118-541: Rajahmundry ( / ˈ r ɑː dʒ ə m ʌ n d r ɪ / RAH -juh-mun-dree ), officially Rajamahendravaram , is a city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and district headquarters of East Godavari district . It is the seventh most populated city in the state. During British rule , the district of Rajahmundry was created in the Madras Presidency in 1823. It was reorganised in 1859 and bifurcated into
236-405: A state government . The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the union government . On the other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government. The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it
354-545: A DGCA license for handling wide-bodied aircraft such as Airbus A321 and Boeing 737 . The airport has a dedicated cargo terminal. The government of AP is keen on exporting flowers through this airport from the nurseries in Kadiyam mandal of East Godavari district. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of
472-407: A brief description of the writer, a history of the king to whom the book is dedicated, and a chronological list of the books he published. In addition, historical information is available from inscriptions that can be correlated with the poems; there are several grammars, treatises, and anthologies that provide illustrative stanzas; and there is also information available from the lives of the poets and
590-528: A celebrated character called Nigama Sarma akka (sister of Nigama Sarma) and a story about her without giving her a name. He also had written many Chatuvu (extempore poems). Kasula Purushottama Kavi was a Telugu poet who lived during the late 18th century ( fl. CE 1798 ). He hailed from the Diviseema area of Krishna District , Andhra Pradesh and was a court poet of the then- Raja of Challapalli , Yarlagadda Ankineedu Prasad I (r. 1792–1819) of
708-420: A decadent age. Of the dozens of works of the eighteenth- to mid-nineteenth century, Kankanti Paparaju's Uttara Ramayana in campu style, and the play Vishnumayavilasa stand out. Other genres bloomed at the same time. Yakshaganas , indigenous dramas of song and prose, were also produced. Garlapati Tenali Ramakrishna ( Telugu : గార్లపాటి తెనాలి రామకృష్ణ ), popularly known as Tenali Rama and Vikata Kavi,
826-479: A different pattern. The period of modern Telugu literature began with Gurajada Apparao , who changed the face of Telugu poetry with his Muthayala Saralu , and was perfected by later writers in the Romanticism era including Rayaprolu and Devulapalli Krishna Sastri . Gurajada's attempt to reform Telugu poetry by shedding old rules and styles reached a zenith with Sri Sri . SriSri's famous work "Maha Prastanam"
944-441: A good memory and tests a person's capability of performing multiple tasks simultaneously. All the tasks are memory-intensive and demand an in-depth knowledge of literature, and prosody. The number of Prucchakas can be eight (for Ashtavadhanam ) or 100 ( Sataavadhaanam ) or even 1,000 (for Sahasravadhanam ). A person who has successfully performed Ashtavadhanam is called Ashtavadhani , one completing Shatavadhanam
1062-415: A lot to Veena Dhanammal and T. Brinda , who popularised Kshetrayya's songs with their beautiful musical interpretation. Kshetrayya's padyams now form an integral part of the dance and musical traditions of South India, where his songs are rendered purely as musical works or as accompaniments to dance. A prose translation by Kaluve Veera Raju which appeared hundred years later (ca 1700) had good success. He
1180-530: A metaphor, denoting the yearning of jeeva (usually depicted as the Nayaki) to unite with the divine (usually depicted as the man). In most of his compositions, Kshetrayya has used the mudra (signature) "Muvva Gopala" as a reference to himself, which is also a name for Krishna in Kshetrayya's village Muvva, now called as Movva . Kshetrayya's work has played a major role in influencing poetry, dance, music of
1298-551: A poet and Yogi. So high was the regard for Vemana that a popular Telugu saying goes 'Vemana's word is the word of the Vedas '. He is celebrated for his style of Chaatu padyam , a poem with a hidden meaning. Many lines of Vemana's poems are now colloquial phrases of the Telugu language. They end with the signature line Viswadhaabhi Raama, Vinura Vema , literally Beloved of Viswadha, listen Vema . There are many interpretations of what
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#17327805385171416-681: A pupil of Tikkana. If we assume that the Sumati Shatakam was indeed written by Baddena, it would rank as one of the earliest Shatakams in Telugu along with the Vrushadhipa Shatakam of Palkuriki Somanatha and the Sarveshwara Shatakam of Yathavakkula Annamayya. The Sumatee Shatakam is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language, as C. P. Brown rendered it in English in
1534-726: A social pastime. Most of these poems have memorable stories that go along with them that explain and contextualize them. They have passed through a lively oral tradition for hundreds of years, and been anthologized since the 19th century by scholars like Veturi Prabhakara Sastri . Many chatus are attributed to Srinatha , Tenali Rama , and other famous poets. These attributions, most of which are unverifiable, serve to make both mythologize these poets and judge their relative merit. Once made legends, they're free to interact anachronistically in chatus . Poets from different eras meet, exchange poems, and critique each other. In sum, chatus, "moving from gnomic advice to metalinguistic criticism, through
1652-433: A social reformer and the author of Rajasekhara Charithram , the first Telugu novel – was also from Rajahmundry. Rajahmundry is located at 16°59′N 81°47′E / 16.98°N 81.78°E / 16.98; 81.78 . with an average elevation of 14 metres (46 ft). It is geographically located at centre of Godavari Districts .There is paddy , sugarcane and various varieties of flowers cultivation in
1770-464: A sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu -speaking northern districts of Madras State . The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry , comprising
