associated with Novgorod ( Holmgarðr ). Geats Old Norse : gautar , Old English : Gēatas There are several arguments that connect the Geats and the Goths, and some of them are linguistic ones. The Geatas / gautar ethnonym is derived from PGmc * gautaz a different ablaut grade of the same root that gave Goths (*gutaniz), and ablauting was used to connect related geographic entities. The two names probably meant " pourers (of semen) ", i.e. "men". The ethnonym originally probably referred exclusively to
32828-451: The "Fight at Finnsburh" ". In Gentry, Francis G. (ed.). Heroic Identity in the World of Beowulf . Vol. 2. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 135–180. ISBN 978-90-04-17170-1 . Harris, Joseph C. (2004). "Myth and Literary History: Two Germanic Examples" . Oral Tradition . 19 : 3–19. doi : 10.1353/ort.2004.0090 . hdl : 10355/64983 . S2CID 162591015 . Heggarty, Paul; Renfrew, Colin (2014). "Europe and
33111-437: The "Waskenwalt" in the fragment). *Walhōz Old English : Wealh , Walas , Old High German : Walaha , Old Norse : Valir or Vǫlir A PGmc term (singular Walhaz ) designating the Romance or Celtic speakers. Probably borrowed from the Celtic Volcae tribe, and later applied to the Romanized Celts. In Widsith , the word is used twice to mean "Romans" ( Rumwalum and Wala ric ) rather than
33394-452: The "followers of Herela". The name Herela means "he of the army", which fits the god Odin , and corresponds to king Herla, the leader of the Wild Hunt (Odin). The name corresponds to the Harlungs of the Þiðrikssaga . Himin Fells, and Himin Meadows Old Norse : Himinfjǫll and Himinvangar The two locations are mentioned in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I and mean "sky fells" and "sky meadows". Himinfjǫll may be simply
33677-436: The "stem of a ship". It appears in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I . A location from where allies come with warships to aid Helgi Hundingsbane in his war against Hothbrodd . Staraya Ladoga Old Norse : Aldeigja , Old Norse : Aldeigjuborg , Old Norse : Aldogaborg , Staraya Ladoga is mentioned about 40 times in Old Icelandic literature. Archaeological finds from the mid-8th c. and onwards show that there
33960-498: The 11th century in most of Old East Norse. However, the distinction still holds in Dalecarlian dialects . The dots in the following vowel table separate the oral from nasal phonemes. Note: The open or open-mid vowels may be transcribed differently: Sometime around the 13th century, /ɔ/ (spelled ⟨ǫ⟩ ) merged with /ø/ or /o/ in most dialects except Old Danish , and Icelandic where /ɔ/ ( ǫ ) merged with /ø/ . This can be determined by their distinction within
34243-784: The 12th-century First Grammatical Treatise but not within the early 13th-century Prose Edda . The nasal vowels, also noted in the First Grammatical Treatise, are assumed to have been lost in most dialects by this time (but notably they are retained in Elfdalian and other dialects of Ovansiljan ). See Old Icelandic for the mergers of /øː/ (spelled ⟨œ⟩ ) with /ɛː/ (spelled ⟨æ⟩ ) and /ɛ/ (spelled ⟨ę⟩ ) with /e/ (spelled ⟨e⟩ ). Old Norse had three diphthong phonemes: /ɛi/ , /ɔu/ , /øy ~ ɛy/ (spelled ⟨ei⟩ , ⟨au⟩ , ⟨ey⟩ respectively). In East Norse these would monophthongize and merge with /eː/ and /øː/ , whereas in West Norse and its descendants
34526-460: The 13th century there. The age of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland is strongly contested, but Swedish settlement had spread the language into the region by the time of the Second Swedish Crusade in the 13th century at the latest. The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic , Faroese , Norwegian , and the extinct Norn language of Orkney and Shetland , although Norwegian
34809-549: The 19th century, Karl Müllenhoff believed that the name was of mythological origin, while Richard Heinzel suggested a connection to the early Slavs. Other suggestions are that the name is a version of Iranian Roxolani ; however, the names given in Jordanes are clearly Germanic. Herwig Wolfram suggested a connection to the Heruli , however Helmut Castritius argues that they were a Gothic noble family. Rugii Old English : Rondingas A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 69. According to Malone identical to
35092-467: The 6th century, and that the author demonstrates familiarity with regions outside of Britain, including Denmark and the Baltic coast. Hedeager is here in agreement with R.H. Hodgkin and Leonard Neidorf , who argues that "when situated within the history of Anglo-Saxon culture and identity, 'Widsith' clearly belongs to a time prior to the formation of a collective Anglo-Saxon identity, when distinct continental origins were remembered and maintained by
35375-418: The Angles and the Saxons in their migration to England. Wulfings Old English : Wylfingas , Old Norse : Ylfingar , Middle High German : Wülfinge "People of the wolf." In Scandinavian sources, a Geatish dynasty in Östergötland , and it is possible that the Anglo-Saxon Wuffing dynasty is descended from this clan of what is today southern Sweden. Possibly a Geatish dynastic name that
35658-559: The Anglo-Saxons, but it is also possible that the West Germanic Jutes that left for England were replaced by North Germanic people who inherited their name. There is a long-standing debate in Beowulf studies whether the word for Jutes actually refer to eotenas (sometimes translated as "giants") and whether the Frisians refer to "Jutes". Moreover, it has been proposed that the Geats of Beowulf were in fact Jutes. Kerlingen Middle High German : Kerlingen , Old Norse : Tarlungaland ( Þiðreks saga ) French/Franks,
35941-400: The Baltic sea, the original location may have been Hiddensee , ( Old Norse : Heðinsey , island of Heoden), an island in the Baltic and the location given by the Gesta Danorum . The battle is variously located: the German tradition places it on the island of Wulpen in the Scheldt estuary. The Norse tradition places it on the island of Hod off Norway or on Hoy in the Orkneys , while
36224-520: The Burgundian kings. The name appears to be an Old Norse neologism and is absent from the German tradition. Glasir Grove Old Norse : Glasislundr Glasir means "resplendent". It is one of several poetic place names found in Helgakvíða Hjǫrvarðssonar . Glæsisvellir Old Norse : Glæsisvellir Glæsisvellir was the mythical kingdom of Guðmundr in the north-east of Scandinavia that appears in several legendary sagas and in Gesta Danorum . According to Rudolf Simek , it
36507-414: The Burgundians and Huns in Atlakviða . It is often between the Goths and Huns. Myrgings Old English : Myrgingas In Widsith lines 42–43, king Offa of Angel marked the border to the Myrgings at the Eider ( Fifeldore ). The word murge or myrge means "pleasing" and "agreeable", modern merry , from PGmc * murʒuz ("short"), and according to Much it was a derogatory nickname that
36790-480: The Burgundians, and Gunnarr is described as "friend of the Burgundians" ( Old Norse : vin Borgunda ) in Atlakviða , but otherwise in ON, he and his brothers are called Niflungar. In Middle High German tradition, their kingdom is centered around Worms on the Rhine. In the Waltharius , the capital is Châlons ; however, here Gunther and his brothers are Franks and Hildigund and her father Hericus are Burgundians. Busiltjorn Old Norse : Busiltjǫrn Busi
37073-455: The Burgundians, who settled first on the Rhine and then in Burgundy . Name possibly means "those who dwell in high places/forts" from PGmc *burg-. Their origins have been connected to Borgund , in Norway, and to the island of Bornholm (ON: Borgundarholmr , OE: Burgendaland ). The historical Burgundian kings Gunther/Gunnarr, Giselher, and Gernot are described as Burgundians in the German tradition. Widsith associated Gunther (Guðhere) with
37356-427: The Celtic tribal name Teurii, or related to the Germanic Hermanduri tribe. The tribe ruled an independent kingdom until 531 when it was incorporated into Francia. In the MHG tradition, represented most prominently by Hermanafrid (Irnfrid) and Iring, which is the only clear example of a heroic legend developing within modern Germany. The Thuringians, with Hermanafrid as an exiled margrave, appear among Attila's men in
37639-422: The Danes, who are mentioned in Beowulf and Widsith . A Germanic people who were possibly a remnant of the Langobards . The name is from PGmc * χaþuz ("war") and * barđaz ("beard"). In Beowulf , Hróðgar's daughter Freawaru will marry their king Ingeld to bring peace between the tribes. At the wedding a young Dane will offend the Heaðobards by carrying one of their captured swords. An old Heaðobard will cause
37922-453: The Danes. The prefix sea possibly narrows them down to the Danes that had settled on the Danish islands, or it refers to the maritime might of the Danes. Secgan Old English : Secgan , Old English : Sycgan In the Finnsburg fragment , there is a warrior named Sigeferth from the Secgan tribe, who Klaeber identifies as a coastal people, and Gillespie locates them on the northern coast of Germany. He notes that Sigeferth
38205-564: The Danish king Hrothgar , and it appears in Widsith , line 49, and in Beowulf . The name has been connected to the Danish champion Hort(ar) from Lejre , who appears in the account of the Battle of Brávellir in Gesta Danorum . Herefaran Old English : Herefaran A people who are mentioned in line 34, in Widsith , but whose identity is unknown, but the name may mean "pirate". Herelings Old English : Herelingas , Middle High German : Harlunge A people mentioned in Widsith , line 112, whose name means
38488-412: The Danish king Sigar . Slavs Old English : Winedas , Old High German : Winida Old Norse : Vindr The (Western) Slavs were called in PGm * Weneđaz . Of unknown origin; perhaps related to * weniz ("friend"). Soest Old Norse : Susat Soest in Westphalia . In the Þiðreks saga , Atli's capital is at Soest, which was one of the most important cities in
38771-469: The Danish realm (it stayed Danish until 1658). The hero Biterolf is the king of Scania (Skane) in the Þiðreks saga - this may derive from his associate with Spain (Spanje) in medieval German epic. Scoti Old English : Scottas A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 79, and referring to the Irish. It can hardly refer to the Highland Scots as one scholar thought. Scridefinns Old English : Scridefinnas Probably
