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97-726: The District's headquarter or administrative center is located at Saidor in the Saidor LLG area. Historically, Saidor was the base for the allied forces during World War II, while the Astrolabe Bay LLG area was known by the Ukrainian anthropologist and explorer Miklouho-Maclay who landed in the area in September 1871 on his boat - Vitiaz. Today a memorial stands at Garagasi in Bongu village. Geographically, Rai Coast District

194-772: A Miklouho-Maclay Street  [ uk ] . There is also a bust of him in Sevastopol on the Crimean Peninsula. In 2011, the Ukrainian Geographical Society declared the year of Nickolai Nicklouho-Maclay in Ukraine in connection with the 165th anniversary of his birth. Ukrainians Ukrainians ( Ukrainian : українці , romanized :  ukraintsi , pronounced [ʊkrɐˈjinʲts⁽ʲ⁾i] ) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine . Their native tongue

291-484: A Russified though multiethnic Soviet people was officially promoted, according to which the non-Russian nations were relegated to second-class status . Despite this, many Ukrainians played prominent roles in the Soviet Union, including such public figures as Semen Tymoshenko . The creation of a sovereign and independent Ukraine in 1991, however, pointed to the failure of the policy of the "merging of nations" and to

388-715: A descendent of Old East Slavic. In Western and Central Europe it was known by the exonym "Ruthenian". In the 16th and 17th centuries, with the establishment of the Zaporozhian Sich , names of Ukraine and Ukrainian began to be used in Sloboda Ukraine. After the decline of the Zaporozhian Sich and the establishment of Imperial Russian hegemony in Left Bank Ukraine, Ukrainians became more widely known by Russians as " Little Russians ", with

485-467: A distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours. The watershed period in the development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness was the struggle for independence during the creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1917 to 1921. A concerted effort to reverse the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness

582-517: A further 1.9% are Protestants and 0.4% are Latin Catholics . As of 2016, 16.3% of the population does not claim a religious affiliation, and 1.7% adheres to other religions. According to the same survey, 70% of the population of Ukraine declared to be believers, but do not belong to any church. 8.8% do not identify themselves with any of the denominations, and another 5.6% identified themselves as non-believers. Ukrainian cuisine has been formed by

679-622: A historical landmark in memory of Miklouho-Maclay's scientific work. Today, although owned by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust , the building is used as a private residence and is only open to the public on special occasions. The Miklouho-Maclay Society succeeded in naming a park in his honour in Snails Bay ( Birchgrove ), not far from a house where he lived in Sydney for a time. A bust of Miklouho-Maclay

776-657: A new sponge species, which he named Guancha blanca , in tribute to the Guanches , the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands . He also became a close friend of the biologist Anton Dohrn , with whom he helped conceive the idea of research stations while staying with him at Messina , Italy. Miklouho-Maclay left St Petersburg for Australia on the steam corvette Vityaz . He arrived in Sydney on 18 July 1878. A few days after arriving, he approached

873-517: A number of princes in medieval Kiev, as well as for some of the Byzantine emperors , while others occupied key administrative positions in Kievan Rus' society, and eventually became slavicized. Besides other cultural traces, several Ukrainian names show traces of Norse origins as a result of influences from that period. Differentiation between separate East Slavic groups began to emerge in

970-634: A number of principalities. The quarreling between the princes left Kievan Rus' vulnerable to foreign attacks, and the invasion of the Mongols in 1236. and 1240. finally destroyed the state. Another important state in the history of the Ukrainians is the Kingdom of Ruthenia (1199–1349). The third important state for Ukrainians is the Cossack Hetmanate . The Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia since

1067-668: A similar percentage of Haplogroup R1a-Z280 (43%) in their population—compare Belarusians , Russians , and Lithuanians and (55%, 46%, and 42% respectively). Populations in Eastern Europe which have never been Slavic do as well. Ukrainians in Chernivtsi Oblast (near the Romanian border) have a higher percentage of I2a as opposed to R1a, which is typical of the Balkan region, but a smaller percentage than Russians of

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1164-544: A single cluster positioned between the Northern on one side, and Western European populations on the other. [4] There was a significant overlap with Central European populations as well as with people from the Balkans . In addition to the close geographic distance between these populations, this may also reflect the insufficient representation of samples from the surrounding populations. The Ukrainian gene-pool includes

