Tajik , Tajik Persian , Tajiki Persian , also called Tajiki , is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by Tajiks . It is closely related to neighbouring Dari of Afghanistan with which it forms a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of the Persian language . Several scholars consider Tajik as a dialectal variety of Persian rather than a language on its own. The popularity of this conception of Tajik as a variety of Persian was such that, during the period in which Tajik intellectuals were trying to establish Tajik as a language separate from Persian, prominent intellectual Sadriddin Ayni counterargued that Tajik was not a "bastardised dialect" of Persian. The issue of whether Tajik and Persian are to be considered two dialects of a single language or two discrete languages has political aspects to it.
53-594: President of Tajikistan Government parliamentary election Family Emomali Rahmon ( Tajik : Эмомали Раҳмон ; born Emomali Sharipovich Rahmonov , born 5 October 1952) is a Tajik politician who has served as the President of Tajikistan since 1994, having previously led the country as Chairman of the Supreme Assembly from 1992 to 1994 (the post of president was temporarily abolished during this period). Since 18 March 1998, he has also served as
106-494: A ). However, it is standardly not a back vowel. The vowel ⟨Ӣ ӣ⟩ usually represents a stressed /i/ at the end of a word. However, not all instances of ⟨Ӣ ӣ⟩ are stressed, as can be seen with the second person singular suffix -ӣ remaining unstressed. The vowels /i/, /u/ and /a/ may be reduced to [ə] in unstressed syllables. The Tajik language contains 24 consonants, 16 of which form contrastive pairs by voicing: [б/п] [в/ф] [д/т] [з/с] [ж/ш] [ҷ/ч] [г/к] [ғ/х]. The table below lists
159-447: A ceremonial president, he was also Head of State—and the head of government. Former Interior Minister Yaqub Salimov later recalled that Rahmon's appointment was made because he was "nondescript", in which other field commanders thought that he could be cast aside "when he had served his purpose." In 1994, a new constitution re-established the presidency. Rahmon was elected to the post on 6 November 1994 and sworn in ten days later. During
212-566: A compromise candidate between communists and neo-communists on the one hand and liberal-democratic, nationalist and Islamist forces (the United Tajik Opposition ) on the other. Five times (in the elections of 1994 , 1999 , 2006 , 2013 and 2020 ), Rahmon won undemocratic presidential elections; in addition, he extended and reformed his powers based on the results of the national constitutional referendums of 1999 and 2003 . Since 25 December 2015, Emomali Rahmon has held
265-476: A hospital of COVID-19 on 20 July. According to local media, her sons physically assaulted the national health minister and a senior doctor. In March 2007, Rahmonov changed his surname to Rahmon , getting rid of the Russian-style "-ov" ending . He also removed the patronymic, Sharipovich , from his name altogether. Rahmon explained that he had done so out of respect for his cultural heritage. Following
318-609: A hydroelectric station to solve energy problems. During his presidency Tajikistan in 2011 cedes about 1,000 or 1,122 sq km or about 0,8% of its land to the China as part of a deal of the 1999, which essentially constitutes the Treason by the regime. By the year 2024 the Salafi movement , which essentially are terrorists is widespread in the republic, in all corners of it, including the law enforcers, etc. governmental agencies, despite
371-637: A law passed by the Tajikistan's parliament gave Rahmon the title "Founder Of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation", in Tajik : Асосгузори сулҳу ваҳдати миллӣ – Пешвои миллат, Asosguzori sulhu vahdati millî – Peshvo'i millat ; in Russian : Основатель мира и национального единства – Лидер нации, Osnovatel mira i natsionalnogo yedinstva – Lider natsii ). A shorter version of the title, "Leader of
424-472: A letter.' In Iranian Persian, the present progressive form consists of the verb دار, dār , 'to have' followed by a conjugated verb in either the simple present tense, the habitual past tense or the habitual past perfect tense. من man I دارم dār-am have کار kār work میکنم Supreme Soviet The Supreme Soviet ( Russian : Верховный Совет , romanized : Verkhovny Sovet , lit. 'Supreme Council')
477-551: A number of changes to the country's constitution . One of the main changes lifted the limit on presidential terms, effectively allowing Rahmon to stay in power for as many terms as he wishes. Other key changes outlawed faith-based political parties, thus finalizing the removal of the outlawed Islamic Revival Party from Tajikistan's politics, and reduced the minimum eligibility age for presidential candidates from 35 to 30, enabling Rahmon's older son, Rustam Emomali , to run for president any time after 2017. In January 2017, Rustam Emomali
530-529: A number of his children and senior members of his government. That was Rahmon's fourth pilgrimage to Mecca. His reply to critics of the election standards of the 2006 Tajikistani presidential elections was: "In Tajikistan, more than 99 percent of those residing here are Muslim. We have a completely different culture. You have to take that into account". During a 2010 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation session in Dushanbe , Rahmon spoke against what he called
583-587: A prominent native usage of Tajik language. Today, virtually all Tajik speakers in Bukhara are bilingual in Tajik and Uzbek. This Tajik–Uzbek bilingualism has had a strong influence on the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Bukharan Tajik. Tajiks are also found in large numbers in the Surxondaryo Region in the south and along Uzbekistan's eastern border with Tajikistan. Tajiki is still spoken by
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#1732782447803636-435: Is a banned Islamist political party and has been designated a terrorist organization since 2015. In 2017 the government of Tajikistan passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular the style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional Tajik headscarf tied behind
689-571: Is a continuation of Middle Persian , the official administrative, religious and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of Old Persian , the language of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC). Tajiki is one of the two official languages of Tajikistan, the other being Russian as the official interethnic language. In Afghanistan , this language is less influenced by Turkic languages and