39054-450: The Danube. The Burgundians pass through Mautern on their way to Attila's court. In Virginal , Mautern is the location of Dietrich von Bern's captivity among giants, and the place is referred to in connection with Dietrich and Heime (Háma's) liberation by Witige in Alpharts Tod as well. Mofdings, Ofdings Old English : Mōfdingas , Ōfdingas The Widsith manuscript reads Mofdingum in line 86, and whom it referred to
39337-646: The Early Germanic Languages . Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-6312-4 . Gentry, Francis G.; McConnell, Winder; Müller, Ulrich; Wunderlich, Werner, eds. (2011) [2002]. The Nibelungen Tradition. An Encyclopedia . New York, Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8153-1785-2 . Gillespie, George T. (1973). Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700-1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names . Oxford: Oxford University. ISBN 978-0-19-815718-2 . Grane, Thomas (2007). The Roman Empire and Southern Scandinavia -
39620-1990: The Early History of Scandinavia (PDF) (Thesis). University of Cambridge. Andersson, Martin (August 2012). "Of Regner Lodbrog, Hugh Blair, and Mistranslations". Lovecraft Annual (6): 36–42. JSTOR 26868447 . Andersson, Thorsten (1996). "Göter, Goter, Gutar" [Geats, Goths, Gutes]. Namn og Bygd (in Swedish). 84 : 5–21. ISSN 0077-2704 . Beck, Heinrich ; Geuenich, Dieter ; Steuer, Heiko (1995). Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde . Vol. 9 (2 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014642-4 . Bellows, Henry Adams (1928). The Poetic Edda . Library of Alexandria. ISBN 1465573828 . Boyer, Régis; Renaud, Jean (2012). Sagas légendaires islandaises . Anacharsis. ISBN 978-2-914777-896 . Brink, Stefan (2002). "Sociolinguistic Perspectives And Language Contact In Proto-Nordic". In Bandle, Oskar [in German] (ed.). The Nordic Languages . Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter . pp. 685–690. ISBN 9783110148763 . Brink, Stefan (2008). "People and Land in Early Scandinavia". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.; Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław (eds.). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs: Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe . Brepols. pp. 89–112. ISBN 978-2-503-52615-7 . Brinker-von der Heyde, Claudia (1999). "Hagen". In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Vol. 13. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. doi : 10.1515/gao_RGA_2193 (inactive 1 November 2024). {{ cite encyclopedia }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 ( link ) Byock, Jesse (1999). The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki . Penguin Classics. ISBN 014043593X . Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015). The Indo-European Syllable . Brill; Leiden, Boston. ISBN 978-90-04-29254-3 . Stories and Ballads of
39903-505: The East and Their Role in The Foundation of The Kievan Rus" (PDF) . In Maksimuk, L.M.; Povch, I.V.; Predko, T.I.; Kalilec, L.M; Kovalenko, O.N.; Levonjuk, L.E.; Milač, S.V.; Poleva, I.A. (eds.). Foreign Languages and Contemporary World . Brest State University. pp. 154–156. Larsson, Mats G. (2004). "Götarnas riken". Upptäcktsfärder till Sveriges enande . Atlantis, Stockholm. pp. 179–170. ISBN 9789173535182 . Lawrence, William Witherle (1915). "Beowulf and
40186-733: The Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea . Vol. 84. Brill. pp. 141–216. ISBN 9789004363816 . De Gamle Eddadigte . Translated by Jónsson, Finnur . G. E. C. Gats forlag, København. 1932. Malone, Kemp (1926). "Agelmund and Lamicho" . The American Journal of Philology . 47 (4): 319–346. doi : 10.2307/289994 . JSTOR 289994 . Malone, Kemp (1953). "Royal Names in Old English Poetry" . Names . 1 (3): 153–162. doi : 10.1179/nam.1953.1.3.153 . Malone, Kemp (1962). Widsith . Rosenkilde and Bagger, Copenhagen. McTurk, Rory (1991). Studies in Ragnars saga Loðbrókar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues . The Society for
40469-544: The Elbe and Oder rivers whose name was extended to mean all Polabian Slavs . References in the poet Der Marner suggest that the Veleti featured in German heroic legend, but stories are only found in the Þiðdrekssaga , where Attila's wife Helche comes from the Veleti. The Veleti kill Ermanaric's son Frederich after Sibeche contrives to have him sent their to demand tribute. Vendel , Vendsyssel , Vandals Old English : Wendlas , Wenlas , Old Norse : Vendill The name Wendlas in Beowulf may refer to
40752-401: The Elder . They may have lived in the 6th c. between the Elbe and the Saale rivers. Wedinghausen Monastery Old Norse : Wadincúsan A monastery formerly located near Arnsberg , Westphalia ; however, the Þiðreks saga locates it in Lombardy. Heime goes into a hiding as a monk at the monastery in the Þiðreks saga, defending it from the giant Aspilian; however, after he
41035-452: The English Language . Vol. 1 A-K. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, London, New York. Koch, John T. (2020). Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West (PDF) . Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. Kurzjurin, V.C.; Jarošenko, A.A. (2019). "The Viking Activities in
41318-536: The Far Past . Translated by Chadwick, Nora Kershaw . Cambridge at the University Press. 1921. Chambers, R. W. (1912). Widsith, a Study in Old English Heroic Poetry . Cambridge: at the University Press. Clark Hall, John R. (1916). A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary for the Use of Students (2 ed.). New York, The Macmillan Company. Cleasby, Richard; Vigfússon, Gudbrand (1874). An Icelandic-English dictionary . Oxford Clarendon Press. Cronan, Dennis (1918). "Eotena, Eotenum 'Jutes' in
41601-455: The Faroe Islands, Faroese has also been influenced by Danish. Both Middle English (especially northern English dialects within the area of the Danelaw ) and Early Scots (including Lowland Scots ) were strongly influenced by Norse and contained many Old Norse loanwords . Consequently, Modern English (including Scottish English ), inherited a significant proportion of its vocabulary directly from Norse. The development of Norman French
41884-417: The Finnsburg Episode in Beowulf" . Modern Philology . 116 (1): 1–19. doi : 10.1086/697668 . S2CID 166023863 . Ebel, Else (2000). "Hreiðgoten". In Beck, Heinrich (ed.). Reallexikon der germansichen Altertumskunde . Vol. 15 (2 ed.). pp. 153–154. "Skaldskaparmal". Snorri Sturluson Edda . Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. Everyman. 1995. The Saga of King Heidrek
42167-429: The Frisians and Danes forms the basis of the Old English Finnsburh Fragment and is also alluded to in Beowulf and Widsith . In Kudrun , the Frisians are one of the people in Heoden (Hetel's) kingdom, but are otherwise absent from surviving continental tradition. In the Þiðreks saga , Attila is a Frisian prince who conquers the Hunaland, and there is an allusion to at least one other forgotten legend concerning them in
42450-413: The German tradition it can also refer to magical beings under the control of Siegfried. In the Nibelungenlied , the Burgundians are not called "Nibelungen" until the second half of the poem. Niederland Middle High German : Niderlant Not the Netherlands , but the low country around Xanten. Sigmund and Siegfried's kingdom. Njarar Old Norse : Niarar It's uncertain if
42733-421: The Germanic migrants in the British Isles". Excluding the introduction of the scop Widsith, the closing, and brief comments regarded by some scholars as interpolations, the poem is divided into three 'catalogues', so-called thulas . The first thula runs through a list of the various kings of renown, both contemporary and ancient ("Caesar ruled the Greeks"), the model being '(name of a king) ruled (name of
43016-428: The Gothic army with their sharp swords, in the Vistula woods had to defend their ancient seat against Attila 's host. The poem that is now similarly titled " Deor ", also from the Exeter Book, draws on similar material. The list of kings of tribes is sorted by "fame and importance", according to Hedeager, with Attila of the Huns coming first, followed immediately by Eormanric of the Ostrogoths ; by contrast,
43299-559: The Goths". In Kaliff, Anders ; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311-2011 (PDF) . Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis . pp. 41–54. ISBN 9789155486648 . Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2020. Sundqvist, Olof (2002). Freyr's offspring, Rulers and religion in ancient Svea society . Uppsala universitet. ISBN 91-554-5263-9 . Beowulf . Translated by Swanton, Michael. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780719051463 . The Saga of King Heidrek
43582-436: The Great 's translation of Boethius . The Gothic Amal dynasty, to which Theodoric the Great and Ermanaric belonged. Name probably derived from Gothic *amals (bravery, vigor). The medieval versions add the suffix -ung indicating "belonging to". Amelungenland (ON Amlungaland ) refers to Dietrich's kingdom in northern Italy (see also Lombardy). In Middle High German epic, used for Dietrich von Bern's relatives. This name
43865-412: The Greeks under the rule of Caesar ( Old English : Casere ), reflecting the Byzantine Empire. In Middle High German epic, a number of characters are associated with Greece or the Eastern Roman Empire, including Dietrich von Kriechen, Hugdietrich, and Wolfdietrich. In the Þiðreks saga , it is treated as part of the domains of other kings, such as Ermanaric or the Russian Hertnið (Ortnit). The conquests by
44148-436: The Harlungen and is usually identified with Breisach. Brittany (Bertangaland) Old Norse : Bertangaland A Celtic-speaking region in modern Western France. The normal name for Brittany in Old Norse was minni Bretland ("lesser Britain") or syðri Bretland ("southern Britain"), and Bretons were called - the form in the Þiðreks saga is based on a genitive plural of a name * Bert , which, however,