1261-502: A study identified more than 13 million genetic variants, representing about a quarter of the total genetic diversity discovered in Europe. Among these nearly 500,000 are previously undocumented and likely to be unique for this population. Medically relevant mutations whose prevalence in the Ukrainian genomes differed significantly compared to other European genome sequences, particularly from Western Europe and Russia. Ukrainian genomes form

1358-539: A very close lexical distance between the two. Historically, state-inforced Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire . The oppression continued in various ways while Ukraine was a part of the Soviet Union . However, the language continued to be used throughout the country, especially in the western part . Ukraine

1455-602: Is Ukrainian , and the majority adhere to the Eastern Orthodox Church . By total population, the Ukrainians form the second-largest Slavic ethnic group after the Russians . Historically, under rule from various realms, the Ukrainians have been given various names by their rulers. Some of the states that have governed over the Ukrainian people include the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ,

1552-405: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Miklouho-Maclay Nicholai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay ( Russian : Никола́й Никола́евич Миклу́хо-Макла́й ; 17 [ O.S. 5] July 1846 – 14 [ O.S. 2] April 1888) was a Russian explorer of Ukrainian origin. He worked as an ethnologist , anthropologist and biologist who became famous as one of

1649-536: Is located in the house where Nicholas's brother Mykhailo lived, has a museum whose exhibits tell about the life of the scientist, his family, and the Malyn period of his life. Malyn was visited twice, in 1980 and 1988, by the scientist's grandson Robert Micklouho-Maclay from Australia. In 1986, on the occasion of the 140th anniversary of the scientist's birth, a monument to him was unveiled in Malin. Since 1946, Lviv has had

1746-492: Is named after him. A Khabarov class river passenger ship was named after him. Based at Khabarovsk , it was used on the Amur River between the 1960s and 1990s. The city of Malyn Zhytomyr Oblast , Ukraine commemorates the scientist and traveler. The city's recreation park and one of the city's streets are named after Miklouho-Maclay. The Malyn Forestry College in the village of Hamarnya  [ uk ] , which

1843-790: Is often called the " Breadbasket of Europe ", and its plentiful grain and cereal resources such as rye and wheat play an important part in its cuisine; essential in making various kinds of bread. Chernozem , the country's black-colored highly fertile soil, produces some of the world's most flavorful crops. Popular traditional dishes varenyky ( dumpling ), nalysnyky ( crêpe ), kapusnyak (cabbage soup ), nudli (dumpling stew ), borscht ( sour soup ) and holubtsi ( cabbage roll ). Among traditional baked goods are decorated korovai and paska ( easter bread ). Ukrainian specialties also include Chicken Kiev and Kyiv cake . Popular drinks include uzvar ( kompot ), ryazhanka , and horilka . Liquor (spirits) are

1940-598: Is the Rai Coast, which in turn gives its name to Rai Coast District , an electorate returning an MP to the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea . In Madang , Papua New Guinea – not far from where the explorer stayed in the 1870s – a street has been named after him. In 2000 a monument was erected in New Guinea by Oleg Aliev . In 2013 a monument to celebrate the legacy of Miklouho-Maclay

2037-657: Is the most difficult districts in Madang Province with mountains (Mt. Abirara & Mt. Aniabo) rising to more than 2,000 meters asl. Road accessibility is very limited to a track. Only during dry season, four wheel drive vehicles can be used. From Madang to the border, there are many fast running creeks and rivers and makes crossing difficult during wet season. Many Rai Coast languages are spoken in this district. 5°30′04″S 145°51′00″E  /  5.501°S 145.850°E  / -5.501; 145.850 This Papua New Guinea –related geography article

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2134-621: The Kievan Chronicle under the year 1187. The terms Ukrainiany (first recorded in the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle under the year 1268 ), Ukrainnyky , and even narod ukrainskyi (the Ukrainian people) were used sporadically before Ukraintsi attained currency under the influence of the writings of Ukrainian activists in Russian-ruled Ukraine in the 19th century. From the 14th to the 16th centuries