1888-407: Is a Shatavadhani , and after performing Sahasraavadhaanam is called Sahasravadhani . A dwipada is a couplet with a specific rhyme scheme. A stanza contains two short lines, each with less than fifteen characters. Longer poems, composed of many dwipada , can be composed with a "highly musical" effect. Much of the extant corpus in this form was written using the common language of
2006-563: Is a brand name of the K.V.Ratnam and sons, Ratnam Ball pen works at Fort Gate, Rajahmudry. Nannayya is the earliest known Telugu poet , and the author of the first third of the Andhra Mahabharatam , a Telugu retelling of the Mahabharata . Sri Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919), a renowned social reformer , is widely considered as the man who first brought about a renaissance in Telugu literature and Telugu people ; he
2124-496: Is a well-known example of the form. Srinatha was widely regarded as the Kavi Sarvabhowma ("the emperor among poets"). Kumaragiri Vema Reddy ( Telugu : వేమన ), popularly known as Yogi Vemana, was a 14th-century Telugu poet. His poems were written in the popular vernacular of Telugu, and are known for their use of simple language and native idioms. His poems discuss the subjects of Yoga , wisdom and morality. There
2242-435: Is also known to have fought for women's issues. General Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton , (15 May 1803 – 24 July 1899) was a British General and an Irrigation engineer. Adurthi Subba Rao , prominent old-time Director and Producer of Telugu Films. Julia Maitland , a campaigner for "native" education, founded a multilingual school and reading room in the town in 1837. Nalam Krishna Rao , a write and social activist from Godavari, setup
2360-458: Is born Svarochisha, the father of Svarochishamanu. The theme for his Manu Charitra is a short story from Markandeya Purana . It is about second Manu of fourteen manus (fathers of mankind societies according to Hindu mythology), translated into Telugu from Sanskrit by Marana (1291–1323), disciple of Tikkana. The original story was around 150 poems and Peddana extended into six chapters with 600 poems by adding fiction and descriptions. His work
2478-538: Is considered the highest form of verse. The essentials of such a composition according to the Telugu poetic theory are: In the earliest period, Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions, from around 400 BC. The 6th- or 7th-century Sanskrit text Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti (or Janāśraya-chandas ) deals with the metres used in Telugu, including some metres that are not found in Sanskrit prosody . This indicates that Telugu poetry existed during or around
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#17327805385172596-400: Is constructing Rajahmundry International Cricket Stadium on PPP mode to host international matches. Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC), Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA) and Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (APTDC) is planning River Front Development on 22 km (14 mi) stretch of river Godavari from Venkatanagaram to Vemagiri. The Government
2714-503: Is constructing flyovers on NH 16 and NH 216A at Diwancheruvu , Lalacheruvu , Morampudi , Vemagiri and Kadiyapulanka junctions in the city to ease traffic. Trumpet Bridge is being constructed at ADB road on NH 16 in Rajanagaram . An ROB was proposed from Morampudi to Kotipalli Bus stand. Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA), Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC) are constructing an outer ring road (ORR) for
2832-557: Is expanding to Mandapeta , Alamuru and Atreyapuram mandals. Main Road and Tadithota are main marketing places in the city. Many shopping complexes, multiplexes, hotels and convention halls are in construction near NH 216A (old NH 16 ) and it is becoming another shopping centre. Tourism also generates revenue to this region. It is one of the largest bullion markets in India which consists hundreds of gold, silver and platinum shops throughout
2950-494: Is his greatest gift to Telugu people. Other notable works of Chinnayasuri include Neeti Chandrika , Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu , Andhra Dhatumoola and Neeti Sangrahamu . Chinnayasuri translated Mitra Labham and Mitra Bhedam from the Sanskrit Panchatantra as Neeti Chandrika . Kandukuri Veeresalingam and Kokkonda Venkata Ratnam Pantulu followed his style of prose writing and wrote Vigrahamu and Sandhi in
3068-605: Is in construction at Vemagiri . "Science City" is in construction at Bommuru. After the Reorganization of Andhra Pradesh State the following institutes are sanctioned for the city: States and union territories of India India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories , for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into 806 districts and smaller administrative divisions . The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having
3186-488: Is known as the Pada-kavita Pitaamaha of the Telugu language. He was born to a Vaidiki Brahmin family and his works are considered to have dominated and influenced the structure of Carnatic music compositions. Annamacharya is said to have composed as many as 32,000 sankeertanas (songs) on Bhagwaan Govinda Venkateswara, of which only about 12,000 are available today. His keertana compositions are based on
3304-473: Is no consensus among scholars about the period in which Vemana lived. C.P. Brown , known for his research on Vemana, estimates the year of birth to be the year 1352 based on some of his verses. His poems are four lines in length. The fourth line is, in the majority of the cases, the chorus Viswadhabhirama Vinura Vema – he thus conveyed his message with three small lines written in a simple vernacular. He traveled widely across south India, acquiring popularity as
3422-646: Is pleasant at 27 °C (81 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F). There is heavy monsoon rain at the end of summer, with depressions in the Bay of Bengal . Rajahmundry has been ranked 16th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India. As of 2011 Census of India , the city had a population 341,831. 29,883 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 15,152 are boys and 14,731 are girls—a sex ratio of 972 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 84.28% (male 88.14%; female 80.54%) with 264,653 literates, significantly higher than
