91-733: Rainbow Tribe may refer to: Josephine Baker 's chosen family and intentional community, the Rainbow Tribe The Legend of the Rainbow Warriors , a belief held by some modern environmentalists that they are fulfilling a Native American prophecy Rainbow Family , a counter-culture hippie group, best known for their camping festival, the Rainbow Gathering Rainbow nation , Desmond Tutu's term for post-apartheid South Africa Topics referred to by
182-748: A Jewish baby, but she settled for a French one. She also raised them in different religions in order to further her model for the world, taking two children from Algeria and raising one child as a Muslim and raising the other child as a Catholic . One member of the Tribe, Jean-Claude Baker, said: "She wanted a doll". Baker raised two daughters, French-born Marianne and Moroccan -born Stellina, and 10 sons, Japanese -born Janot (born Teruya) and Akio, Colombian -born Luis, Finnish -born Jari (now Jarry), French-born Jean-Claude, Noël, and Moïse, Algerian -born Brahim (later Brian), Ivorian -born Koffi, and Venezuelan -born Mara. Later on, Josephine Baker would become
273-451: A count , persuaded her to let him manage her. He became not only Baker's manager, but her lover as well. The two could not marry because she was not yet divorced from her second husband, Willie Baker. During this period, she released her most successful song, "J'ai deux amours" (1931). The song expresses the sentiment that "I have two loves, my country and Paris." In a 2007 book, Tim Bergfelder, Sue Harris, and Sarah Street claimed that "by
364-559: A hysterectomy . The infection spread and she developed peritonitis and then sepsis . After her recovery (which she continued to fall in and out of), she started touring to entertain British, French, and American soldiers in North Africa. The Free French had no organized entertainment network for their troops, so Baker and her entourage managed for the most part on their own. They allowed no civilians and charged no admission. After
455-426: A monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere or have been lost. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the majority of cenotaphs honour individuals, many noted cenotaphs are also dedicated to the memories of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire. "Cenotaph" means "empty tomb" and
546-890: A natural gas leak caused an explosion and destroyed the school. In Asia, the Cenotaph in Central District of Hong Kong Island , cenotaphs in Kuala Lumpur , George Town , Ipoh , Seremban and Jesselton in Malaysia , the Cenotaph in Singapore , the Cenotaph in Colombo and the stone Cenotaph in the new Allenby Square , Romema , Jerusalem –were erected as memorials to the war dead of World War I. Various cenotaphs in Asia have also been erected to commemorate
637-488: A "Bakerfix" hair gel, as well as bananas, shoes, and cosmetics, among other products. In 1929, Baker became the first African-American star to visit Yugoslavia , which she included on a tour through Central Europe via the Orient Express . In Belgrade , she performed at Luxor Balkanska, then the city's most luxurious venue. In a nod to local culture, she included a Pirot kilim in her routine, and donated some of
728-560: A basic element of Hindu architecture, later used by Moghuls as seen in most of the mausoleums of Mughal Emperors which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as in Humayun's Tomb, Delhi , or the Taj Mahal , Agra , while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed. The term chhatri , used for these canopylike structures, comes from Hindustani word literally meaning umbrella, and are found throughout
819-707: A beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties . Baker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the "Black Venus", the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess". Born in St. Louis, Missouri , she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a French national after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937. She raised her children in France. Baker aided
910-462: A child, and developed street smarts playing in the railroad yards of Union Station . Her mother married Arthur Martin, "a kind but perpetually unemployed man", with whom she had a son and two more daughters. She took in laundry to make ends meet, and, at eight years old, Josephine began working as a live-in domestic for white families in St. Louis. One woman abused her, burning Josephine's hands when
1001-510: A decent voice to la grande diva magnifique ... I swear in all my life I have never seen, and probably never shall see again, such a spectacular singer and performer." Despite her popularity in France , Baker never attained the equivalent reputation in America . Her star turn in a 1936 revival of " Ziegfeld Follies " on Broadway was not commercially successful, and later in the run she
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#17327905869631092-701: A living with street-corner dancing . It was at the Old Chauffeur's Club that Josephine met Willie Wells, whom she married at age 13, but the marriage lasted less than a year. Following her divorce from Wells, she found work with a street performance group called the Jones Family Band. In her teens, she struggled to have a healthy relationship with her mother, who opposed her becoming an entertainer and scolded her for not tending to her second husband, William Howard Baker, whom she had married in 1921, at age 15. She soon left him when her vaudeville troupe