2231-580: The Dnieper . After the annexation of the Ukraine, Stepan, one of the family, served as sotnik (a superior Cossack officer) under General Count Rumianzoff , and having distinguished himself at the storming of the Turkish fortress of Otshakoff , was by the order of Catherine II made a noble... Nicholai's father, Mykola Myklukha, graduated from the Nizhyn Lyceum ( Nizhyn ), after which he walked all

2328-542: The Habsburg monarchy , the Austrian Empire , and then Austria-Hungary . The East Slavic population inhabiting the territories of modern-day Ukraine were known as Ruthenians , referring to the territory of Ruthenia ; the Ukrainians living under the Russian Empire were known as Little Russians, named after the territory of Little Russia . The ethnonym Ukrainian (a term associated with the Cossack Hetmanate )

2425-844: The Holodomor . The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the Ukrainian diaspora . Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President Viktor Yushchenko , the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about

2522-899: The Kuban , for example, have vacillated among three identities: Ukrainian, Russian (an identity supported by the Soviet regime ), and " Cossack ". Approximately 800,000 people of Ukrainian ancestry live in the Russian Far East in an area known historically as " Green Ukraine ". In a 2011 national poll of Ukraine, 49% of Ukrainians said they had relatives living in Russia. According to some previous assumptions, an estimated number of almost 2.4 million people of Ukrainian origin live in North America (1,359,655 in Canada and 1,028,492 in

2619-673: The Linnean Society and offered to organise a zoological centre. In September 1878 his offer was approved. The centre, known as the Marine Biological Station , was constructed by prominent Sydney architect, John Kirkpatrick. This facility, located in Watsons Bay on the east side of Greater Sydney, was the first marine biological research institute in Australia. He married Margaret-Emma, widowed daughter of

2716-654: The Moscow-St. Petersburg Railway . Miklouho-Maclay was partly of Ukrainian Cossack descent. His Ukrainian father, Nikolai Ilyich Myklukha , was born in 1818, in Starodub , Chernigov Governorate , and descended from Stepan Myklukha, a Zaporozhian Cossack who was awarded the title of noble of the Empire by Catherine II for his military exploits during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) , which included

2813-646: The Polesia region. One of Nicholai's brothers, Sergei, became a judge in Malyn where he eventually died. Another brother, Mikhail , became a geologist. A third brother, Vladimir , was a captain of the Russian coast defense ship Admiral Ushakov and participated in the Battle of Tsushima where he perished. Both Mikhail and Vladimir were members of the Russian revolutionary organization Narodnaya Volya . Nicholai

2910-553: The Premier of New South Wales , John Robertson . His residence is in the Sydney suburb of Birchgrove , Wyoming is now heritage-listed due to its association with him. Miklouho-Maclay lived in northeastern New Guinea for a two-year period in between 1871 and 1880, from which he also visited the Philippines , Malay Peninsula and Australia on a number of occasions. He returned to New Guinea again in 1883. Living amongst

3007-785: The Russian Empire . The newly established Ukrainian government, the Central Rada , headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky , issued four universals, the Fourth of which, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the UNR and elected Hrushevsky president. During

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3104-685: The Seventh-day Adventist Church , Jehovah's Witnesses . A 2020 survey conducted by the Razumkov Centre found that majority of Ukrainian populations was adhering to Christianity (81.9%). Of these Christians, 75.4% are Eastern Orthodox (34% of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and 13.8% of the Moscow Patriarchate, and 27.6% are simply Orthodox), 8.2% are Greek Catholics, 7.1% are simply Christians,

3201-605: The Slavic migrations of the 6th and 7th centuries CE. The state of Kievan Rus united the East Slavs during the 9th to 13th centuries. East Slavic tribes cited as "proto-Ukrainian" include the Volhynians , Derevlianians , Polianians , and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians , Tivertsians , and White Croats . The Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in

3298-669: The Soviet era (1917–1991), official historiography emphasized "the cultural unity of 'proto-Ukrainians' and 'proto-Russians' in the fifth and sixth centuries". A poll conducted in April 2022 by " Rating " found that the vast majority (91%) of Ukrainians (excluding the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine ) do not support the thesis that "Russians and Ukrainians are one people ". Ukrainians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers , descended from populations associated with

3395-683: The St. Petersburg University but only spent two months there before being expelled in February 1864 and debarred from tertiary education in Imperial Russia for "breaking the rules ". In March of the same year, with a forged passport, he moved abroad to complete his studies in German universities, which provided an opportunity to study and work with leading European scientists. He studied humanities at Heidelberg , medicine at Leipzig , and zoology at