3540-506: Is rendered in the Champu style, is chaste and polished and of a high literary merit. The advanced and well-developed language used by Nannaya suggests that prior Telugu literature other than royal grants and decrees must have existed before him. However, these presumed works are now lost . Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the Mahābhārata epic, which
3658-402: Is rendered in the Champu style. Nannaya's Andhra Mahabharatam was almost completed by Tikkana Somayaji ( Telugu : తిక్కన సోమయాజి ; 1205–1288 CE) who wrote chapters 4 to 18. Errapragada ( Telugu : ఎర్రాప్రగడ ) or Yerrapragada ) who lived in the 14th century, finished the epic by completing the third chapter. He mimics Nannaya's style in the beginning, slowly changes tempo and finishes
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3776-457: Is signing MoUs with private agencies for Malls, Multiplexes, Hotels, Convention Centers and Recreational places on PPP mode as a part of tourism development. Rajahmundry Airport is being developed as an international airport for giving a major boost to tourism in Godavari districts. Polavaram Project , which is 25 km (16 mi) away from city will become another major tourist site near
3894-468: Is situated at Madhurapudi in the north of Rajamahendravaram. The airport serves the people of godavari districts in Andhra Pradesh. Indigo airline has been operating non-stop flights to and fro the cities namely Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad. The direct flight services to Mumbai and Delhi are expected in the near future. The airport's runway was expanded from 1,749 m to 3,165 m and it
4012-549: Is the earliest available Telugu Dandaka (a rhapsody which uses the same gana or foot throughout). His second work was Virabhadra Vijayamu which describes the adventures of Virabhadra , son of Shiva . As a young man, he was a devotee of Shiva and also Rama and was more interested in salvation, from which came the inspiration to translate the Bhagavata Purāṇas . Tallapaka Annamacharya (or Annamayya) ( Telugu : శ్రీ తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య ) (9 May 1408 – 23 February 1503)
4130-457: Is the nearest port to the city. A new commercial port is under construction at Kakinada City by GMR on PPP mode. Narasapuram Port is proposed according to AP State Reorganisation Act. It is being developed by Inland Waterways Authority of India .Inland water port is proposed at Bobbillanka . APTDC and other private agencies' boats and launches are available daily from Pushakar Ghat to Papikondalu and Bhadrachalam . Rajahmundry Airport
4248-506: Is the only government run junior college, established in 1974 and there are four private-aided, twenty private-unaided colleges in the city. The Government Arts College was founded more than 150 years ago by the reformer, Kandukuri Veeresalingam Panthulu . The BEd Training Institute is one of the oldest in India. Adikavi Nannaya University was established in March 2006, named after an 11th-century poet, Nannayya . Other major universities in
4366-456: Is the practice of singing the anupallavi first then the pallavi (second verse followed by first verse). Most of the padams are of the theme of longing for the coming of the Krishna. He wrote with Sringara as a main theme in expressing madhurabhakti (devotion to the supreme). Sringara is a motif where the mundane sexual relationship between a Nayaki (woman) and a Nayaka (man) is used as
4484-428: Is the second longest runway in the state of Andhra Pradesh. A new integrated domestic terminal will come up at Rajahmundry airport as part of its expansion and upgradation plans. The new terminal building, which will be built at a cost of Rs 135 crore, will have all modern facilities including aero bridges, and will be able to handle 1,400 passengers (700 arrivals and 700 departures) at a time. The airport has also obtained
4602-500: Is under construction at Vemagiri in the city. Government is exporting these flowers from Rajahmundry Airport through cargo planes . Rajahmundry is a commercial hub for East Godavari and West Godavari Districts. Nurseries in Kadiam mandal generates huge revenue to Rajahmundry revenue division . A floriculture research centre is in construction at Vemagiri to give a major boost to the nurseries in Godavari districts. Floriculture
4720-545: The Prahalada Bhakti Vijayam and the Nauka Charitam . Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam is in five acts with 45 kritis set in 28 ragas and 138 verses, in different metres in Telugu. Nauka Charitam is a shorter play in one act with 21 kritis set in 13 ragas and 43 verses. The latter is the most popular of Tyagaraja's operas, and is a creation of the composer's own imagination and has no basis in
4838-572: The Bhagavata Purāṇa . Often overlooked is the fact that Tyagaraja's works are some of the best and most beautiful literary expressions in Telugu language . Valmiki composed the Ramayana , the story of Rama, with 24,000 verses and also composed 24,000 kritis in praise of the lord. Paravastu Chinnayasuri ( Telugu : పరవస్తు చిన్నయ సూరి ) (1807–1861) wrote Baala Vyaakaranamu in a new style after doing extensive research on Andhra Grammar which
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4956-705: The Challapalli Samasthanam and possibly of his father as well. Purushottama Kavi is recognized for composing literary works in Telugu consisting of one hundred poetic stanzas, known as satakams . Kasula Purushottama Kavi is known for composing the Andhra Nayaka Satakam on Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnu Kasula Purushottama Kavi also composed Hamsaladeevi Gopala Shatakam , Manasa Bodha Shatakam , Bhakta Kalpadruma Shatakam , and Venugopala Shatakam . Mulugu Papayaradhya , also known as Mulugu Papayya or Sangameswara Sastry, (1778 – 1852)
5074-803: The Crown Colony of Burma . In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes and the Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces ( East Punjab , United Provinces , Central Provinces , Madras , Bombay , Bihar , Orissa , West Bengal and Assam ) and 562 former Indian states. Between 1947 and 1950,