1183-673: A local show manager led to her recruitment for the St. Louis Chorus vaudeville act. At the age of 13, she headed to New York City during the Harlem Renaissance and performed at the Plantation Club, Florence Mills 's old stomping ground. After several auditions, she secured a role in the chorus line of a touring production of the groundbreaking and hugely successful Broadway revue " Shuffle Along " (1921) that helped bring public attention to Florence Mills, Paul Robeson , and Adelaide Hall . In "Shuffle Along", Baker
1274-595: A major motion picture, the 1927 French silent film Siren of the Tropics , directed by Mario Nalpas and Henri Étiévant . During her early career, Baker was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the Folies Bergère in Paris . Her performance in its 1927 revue Un vent de folie caused a sensation in the city. Her costume, consisting only of a short skirt of artificial bananas and
1365-836: A renewed interest in non-Western art forms, including those of African origin, which Baker would represent. In later shows in Paris, she was often accompanied on stage by her pet cheetah , "Chiquita", donning a diamond collar. Chiquita frequently escaped into the orchestra pit , terrorizing the musicians and adding another element of excitement to the show. After a while, Baker became the most successful American entertainer in France. Ernest Hemingway called her "the most sensational woman anyone ever saw." The author spent hours talking with her in Parisian bars. Picasso depicted her alluring beauty. Jean Cocteau became friendly with her and helped vault her to international stardom. Baker endorsed
1456-500: A series of harsh public rebukes, including accusations of Communist sympathies (a serious charge at the time). The ensuing publicity resulted in the termination of Baker's work visa, forcing her to cancel all her engagements and return to France. It was almost a decade before U.S. officials allowed her back into the country. In January 1966, Fidel Castro invited Baker to perform at the "Teatro Musical de La Habana" in Havana , Cuba, at
1547-660: A standing ovation. The following year, she appeared in a Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium , and then at the Monegasque Red Cross Gala , celebrating her 50 years in French show business. Advancing years and exhaustion began to take their toll; she sometimes had trouble remembering lyrics, and her speeches between songs tended to ramble. She still continued to captivate audiences of all ages. Although based in France, Baker supported
1638-524: A successful tour of Europe, she broke her contract and returned to France in 1926 to star at the Folies Bergère , setting the standard for her future acts. Baker performed the Danse Sauvage , wearing little more than a skirt of strung-together artificial bananas. Her success coincided with the 1925 Exposition des Arts Décoratifs , which gave birth to the term " Art Deco ", as well as
1729-649: A witty mind ...". A cenotaph in the UK that stands in Whitehall , London, was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and replaced Lutyens' identical wood-and-plaster cenotaph erected in 1919 for the Allied Victory Parade, and is a Grade I listed building . It is undecorated save for a carved wreath on each end and the words "The Glorious Dead", chosen by Lloyd George . It was intended to commemorate specifically
1820-459: A wreath in dedication to the fallen. The Cenotaph in Belfast , Northern Ireland, is located in the grounds of Belfast City Hall and is set within a Garden of Remembrance . It is about 9.5 metres (31 ft) high and presents several carvings including laurel wreaths, symbolising victory and honour. The Cenotaph is the site of the annual Northern Ireland memorial held on Remembrance Sunday ,
1911-583: Is a complex consisting of a cenotaph with a tower as a secular monument and the Sacré-Cœur church as a religious building. Numerous monuments donated by Allied nations are displayed in the tower and on the adjoining esplanade. In the Museum of Aquitaine , in Bordeaux , is the cenotaph of Michel de Montaigne , a French Renaissance writer and philosopher. The tomb was sculpted in 1593 , a year after his death on
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#17327905869632002-581: Is derived from the Greek κενοτάφιον , kenotaphion , a compound word that is created from the morphological combination of two root words: Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world. Many were built in Ancient Egypt , Ancient Greece and across Northern Europe (in the shape of Neolithic barrows ). The cenotaph in Whitehall , London, designed in 1919 by Sir Edwin Lutyens , influenced
2093-456: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Josephine Baker Freda Josephine Baker ( née McDonald ; June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975), naturalized as Joséphine Baker , was an American-born French dancer, singer, and actress. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in France. She was the first black woman to star in