44431-535: The Holmrugians of the same poem. Chambers located them on the Danube , which Malone considers to be incorrect. Rumwalas Old English : Rūmwalas A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 69, and identifiable with the Eastern Roman Empire . The vowel ū instead of o shows transmission through Gothic intermediaries. Rus' Middle High German : Riuze(n) , Old Norse : Ruzi ( Þiðreks saga ), Old Norse : Garðar , Old Norse : Garðaríki and many other names OES Rus'
44714-452: The Holy Roman Empire between the rivers Schlei and Eider inhabited by Danes) and Tenenlant (a separate kingdom). Drecanflis Old Norse : Drecanflis Probably Drachenfels , a mountain on the Rhine that had a castle in the Middle Ages. The name is from MHG trache (dragon) and felse ("rock, cliff, stronghold on a mountain"); the form in the Þiðreks saga may show Middle Low German influence. The Þiðreks saga locates
44997-533: The Hundings the neighbors of the Swabians. Svarin's Hill Old Norse : Svarinshaugr The name has been connected to Schwerin . It appears in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I and in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II . It is where the adversary king Granmar lives. Swedes Old English : Swēon , Old Norse : svíar , Latin : suiones , Latin : sueones , Latin : suehans The ethnonym may be derived from * suī and refer to "swine". The Swedes wore helmets decorated with boars. Moreover,
45280-432: The Huns are identified with the Hungarians. In the Þiðrekssaga Húnaland is located in Northern Germany and roughly corresponds to the Duchy of Westphalia . Hvítabǿr Old Norse : Hvítabǿr In Ragnars saga loðbrókar , the city seems to be Vitaby in Scania , however the saga may preserve a connection of the English town Whitby . A city raided by Ragnar's sons in Ragnars saga loðbrókar . Rognvald
45563-459: The Limfjord in northern Jutland separates the kingdom of the Huns from the kingdom of the Gjukungs. Locheim Middle High German : Loch A town once located between Mainz and Worms on the Rhine that was destroyed by a flood in the thirteenth century. The place where Hagen has the hord of the Nibelungs sunk in the Rhine in the Nibelungenlied . Logafjöll Old Norse : Logafjǫll The means "flame mountains". It
45846-436: The Lodbrok lay Krákumál , and in the legendary sagas Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar and Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar . Varin's Fjord, Varin's Isle Old Norse : Varinsfjǫrðr and Old Norse : Varinsey The name Varin is a personal name based on the ethnonym Varini , but the location has been connected with Warnemünde . In a flyting with his opponent Sinfjötli accuses his opponent Gudmund of having been
46129-486: The Main River. Travelers going to or from the Burgundian kingdom from the East pass through it. In the Þiðreks saga "Frakland" refers roughly to the area in modern France under the control of the Capetian dynasty in the thirteenth century. Frekastein Old Norse : Frekastein The name means "wolf cliff". It appears in the eddic poems, Helgakvíða Hjǫrvarðssonar , Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I and Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II , and in Völsunga saga . The location
46412-838: The Mediterranean: Languages". In Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.). The Cambridge World Prehistory . Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02379-6 . Hiatt, Alfred (2010). "Beowulf off the map" . Anglo-Saxon England . 38 . Cambridge University Press: 11–40. doi : 10.1017/S026367510999010X . JSTOR 44938015 . S2CID 162848558 . The Poetic Edda . Translated by Hollander, Lee M. Texas University Press. 1928. Iversen, Frode (2020). "4 Between Tribe and Kingdom–People,Land, and Law in Scandza AD 500–1350". In Skre, Dagfinn (ed.). Rulership in 1st to 14th century Scandinavia . De Gruyter 2020. pp. 245–304. doi : 10.1515/9783110421101-004 . ISBN 9783110421101 . S2CID 213596339 . Jackson, Tatjana N. (2009). "Aldeigjuborg of
46695-2006: The Middle Ages". Myth, Might, and Man. Ten essays on Gamla Uppsala . Riksantikvarieämbetets förlag. pp. 47–49. ISBN 91-7209-190-8 . Reichert, Hermann (1998). "Runeninschrift als Quellen der Heldensagenforschung". In Düwel, Klaus; Nowak, Sean (eds.). Runeninschriften als Quellen interdisziplinärer Forschung: Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeninschriften in Göttingen vom 4-9 August 1995 . Walter de Gruyter. pp. 66–102. ISBN 3110154552 . Reichert, Hermann (1994). "Heime in Wilten und in der Thidrekssaga". In Uecker, Heiko (ed.). Studien zum Altgermanischen. Festschrift für Heinrich Beck . Walter de Gruyter. pp. 503–512. Reichert, Hermann (1996). "Þiðreks saga und oberdeutsche Heldensage". In Kramarz-Bein, Susanne (ed.). Hansische Literaturbeziehungen: Das Beispiel der Þiðreks saga und verwandter Literatur . Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 236–265. Rübekeil, Ludwig (2002). "Scandinavia In The Light of Ancient Tradition". In Bandle, Oskar [in German] (ed.). The Nordic Languages . Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter . pp. 593–604. ISBN 9783110148763 . Rübekeil, Ludwig (2017). "The dialectology of Germanic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics (PDF) . Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 986–1002. Schneider, Hermann (1934). Germanische Heldensage, Bd. 2,2: Englische Heldensage - festländische Heldensage in nordgermanischer und englischer Überlieferung - verlorene Heldensage . de Gruyter. Schneider, Hermann (1962). Germanische Heldensage, Bd. 1: Deutsche Heldensage (2 ed.). de Gruyter. Shippey, Tom (2008). "The Case of Beowulf". Indo-European Studies (26): 223–239. Shippey, Tom (2014). "Names in Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon England". In Neidorf, Leonard (ed.). The Dating of Beowulf,
46978-437: The Middle High German tradition. Although the city was part of the Burgundian kingdom on the Rhine, there is no evidence that it was their capital. Wrosnan Old English : Wrosnan A people mentioned in Widsith line 33, and identified by Malone as those of Vræsen, an island south-east of the Danish island Fyn . The island Vræsen was depopulated during the Migration period and its inhabitants may have joined
47261-880: The Migration Period, being Studies of Beowulf and Other Old English Poems . Cambridge University Press. Damico, Helen (1984). Beowulf's Wealhtheow and the Valkyrie Tradition . University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-09500-2 . Eggers, M. (2002). "Myrkviðr". In Beck, Heinrich (ed.). Reallexikon der germansichen Altertumskunde . Vol. 20 (2 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 460–461. ISBN 9783110171648 . Gruszczyński, Jacek (2019). Viking Silver, Hoards and Containers . Routledge, London and New York. ISBN 9780815373360 . Gschwantler, Otto (1971). "Zum Namen der Rosomonen und an. Jónakr". Die Sprache . 17 (2): 164–176. Gustavson, Helmer (1991). Rökstenen . Riksantikvarieämbetet. ISBN 91-7192-822-7 . Gwara, Scott (2008). "The Foreign Beowulf and
47544-580: The Norse legendary sagas, the name of an area corresponding to Bohuslän , in Sweden . Andvari Falls, Waterfall of Andvari Old Norse : Andvarafors The waterfalls of the dwarf Andvari , who swam there in the form of a pike and owned the hoard that later became known as the Rhinegold. Loki later caught him and extorted from him all the gold, including the cursed ring Andvaranaut . Aquitaine Latin : Aquitania , Middle High German : Wasconje lant Region in modern western France. The people of Walter of Aquitaine in
47827-406: The OE form, and was a heiti for "men", and such words were commonly derived from ethnonyms. The people are probably attested as the Chali by Ptolemy . Hälsingland Old Norse : Helsingjaland , Helsingjar , Hælsingaland , Old English : Hælsingas ? The name is originally an ethnonym, the Helsings , with the element - land , signifying their "territory". The ethnonym
48110-510: The Old English form regularly evolved from it. It is also identified with a battle mentioned in the Poetic Edda , see Móinsheim -, above. Older scholarship interpreted the name as referring to the " Medes ". Moors Middle High German : Mœre From medieval Latin Maurus ("Moor"). The hero Siegfried von Moorland and some others are described as Moors in medieval German epic. In Siegfried von Moorland's case, Moor may be used synonymously with "heathen," as he appears to be
48393-452: The Old Norse name Hrani ("blusterer, boaster"). The word hrani has been explained as "the one who squeals like a pig". Several scholars have identified them as the Ranii of Jordanes, and others with Hronesness in Beowulf . Other suggested identifications are "whale hunters" and the people of Hærnborg in Jutland . Hronesness Old English : Hrones Næs Hron means "whale", and næs(s) means "headland, bluff". It
48676-428: The PGmc noun *sahsan , which designated a kind of small sword similar to a knife or a dagger. The Saxons are described as proverbially fierce in Medieval German epic. In the Þiðreks saga , the name Saxland is used for northern Germany. Scania , Scandinavia Old English : Scedeland , Old English : Scedenig , Old Norse : Skáney , Latin : Sca(n)dinavia , Latin : Scandza The name
48959-562: The PGmc root * wanđ- ("water"), presumably because the tribe was originally located near the Limfjord (cf. Old High German : wentilsēo , "sea"), but they were also linked to Vendel, in Sweden. Vífilsborg Vífilsborg It is identified by Nikulás of Þverá as Avenches in Switzerland, whose former German name was "Wuflisburg". A city raided by Ragnar's sons in the Holy Roman Empire. Vinbjorg and Valbjorg Old Norse : Vinbjǫrg and Old Norse : Valbjǫrg Locations that are given to Gudrun as compensation for
49242-402: The Polovtsi; Valwen is the German form of this second name. The Cumans appear as archers in Attila's army in Biterolf und Dietleib and also in the minstrel epic König Rother . D-G [ edit ] Modernized name Names in medieval languages Name meaning and/or identification Notes Daglings Dǫglingar In the Ynglinga saga , Dag the Great
49525-604: The Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780859914727 . Niles, John (2007). "Anglo-Saxon Heroic Geography: How (on Earth) Can It be Mapped?" . Old English Heroic Poems and the Social Life of Texts . Brepolis. pp. 119–140. Orchard, Andy (2003). A Critical Companion to Beowulf . D. S. Brewer, Cambridge. ISBN 0-85991-766-5 . Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology . Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0 . Paff, William J. (1959). The Geographical and Ethnic Names in