5192-572: The Godavari and Krishna districts. Rajahmundry was the headquarters of Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. It is administered under Rajahmundry revenue division of the East Godavari district. The city is known for its floriculture , history, culture, agriculture, economy, tourism, and its heritage. It is known as the "Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh". The city's name
5310-742: The Gowthami Grandhalayam in Rajahmundry in 1898. Durga Cinetone was the first South Indian film studio, to be built in Rajahmundry in the year 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya. Many other films are being shot in the city. The city has produced many well-known artists in the Telugu film industry such as Adurthi Subba Rao , S. V. Ranga Rao , Ali , Raja Babu , Jaya Prada , Sameera Reddy , Bhanupriya , Sriman , Meghna Reddy , Thotakura Venkata Raju , Uma Pemmaraju , Ramesh , Sira Sri , Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar , Ali and J. D. Chakravarthy . The river Godavari and its bridges and
5428-467: The Mahabharata by Thimmaya, the Ramayana by Ranganadha, and the Bhagavatam by Tekumalla Ranga Sai. The form declined after the dwipada works of the early 17th century king-poet Raghunatha Nayak of Tanjore . Dwipada's accessibility has sometimes meant it was not a prestigious form of Telugu poetry. In the 19th century, scholar Charles Philip Brown noted "the learned despise couplets because
5546-556: The Mahabharata . She presented the Telugu nativity and culture in the story taken from Sanskrit epic. Allasani Peddana ( Telugu : అల్లసాని పెద్దన ) (15th and 16th centuries) was ranked as the foremost of the Ashtadiggajalu the title for the group of eight poets in the court of Krishnadevaraya , a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. Peddana was a native of Somandepalli near Anantapur . Allasani Peddana wrote
5664-619: The Markandeya Purāṇas relating to the birth of Svarochishamanu, who is one of the fourteen Manus . Pravarakhya is a pious Brahmin youth who goes to the Himalayas for Tapasya . In the Himalayas Varudhini , a Gandharva girl, falls in love with him, but Pravarakyudu rejects her love. Knowing this a Gandharva youth who was earlier rejected by Varudhini assumes the form of Pravarakhya and succeeds to win her love. To them
5782-618: The Prabandham genres during the Prabandha yugam . Telugu literature uses an expression in verse called Champu , which mixes prose and poetry. Although it is the dominant literary form, there are exceptions: for example, Tikkana composed Uttara Ramayana entirely in verse. New devices for the dissemination of knowledge among the people were developed in the form of the Dvipada and Sataka styles. Dvipada , sometimes written
5900-585: The Ranganadha Ramayana , a version of the Ramayana that became incredibly popular for its singability, vernacular diction, and stories not found in Valmiki's version . The form reached its apex with Palnati Vira Charitra, popularly ascribed to the 14th century poet Srinatha . By the end of the Prabandha era, the three most important Sanskrit poems had been translated into Telugu in dwipada:
6018-584: The Vishishtadvaita school of thought. Annamayya was educated in this system of Ramanuja by Sri Satagopa Yateendra of the Ahobila matham. Tallapaka Tirumalamma ( Telugu : తాళ్ళపాక తిరుమలమ్మ ) (Annamacharya's wife) wrote Subhadra Kalyanam , and is considered the first female poet in Telugu literature. Her main work, Subhadra Kalyanam , which consists of 1170 poems, is about the marriage of Arjuna and Subhadra , who are characters that appear in
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#17327805385176136-489: The 12th century. Sumati Shatakam , which is a neeti ("moral"), is one of the most famous Telugu Shatakams . Shatakam is composed of more than a 100 padyalu (poems). According to many literary critics Sumati Shatakam was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu ( Telugu : బద్దెన భూపాల ; 1220–1280 CE). He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala. He was a Chola prince and a vassal under the Kakatiya empress Rani Rudrama Devi , and
6254-466: The 1840s. Srinatha ( Telugu : శ్రీనాథుడు ) (1365–1441) popularised the Prabandha style of composition. He was a minister in the court of Pedakomati Vemareddy of Kondaveedu and wrote Salivahana Saptasati , Sivaratri Mahatyam , Harivilasa , Bhimakanda , Kasi Khandam , Srungara Naishadham , Palanati Veera Charitra , Dhananjaya Vijayam , Srungara Dipika . These works were concerned with history and mythology. Srinatha's Srungara Naishadhamu
6372-552: The 1980s discoveries in Karimnagar. This is the period of Kavi Trayam or Trinity of Poets. Nannayya , Tikkana and Yerrapragada (or Errana) are known as the Kavi Trayam. Andhra Mahabharatam of Nannayya Bhattarakudu ( Telugu : నన్నయ ; 1022–1063 CE), is generally regarded as the first Telugu literary composition ( Adi Kavyam ) and Nannaya as the first poet ( Adi Kavi ) of Telugu language. His work, which
6490-607: The 6th century. Malliya Rechana (940 CE) composed the first Telugu poetic prosody book Kavijanasrayam (pre-Nannayya chandassu) around 940 AD. This was a popular one and referred by many poets. There seems to be even an earlier prosody book by Rechana's guru Vaadindra Chudamani which is not available. Veturi Prabhakara Sastry in 1900s mentioned the existence of Pre-Nannayya Chandassu in Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisheka Sanchika. Accurate dating of this piece of literature happened after
6608-583: The Gazette on 31 January 2020. Godavari Urban Development Authority (GUDA) is also working for the progress of new master plan. Present representatives of City: Mandals in city: Rajahmundry is also famous for flowers. Various varieties of flowers are cultivated here. Nurseries here are spread more than 3,500 acres in Kadiam , Rajahmundry Rural mandals of the city. Floriculture is expanding to Mandapeta town. Central Floriculture Institute and Research Centre
6726-474: The Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu , effective from 26 January 2020. Ladakh UT The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between
6844-491: The Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu 's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu . In November 2000, three new states were created, namely: Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa
6962-669: The Sir Arthur Cotton Museum are some of the attractions in the city. Rajahmundry is a tourist destination in the state. Daily tourist boats are availed from Pushkar Ghat to Papikondalu and Bhadrachalam . Nurseries in Kadiam mandal is another tourist destination. Government of Andhra Pradesh is rehabilitating the old Godavari bridge (Havelock Bridge) and constructing resorts, convention centers, film studios, hotels, recreational places at Pichukalanka and other islands on River Godavari and eco-tourism centre at Kadiyapulanka , Zoological Park. Government of Andhra Pradesh
7080-518: The South Indian tradition. Kshetrayya was intimately connected with the devadasi women of the temples of south India, who were the subject of many of his compositions. The devadasis were traditionally in possession of the musical/poetic interpretations of his work for a long period of time till the devadasi system was abolished and the compositions became more accepted in the musical community as valuable works of art. The musical community also owes
7198-468: The Union and that state. Telugu literature • Economy of Telangana • Telangana Movement • Telangana cuisine Telugu literature is the body of works written in the Telugu language . It consists of poems, short stories , novels, plays, and song lyrics, among others. There is some indication that Telugu literature dates at least to the middle of the first millennium,
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#17327805385177316-710: The area. River Godavari flows through the west of Rajahmundry. The Rajahmundry traps, part of the Deccan Traps , are located on the Godavari river and are of particular interest to geologists. The weather is hot and humid, with a tropical climate and, therefore, no distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature is 32 °C (90 °F). The hottest season is from April to June, with temperature ranging from 34 °C (93 °F) to 48 °C (118 °F) with maximum of 52 °C (126 °F) recorded in May 2002 and May 2007. The coolest months are December and January, when it
7434-545: The buildings occupy 37.24 acres (15.07 ha). In the Madras Presidency, the District of Rajahmundry was created in 1823. It was reorganised in 1859 and was bifurcated into Godavari and Krishna districts. During British rule, Rajahmundry was the headquarters of Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was split, Kakinada became
7552-686: The chapter in the writing style of Tikkana. These three writers – Nannaya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada – are known as the Kavitraya ("three great poets") of Telugu. Other translations such as the Markandeya Puranam , by the disciple of Tikkana Somayaji , Marana; the Dasakumara Charita , by Ketana ; and Yerrapragada 's Harivamsam followed. Many scientific works, like Ganitasarasangrahamu by Pavuluri Mallana and Prakirnaganitamu by Eluganti Peddana, were written in
7670-630: The city connecting Rampachodavaram and other East agency areas is in the proposal. The frequency of trains will be increased after the completion of Kovvur - Bhadrachalam railway line and the distance to Secunderabad will be decreased. National Waterway 4 was declared on 24 November 2008, which connects the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , and the union territory of Puducherry . It passes through Kakinada , Rajahmundry, Tadepalligudem , Eluru , Commanur , Buckingham Canal and also part of Krishna and Godavari rivers. Kakinada Port
7788-474: The city include Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University , Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University Study Center. Andhra Pradesh State Forest Academy is located in the city for Forest skills training. National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh , Tadepalligudem is located 34 km (21 mi) from the city. Central Government Institutions in the city are as follows: "Central Floriculture Institute and Research Centre"
7906-568: The city to ease traffic in the city. Rajahmundry railway station is classified as an A category station. It is located on the Howrah-Chennai main line of South Central Railway zone . The new platforms 4 and 5 were operational from 2023. Godavari , Kadiyam , and Kovvur are other railway stations serving the city region. A second railway line is proposed on the Godavari Arch Bridge. A new railway line to Raipur from
8024-476: The city with Vizianagaram via Rampachodavaram , Narsipatnam and Araku . ADB Road and SH 40 (Canal Road) connects the city with Kakinada and SH 41 is connected with Odisha , Chhattisgarh , Telangana borders with Andhra Pradesh and Bhadrachalam . SH 104 connects the city with Amalapuram . SH 172 is connected to Purushottampatnam and Polavaram Project . SH 72 connects the city to Nidadavolu , Palakollu and Narasapuram , Bhimavaram . NHAI
8142-593: The city. Rajahmundry is an industrial hub with huge industries generating employment. The city is the headquarters for ONGC , GAIL in K.G. Basin . Godavari districts are one of the largest petrochemical hubs in India. There are two huge paper mills in the city located at Luthergiri and Kadiam. There are two power plants in city i.e., GMR Power Plant and Vijjeswaram Power Plant (which runs on Natural gas and Naptha as primary and secondary fuels). The Government has set up industrial parks and industrial clusters at Nidigatla, Pallakadiam, Rajanagaram, Kadiyam, Jegurapadu areas in
8260-708: The city. The bridges across Godavari river are an important transport infrastructure for connectivity such as, the Godavari Bridge , which is the third longest railroad bridge in India ; and the Godavari Arch Bridge , commissioned on 14 March 1997 for Howrah–Chennai main line . While, the Old Godavari Bridge (The Havelock Bridge) was the earliest of all, built in 1897 and was decommissioned in 1997. The city also has Dowleswaram Cotton Barrage bridge and fourth bridge on either side of
8378-454: The city. The present five-year plan of district consists of making the city as an IT Hub. Damerla Rama Rao Art Gallery is dedicated to the works of the artist Damerla Rama Rao of the city and showcases various paintings by him such as Krishna Leela , Godavari of Eastern Ghats and Milkmaids of Kathiawar . Ratnam pens are the first handcrafted pens in India since 1932. The pens are made from ebonite with gold or silver plated nibs. Ratnamson