2184-490: Is located at Arlington National Cemetery . In Inishmore , one of the Aran Islands of Ireland , drowning was formerly such a common cause of death for island fishermen that each family had a memorial to those lost at sea known as leachtaí cuimhneacháin (memorial cairns). Most were erected in the 19th century, although some date back to the eighteenth. A modern memorial was erected in 1997. In India, cenotaphs are
2275-644: Is often described as a cenotaph. The Battle Monument in Baltimore, Maryland commemorates the Battle of Baltimore , the Battle of North Point on 12 September 1814, the Bombardment of Fort McHenry on 13–14 September, and the stand-off on Loudenschlager's Hill (now Hampstead Hill in Patterson Park ). It has an Egyptian Revival cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing
2366-727: The American Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s. When she arrived in New York with her husband Jo, they were refused reservations at 36 hotels because of racial discrimination. This led her to write several articles about segregation in the United States. She also traveled in the South, giving a talk at Fisk University , a historically black college in Nashville, Tennessee , on "France, North Africa and
2457-655: The Deuxième Bureau , the French military intelligence agency, as an "honorable correspondent". Baker worked with Jacques Abtey, the head of French counterintelligence in Paris. She socialized with the Germans at embassies, ministries, night clubs, charming them while secretly gathering information. Her café-society fame enabled her to rub shoulders with those in the know, from high-ranking Japanese officials to Italian and Vichy bureaucrats, reporting to Abtey what she heard. She attended parties and gathered information at
2548-789: The Dunedin Cenotaph , the Wellington Cenotaph and the Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph (a copy of the Whitehall Cenotaph). Although most notable cenotaphs commemorate notable individuals buried elsewhere, many cenotaphs pay tribute to people whose remains have never been located, particularly those lost at sea. Some such cenotaphs are dedicated to victims of the RMS Titanic whose bodies were not recovered after
2639-822: The French Resistance during World War II . After the war, she was awarded the Resistance Medal by the French Committee of National Liberation , the Croix de Guerre by the French military , and was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour by General Charles de Gaulle . Baker sang: "I have two loves: my country and Paris." On November 30, 2021, Baker was inducted into the Panthéon in Paris,
2730-600: The Ku Klux Klan but said publicly that she was not afraid of them. In 1951, Baker made charges of racism against Sherman Billingsley 's Stork Club in Manhattan, where she had been refused service. Actress Grace Kelly , who was at the club at the time, rushed over to Baker, took her by the arm and stormed out with her entire party, vowing never to return (although she returned on 3 January 1956 with Prince Rainier of Monaco ). The two women became close friends after
2821-594: The Manila North Cemetery in honour of the 24 Scouts who died in a plane crash en route to the 11th World Scout Jamboree . A cenotaph at Khejarli , Rajasthan, India, memorializes the 363 Bishnoi martyrs who were massacred in 1730 while defending their local khejri trees. In Kocaeli Province of Turkey there is a monumental cenotaph to memorialize the Carthaginian general and statesman Hannibal . Ottoman -ruled Jerusalem surrendered to
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2912-726: The Medal of Honor . Maya Lin 's Memorial Wall in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , inscribed with the names of the approximately 58 thousand service members who died in the Vietnam War , is one of the most visited monuments in Washington D.C. In New London, Texas , a cenotaph stands dedicated to the more than 300 students and teachers killed in the New London School explosion on March 18, 1937, when
3003-876: The Victory Square Cenotaph , in Vancouver , British Columbia. In the Falkland Islands , there are several war memorials to commemorate those killed in the Falklands War in 1982. The main memorial for Falkland Islanders is the 1982 Liberation Memorial , a cenotaph erected in Stanley in 1984 which lists all the British Army regiments, RAF squadrons, Royal Navy vessels and the Royal Marine formations and units that took part in
3094-628: The chhatri is painted in the same manner as the haveli . Cenotaphs have also been the subject of a number of illustrations including: In the Internet age, virtual cenotaphs are common in the game World of Warcraft , as well as in The Elder Scrolls series games though modding add-ons. They have also been created in the augmented reality game Ingress in honour of the slain MIT police officer Sean Collier and in memory of
3185-416: The civil rights movement , Baker began to adopt children, forming a family which she often referred to as "The Rainbow Tribe". Baker wanted to prove that "children of different ethnicities and religions could still be brothers." She often took the children with her cross-country, and when they were at Château des Milandes , she arranged tours so visitors could walk the grounds and see how natural and happy