3492-483: The United States , Brazil , Kazakhstan , Italy and Argentina . According to some sources, around 20 million people outside Ukraine identify as having Ukrainian ethnicity, however the official data of the respective countries calculated together does not show more than 10 million. Ukrainians have one of the largest diasporas in the world. The East Slavs emerged from the undifferentiated early Slavs in

3589-400: The University of Jena , where he came under the influence of the great German scholar Ernst Haeckel , who had a profound influence on his future. Miklouho-Maclay's brilliant student records attracted the attention of Haeckel, who made him his assistant as part of a field expedition to the Canary Islands in 1866. There, Miklouho-Maclay took an interest in sharks and sponges and discovered

3686-416: The second largest ethno-linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox in the world. Ukrainians have their own autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine headed by Metropolitan Epiphanius , where it is the most common church and in the small areas of Ukraine the Ukrainian Orthodox Church who were under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate is the smaller common. The Russian invasion of Ukraine impacted

3783-462: The " coloured " races. Some scientists, such as Ernst Haeckel, a teacher of the young Miklouho-Maclay, relegated what they regarded as culturally "backward" people like Papuans , Bushmen and others to the role of ' intermediate links ' between Europeans and their animal ancestors. While adhering to Darwin's theory of evolution , Miklouho-Maclay diverged from these concepts, and it was this question that led him to gather scientific facts and to study

3880-415: The 1920s, under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of Mykola Skrypnyk , Soviet leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the Ukrainian culture and language. Ukrainisation was part of the Soviet-wide policy of Korenisation (literally indigenisation). During 1932–1933, millions of Ukrainians were starved to death by the Soviet regime which led to a famine , known as

3977-432: The Dutch government informed him that on his recommendations it was checking the slave traffic at Ternate and Tidore . From 1879 onwards he wrote a number of letters to Australian papers, and corresponded with Sir Arthur Gordon , High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, on protecting the land rights of his friends on the Maclay Coast of north-eastern New Guinea, and on ending the traffic in arms and intoxicants in

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4074-437: The Holodomor as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the famine range between 2.6 million (3–3.5 million) and 12 million although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates. As of March 2008, the parliament of Ukraine and the governments of several countries, including

4171-427: The Kievan Rus', became influenced by the Byzantine Empire ; the first known conversion was by the Princess Saint Olga who came to Constantinople in 945 or 957. Several years later, her grandson, Prince Vladimir baptised his people in the Dnieper River . This began a long history of the dominance of the Eastern Orthodoxy in Ruthenia (Ukraine). Ukrainians are majority Eastern Orthodox Christians, and they form

4268-511: The N1c1 lineage found among Finno-Ugric, Baltic, and Siberian populations, and also less R1b than West Slavs . In terms of haplogroup distribution, the genetic pattern of Ukrainians most closely resembles that of Belarusians. The presence of the N1c lineage is explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes. Within Ukraine and adjacent areas, there are several other distinct ethnic sub-groups, especially in western Ukraine: places like Zakarpattia and Halychyna . Among them

4365-458: The Paleolithic Epigravettian culture; Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago; and Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago. In a survey of 97 genomes for diversity in full genome sequences among self-identified Ukrainians from Ukraine,

4462-402: The Second Saint Petersburg Gymnasium (1859–1863) along with his brother Sergei, he was arrested and kept for several days in the Peter and Paul Fortress for participating in student protests. The young students were saved by the Russian writer Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy who was a friend of Nicholai's father. In 1863, without finishing the gymnasium, Nicholai enrolled as a free listener at

4559-400: The South Pacific. In 1887 he left Australia, returned to St Petersburg to present his work to the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and took his young family with him. Miklouho-Maclay was in poor health and, despite treatment from Sergei Botkin , Miklouho-Maclay died of an undiagnosed brain tumour at 41 in St Petersburg. He was buried in the Volkovo Cemetery and left his skull to

4656-433: The St Petersburg Military and Medical Academy. Miklouho-Maclay's widow returned to Sydney with their children. Until 1917 the scientist's family received an imperial Russian pension. The money was first allocated by Alexander III and then by Nicholas II . One of his sons, Alexander, married a daughter of R. E. O'Connor . His travel journals were not published until 1923, and an annotated five-volume collection of his works