49808-468: The Rhine rather than on the Danube. The capital of the Hunnish march ruled by Rüdiger. Bern Middle High German : Berne , Old Norse : Bern Verona , Italy. The change of v to b could show Romance or Gothic influence, while the remainder of the development of Verona to MHG Berne is regular. This was the first city south of the Alps on the usual route from Germany. Home of Dietrich von Bern. The term Bernære (Berner/Veronan)
50091-443: The Romanians. The Vlachs are among Attila's subject peoples in the Nibelungenlied and are described as riding like flying birds. Hornboge and some other heroes are associated with this people. Völsungs Old English : Wælsing[as] , Old Norse : Vǫlsungar George Gillespie states that the name is probably based on PGmc *wala- ("selected, beloved"), comparing Gothic walisa ("beloved"). It could also derive from
50374-519: The Rus' rulers in the saga could reflect historical attacks by the Rus' on Byzantium. Greutungi Latin : Greotingi , Old Norse : Grýtingar , Old English : Greotinʒas Greuting was an East Gothic tribal name derived from PGmc * ʒreutan , meaning "stone, gravel". It is preserved in German Graudenz from Old Prussian Graudingis . Appears in the Hlǫðskvíða part of Hervarar saga Grindir Old Norse : Grindir A location that appears in Völsunga saga based on
50657-826: The Study of Germanic Antiquity" . Neophilologus . 97 (1): 165–183. doi : 10.1007/s11061-012-9308-2 . S2CID 163940868 . Neidorf, Leonard (2018a). "Beowulf as Pre-National Epic: Ethnocentrism in the Poem and its Criticism" . ELH . 85 (4): 847–875. doi : 10.1353/elh.2018.0031 . S2CID 165792664 . Neidorf, Leonard (2021). "The Gepids in Beowulf" . ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews . 3 (1): 3–6. doi : 10.1080/0895769X.2019.1584028 . S2CID 166373368 . Neumann, Günter; Castritius, Helmut (2010) [2003]. "Rosomonen". Germanische Altertumskunde Online . de Gruyter. Nerman, Birger (1925). Svenska rikets uppkomst . Stockholm: Generalstabens litografiska anstalt. Newton, Sam (1993). The Origins of Beowulf and
50940-1023: The Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature, Oxford. ISBN 0-907570-08-9 . McTurk, Rory W. (2006). "Kings and Kingship in Viking Northumbria" (PDF) . In McKinnell, John S.; Ashurst, David; Kick, Donata (eds.). The Fantastic in Old Norse Icelandic Literature, Preprint Papers of the 13th International Saga Conference, Durham and York 6th-12th August 2006 . Vol. 2. pp. 681–688. Much, Rudolf (1919). "Der germanische Osten in der Heldensage" (PDF) . 57 : 145–176. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) Nedoma, Robert ; Anton, Hans H. (1998). "Gibichungen". In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Vol. 12. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 66–69. doi : 10.1515/gao_RGA_19403 (inactive 1 November 2024). {{ cite encyclopedia }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 ( link ) Neidorf, Leonard (2013b). "The Dating of Widsið and
51223-456: The Sueves and become sole king. Fyn Old Norse : Fjón An island in what is today Denmark. In Völsunga saga , Gudrun and Thora make a tapestry showing Sigar and Siggeir doing battle on the island. Fyrisvellir Old Norse : Fýrisvellir The plains ( vellir , " wolds ") south of Uppsala . The first element is from Old East Norse * føre "soggy hay meadow" or "inundated area" and there are remains of
51506-463: The Swedish Yngling dynasty were called descendants of the god Freyr whose animal was the boar. The boar was likely their regal insignia. The boar also represented both Sweden and Freyr iconographically. Another theory, suggests * swe- ("one's own"), meaning "confederates" or "independent", and be related to OHG giswīo (< - swiho ) "in-laws". The name may also be derived from a root * swi , as in OHG swīnan , "to ebb out" and be related to water, as in
51789-443: The Swedish body of water Svinnegarn, or from the Proto-Germanic word for "sea", * saiwi . Located in the Mälaren basin with their tribal centre in Uppsala , where resided the scylfing (Yngling) dynasty . Their realm is believed to have included the provinces Uppland , Södermanland , Västmanland and Närke . Sweordweras Old English : Sweordweras A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 62, and they have
52072-502: The Swedish hero Hjalmar and the Norwegian hero Örvar-Oddr fought twelve infamous beserkers in Norse legends. It was also the location of Munarvágr . Sævarstath Old Norse : Sævarstað The name means "place by the sea", "sea-stead". After Nidud's men had hamstrung Wayland , they confined him to an island named Sævarstað. Saxons Old English : Seaxe , Middle High German : Sahse(n) , Old Norse : Saxar From PGmc * Sahsaz or * Sahsōn , from
52355-416: The Swedish plural land and numerous other examples. That also applies to almost all feminine nouns, for example the largest feminine noun group, the o-stem nouns (except the Swedish noun jord mentioned above), and even i-stem nouns and root nouns , such as Old West Norse mǫrk ( mörk in Icelandic) in comparison with Modern and Old Swedish mark . Vowel breaking, or fracture, caused
52638-443: The Swedish version of the Þiðreks saga , Dietrich saved himself from being carried to hell by a black horse by praying to God and Mary. He then hunted down Vithga (Widege) to the island of Fehmarn off Holstein, where both were mortally wounded in a duel. Dietrich then went to the nearby town of Hofferdh and died. Holmrugians Old English : Holmryc[g]as The "island Rugians", a people mentioned in Widsith , line 21, and
52921-606: The Tragedy of Finnsburg" . PMLA . 30 (2): 372–431. doi : 10.2307/457101 . JSTOR 457101 . Lienert, Elisabeth (2015). Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik . Berlin: Erich Schmidt. ISBN 978-3-503-15573-6 . Lindow, John (2001). Handbook of Norse Mythology . Handbooks of World Mythology. ABC-CLIO, Inc. ISBN 1-57607-217-7 . Mägi, Marika (2018). "The Historical Reality: Places, Place Names, and Ethnonyms in Written Sources" . In Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Gorecki, Piotr; Murdoch, Steve; Heß, Cordelia; Pedersen, Anne (eds.). In Austrvegr: The Role of
53204-474: The Vistula. The name is given five possible explanations by Jan der Vries : 1) it could be ON hreiðr (nest), referring to those Goths who did not migrate from the Baltic; 2) it could be from hróðr (fame), but de Vries rejects this; 3) it could be a Germanization of the Adriatic Sea (from Gothic : * Hraiðimari-gutans , from Latin : Hadriatica mare ); 4) it could be from an unattested PGmc * hreid- ("elite, chosen"); 5) it could come from
53487-404: The Völsungs. Ymbran Old English : Ymbran A people mentioned in Widsith line 32. Perhaps they were the Ambrones and the people of the island of Amrum (formerly Ambrum ). Ynglings Old English : Scylfing , Old Norse : Skilfingr and Old Norse : Ynglingr The name Ynglingr comes from Yngvi , one of the names of the god Freyr , the founder of
53770-1965: The Wise (PDF) . Translated by Tolkien, Christopher . 1960. Uecker, Heiko (1972). Germanische Heldensage . Stuttgart: Metzler. ISBN 3476101061 . de Vries, Jan (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (1977 ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-05436-3 . de Vries, Jan (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (2000 ed.). Brill. ISBN 90-04-05436-7 . The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok . Translated by Waggoner, Ben. Troth Publications. 1960. Wahlberg, Mats (2003). Svenskt ortnamnslexikon . Uppsala: Institutet för språk och folkminnen. Waßenhoven, Dominik (2008). " "Dort ist die Mitte der Welt". Ein isländischer Pilgerführer des 12. Jahrhunderts". In Rexroth, Frank; Huschner, Wolfgang (eds.). Gestiftete Zukunft im mittelalterlichen Europa. Festschrift für Michael Borgolte zum 60. Geburtstag . Akademie Verlag. doi : 10.1515/9783050049823-003 (inactive 1 November 2024). {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 ( link ) Wessén, Elias (1927). "Eddadikterna om Helge Hundingsbane" . Fornvännen . Wessén, Elias (1952). Wessén, Elias; Helgason, Jón; Knudsen, Trygve; Skautrup, Peter (eds.). Ynglingsaga . Svenska bokförlaget Norstedts, Stockholm; Ejnar Munksgaard, København; Dreyers forlag, Oslo. Wolfram, Herwig (2004). "Origo gentis: The Literature of German Origins". In Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm; Fritz (eds.). Early Germanic Literature and Culture . Camden House. pp. 39–54. ISBN 157113199X . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend&oldid=1254926125 " Categories : Germanic heroic legends Lists of literary characters Hidden categories: Articles containing Old Norse-language text Articles with short description Short description
54053-569: The Wise (PDF) . Translated by Finch, R. G. London and Edinburgh: Nelson. 1965. Sturluson, Snorri (2016). Heimskringla (PDF) . Vol. 1. Translated by Alison, Finlay; Anthony, Faulkes. Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London. ISBN 978-0-903521-86-4 . Friis-Jensen, Karsten, ed. (2015). Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum, The History of the Danes . Vol. 1. Translated by Fisher, Peter. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-82052-34 . Fulk, R. D. (2018). A Comparative Grammar of
54336-541: The beginning of words, this manifested as a dropping of the initial /j/ (which was general, independent of the following vowel) or /v/ . Compare ON orð , úlfr , ár with English word, wolf, year . In inflections, this manifested as the dropping of the inflectional vowels. Thus, klæði + dat -i remains klæði , and sjáum in Icelandic progressed to sjǫ́um > sjǫ́m > sjám . The * jj and * ww of Proto-Germanic became ggj and ggv respectively in Old Norse,
54619-416: The border between modern France and Germany. Waskenstein may mean "sharp rock" ( Old High German : (h)was , "sharp"). The site of Siegfried's murder in most versions of the Nibelungenlied , as well as of Walther of Aquitaine's battle against Gunther and Hagen in Waltharius and probably in the fragmentary Walther und Hildegund (Walter is called "von Wasgenstein" elsewhere and is being escorted through