3276-436: The 'primitive-to-Parisienne' narrative that would become the staple of Baker's cinema career, and exploited in particular her comic stage persona based on loose-limbed athleticism and artful clumsiness." The sound films "Zouzou" (1934) and "Princesse Tam Tam" were both star vehicles for Baker. Under the management of Abatino, Baker's stage and public persona, as well as her singing voice, were transformed. In 1934, she took
3367-529: The 1930's, Baker's assimilation into French popular culture had been completed by her association with the song." She starred in four films, which found success only in Europe: the silent film Siren of the Tropics (1927), Zouzou (1934) and Princesse Tam Tam (1935). She starred in Fausse Alerte in 1940. Bergfelder, Harris, and Street wrote that the silent film Siren of the Tropics "rehearses
3458-707: The Argentinian soldiers who died during the Falklands War , in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of black marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame, and during the day is guarded by two soldiers. Another cenotaph, which is a replica of the Argentine Military Cemetery in Darwin on the Falkland Islands , exists in Campo de Mayo , a large Army facility and training field just outside Buenos Aires. A limestone replica of
3549-690: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby during the Battle of Jerusalem in December 1917 during World War I . A cenotaph was erected in 1920 at the historical site of the surrender, later to be named Allenby Square . The inscription dedicates it to the fallen of the 60th London Division . The Interallied Memorial of Cointe, commissioned by FIDAC (The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) and built after World War I in Liège ,
3640-477: The Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in Hamilton, Bermuda (with the cornerstone laid in 1920, and the completed monument unveiled in 1925). In Canada, major cenotaphs commemorating the nation's war dead in World War I and later conflicts include the National War Memorial (a cenotaph surmounted by a bronze sculpture entitled "The Response") in Ottawa ; Montreal , Toronto , Hamilton , Victoria , St. John's , Halifax , and
3731-402: The Equality of the Races in France". She refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States, although she was offered $ 10,000 by a Miami club; the club eventually met her demands. Her insistence on mixed audiences helped to integrate live entertainment shows in the Las Vegas Valley . After this incident, she began receiving threatening phone calls from people claiming to be from
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3822-408: The Folies Bergère. Bolstered by recognition of her wartime heroism, Baker the performer assumed a new gravitas, unafraid to take on serious music or subject matter. The engagement was a rousing success and reestablished Baker as one of Paris' pre-eminent entertainers. In 1951, Baker was invited back to the United States for a nightclub engagement in Miami. After winning a public battle over desegregating
3913-402: The French industrialist Jean Lion, and became a French citizen. They were married in the French town of Crèvecœur-le-Grand , in a wedding presided over by the mayor, Jammy Schmidt. Between 1933 and 1937, Baker was a guest at the start of the Tour de France on four occasions. In September 1939, when France declared war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland, Baker was recruited by
4004-456: The Great War 1914–18. It was unveiled by Prince Arthur of Connaught on 1 August 1923. There is also a cenotaph in Lusaka at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, and commemorates those Zambians who fought and died in World Wars I & II. The cenotaph was commemorated in 1977. A monument which has come to be known to as the "Cenotaph" was erected in Plaza San Martín , in downtown Buenos Aires , to commemorate
4095-589: The Italian embassy without raising suspicion. When the Germans invaded France, Baker left Paris and went to the Château des Milandes , her home in the Dordogne département in the south of France. She housed people who were eager to help the Free French effort led by Charles de Gaulle and supplied them with visas. As an entertainer, Baker had an excuse for moving around Europe, visiting neutral nations such as Portugal, as well as some in South America. She carried information for transmission to England, about airfields, harbors, and German troop concentrations in
4186-523: The March; some thought her time overseas had made her a woman of France, one who was disconnected from the Civil Rights issues going on in America. In her speech, one of the things Baker said: I have walked into the palaces of kings and queens, and into the houses of presidents and much more. But I could not walk into a hotel in America and get a cup of coffee, and that made me mad. And when I get mad, you know that I open my big mouth. And then look out, 'cause when Josephine opens her mouth, they hear it all over