4753-411: The UK, Israel, Slovakia, Kyrgyzstan, Austria, Uruguay and the former Yugoslavia . Generally, the Ukrainian diaspora is present in more than one hundred and twenty countries of the world. The number of Ukrainians in Poland amounted to some 51,000 people in 2011 (according to the Polish Census ). Since 2014, the country has experienced a large increase in immigration from Ukraine. More recent data put

4850-448: The Ukrainian diaspora and Ukrainian academics of "ignoring, glossing over, or outright denying" his role in this and other war crimes. The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within Eastern Europe, however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into Eurasia and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been

4947-455: The United States have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide . Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia with their Ukrainian population became part of Soviet Ukraine. When the German armies invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, those regions temporarily became part of the Nazi-controlled Reichskommissariat Ukraine . In total,

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5044-409: The United States). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil (600,000), Kazakhstan (338,022), Moldova (325,235), Argentina (305,000), (Germany) (272,000), Italy (234,354), Belarus (225,734), Uzbekistan (124,602), the Czech Republic (110,245), Spain (90,530–100,000) and Romania (51,703–200,000). There are also large Ukrainian communities in such countries as Latvia, Portugal, France, Australia, Paraguay,

5141-539: The Western European model (presented by political philosopher Vyacheslav Lypynsky ) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people of Ukraine." Due to Ukraine's geographical location, its culture primarily exhibits Eastern European influence as well as Central European to an extent (primarily in

5238-420: The Zaporozhian Sich, with the Hetmanate and with their struggle against Poles, Russians, Turks and Crimean Tatars) and to themselves and their language as Ruthenians / Ruthenian . With the publication of Ivan Kotliarevsky 's Eneyida (Aeneid) in 1798, which established the modern Ukrainian language , and with the subsequent Romantic revival of national traditions and culture, the ethnonym Ukrainians and

5335-417: The basis of his comparative anatomical research, was one of the first anthropologists to refute the prevailing view that the different races of mankind belonged to different species. Miklouho-Maclay was born in a temporary workers' camp in Borovichi county (uyezd), Novgorod Governorate (currently Okulovsky District of Novgorod Oblast ) in Russia, a son of a civil engineer working on the construction of

5432-412: The capture of the Ochakov fortress. In fact, his Cossack lineage was extensive and also included the Otaman of Zaporizhian Host Okhrim Myklukha, who later became the prototype of Nikolai Gogol 's main character Taras Bulba . His paternal grandparents were friends of Gogol's. About his origins, Miklouho-Maclay wrote: My ancestors came originally from the Ukraine , and were Zaporogg-cossacks of

5529-425: The command of Roman Shukhevych, UPA began the ethnic cleansing. Shukhevych was one of the perpetrators of the Galicia-Volhynia massacres of tens of thousands of Polish civilians. It is unclear to what extent Shuchevych was responsible for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia, but he certainly condoned them after some time, and also directed the massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia. Historian Per Anders Rudling has accused

5626-568: The dark-skinned inhabitants of New Guinea. On the basis of his comparative anatomical research, Miklouho-Maclay was one of the first anthropologists to refute polygenism , the view that the different races of mankind belonged to different species . You were the first to demonstrate beyond question by your experience that man is man everywhere, that is, a kind, sociable being with whom communication can and should be established through kindness and truth, not guns and spirits. I do not know what contribution your collections and discoveries will make to

5723-602: The earliest scientists to settle among and study indigenous people of New Guinea "who had never seen a European". Miklouho-Maclay spent the major part of his life travelling and conducted scientific research in the Middle East, Australia, New Guinea , Melanesia and Polynesia . Australia became his adopted country and Sydney the hometown of his family. He became a prominent figure of nineteenth-century Australian science and became involved in significant issues of Australian and New Guinea history. Writing letters to Australian papers, Miklouho-Maclay expressed his opposition to

5820-403: The elite Australian Club , became the intimate of the leading amateur scientist and political figure Sir William Macleay , and married Margaret-Emma Robertson, the daughter of the Premier of New South Wales . His three grandsons have all contributed to the public life of Australia. One of the earliest followers of Charles Darwin , Miklouho-Maclay is also remembered today as a scholar who, on