8496-501: The defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh . The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of
8614-471: The domains of desire, social commentary, the articulation of cultural values, and critical taste, these interlocking stanzas embody an entire education, an expressive vision of life and poetry." A satakamu literally means "an anthology of a hundred poems", but the number is usually somewhat higher, often an auspicious number like 108. The anthology is meant to be taken together. A list of notable such anthologies: The Praudha Prabandha or Maha Kavya
8732-583: The first extant works are from the 11th century when the Mahabharata was first translated to Telugu from Sanskrit by Nannaya . The language has experienced a golden age under the patronage of the Vijayanagara Emperor-Poet Krishnadevaraya . There are various sources available for information on early Telugu writers. Among these are the prologues to their poems, which followed the Sanskrit model by customarily giving
8850-407: The first major Prabandha and for this reason he is revered as Andhra Kavita Pitamaha ("the grand father of Telugu poetry"). It is believed that he was also a minister in the king's court and is hence sometimes referred as Peddanaamaatya ( Peddana + Amaatya = Peddana, the minister). He wrote Swaarochisha Manu Sambhavam (also known as Manu Charitra ), which is a development of an episode in
8968-587: The former French enclaves of Pondichéry , Karikal , Yanaon and Mahé , was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962. Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli , declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli . In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised
9086-562: The headquarters of East Godavari and Eluru became headquarters of West Godavari. Rajahmundry was the hotbed of several movements during India's freedom struggle and acted as a base for many key leaders. When the Indian National Congress had its first meeting in Bombay (Mumbai), two leaders from Rajahmundry, Nyapathi Subba Rao and Kandukuri Veeresalingam, participated in it. Subba Rao, founder of Hindu Samaj in Rajahmundry,
9204-504: The last line signifies. Bammera Potanaamatya ( Telugu : బమ్మెర పోతన ) (1450–1510) is best known for his translation of the Bhagavata Purana from Sanskrit to Telugu. His work, Andhra Maha Bhagavatamu . He was born into a Brahmin family and was considered to be a Sahaja Kavi ("natural poet") who needed no teacher. He wrote Bhogini Dandakam a poem praising king Singa Bhoopala's consort danseuse, Bhogini, while young. This
9322-459: The main city that connects the highways of East Godavari and West Godavari districts. Rajahmundry is very well connected to the state and the rest of India with a network of state and national highways. NH 16 passes through the city. NH 365BB , NH 516D connects the city with Khammam , Suryapet and Hyderabad . NH 216A which is a spur road to NH-16 connects the city with Ravulapalem , Tanuku , Tadepalligudem and Eluru . NH 516E connects
9440-615: The most famous composer of Telugu padams , is said to have composed a padam a day for the god of the Tirupati temple, Venkateswara . His poems, of which 13,000 survive on copper plates stored in the temple vaults, deal with the "infinite varieties and nuances of the god’s love life" and "his sense of himself as an agonized, turbulent human being in relation to the god he worships". Chatus (meaning "charming utterance") are remembered poems passed on by recitation. In premodern South India, literate people recited chatus to each other as
9558-631: The national average of 73.00%. 94.12% of the population spoke Telugu and 3.49% Urdu as their first language. Rajahmundry is spread over an area of 238.5 km (92.1 sq mi) and metro area of 770.73 km (297.58 sq mi) The Government is constructing an underground drainage system in the city. The Government has merged 23 surrounding villages from Korukonda , Rajanagaram , Rajahmundry Rural and Kadiam mandals into Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation and upgraded to Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC). AP govt issued GO no:85 on 28 January 2020 and published it in
9676-525: The opening ceremony. Ramakrishna Mission was established in the city during 1950–51 near Kambal tank. The place is now the Ayakar Bhavan. Rajahmundry is acclaimed as the birthplace of Telugu literature —its grammar evolved from the pen of the city-born poet Nannayya . Also known as 'Ādi Kavi' (the first poet) of Telugu, Nannayya, along with Tikkana and Yerrana , translated the Sanskrit version of Mahabharata into Telugu. Kandukuri Veeresalingam –
9794-470: The poems thus written are in a flowing easy style which uneducated persons read with enjoyment." Only a few writers today use it out of lingering respect its history. Padams are lyric poems usually meant to be sung, with an opening line or lines called a pallavi , followed by three caranam verses, each of which is followed by the pallavi refrain. The padam is thus "a highly integrated, internally resonant syntactic and thematic unit." Annamacharya ,
9912-406: The praise of Shiva). Dhurjati took themes from Purāṇas and added local stories and myths in his work. Unlike contemporaries such as Peddana and Mallana, who chose the stories of kings, he chose devotion as his theme. Krishnadevaraya praised Dhurjati, saying "Stuti mati yaina Andhrakavi Dhurjati palkulakelagalgeno yetulita madhuri mahima...." (How is Dhurjati's poetry so immeasurably beautiful). He
10030-595: The province and the governor-general of India , who functioned as the representative of the Emperor . In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government. A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within
10148-466: The provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule. The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a Premier in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and