4277-416: The Navigator . The Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence , Italy , contains a number of cenotaphs, including one for Dante Alighieri , who is buried in Ravenna . Durban has a striking and unusual cenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics. Gqeberha (its former name Port Elizabeth ) has a cenotaph. Located on the edge of St George's Park in Rink Street, it
4368-416: The Stork Club incident was overblown. ) Baker also worked with the NAACP . Her reputation as a crusader grew to such an extent that the NAACP had Sunday, May 20, 1951, declared "Josephine Baker Day". She was presented with life membership with the NAACP by Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche . The honor she was paid spurred her to further her crusading efforts with the " Save Willie McGee " rally. McGee
4459-586: The Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret). In 1937, Baker married Frenchman Jean Lion, but they separated in 1940. She married French composer and conductor Jo Bouillon in 1947, and their union lasted 14 years before also ending in divorce . Later, she was involved with the artist Robert Brady for a time, but they never married. Speculation exists that Baker was also involved in sexual liaisons, if not relationships, with blues singer Clara Smith , Ada "Bricktop" Smith , French novelist Colette , and Frida Kahlo . During her participation in
4550-588: The United States by Coretta Scott King , following Martin Luther King Jr. 's assassination . After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children. Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri . Baker's ancestry is unknown—her mother, Carrie, was adopted in Little Rock, Arkansas , in 1886 by Richard and Elvira McDonald, both of whom were former slaves of African and Native American descent. Baker's estate identifies vaudeville drummer Eddie Carson as her natural father despite evidence to
4641-424: The West of France. Notes were written in invisible ink on Baker's sheet music. As described in Jazz Cleopatra , "She specialized in gatherings at embassies and ministries, charming people as she had always done, but at the same time trying to remember interesting items to transmit". Later in 1941, she and her entourage went to the French colonies in North Africa. The stated reason was Baker's health (since she
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#17327905869634732-437: The cause. In 1963, she spoke at the March on Washington at the side of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Baker was the only official female speaker. While wearing her Free French uniform emblazoned with her medal of the Légion d'honneur, she introduced the "Negro Women for Civil Rights". Rosa Parks and Daisy Bates were among those she acknowledged, and both gave brief speeches. Not everyone involved wanted Baker present at
4823-399: The children were in "The Rainbow Tribe". Her estate featured hotels, a farm, rides, and the children singing and dancing for the audience. She charged an admission fee to visitors who entered and partook in the activities, which included watching the children play. She created dramatic backstories for them, picking them with clear intent in mind: at one point, she wanted and planned to adopt
4914-411: The château and live with his adoptive father, Jo Bouillon, in Argentina , at the age of 15, after discovering that he was gay . Moïse died of cancer in 1999, and Noël was diagnosed with schizophrenia and is in a psychiatric hospital as of 2009. Jean-Claude Baker , the unofficial addition to the Rainbow Tribe, committed suicide in 2015, aged 71. Cenotaph A cenotaph is an empty tomb or
5005-453: The closest Sunday to 11 November ( Armistice Day ). In Australia, Anzac Day commemorations are usually held at all of the nation's many war memorials , but not all of them are cenotaphs. Cenotaphs include the Hobart Cenotaph , the Sydney Cenotaph and the obelisk within the State War Memorial in Kings Park , Perth, Western Australia. Anzac Day commemorations in New Zealand are also usually held at local war memorials. Cenotaphs include
5096-414: The club's audience, Baker followed up her sold-out run at the club with a national tour. Rave reviews and enthusiastic audiences accompanied her everywhere, climaxed by a parade in Harlem in honor of her new title: NAACP 's "Woman of the Year". In 1952, Baker was hired to crown the Queen of the Cavalcade of Jazz for the famed eighth Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles, which
5187-513: The conflict. The names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war are listed on ten plaques behind the Memorial, divided into the service branches. Services are held at the Memorial each year on 14 June ( Liberation Day ) and on Remembrance Sunday , with wreaths being laid at the foot of the Memorial. In the United States , a cenotaph in Yale University 's Hewitt Quad (or Beinecke Plaza ) honours men of Yale who died in battle. The John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial in Dallas
5278-429: The contrary. In 1993, Josephine Baker's foster son Jean-Claude Baker published a biography titled Josephine: The hungry Heart , which was the culmination of decades of exhaustive research into Baker's life and career. In the book, he discusses at length the circumstances surrounding Baker's birth: The records of the city of St. Louis tell an almost unbelievable story. They show that (Baker's mother) Carrie McDonald ...