54902-514: The clan name of Theodoric the Great , from mer / mær (famous), thus "the famous Goths". The element was commonly used in his family; his father was Theodemer , and his uncles Valamer and Vidumer. Possibly connected to Maronia ( Istria , (MHG Mêrân)) or Meran in South Tyrol . People/place name associated with Dietrich von Bern in Deor and on the Rök runestone. Mautern an der Donau Middle High German : Mûtâren , Middle High German : Mûter A town in Austria located on
55185-411: The cluster */Crʀ/ cannot be realized as /Crː/ , nor as */Crʀ/ , nor as */Cʀː/ . The same shortening as in vetr also occurs in lax = laks ('salmon') (as opposed to * lakss , * laksʀ ), botn ('bottom') (as opposed to * botnn , * botnʀ ), and jarl (as opposed to * jarll , * jarlʀ ). Furthermore, wherever the cluster */rʀ/
55468-457: The derivative suffix -jane and means "prairie dwellers". In the Nibelungenlied , they are subject to Attila. In Biterolf und Dietleib , Biterolf leads Attila's armies against the rebellious Poles and Rus'. Several heroes, including Hornboge, are associated with Poland. In Þiðreks saga , the area is vaguely located between Hunaland and Rus' and is partially ruled by Rus', partially by the Veleti. This may be because Poland had lost Pomerania by
55751-449: The diphthongs remained. Old Norse has six plosive phonemes, /p/ being rare word-initially and /d/ and /b/ pronounced as voiced fricative allophones between vowels except in compound words (e.g. veðrabati ), already in the Proto-Germanic language (e.g. * b *[β] > [v] between vowels). The /ɡ/ phoneme was pronounced as [ɡ] after an /n/ or another /ɡ/ and as [k] before /s/ and /t/ . Some accounts have it
56034-479: The dragon Fafnir lives. In the twelfth century, the Icelandic pilgrim Nikulús Bergsson was shown the location of Gnitaheath south of Paderborn in Germany. Götaland Old Norse : Gautland , Old English : Geatland See Geats . Goths Old Norse : gotar , Old English : gotan A Germanic tribe that moved from the Baltic sea area and settled in Ukraine before splitting up into Visigoths and Ostrogoths . The ethnonym Goths
56317-474: The dynasty, and Sweden, in Norse mythology . The name Scylfing/Skilfingr is of uncertain meaning. Just like the names of the Danish rulers alliterated with their residence Heorot / Hleiðr , the Geatish rulers with Hreosnaburh , the Yngling rulers' names alliterated with their residence Uppsala . The Norwegian Fairhair dynasty claimed to be descended from this dynasty. Xanten Middle High German : Santen Xanten in Westphalia. Siegfried
56600-404: The earlier parts of the poem through his allusions to Wayland the Smith , Theodoric the Goth, Eormanric the Goth, and other legendary figures of the Germanic past". Historically, we know that one speaker could not travel to see all of these nations in one lifetime. In a similar vein, "I was with the Lidwicingas, the Leonas, and the Langobards", Widsith boasts, with heathens and heroes and with
56883-405: The equivalent of ON völsi ("phallus"), possibly as a name for Odin. There are no clear historical origins for the clan, except that they were probably originally Frankish. In Norse Tradition, the clan of Sigmund and Sigurd. Sigmund is called a Wælsing in Beowulf. Vosges Middle High German : Waskenwalt or Waskenstein , Old Norse : Vaskasteinn A low mountain range on
57166-417: The ethnonym from the name of the Frankish weapon, the * frankōn , although it may be the other way around. In Middle High German, the name is usually used for Franconians ; in the Waltharius , the Burgundian kings are called Franci nebulones and in MHG they are sometimes called Rînvanken ("Rhine Franconians"). Separated from Rhine Franconia is East Franconia ( Ostervranken ), north and south of
57449-430: The father of Ragnar Lodbrok . It was also the home of Sinfjötli in Helgakviða Hundingsbana I , stanza 42 (taunted for having had unnatural relations with Sigurd's horse Grani there). Breisach Middle High German : Brîsâch , Old Norse : Trelinnborg (?) Breisach on the Rhine. In German tradition, the home of the Harlungen. In the Þiðreks saga , Trelinnborg is one of three cities associated with
57732-514: The forest. Bruna Bay Old Norse : Brunavágar Wessén translates the name as "bay of breaking waves" (the word allbruna appears in the Gotland dialect of Old Norse), while Bugge translates it as the "bay of burning and pillaging". It appears in the heroic poem Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II . A fictive location where the hero rests with his fleet. Burgundians Old English : Burgendas , Middle High German : Burgonde , Old Norse : Burgundar The Germanic tribe of
58015-415: The giant Ecke here. The name only occurs in the Þiðreks saga , but other indications suggest that the Ecke legend was placed on the Rhine in German tradition. Dunheiðr Old Norse : Dúnheiðr Most scholars of Germanic languages have derived the name from * Dūnabisheiðr , the " Danube heath" or the "Danube plain". However, several historians have identified Dún with the Donets river, which
58298-690: The giant Ecke is sent out. Ulleråker Old Norse : Ullarákr , Latin : Laneo Campo or Latin : Campus Laneus The legendary location Ullarakr was located near Uppsala, Sweden. The name referred to a hundred district named after the local thing (assembly location), which was some 100m south of the later Uppsala Cathedral . Uller is the genitive form of the theonym Ullr and åker means "field". Since ull can also mean "wool" it has been mistranslated as Laneo Campo "field of wool", see also McTurk 's translation (1991). In Gesta Danorum , Saxo appears to have moved Campus Laneus to western Scania . Mentioned in Heimskringla and in
58581-451: The hero Heime become a monk and was the founder of the monastery, which he defended against a giant named Thurso and also a dragon. Heime's grave at Wilten had earlier been mentioned by the North German chronicler Albert von Stade in the 13th century. Withmyrgings Old English : Wiþmyrgingas A people mentioned in Widsith line 118, and perhaps the same as the Ongendmyrgings. The element with points to them being located at
58864-422: The hero at his naming ceremony, and they are probably inspired by Ringsted in Denmark. Hronan Old English : Hronan A people who are mentioned in line 63, in Widsith , but whose identity is unknown. The two other ethnonyms that appear in the same line belong to the southern part of the Scandinavian peninsula. The name corresponds to the Icelandic hrani ("coarse, crude, heedless person") and
59147-424: The heroic lays in Denmark, suggested Møn . See also Moin in Norse mythology. Møn Old English : Moide , Old Norse : Mói The Moide were a group people mentioned in Widsith line 84, and identified as the inhabitants of the island of Møn . The old name of the island was Mói and it appears in Adam of Bremen 's work as Moiland . The name is derived from * mōh with an aja -suffix and
59430-400: The heroic poem Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II . A fictive location where the hero killed bears. Brálund Old Norse : Brálundr The element brá is the same as that of the real location Brávellir but Brálundr may have been created for alliterative purposes in the poems Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I and Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II . The location where the hero of the poems
59713-421: The home of the king of the glorious Goths, Eormanric , the cruel troth-breaker". The Ostrogoth Eormanric was defeated by the Huns in the 4th century. It is moot whether Widsith literally intends himself, or poetically means his lineage, either as a Myrging or as a poet, as when "the fictive speaker Deor uses the rhetoric of first-person address to insert himself into the same legendary world that he evokes in
59996-607: The island, but in Völsunga saga , this is reported by his father Granmar . Solheim Old Norse : Sólheimr Sól means "sun", and heimr means "home". Solheim castle is where the adversary Hothbrodd lives in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I . Sparin's Heath Old Norse : Sparinsheiðr Sophus Bugge connected the name to Sparta . Sparin is unknown elsewhere. The location appears in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I . A location where Hothbrodd and Granmar have allies against Helgi Hundingsbane . Stave Ness Old Norse : Stafsnes Stafn means
60279-446: The island. Lejre Old Norse : Hleiðr or Old Norse : Hleiðargarðr According the Skjöldunga saga , the oldest residence of the Skjöldung clan. Beowulf mentions the hall of Heorot in the location, and it is supposedly the site of Harald Wartooth's grave. Thietmar of Merseburg reported of great pagan sacrifices very much like those in Uppsala . His report may be substantiated by finds of 10th c. buildings on
60562-488: The killing of her husband and son, in Völsunga saga , and Guðrúnarkvíða hin forna , but they are otherwise unknown. Vistula Woods Old English : Wistlawudu The areas around the river Vistula where the formerly were Germanic-speaking populations, see Hreith-Goths , above. Vlachs ( Romanians ) Middle High German : Walâchen , Middle High German : Vlâchen A nomadic people in South East Europe, in MHG usage probably identical with
60845-508: The lake, Bolmen, which is from Old East Norse * bolmber meaning "big one". Schütte argued that Angelstad at the lake was named after Angantyr, which is accepted by Pritsak . This is according to the more original R version of Hervarar saga . The considerably more altered H and U versions place it in Hålogaland in Norway . Gesta danorum places the berserkers in Sweden. Bragalund Old Norse : Bragalundr The name means "grove where great deeds are performed" and appears in
61128-717: The land or people of Charlemagne. The form in Þiðreks saga appears to be a distortion of K arlunga-land , from the MHG name. In German tradition, the name is especially associated with Walter of Aquitaine. In the Þiðreks saga , the location of Sigurd/Siegfried's kingdom, south of Frakland (France). L-S [ edit ] Modernized name Names in medieval languages Name meaning and/or identification Notes Laganess, Saga Ness Old Norse : Láganes , Old Norse : á nesi Ságu In Völsunga saga called Láganes instead of á nesi Ságu that appears in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I . Lágr (as in Láganes ) means "low", whereas Sága (as in á nesi Ságu )