10266-694: The provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency. In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures . All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma
10384-531: The representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province. The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of
10502-605: The rule of the Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra , who reigned around 1022 AD. Remains of 11th-century palaces and forts still exist. Rulers: Rajahmundry was under Dutch rule for some time. In 1602, the Dutch constructed a fort here. In 1857, the British conquered the Dutch. They converted it into a jail in 1864 and elevated it into a central jail in 1870. The jail is spread over 196 acres (79 ha) out of which
10620-563: The rule of the Vijayanagara dynasty, and the period of Krishnadevaraya's rule in the sixteenth century is considered to be the golden age of Telugu literature. Krishnadevaraya, a poet himself, introduced the Prabandha to Telugu literature. Amukta Malyada . Krishna Deva Raya wrote the book Amuktamalyada in Telugu, describing the pangs of separation suffered by Andal (an incarnation of the goddess Mahalakshmi . He describes Andal's physical beauty in thirty verses; using descriptions of
10738-527: The son of Dasaratha, an avatar of Rama . Tarikonda Venkamamba ( Telugu : తరికొండ వెంకమాంబ ; alternate spelling: Vengamamba, born 1730) was a poet and staunch devotee of Venkateswara in the 18th century. She wrote numerous poems and songs. Tyagaraja or Tyagabrahmam ( Telugu : కాకర్ల త్యాగబ్రహ్మం ) (1767–1847) of Tanjore composed devotional songs in Telugu, which form a big part of the repertoire of Carnatic music. In addition to nearly 600 compositions (kritis), Tyagaraja composed two musical plays in Telugu,
10856-483: The spring and the monsoon as metaphors. As elsewhere in Indian poetry, the sensual pleasure of union extends beyond the physical level and becomes a path to, and a metaphor for, spirituality and ultimate union with the divine. His court had the Ashtadiggajas ("eight elephants"), who were considered to be the greatest of poets of that time. Some critics dismiss the following period, dominated by prabandhas , as
10974-548: The state. As per the school information report for the academic year 2016–17, the city has 55,501 students enrolled in 244 schools. The medium of instruction followed by schools are Telugu and English. The Railway High School in the city has a history of more than hundred years, established in the year 1909. The city has one of the thirteen regional offices of the Board of Intermediate Education , which administers Intermediate education (10+2) education. The Government Junior College
11092-495: The states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states. As a result of this act: Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and
11210-490: The story of Udbhata, a monk, as well as Ghatikachala Mahatyam about Ghatikachalam , a place of worship for God Narasimha near Vellore . He followed the Prabandha style. He took the theme for Panduranga Mahatyam from the Skanda Purana and enhanced it with many stories about the devotees of God Vitthala (Panduranga). He is noted for brilliance and wit and for mocking other poets and great personalities. He created
11328-552: The territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union . Most were merged into existing provinces. Others were organised into new provinces and states , such as Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh , Malwa Union , Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union , and Patiala and East Punjab States Union , made up of multiple princely states. A few, including Mysore , Hyderabad , Bhopal , and Bilaspur , became separate states. The new Constitution of India , which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India
11446-403: The time. The form's musicality and accessibility made the form a natural fit for spreading religious messages. Palkuriki Somanatha the first to write in this form in the 12th or 13th century. His works Basava Puranam and Panditaradhya Charitra were "immensely singable" devotional works to Shiva as Basaveshwara . Influenced by Shaivaite poets' use of dwipada , a Vaishnavite poet wrote
11564-673: The title Parinaya, Kalyana and Vivāha became popular. Religious literature consisted of biographies of the founders of religion , their teachings, sāra , as well as commentaries, bhashya . Traditional Hindu knowledge systems such as Vedic astrology , the Arthashastra , grammar, moral aphorisms , and bhakti (devotional psalms) to deities within the Hindu pantheon are characteristics of more popular works of Telugu literature. The various forms of literature found in Telugu are: Ashtadiggajas have written in all three of
11682-455: The tradition of Telugu-language kavya . Literary works, drawn from episodes of the Purāṇas under the name Akhyana or Khanda , became popular along with depictions of the fortune of a single hero under the title of Charitra, Vijaya, Vilasa and Abhyudaya. Such titles are examples of what would become the most common subject matter of poetry. In the eighteenth-century, marriages of heroes under
11800-615: The traditions that they followed. Early Telugu literature is predominantly religious in subject matter. Poets and scholars drew most of their material from, and spent most of their time translating, epics, such as the Ramayana , the Mahabharata , the Bhagavata and the Purāṇas . From the sixteenth century onwards, rarely known episodes from the Purāṇas would form the basis for
11918-415: The transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh . The act designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana. Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur , Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of
12036-402: The writer and composer of a song) in the Telugu language. His devotional lyrics to Rama are famous in South Indian classical music as Ramadaasu Keertanalu . Even the doyen of South Indian classical music Saint Thyagaraja learned and later improved the style now considered standard kriti form of music composition. He also has written Dasarathi Shatakamu a collection of nearly 100 poems dedicated to