5369-403: The dead from events outside conventional Western coverage. The concrete Memorial Cenotaph at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park was designed by Kenzo Tange to commemorate the victims of the August 1945 atomic bomb attacks . The cenotaph at the 228 Peace Memorial Park in Taipei , Taiwan was erected as a memorial to the February 28 incident . In the Philippines, a cenotaph was erected inside
5460-430: The defenders of the Battle of the Alamo (March 1836) stands in front of the Alamo mission chapel in San Antonio, Texas . The cenotaph is empty because the remains of the fallen were cremated. Atop War Memorial Chapel at Virginia Tech , there is a cenotaph honouring all Virginia Tech cadets who have been killed in battle. Inscribed upon the cenotaph are the names of the seven Virginia Tech alumni who have been awarded
5551-464: The design of many other war memorials in Britain and in the British sectors of the Western Front , as well as those in other Commonwealth nations . Lutyens' cenotaph was chosen as a deliberately secular monument. The Church of Santa Engrácia , in Lisbon , Portugal, turned into a National Pantheon in 1966, holds six cenotaphs, namely to Luís de Camões , Pedro Álvares Cabral , Afonso de Albuquerque , Nuno Álvares Pereira , Vasco da Gama and Henry
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#17327905869635642-406: The first black woman to receive one of the highest honors in France. As her resting place remains in Monaco Cemetery , a cenotaph was installed in vault 13 of the crypt in the Panthéon. Baker, who refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States, is also noted for her contributions to the civil rights movement . In 1968, she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in
5733-407: The incident. When Baker was near bankruptcy, Kelly—by then the princess consort —offered her a villa and financial assistance. (During his work on the "Stork Club" book, author and " New York Times " reporter Ralph Blumenthal was contacted by Jean-Claude Baker , one of Baker's sons. He indicated that he had read his mother's FBI file and, using comparison of the file to the tapes, said he thought
5824-420: The lead in a revival of Jacques Offenbach 's opera La créole , which premiered in December of that year for a six-month run at the Théâtre Marigny on the Champs-Élysées of Paris. In preparation for her performances, she went through months of training with a vocal coach. In the words of Shirley Bassey , who has cited Baker as her primary influence, "... she went from a petite danseuse sauvage with
5915-432: The legal guardian of another boy, also named Jean-Claude , and considered him an unofficial addition to the Rainbow Tribe. For some time, Baker lived with her children and an enormous staff in the château in Dordogne , France, with her fourth husband, Jo Bouillon. Bouillon claimed that Baker bore one child, though it was stillborn in 1941, an incident that precipitated an emergency hysterectomy. Baker forced Jarry to leave
6006-407: The names of the dead. It was designed by French émigré architect Maximilian Godefroy in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827. It is considered the first war memorial in America, and an early example of a memorial to individual soldiers. The Monument appears on the Seal and the Logo of the City of Baltimore, and serves as a symbol for any agencies of the municipal government. A cenotaph for
6097-411: The northwestern region of Rajasthan as well as in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra . In the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, chhatri s are built on the cremation sites of wealthy or distinguished individuals. Chhatri s in Shekhawati may consist of a simple structure of one dome raised by four pillars to a building containing many domes and a basement with several rooms. In some places, the interior of
6188-422: The request of his wife, Françoise de la Chassaigne, probably by Prieur and Guillerman, two Bordeaux ornamentists. On the cenotaph, next to the coat of arms, there are two epitaphs, in Greek and in Latin. The one in Latin begins: "To Michel de Montaigne, son of Pierre, grandson of Grimond, great-grand-son of Raymond, knight of Saint-Michel, ex-mayor of the city of Bordeaux, a man born for glory, with gentle manners,
6279-422: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rainbow Tribe . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_Tribe&oldid=836967866 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6370-425: The sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929. A surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during World War II. In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The Victoria Falls with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during