5917-422: The enduring strength of the Ukrainian national consciousness. Today, one of the consequences of these acts is Ukrainophobia . Biculturalism is especially present in southeastern Ukraine where there is a significant Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one reason that creates confusion about national identity to this day. Many citizens of Ukraine have adopted the Ukrainian national identity in

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6014-404: The following Y- haplogroups , in order from the most prevalent: Roughly all R1a Ukrainians carry R1a -Z282; R1a-Z282 has been found significantly only in Eastern Europe. Chernivtsi Oblast is the only region in Ukraine where Haplogroup I2a occurs more frequently than R1a, much less frequent even in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast . In comparison to their northern and eastern neighbors, Ukrainians have

6111-444: The homeland as in " nash rodnoi kraj " (our homeland), and the other "edge, border", and originally had the sense of "periphery", "borderland" or "frontier region". According to another theory, the term ukraina should be distinguished from the term okraina : whereas the latter term means "borderland", the former one has the meaning of "cut-off piece of land", thus acquiring the connotation of "our land", "land allotted to us". In

6208-417: The labour and slave trade (" blackbirding ") in Australia, New Caledonia and the Pacific, as well as his opposition to the British and German colonial expansion in New Guinea. While in Australia, he built the first biological research station in the Southern Hemisphere, was elected to the Linnean Society of New South Wales , was instrumental in establishing the Australasian Biological Association, stayed at

6305-537: The last three centuries the population of Ukraine experienced periods of Polonization and Russification , but preserved a common culture and a sense of common identity. Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine, where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of Ukrainians outside of Ukraine lives in Russia where about 1.9 million Russian citizens identify as Ukrainian, while millions of others (primarily in southern Russia and Siberia ) have some Ukrainian ancestry. The inhabitants of

6402-412: The late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of Crimea , with the fortified capital, Zaporozhian Sich . Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky is one of the most celebrated and at the same time most controversial political figures in Ukraine's early-modern history. A brilliant military leader, his greatest achievement in the process of national revolution

6499-417: The later medieval period, and an East Slavic dialect continuum developed within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , with the Ruthenian language emerging as a written standard. The active development of a concept of a Ukrainian nation and the Ukrainian language began with the Ukrainian National Revival in the early 19th century in times when Ruthenians (Русини) changed their name due to the region name. In

6596-431: The latter part of the 19th century, in Transcarpathia until the 1930s, and in the Prešov Region until the late 1940s. The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) derives from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in 1187. Several scientific theories attempt to explain the etymology of the term. According to the traditional theory, it derives from the Proto-Slavic root *kraj-, which has two meanings, one meaning

6693-405: The majority of Ukrainian élites espousing Little Russian identity and adopting the Russian language (as Ukrainian was outlawed in almost all contexts). This exonym (regarded now as a humiliating imperialist imposition) did not spread widely among the peasantry which constituted the majority of the population. Ukrainian peasants still referred to their country as "Ukraine" (a name associated with

6790-420: The medieval state of Kievan Rus' , which first split into Ruthenian and Russian . The Ruthenian languages then evolved into modern-day Ukrainian, Belarusian and Rusyn . In modern-day Ukraine, most of its population are also fluent in Russian and many use it as their native tongue. Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian. Yet, there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian, and

6887-413: The most known are Hutsuls , Volhynians , Boykos and Lemkos (otherwise known as Carpatho-Rusyns – a derivative of Carpathian Ruthenians ), each with particular areas of settlement, dialect, dress, and folk traditions. Ukraine has had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. In the 9th century the Varangians from Scandinavia conquered the proto-Slavic tribes on

6984-515: The nation's tumultuous history, geography, culture and social customs. Chicken is the most consumed type of protein , accounting for about half of the meat intake. It is followed by pork and beef . Vegetables such as potatoes , cabbages , mushrooms and beetroots are widely consumed. Pickled vegetables are considered a delicacy. Salo , which is cured pork fat, is considered the national delicacy. Widely used herbs include dill , parsley , basil , coriander and chives . Ukraine