61411-500: The location is unidentified. In the Völsunga saga a good harbour in Granmar 's kingdom. In Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I , a location in Granmar's kingdom, where Sinfjötli is said to have been castrated by gýgjar . Gnipafjord Old Norse : Gnipafjǫrðr For gnipa , see above. A fjord mentioned in connection with the town Hvítabœr, in Ragnars saga Loðbrókar . Gnitaheath Old Norse : Gnitaheiðr Possibly meaning "heath of debris." The heath where
61694-408: The location of Gnípalundr (Gnipa Grove). In the Völsunga saga , a location in Granmar's kingdom, where Sinfjötli is said to have been castrated by daughters of jötnar. Trøndelag Old Norse : Þrøndr , Old English : Þrōwend A district whose people mentioned in Old Norse sources and in Widsith line 64. One scholar identified the people of Widsith with the Treveri of
61977-563: The location where Helgi Hundingsbane assembled his army. Ravenswood Old English : Hrefna Wudu , Old English : Hrefnes Holt A forest in Sweden. The name Hrefna Wudu is mentioned line 2925, and Hrefnes Holt in line 2935. In the battle of Ravenswood against the Geats, the Swedish king Ongentheow fell, and Ohtere succeeded him. Rodulsvoll, Rodulsfell Old Norse : Rǫðulsvǫll and Rǫðulsfjall Rǫðull may mean "the sun", but it may also mean "glory" and "halo", or "crest". Fjall means "mountain". For
62260-405: The location. The names of the Danish rulers alliterated with their residence Heorot / Hleiðr , just as the Geatish rulers with Hreosnaburh , and the Yngling rulers' names alliterated with their residence Uppsala . Generally identified with the location of Heorot in Beowulf Leonas Old English : Lēonas A people mentioned in Widsith , line 80, and identified by Malone as
62543-399: The long vowels with an acute accent. In medieval manuscripts, it is often unmarked but sometimes marked with an accent or through gemination . Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places. These occurred as allophones of the vowels before nasal consonants and in places where a nasal had followed it in an older form of the word, before it was absorbed into a neighboring sound. If
62826-408: The longest peace together, uncle and nephew, since they repulsed the Viking-kin and Ingeld to the spear-point made bow, hewn at Heorot Heaðobards ' army. The widely travelled poet Widsith (his name simply means "far journey") claims himself to be of the house of the Myrgings , who had first set out in the retinue of "Ealhild, the beloved weaver of peace , from the east out of Angeln to
63109-574: The meaning of vǫll , see Fýrisvellir. Rǫðulsvǫll is mentioned by the Valkyrie Svafa as the location where the hero of the poem was born, and Rǫðulsfjall is mentioned by the hero as place near his home. Rogheim Old Norse : Rogheimr Cleasby & Sigfússon suggest Rogaland . Mentioned in Helgakvíða Hjǫrvarðssonar , as a location where the hero of the poem lives. Romerike Old English : Heaðoreamas , Old Norse : Raumar , Old Norse : Raumaríki , Latin : Raumariciae The people of Romerike are mentioned as
63392-491: The medieval period, the name "Lombardy" referred to a larger area than the modern Lombardy region in northern Italy. The Kingdom of Ortnit, Wolfdietrich, and Dietrich von Bern is referred to as "Lombardy" ( Lamparten ), which is also used as a people name. The Þiðreks saga sometimes distinguishes it from "Amlungaland" (see Amals). Lorsch Abbey Middle High German : Lôrs A Benedictine monastery located 15 kilometers from Worms, founded 764. According to
63675-466: The most conservative language, such that in present-day Iceland, schoolchildren are able to read the 12th-century Icelandic sagas in the original language (in editions with normalised spelling). Old Icelandic was very close to Old Norwegian , and together they formed Old West Norse , which was also spoken in Norse settlements in Greenland , the Faroes , Ireland , Scotland , the Isle of Man , northwest England, and in Normandy . Old East Norse
63958-433: The mouth of the Vistula by the 1st c. In the next century they moved to the Hungarian plain, where they together with other Germanic tribes defeated the Huns in 454. In the 6th c. the Lombards defeated them and they disappear from history. According to Beowulf they were still associated with their old homeland in Sweden. Gjukungs/Gibichungen Old Norse : Gjúkungar The sons of Gjuki, alternative name for
64241-513: The name Aldeigja as Ladoga . In the U version of Hervarar saga , Angantyr's father-in-law is earl there. Styr Cliffs Old Norse : Styrkleifar The word styrr means "tumult", "brawl". In '' Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II , it is where Helgi Hundingsbane killed Starkad . Styria Middle High German : Stîre A region in modern Austria. The heroes Biterolf and his son Dietleib are associated with Styria in medieval German epic. Attila grants Biterolf Styria as
64524-445: The name "Carpathians" as Harvað- , from PGmc * χarfaþ -, from an earlier karpat , as it shows that it has been worked on by Grimm's law . Mentioned in the Gothic legends in Hervarar saga . Chatti , Chattuarii , Old English : Hetware , Old English : Hætwerum A people mentioned in both Beowulf (line 2363) in connection with Hygelac 's historic raid into Frisia, and in Widsith (line 33), where they have
64807-494: The name Goths is not used, despite the prominence of Gothic heroes such as Dietrich von Bern. Gothiscandza Latin : Gothiscandza Presumably from * Gutisk-andja , i.e. "Gothic end", or from * Guti-Skandia which means "Gothic Scandinavia", and possibly the origin of the city names Gdansk and Gdynia , in northern Poland, where the Goths are reported to have settled after their migration from Scandinavia. The vast majority of scholars consider Jordanes' account of
65090-418: The name as the "borderers" and referring to the people of Telemark . Other scholars have identified the name with the Reudigni of Tacitus . Rosomoni Latin : Rososomoni , The name of the family of Sunilda and Ammius and Sarus in Jordanes Getica : the name may derive from Pre-Germanic **rudh-s-mn̥- "those bearing red", possibly indicating natural or dyed hair or skin color. In
65373-427: The name in the small lakes ( Övre Föret and Nedre Föret ). The phoneme ø was misinterpreted in the Icelandic tradition and replaced with y . Mentioned in Ynglinga saga , Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa , Hervarar saga and Hrólfs saga kraka . Garda Middle High German : Garte Garda in medieval Lombardy, modern Veneto . The home of Hildebrand and the capital of Ortnit. Ortnit's analogue in
65656-485: The name may refer to the Holmrygir of Rogaland or to the Rugians . Malone points out the usual sense of holm in Old English was "sea" and suggest that this indicates that Widsith referred to the Continental Rugians. Hreith-Goths Old English : Hrædas , Old Norse : Hreiðgotar The identification is disputed: Otto Höfler argues that the name applies to all Goths, whereas Otto von Friesen argued that it referred only to Goths who lived near
65939-541: The name means "fortress city by the sea," whereas in the presumed German original, it would mean "enclosure by a lake." A manuscript variant Regarðr could indicate the island of Rügen as the original location. Brunhild's stronghold in the northern Alps in Swabia in the Þiðreks saga. The iron door of the castle suggests a link to her stronghold in the Nibelungenlied Isenstein (MHG îsen = iron). Sercings Old English : Sercingas A group of people mentioned in Widsith line 75, and possibly referring to
66222-415: The name of a river that appears in Ptolemy , the Χάλουσος ποταμός , but the location of this river is disputed. Hatafjord Old Norse : Hatafjorðr The name means "Hati's fjord" and is where lived the jötunn Hati, whose names means "hateful", in Helgakvíða Hjǫrvardssonar . The location where Helgi Hjörvardsson kills the jötunn Hati. The jötunn's daughter Hrímgerðr is upset and starts
66505-576: The name represents a historical people. They have been connected to the Swedish region of Nerike or with the Belgic Nervii tribe. In Völundarkviða , the people of King Nithhad, which it apparently places in Sweden. Normans , Normandy Middle High German : Ormanie The land of Ludwig and Hartmut in Kudrun . Certain elements seem to derive from knowledge of the Normans of Sicily rathar than Normandy in France. Norvasund, Orvasund Old Norse : Nǫrvasundr , Old Norse : Ǫrvasundr Norvasund means "narrow strait" and
66788-566: The names of the Geatish rulers alliterate with their seat Hreosnaburh. When the Geatish prince Haethcyn accidentally had killed his brother Herebeald with arrow, their father Hrethel died of grief because he couldn't avenge his dead son on his last son. With Haethcyn left as the king of the Geats, the Swedes took advantage of the situation and successfully raided the Geats at Hreosnaburh. Hringstaðir Old Norse : Hringstaðir and Old Norse : Hringstǫð The two locations are mentioned in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I as estates given to
67071-435: The nasal was absorbed by a stressed vowel, it would also lengthen the vowel. This nasalization also occurred in the other Germanic languages, but were not retained long. They were noted in the First Grammatical Treatise , and otherwise might have remained unknown. The First Grammarian marked these with a dot above the letter. This notation did not catch on, and would soon be obsolete. Nasal and oral vowels probably merged around
67354-641: The other North Germanic languages. Faroese retains many similarities but is influenced by Danish, Norwegian, and Gaelic ( Scottish and/or Irish ). Although Swedish, Danish and Norwegian have diverged the most, they still retain considerable mutual intelligibility . Speakers of modern Swedish, Norwegian and Danish can mostly understand each other without studying their neighboring languages, particularly if speaking slowly. The languages are also sufficiently similar in writing that they can mostly be understood across borders. This could be because these languages have been mutually affected by each other, as well as having