6461-447: The screams of the Negro families running across this bridge with nothing but what they had on their backs as their worldly belongings... So with this vision I ran and ran and ran... By age 12, she had dropped out of school. At 13, she worked as a waitress at the Old Chauffeur's Club at 3133 Pine Street. She also lived as a street child in the slums of St. Louis, sleeping in cardboard shelters, scavenging for food in garbage cans, making
6552-566: The seventh-anniversary celebrations of his revolution. Her spectacular show in April broke attendance records. In 1968, Baker visited Yugoslavia and made appearances in Belgrade and in Skopje . In her later career, Baker faced financial troubles. She commented, "Nobody wants me, they've forgotten me"; but family members encouraged her to continue performing. In 1973 she performed at Carnegie Hall to
6643-473: The show's proceeds to poor children of Serbia . In Zagreb , adoring crowds greeted her at the train station, but opposition from local clergy and morality police led to the cancellation of some of her shows. During her travels in Yugoslavia, Baker was accompanied by "Count" Giuseppe Pepito Abatino. At the start of her career in France, Abatino, a Sicilian former stonemason who passed himself off as
6734-526: The sinking. Although Isidor Straus 's body was recovered, Ida Straus 's body was not, and a cenotaph at the Straus Mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx is dedicated to Isidor and Ida together. Its inscription reads: "Many waters cannot quench love—neither can the floods drown it." ( Song of Solomon 8:7 ) The striking cenotaph of Major Archibald Butt , aide to U.S. President William Taft ,
6825-759: The victims of the First World War , but is used to commemorate all of the dead in all wars in which British servicemen and women have fought. The dates of the First World War and the Second World War are inscribed on it in Roman numerals. The design was used in the construction of many other war memorials throughout the British Empire. The Cenotaph is used for annual Armistice Day and Remembrance Sunday Commemorations held every November where all political leaders and ex-prime ministers attend and lay
6916-467: The war, Baker was awarded the Resistance Medal by the French Committee of National Liberation , the Croix de Guerre by the French military , and was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle . Baker's last marriage, to French composer and conductor Jo Bouillon , ended around the time she adopted her 11th child. In 1949, a reinvented Baker returned in triumph to
7007-556: The world ... After King's assassination, his widow Coretta Scott King approached Baker in the Netherlands to ask if she would take her husband's place as leader of the Civil Rights Movement. After many days of thinking it over, Baker declined, saying her children were "too young to lose their mother." Baker's first marriage was to American Pullman porter Willie Wells when she was only 13 years old. The union
7098-581: The young girl put too much soap in the laundry. In 1917, when she was 11, a terrified Josephine McDonald witnessed racial violence in East St. Louis . In a speech years later, she recalled what she had seen: I can still see myself standing on the west bank of the Mississippi looking over into East St. Louis and watching the glow of the burning of Negro homes lighting the sky. We children stood huddled together in bewilderment ... frightened to death with
7189-592: Was a black man in Mississippi convicted of raping a white woman in 1945 on the basis of dubious evidence, and sentenced to death. Baker attended rallies for McGee and wrote letters to Fielding Wright , the governor of Mississippi, asking him to spare McGee's life. Despite her efforts, McGee was executed in 1951. As the decorated war hero who was bolstered by the racial equality she experienced in Europe, Baker became increasingly regarded as controversial; some black people even began to shun her, fearing that her outspokenness and racy reputation from her earlier years would hurt
7280-490: Was a dancer at the end of a chorus line. Fearing she might be overshadowed by the others, she used her position to introduce a hint of comedy into her routine, making her stand out from her fellow dancers. She began in "Shuffle Along" with one of the U.S. touring companies, but, once she came of age, she was transferred to the Broadway production, where she remained for several months, until the show closed, in 1923. Next, Baker