7081-507: The native tribes, his comprehensive treatise on their way of life and customs was invaluable to later researchers. In scientific and anthropological circles during the 1850s and 1860s there was much discussion connected with the study of human races and the interpretation of racial peculiarities. There were some anthropologists, such as Samuel Morton , who tried to prove that not all human races were of equal worth, and that " white people " were predestined by " natural selection " to rule over

7178-658: The notion of a Ukrainian language came into more prominence at the beginning of the 19th century and gradually replaced the words "Rusyns" and "Ruthenian(s)". In areas outside the control of the Russian/Soviet state until the mid-20th century ( Western Ukraine ), Ukrainians were known by their pre-existing names for much longer. The appellation Ukrainians initially came into common usage in Central Ukraine and did not take hold in Galicia and Bukovina until

7275-646: The number of Ukrainian migrant workers at 1.2 – 1.3 million in 2016. In the last decades of the 19th century, many Ukrainians were forced by the Tsarist autocracy to move to the Asian regions of Russia, while many of their counterpart Slavs under Austro-Hungarian rule emigrated to the New World seeking work and better economic opportunities. Today, large ethnic Ukrainian minorities reside in Russia , Canada ,

7372-472: The number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million. The pro-Soviet partisan guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians. Of the estimated 8.6 million Soviet troop losses, 1.4 million were ethnic Ukrainians. In 1943, under

7469-415: The past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in Eastern Europe the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian. Attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on

7566-467: The period are considered to have been largely opportunists and men of little vision who could not muster broad popular support for their policies. There were roughly 4 million Ukrainians at the end of the 17th century. At the final stages of the First World War, a powerful struggle for an independent Ukrainian state developed in the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of

7663-731: The religious identity of some Ukrainians. In the Western region known as Halychyna , the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , one of the Eastern Rite Catholic Churches has a strong membership. Since the fall of the Soviet Union there has been a growth of Protestant churches ( Baptists , Evangelism , Pentecostalism ) There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. Crimean Tatars ( Islam ), and Jews and Karaim ( Judaism ). Also, some Ukrainians are members of

7760-536: The science for which you serve, but your experience of contacting the primitive peoples will make an epoch in the science for which I serve i.e. the science which teaches how human beings should live with one another. The humanist views of Miklouho-Maclay led him to campaign actively against the slave trade and against blackbirding  – carried on between the islands of Melanesia and plantations in Queensland , Fiji , Samoa and New Caledonia . In November 1878

7857-576: The south-east of Europe: Sclavins (western Slavs) and Antes . Polianians are identified as the founders of the city of Kiev and as playing the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state. At the beginning of the 9th century, Varangians used the waterways of Eastern Europe for military raids and trade, particularly the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks . Until the 11th century these Varangians also served as key mercenary troops for

7954-495: The term, defining it as extending for 150 miles between Cape Croisilles and Cape King William , and 30–50 miles inland to the mountains of Mana-Boro-Boro ( Finisterre Mountains ). However, this name is not in use today. The section of the coast from Cape Croisilles to Madang is referred to as part of the North Coast, the bay in which Madang is situated in called Astrolabe Bay , while the coast from Astrolabe Bay to Saidor

8051-514: The territory of today's Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia and laid the groundwork for the Kievan Rus' state. The ancestors of the Ukrainian nation such as Polianians had an important role in the development and culturalization of Kievan Rus' state. The internecine wars between Rus' princes, which began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise , led to the political fragmentation of the state into

8148-740: The way to Saint Petersburg , where he enrolled in the Roadway Institute of Engineering Corps. He graduated from the institute in 1840 and became an engineer assigned to work on the construction of the Moscow–Saint Petersburg Railway . After becoming the first chief of the Moskovsky passenger railway station in Saint Petersburg , Myklukha moved his family there. He died in December 1857 from tuberculosis and

8245-514: The western portions of the European part of what is now known as Russia, plus the territories of northern Ukraine and Belarus ( Ruthenia ) were largely known as Rus , continuing the tradition of Kievan Rus' . People of these territories were usually called Rus or Rusyns (known as Ruthenians in Western and Central Europe). The Ukrainian language is, like modern Russian and Belarusian,

8342-544: The western region). Over the years it has been influenced by movements such as those brought about during the Byzantine Empire and the Renaissance. Today, the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions bearing a stronger Central European influence and the eastern regions showing a significant Russian influence. A strong Christian culture was predominant for many centuries, although Ukraine