67637-434: The outflow of Mälaren where modern Stockholm is situated. In Ynglinga saga , it is reported that it got its name "Agne's meadow" from the story when the legendary Swedish king Agne 's bride hanged him from a tree there, in his golden torc . Ynglinga saga , Hervarar saga , Ásmundar saga kappabana , Orvar-Odd's saga and in the Saga of Olaf Haraldsson . Álfheimr (region) Old Norse : Álfheimr In
67920-484: The personal name Heoden or maybe meaning "people of the skins". The German form may show a phonetic development of -tl- to -gl- or have been influenced by the place name Högling near Tegernsee . Ethnic name of Heoden's people. In Widsith , he is king of the "island- Rugians " ( Holmryg[as] ), in Kudrun his kingdom seems to be in Denmark, and in Sörla Þattr , he is king of "Serkland", which may mean Africa. Heorot Old English : Heorot The hall of
68203-399: The place where Wayland lived with his brothers, where they met the three Valkyries, and where he stayed waiting for his Hervor until Nidud captured him. Worms Middle High German : Wormez , Old Norse : Verniza , Latin : Wormatia Worms, a city located on the Rhine , founded by the Romans and captured by the Burgundians in 413. Capital of the Burgundian kingdom in
68486-482: The plains ( vellir , " wolds ") near Norrköping in Östergötland , and Bråviken to the inlet (- viken ) north-east of the city. The first element is the Old East Norse adjective * brar ("shining"), but the name of the inlet may originally have been * Brae meaning "the shining one" or the fjard to which the river * Bra ( Motala ström ) runs. The location of the massive Battle of Brávellir between Danish king Harald Wartooth and Swedish king Sigurd Ring ,
68769-407: The poem. Signhildsberg Old Norse : Sigtún The derivation is contested but may be cognate with the Celtic toponym Segodunum , from PGmc * siga - tūna ("strong fortress"). Founded by Odin according to the Prose Edda . It also appears in e.g. Hervarar saga , in Heimskringla and Gesta Danorum . It is mentioned in the legend of Hjalmar and Ingeborg in Hervarar saga , but
69052-552: The poet Der Marner suggests their may have been additional songs about them. In Þiðreks saga , their king Valdemarr attacks Attila's kingdom and is killed. North European hunters and gatherers, Sami people (Lapps), Finns Old Norse : Finnr Of contested origin, from e.g. PGmc * Finnaz , of unclear origin, or from PGmc * fanþian - "wandering people". Non-Germanic people that were more widespread over northern Scandinavia, Finland and northern Russia. Samsø Old Norse : Samsey A Danish island where
69335-445: The population of Gautland ("Geatland"), modern Västergötland , but in Old Norse, it could also include the people of Östergötland . Later it was extended to the population of Götaland ("lands of the Geats"), which was coined to separate it from the core territory Västergötland. The Anglo-Saxons seem to have confused the Geats with the Jutes once the latter people were no longer important. The nature of how they were subsumed into Sweden
69618-447: The region was the principal recipient of Roman objects in what today is Sweden, and it is also where the earliest finds of Samanid coins have been made in Sweden. Hælsingas Old English : Hælsingas A people that is mentioned in Widsith as ruled by Wade . Müllenhoff connected the name with hals ("neck") although he considered them fictive. They cannot be identified securely, but are generally considered to have been
69901-401: The region, but several of them were written down with vague geographic knowledge, distant in time and location from those who coined them. The region and its people are often mentioned in Old Norse legendary sagas. In the Nibelungenlied , they are Attila's subjects. In Ortnit , the hero Iljas von Russland is from Rus'. In Biterolf und Dietleib , they rebel against Attila, and a reference by
70184-536: The root vowel, ǫ , is short. The clusters */Clʀ, Csʀ, Cnʀ, Crʀ/ cannot yield */Clː, Csː, Cnː, Crː/ respectively, instead /Cl, Cs, Cn, Cr/ . The effect of this shortening can result in the lack of distinction between some forms of the noun. In the case of vetr ('winter'), the nominative and accusative singular and plural forms are identical. The nominative singular and nominative and accusative plural would otherwise have been OWN * vetrr , OEN * wintrʀ . These forms are impossible because
70467-403: The ruler of the Bohemians, in Dietrich und Wenezlan . Bohemians also fight against Attila in Biterolf und Dietleib , in which they are said to fight with flails. Bolmsö Old Norse : Bólm The home of the sons of Arngrímr , the twelve beserkers in the Samsey poetry . The island is situated in lake Bolmen in the Finnveden region of Götaland . The name is from the name of
70750-616: The saga. Frumtings Old English : Frumtingas A people mentioned in Widsith , line 68, who were the followers of the Suebian king Framta , in Spain . The name may originally have been Framtingas . There was rivalry between the Framtings, the faction of king Framta and the Maldrings, the followers of king Maldras , when king Rechiar died in 457. The alliteration between Frumar and Framta suggests that they were near relatives. The faction may have been called Framtings when following Framta, and Frumtings when following Frumar. When Frumar died 464, Richimund could unite
71033-799: The sagas in the light of archaeological data". Á austrvega. Saga and East Scandinavia. Preprint papers of the 14th International Saga Conference Uppsala, 9th–15th August 2009 . 1 : 438–442. Jansson, Sven B.F. (1987). Runes in Sweden . Kungl. Vitterhetsakademien. ISBN 9789178440672 . Jones, Gwyn (1969). A History of the Vikings . Oxford University Press. Kaufmann, Hennig (1968). Ergänzungsband zu Ernst Förstemann: Personennamen . Wilhelm Fink. Klaeber, Friedrich (2008). Fulk, R.D.; Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D. (eds.). Klaeber's Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg . University of Toronto Press. pp. 274–277. ISBN 978-0-8020-9843-6 . Klein, Ernest (1966). A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of
71316-464: The same Germanic people on the lower Vistula , as the Helveconae of Tacitus and the Elvaeones of Ptolemy . The difference between the three forms of Widsith , Tacitus and Ptolemy is that Elvaeones has a ja -suffix, Helvecones has a k -suffix, while Ilwan has a nil-grade of the Ptolemaic suffix. Isenstein Middle High German : Îsenstein From Middle High German îsen ("iron") and stein ("stone"). Brunhild's castle in
71599-479: The same battle at a place called Gronsport on the Moselle river in northern Germany; this could reflect a corruption of Gregenborg ("Greek-city"), one of the names given to Ravenna in the saga. It may instead reflect an alternative localization in Northern German legend, in which case various explanations for the name have been offered. Site of an enormous battle between Dietrich von Bern and Ermanaric's forces, during which Witige slays Dietrich's brother Diether and
71882-421: The same island as Hiddensee near Rügen . It is mentioned in Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I as a location from where a fleet with warriors was sent to him. The location is probably taken from the tradition of the island of Hjaðningavíg (see below). Hedmark Old Norse : Heiðmǫrk , Heiðnir , Heinir , Old English : Hǣðnas The people of Hedmark are mentioned in Widsith , line 81, as
72165-441: The same language, dǫnsk tunga ("Danish tongue"; speakers of Old East Norse would have said dansk tunga ). Another term was norrœnt mál ("northern speech"). Today Old Norse has developed into the modern North Germanic languages Icelandic , Faroese , Norwegian , Danish , Swedish , and other North Germanic varieties of which Norwegian, Danish and Swedish retain considerable mutual intelligibility . Icelandic remains
72448-563: The same name as the Daukíones reported by Ptolemy and Ptolemy's form is derived from PGmc * Dauhjaniz while Widsith' s form is from the non-hypocoristic form * Dauhaniz , both from same PGmc base * dauh as the verb * dugan ("to be worth"). It has also been suggested that Dēanum should be emended to Denum ("Danes"). Danes Old Norse : danir , Old English : Dene , Middle High German : Tenen From PGmc * đaniz , of uncertain origin. Some suggestions are "valley inhabitants", "inhabitants of swampy borderlands in
72731-580: The same name as the Suardones of Tacitus , which is derived from a word for "pig skin". In Tacitus' work they belong to seven peoples located in an area often identified as Jutland . Older scholarship interpreted the name as "men of the sword". T-Z [ edit ] Modernized name Names in medieval languages Name meaning and/or identification Notes Thuringians Latin : Thuringii , Old English : Þyringas , Middle High German : Düringen Etymology uncertain, possibly from *þuringoz ("the brave") or related to
73014-475: The sea") or from the Ambrones , who appear in Widsith as Ymbrum (dative plural). According to the Swedish version of the Þiðreks saga Vithga (Widege) fled here after he learned that Dietrich had become emperor, out of fear that Dietrich would avenge the death of his brother at Vithga's hands. The two fight a final duel here in which both are fatally wounded. Fifeldore Old English : Fīfeldor A location mentioned in Widsith , line 43, which
73297-399: The simplest way of explaining the form Ingentheow in Widsith for the name Ongentheow . The words relate to "spear", "sting" and "prick" and thus to phallus , and the god Ing (Freyr) was a phallic god. Pechenegs Middle High German : Petschenære A nomadic Turkic people, who attacked Constantinople in the eleventh century. Depicted as skilled bowmen who can shoot
73580-477: The sons of Attila and Helche. In the Þiðreks saga , Ermanaric gives Ravenna to Witige after he has killed the Harlungen. Ramsta Old Norse : Hrafnista A small homestead in Northern Norway that has given its name to four legendary sagas , the Hrafnistumannasögur . Raudabjorg Old Norse : Rauðabjǫrg Rauða - means "red" while bjǫrg means "help, deliverance out of need or danger". A location mentioned in Völsunga saga as
73863-452: The south", and "forest people" (cf. modern German Tanne , pine tree). They are not mentioned before the 6th c. In several medieval chronicles, a Danish tradition is preserved that an eponymous king Dan had ruled over Zealand , Møn , Falster and Lolland , a kingdom called Vihtesleth . Most Middle High German heroic poems include Danish heroes, and in the Nibelungenlied a distinction seems to be made between Tenenmark (a march of