7371-443: Was admitted to the (exclusively white) Female Hospital on May 3, 1906, diagnosed as pregnant. She was discharged on June 17, her baby, Freda J. McDonald having been born two weeks earlier. Why six weeks in the hospital? Especially for a black woman (of that time) who would customarily have had her baby at home with the help of a midwife? ... The father was identified (on the birth certificate) simply as "Edw"... I think Josephine's father
7462-407: Was booked into a New York City venue. They divorced in 1925, during a period when her career success was beginning. Still, she continued to use his last name professionally for the rest of her life. Though Baker was often on the road, returning with gifts and money for her mother and younger half-sister, larger career opportunities drew her farther afield, to France. Baker's unrelenting badgering of
7553-577: Was cast in " The Chocolate Dandies ", a revue that opened on September 1, 1924. Again, she was relegated to the chorus line. The show ran for 96 performances, finally closing in November 1925. Baker sailed to Paris in 1925 and opened on October 2 in " la Revue nègre [ fr ] " at Théâtre des Champs-Élysées . She was 19 at the time. In a 1974 interview with The Guardian , she explained that her first big break came in this bustling European city. "No, I didn't get my first break on Broadway. I
7644-535: Was designed by Elizabeth Gardner to commemorate the men who died in the First World War (1914–1918) and was erected by the monumental mason firm of Pennachini Bros. On either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life. Surrounding
7735-517: Was only in the chorus in 'Shuffle Along' and 'Chocolate Dandies.' I became famous first in France in the twenties. I just couldn't stand America and I was one of the first coloured Americans to move to Paris. Oh yes, Bricktop was there as well. Me and her were the only two, and we had a marvellous time. Of course, everyone who was anyone knew Bricky. And they got to know Miss Baker as well." In Paris, she became an instant success for her erotic dancing and for appearing practically nude onstage. After
7826-626: Was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on June 1. Also featured to perform that day were Roy Brown and His Mighty Men, Anna Mae Winburn and Her Sweethearts, Toni Harper , Louis Jordan , Jimmy Witherspoon and Jerry Wallace . An incident at the Stork Club in October 1951 interrupted and overturned her plans. Baker criticized the club's unwritten policy of discouraging Black patrons, then scolded columnist Walter Winchell , an old ally, for not rising to her defense. Winchell responded swiftly with
7917-622: Was recovering from another case of pneumonia), but the real reason was to continue helping the Resistance. From a base in Morocco, she made tours of Spain. She pinned notes with the information she gathered inside her underwear (counting on her celebrity to avoid a strip search). She met the Pasha of Marrakech , whose support helped her through a miscarriage (the last of several). After the miscarriage, she developed an infection so severe it required
8008-521: Was replaced by Gypsy Rose Lee . Time magazine referred to her as a "Negro wench ... whose dancing and singing might be topped anywhere outside of Paris", while other critics said her voice was "too thin" and "dwarf-like" to fill the Winter Garden Theatre . She returned to Europe heartbroken. This contributed to Baker's becoming a legal citizen of France and giving up her American citizenship. Baker returned to Paris in 1937, married
8099-585: Was reportedly very unhappy, and the couple divorced soon after marrying. Another short-lived marriage followed in 1921, to William Howard Baker. Since her career was already taking off under that last name, she retained it after the divorce. Jean-Claude Baker wrote that Josephine was bisexual and had several relationships with women. In 1925, she began an extramarital relationship with the Belgian novelist Georges Simenon . On an ocean liner, in 1929, en route from South America to France, Baker had an affair with
8190-477: Was the father, and Carson played along, (but) Josephine knew better. Josephine McDonald spent her early life on 212 Targee Street (known by some St. Louis residents as Johnson Street) in the Chestnut Valley neighborhood of St. Louis, a racially mixed low-income area near Union Station, consisting mainly of rooming houses, brothels, and apartments without indoor plumbing. She was poorly dressed, hungry as
8281-433: Was white—so did Josephine, so did her family...people in St. Louis say that (Baker's mother) had worked for a German family (around the time she became pregnant)... I have unraveled many mysteries associated with Josephine Baker, but the most painful mystery of her life, the mystery of her father's identity, I could not solve. The secret died with Carrie, who refused to the end to talk about it. She let people think Eddie Carson
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