8439-480: Was adopted following the Ukrainian national revival . Their affinity with the Cossacks is frequently emphasized, for example, in the Ukrainian national anthem . Citizens of Ukraine are also called Ukrainians regardless of their ethnic origin, and Ukrainian nationals identify themselves as a civic nation . The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) is derived from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in

8536-612: Was also the center of conflict between the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic spheres of influence. Ukrainian ( украї́нська мо́ва , ukraі́nska móva ) is the sole official language in Ukraine. It belongs to the East Slavic branch of the Slavic languages . Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet , one of many based on the Cyrillic alphabet . The language is a lineal descendant of the colloquial Old East Slavic language of

8633-745: Was baptised on 21 July 1846 by priest Ioann Smirnov at the Shegrinskaya Church of Nikolaos the Wonderworker. His godfather was Alexander Ridiger , a Borovichi landowner who was a veteran of the Patriotic War of 1812 and a participant in the Battle of Borodino . In 1858 Nicholai enrolled into the third grade of a German Lutheran school at the Saint Anna Kirche in Saint Petersburg. During his studies at

8730-402: Was begun by the regime of Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s, and continued with minor interruptions until the most recent times. The man-made Famine of 1932–33 , the deportations of the so-called kulaks , the physical annihilation of the nationally conscious intelligentsia, and terror in general were used to destroy and subdue the Ukrainian nation. Even after Joseph Stalin's death the concept of

8827-738: Was erected near Bongu village in Madang Province, funded by "Valeria, Irma, and Valentina Sourin, Chief, Sir Peter Barter and volunteers from the Madang Resort and Friends of the Haus Tumbuna". In Russia there is an Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology and a street in South-West Moscow (where the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia is situated) named in his honour. The district museum in Okulovka , Novgorod Oblast ,

8924-417: Was inhabited by pagan tribes until Byzantine rite Christianity was introduced by the turn of the first millennium. It was imagined by later writers who sought to put Kievan Rus' Christianity on the same level of primacy as Byzantine Christianity that Apostle Andrew himself had visited the site where the city of Kiev would be later built. However, it was only by the 10th century that the emerging state,

9021-647: Was named in his honour. Maklaj is the basis of the main character in the Esperanto historical novel "Sed Nur Fragmento" by Trevor Steele. The Marine Biological Station in Watson's Bay, built and used by Miklouho-Maclay, was commandeered by the Ministry of Defence in 1899 as a barracks for officers . In the 1980s the Miklouho-Maclay Society unsuccessfully lobbied for the centre to be made into

9118-677: Was published in 1953. Nicholai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay is commemorated in the scientific name of the New Guinea tree species Planchonella maclayana , in the banana species Musa maclayi , and in the land snail species Canefriula maclayiana which were some of the species he discovered. The weevil Rhinoscapha maclayi was first collected by Miklouho-Maclay and was then named after him by his friend William Macleay. Other species named after Nicholai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay include: Colastomion maclayi (a wasp from New Guinea), and Dysmicoccus maclayi (a scale insect from New Guinea) The asteroid 3196 Maklaj , discovered in 1978,

9215-622: Was survived by his wife and five children. Before his death, Myklukha was fired from his job for sending 150 rubles to Taras Shevchenko . Nicholai's mother, Ekaterina Semenovna, née Bekker, was of German and Polish descent (her three brothers took part in the January Uprising of 1863). After 1873, the Miklouho-Maclay family purchased and lived in a country estate in Malyn , 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Kiev in

9312-741: Was the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate state of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782). The period of the Ruin in the late 17th century in the history of Ukraine is characterized by the disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline. During the Ruin Ukraine became divided along the Dnieper River into Left-Bank Ukraine and Right-Bank Ukraine , and the two-halves became hostile to each other. Ukrainian leaders during

9409-745: Was unveiled in front of the Macleay Museum at the University of Sydney to commemorate the 150th anniversary of his birth. The Macleay Miklouho-Maclay Fellowship is available from the University of Sydney each year. A monument to Miklouho-Maclay was unveiled in Jakarta , Indonesia , on 3 March 2011. The term Maclay Coast has from time to time been used to refer the North-east coast of Papua New Guinea . Miklouho-Maclay began using

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