12154-541: Was dwipada , means 'two feet'—a couplet — and sataka means 'hundred'—signifying a cento of verses). Popular satakas include: the Sarveshvara, Kalahastishvara , and Dasarathi satakas . There are some satakas which are divided into ten groups of ten verses called dasaka which is adopted from Prakrit . Avadhanam is a literary performance popular from the very ancient days in Sanskrit and more so in Telugu and Kannada languages. It requires
12272-545: Was a Telugu and Sanskrit scholar, preceptor, translator, and writer, known for his translation of the Devi Bhagavatam from Sanskrit into Telugu and for being the preceptor and court poet of the Raja of Amavarati, Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu . Mulugu Papayaradhya was born to Viranaradhya and Akkamba. He is known to have written more than a hundred works in Telugu and Sanskrit. He was titled as Abhinava Kalidasa. He
12390-617: Was a Veera Shaivite acharya (preceptor). Mulugu Papayaradhya is regarded as the first poet to translate the Devi-Bhagavata Purana into Telugu. From the more than hundred works he wrote, Kalyanacampu , Ekadasivratacampu , Aryasati , Sivastotra , and Vedantasarasangraha are among the more prominent works. Papayaradhya also wrote the Ahalya Sankrandana Vilasamu . Kshetrayya or Kshetragna ( Telugu : క్షేత్రయ్య ) ( c. 1600–1680 CE )
12508-519: Was a prolific poet and composer of Carnatic music. He lived in the area of Andhra Pradesh . He composed a number of padams and keertanas , the prevalent formats of his time. He is credited with more than 4000 compositions, although only a handful have survived. He composed his songs on his favourite deity Krishna (Gopala) in Telugu. He perfected the padam format that is still being used today. His padams are sung in dance ( Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi ) and music recitals. A unique feature of his padams
12626-553: Was also one of the six founders of India's noted English daily, The Hindu . The Renaissance of Andhra Pradesh started in Rajahmundry. Kandukuri Veeresalingam is known as the Father of reforms in Andhra Pradesh. He started a monthly magazine Vivekavardhini, and a school for girls at Dowleswaram in 1874. The first widow remarriage took place on 11 December 1881. A society with 16 members was started on 22 June 1884, which used to look after widow remarriages in Rajahmundry. The town hall
12744-714: Was another sixteenth-century court poet of the Vijayanagara empire and also one of the Ashtadiggajas . His family had originally hailed from Tenali in Guntur district , he was born in a Telugu Niyogi Brahmin family. His famous work Panduranga Mahatyamu is one among the Pancha Kavyas . He dedicated that to Viruri Vedadri . This book is about the Pundarika Kshetram on the banks of river Bhaimi and its legend. He also composed Udbhataradhya Charitram on
12862-447: Was derived from Rajaraja Narendra , the ruler of Chalukya dynasty of 11th century who ruled over the city. In 2015, the city was renamed to Rajamahendravaram from the earlier name of Rajahmundry. The city was earlier called Rajamahendravaram , derived from the Sanskrit name Rajamahendrapuram (The city of King Mahendra). Carrying the same meaning, it is also referred to as Rajamahendri . During Qutb Shahi, Mughal, and Nizam rule, it
12980-657: Was established in 1890 by Veeresalingam. Bipin Chandra Pal visited Rajahmundry in April 1905 during the Vandemataram Movement. During his visits, he used to address the public in "Pal Chowk" (the present-day Kotipalli Bus Stand). Annie Besant visited Rajahmundry twice. First, she came during the foundations of a branch of the Divya Gyan Samaj at Alcot Gardens were being laid. She came again during
13098-506: Was given a special status and made an autonomous province. The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One of the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors. This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all
13216-438: Was known as Pedda Dhurjati ("Elder Dhurjati") as there were four other people from the same family line who went by the name of Dhurjati during the same period and after him. His grandson Venkataraya Dhurjati, wrote Indumati Parinayam ("Marriage of Indumati"), a story from Kalidasa 's Raghuvamsa . Krishnadevaraya ( Telugu : శ్రీ కృష్ణదేవరాయ ) was an emperor of Vijayanagara Kingdom. Literary activities flourished during
13334-605: Was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown . The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies. A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions ) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as
13452-522: Was referred to in official records as Rājmandrī and the same name was anglicized during the British colonial era as Rajahmundry . On 10 October 2015, the State Government of Andhra Pradesh officially renamed the city with its original name Rajamahendravaram. Rajahmundry was established by Ammaraja Vishnuvardhana the First (919–934 AD). The city as a prominent settlement can be traced back to
13570-593: Was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh . In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 , which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh , effective from 31 October 2019. Later that year in November,
13688-399: Was responsible to the provincial legislature. Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as
13806-469: Was the army chief under Chikka Deva Raya (1672–1704) of the Mysore Kingdom. Kancherla Gopanna ( Telugu : కంచెర్ల గోపన్న ; c. 1620 – c. 1680 CE ), popularly known as Bhadradri Ramadasu or Bhadrachala Ramadasu ( Telugu : భద్రాచల రామదాసు ), was a 17th-century Indian devotee of Rama and a composer of Carnatic music. He is one among the famous vaggeyakaras (same person being
13924-658: Was treated as one of the Pancha Kavyas , the five best works in Telugu. Some of his other famous works such as Harikathaasaaramu are untraceable now. Dhurjati or Dhoorjati ( Telugu : ధూర్జటి ) (15th and 16th centuries) was a poet in the court of Krishnadevaraya and was one of the 'Ashtadiggajalu'. He was born to Singamma and Narayana in Sri Kalahasti and was the grandson of Jakkayya. His works include Sri Kalahasteeswara Mahatyam (The grace or miracles of Shiva) and Sri Kalahasteeshwara Shatakam (100+ poems in
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