74146-410: The time of the saga's composition and thus had no direct connection to Scandinavia via the Baltic. The saga also uses the names Smáland for Lesser Poland and Þioðland for Greater Poland . Pomeranians , Pomerania Middle High German : Pomerân A Slavic tribe inhabiting the area east of the Oder River. Dietleib conquers the Pomeranians for Attila in Biterolf und Dietleib . In
74429-497: The umlaut allophones . Some /y/ , /yː/ , /ø/ , /øː/ , /ɛ/ , /ɛː/ , /øy/ , and all /ɛi/ were obtained by i-umlaut from /u/ , /uː/ , /o/ , /oː/ , /a/ , /aː/ , /au/ , and /ai/ respectively. Others were formed via ʀ-umlaut from /u/ , /uː/ , /a/ , /aː/ , and /au/ . Some /y/ , /yː/ , /ø/ , /øː/ , and all /ɔ/ , /ɔː/ were obtained by u-umlaut from /i/ , /iː/ , /e/ , /eː/ , and /a/ , /aː/ respectively. See Old Icelandic for information on /ɔː/ . /œ/
74712-417: The usual OE meaning of "Celts"; this matches Old High German and Old Norse usage in e.g. "The Battle of Goths and Huns". In Middle High German, used for the Italians. Warini Old English : Wærne , Werne A people mentioned in Widsith lines 25 and 59, and the same people as the Varni of Procopius and probably the same as the Varini of Tacitus , and possibly the Varinnae of Pliny
74995-482: The verb skína ('to shine') had present tense third person skínn (rather than * skínr , * skínʀ ); while kala ('to cool down') had present tense third person kell (rather than * kelr , * kelʀ ). The rule is not absolute, with certain counter-examples such as vinr ('friend'), which has the synonym vin , yet retains the unabsorbed version, and jǫtunn (' giant '), where assimilation takes place even though
75278-406: The works appearing in the Exeter Book , there are none quite like "Widsith", which may be by far the oldest extant work that gives a historical account of the Battle of the Goths and the Huns , recounted as legends in later Scandinavian works such as the Hervarar saga . Archaeologist Lotte Hedeager argues that "Widsith" goes back to Migration Age -history—at least part of it was composed in
75561-1023: The Þíðriks Saga: A Study in Germanic Heroic Legend . Mouton & co. Peel, Christine (2015). Guta Lag and Guta Saga, the Law and History of the Gotlanders . Medieval Nordic Laws. Routledge, London and New York. ISBN 978-1-138-80421-0 . Peterson, Lena (2007). Nordiskt runnamnslexikon . Uppsala: Institutet för språk och folkminnen. Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). The origin of Rus' . Harvard University Press. pp. 188–225. Pritsak, Omeljan (1993). "Hlǫðskviða" . In Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.). Medieval Scandinavia, and encyclopedia . Garland Publishing, inc. New York & London. pp. 286–287. ISBN 9780824047870 . Krause, Arnulf (2010). Reclams Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie und Heldensage . Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-010778-2 . Peterson, Lena (2004). Lexikon över urnordiska personnamn . Uppsala: Institutet för språk och folkminnen. Rahmqvist, Sigurd (2000). "Gamla Uppsala during
75844-436: Was a Norse settlement there and that it was a transit point on the route from Sweden to Novgorod ( Holmgarðr ) where ships were repaired and built. Although, the name Aldeigja is connected to the name of Lake Ladoga , there are several theories about its Finnic origin such as * aaldokas , aallokas ("wavy"), * Alode-joki ("lowland river") or from Olhava , the name of a nearby river. When the Slavs later arrived, they borrowed
76127-404: Was a moderately inflected language with high levels of nominal and verbal inflection. Most of the fused morphemes are retained in modern Icelandic, especially in regard to noun case declensions, whereas modern Norwegian in comparison has moved towards more analytical word structures. Old Norse had three grammatical genders – masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives or pronouns referring to
76410-400: Was also influenced by Norse. Through Norman, to a smaller extent, so was modern French. Written modern Icelandic derives from the Old Norse phonemic writing system. Contemporary Icelandic-speakers can read Old Norse, which varies slightly in spelling as well as semantics and word order. However, pronunciation, particularly of the vowel phonemes, has changed at least as much in Icelandic as in
76693-463: Was born to Sigmund and Borghild. Brand Isle Old Norse : Brandey The word brandr may refer to "a stock in the front of a ship" and appears in the heroic poem Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I , it has been suggested to correspond to the island Brännholmen in Östergötland . A location where the hero has assembled his fleet. Brávellir , Bråviken Old Norse : Brávellir , Old Norse : Brávík The name Brávellir refers
76976-412: Was called Don in the Middle Ages. Hervarar saga Earnaness Old English : Earnanæs Earn means "eagle", and næs(s) means "headland, bluff". It is one of several legendary place names that have a fictive quality with an element from the natural world, and like several constructed with the name of an animal in the genitive + a common word for a natural feature, and it seems to be
77259-698: Was created by the goddess Gefjun when she tricked the Swedish king Gylfi into giving her the amount of land she could plough during a day and a night. She pulled away a large piece of land and put it between the island of Fyn and Scania , creating Zealand . What remained was filled with water creating Mälaren. The lake is mentioned in e.g. Ragnarsdrápa , Heimskringla and Ásmundar saga kappabana . Merovingian Old English : Merewīoing Maerings , Maeringa burg Old English : Mǣringa burg , Old Norse : Mæringa[r] (corrected from marika ). A 12-c. gloss from Regensburg gives Middle High German : Meranare for Goths. Possibly
77542-464: Was heavily influenced by the East dialect, and is today more similar to East Scandinavian (Danish and Swedish) than to Icelandic and Faroese. The descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of Danish and Swedish . Among these, the grammar of Icelandic and Faroese have changed the least from Old Norse in the last thousand years, though their pronunciations both have changed considerably from Old Norse. With Danish rule of
77825-515: Was most likely not based on pagan Germanic traditions but created in medieval Scandinavia through foreign influence. Glomman Old English : Glomman A people mentioned in Widsith , line 69, who may have referred to the Lemovii mentioned by Tacitus , or the people at the Glomma river in Norway . Both the Lemovii and the Glomma have been analysed with ON glammi ("wolf" i.e. "barker"). Gnipalund or Gnipa Grove Old Norse : Gnípalundr Gnípa means "peak", but
78108-535: Was obtained through a simultaneous u- and i-umlaut of /a/ . It appears in words like gøra ( gjǫra , geyra ), from Proto-Germanic *garwijaną , and commonly in verbs with a velar consonant before the suffix like søkkva < *sankwijaną . OEN often preserves the original value of the vowel directly preceding runic ʀ while OWN receives ʀ-umlaut. Compare runic OEN glaʀ, haʀi, hrauʀ with OWN gler, heri (later héri ), hrøyrr/hreyrr ("glass", "hare", "pile of rocks"). U-umlaut
78391-422: Was raised to a title of honour for Langobards . However, they are also identified as Saxons or Suebians . Clarke notes that it is difficult to establish their identity as it may have been a dynastic name, and while Saxo ( Gesta Danorum ) calls them Saxons, his contemporary Sven Aggesen calls them Alamani . Also in the end of the Offa part in Widsith (line 44) it is said that the border established by Offa
78674-422: Was renamed in honour of another legendary couple, Hagbard and Signy (Signhild) in the 17th c. Siklings Old Norse : Siklingar The dynasty of king Sigar (OE Sighere). The name applied to the house of Sigar suggests a hypocoristic eponym * Sikki (OE * Secca ), based on Sig and a k -suffix. In Skáldskaparmál , in the Prose Edda , its members include both the Geatish king Siggeir and
78957-427: Was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, Kievan Rus' , eastern England, and Danish settlements in Normandy. The Old Gutnish dialect was spoken in Gotland and in various settlements in the East. In the 11th century, Old Norse was the most widely spoken European language , ranging from Vinland in the West to the Volga River in the East. In Kievan Rus' , it survived the longest in Veliky Novgorod , probably lasting into
79240-452: Was the name for the Strait of Gibraltar . Orvasund means "arrow sound". In the Völsunga saga a location from where troops were sent to aid Helgi Hundingsbane . In the first lay of Helgi Hundingsbane named Örvasund . Oium Latin : Oium Oium is a Gothic word in the dative plural from and means "in the fruitful fields" or "on fruitful island", and it was located in Ukraine. In Jordanes ' Getica , king Filimer
79523-415: Was the name of a Norse goddess. In the Völsunga saga and Helgakvíða Hundingsbana I , Sinfjötli says that he made Granmar /Gudmund pregnant with nine wolves in the location. Læsø Old Norse : Hlésey The name means "leeward island". In '' Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II , the hero lies that he lives there. In Oddrúnargrátr , the heroine reports that she visited Geirmund in his castle on
79806-445: Was upheld by Angles (Offa's people) and Suebians ( Swæfe ), which was a collective name for the tribes in the Elbe basin. The reason why king Eadgils of the Myrgings appears in 12th c. Danish sources (Saxo and Aggesen) as a king of Sweden may be that he was originally called Swebe kyning and that Sweba was replaced with Svea ("Swedes") which was by then more familiar. Myrkheim Old Norse : Myrkheimr The name
80089-413: Was used by the Gothic Amals, or the name could be created from "wolf" independently in Middle High German epic. They are by some authors considered a clan in northern Germany. In Middle High German epic and the Þiðreks saga , used for the relatives of Hildebrand. In the Völsunga saga , Wulfings is an alternative name for the Völsungs, due to the absorption of the story of Helgi Hundingsbane into that of
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