742-655: Is also the result of the poor state of the economy of Tajikistan and each year approximately one million men leave Tajikistan to gain employment in Russia. Tajik dialects can be approximately split into the following groups: The dialect used by the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia is known as the Bukhori dialect and belongs to the northern dialect grouping. It is chiefly distinguished by the inclusion of Hebrew terms, principally religious vocabulary, and historical use of
795-455: Is engaged in a relentless campaign against public displays of Islamic devotion. His suppression of Islamic expression includes banning beards, attendance at mosque for women and children under 18, hajj for people under 40, studying in Islamic schools outside Tajikistan , the production, import or export of Islamic books without permission, implemented in 2017, using loudspeakers to broadcast
848-474: Is regarded as a form of Dari , which has co-official language status. The Tajiki Persian of Tajikistan has diverged from Persian as spoken in Afghanistan and even more from that of Iran due to political borders, geographical isolation, the standardisation process and the influence of Russian and neighbouring Turkic languages. The standard language is based on the northwestern dialects of Tajik (region of
901-506: Is the chairman of the country's parliament and the mayor of its capital city, Dushanbe . Rahmon was born as Emomali Sharipovich Rakhmonov to Sharif Rahmonov ( c. 1912 –1992) and Mayram Sharifova (1910–2004), a peasant family in Danghara , Kulob Oblast (present-day Khatlon Region ). His father was a Red Army veteran of World War II , being a recipient of the Order of Glory in
954-473: Is the construction of the present progressive tense in each language. In Tajik, the present progressive form consists of a present progressive participle, from the verb истодан, istodan , 'to stand' and a cliticised form of the verb -acт, -ast , 'to be'. Ман man I мактуб maktub letter навишта navišta write истода-ам istoda-am be Ман мактуб навишта истода-ам man maktub navišta istoda-am I letter write be 'I am writing
1007-762: The Congresses of Soviets that preceded the Supreme Soviets. The soviets until then were largely rubber-stamp institutions, approving decisions handed to them by the Communist Party of the USSR or of each SSR. The soviets met infrequently (often only twice a year for only several days) and elected the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , a permanent body, to act on their behalf while the soviet
1060-461: The Hebrew alphabet . Despite these differences, Bukhori is readily intelligible to other Tajik speakers, particularly speakers of northern dialects. A very important moment in the development of the contemporary Tajik, especially of the spoken language, is the tendency in changing its dialectal orientation. The dialects of Northern Tajikistan were the foundation of the prevalent standard Tajik, while
1113-808: The Tajik State National University with a specialist's degree in economics in 1982. After working for several years in the Danghara Sovkhoz , Rahmon was appointed chairman of the sovkhoz in 1987. In 1990, Rahmon was elected a people's deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR . President Rahmon Nabiyev was forced to resign in the first months of the Civil War in August 1992. Akbarsho Iskandrov , Speaker of
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#17327824478031166-434: The adhan , veils , madrassas , Islamist political parties and Arabic -sounding names, implemented in 2016. Furthermore, mosques are heavily regulated, providing unofficial Islamic teaching can lead to up to 12 years of imprisonment, and an arduous process is required to obtain a permit to establish an Islamic organisation, publish an Islamic book, or go on pilgrimage to Mecca. In January 2016, Rahmon performed an Umrah with
1219-628: The official language (as throughout the Union ). In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian , placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet. In 1999, the word Farsi was removed from the state language law. Two major cities of Central Asia , Samarkand and Bukhara , are in present-day Uzbekistan , but are defined by
1272-571: The 2nd and 3rd degrees. From 1971–74, Rahmon served in the Soviet Union 's Pacific Fleet , during which he was stationed in the Primorsky Krai . After completing military service, Rahmon returned to his native village where he worked for some time as an electrician. As a rising apparatchik in Tajikistan, he became a chairman of the collective state farm of his native Danghara . According to his official biography, Rahmon graduated from
1325-488: The Nation," is used frequently. In addition to granting Rahmon lifelong immunity from prosecution, the law also gave him a number of other lifelong privileges, including veto powers over all major state decisions, the freedom to address the nation and parliament on all matters he deems important, and the privilege of attending all government meetings and parliament sessions. Rahmon is a Sunni Muslim and has frequently stressed his Muslim background even though his administration
1378-475: The Presidium of a Supreme Soviet served as the collective head of state of its republic. The Supreme Soviets also elected Councils of Ministers ( Councils of People's Commissars before 1946), which were executive bodies. After the dissolution of the USSR in late December 1991, most of these soviets remained the legislatures of independent countries until Armenia , Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan abandoned
1431-615: The Rakhmonov. New high rising buildings was build and continues to build, which can be seen in the satellite images of the Google Maps , and are supressed in the media, ignored by the regime. Since time the republic was declared independent from the Soviet Union , civil war and the Rahmonov presidency there is increasing trend of leaving the Tajikistan by its citizens primarily to Russia , since very tough living conditions made by
1484-668: The Southern dialects did not enjoy either popularity or prestige. Now all politicians and public officials make their speeches in the Kulob dialect, which is also used in broadcasting. The table below lists the six vowel phonemes in standard, literary Tajik. Letters from the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet are given first, followed by IPA transcription. Local dialects frequently have more than the six seen below. In northern and Uzbek dialects, classical / o̞ / has chain shifted forward in
1537-612: The Soviet " Uzbekisation " supervised by Sharof Rashidov , the head of the Uzbek Communist Party, Tajiks had to choose either to stay in Uzbekistan and get registered as Uzbek in their passports or leave the republic for the less-developed agricultural and mountainous Tajikistan. The "Uzbekisation" movement ended in 1924. In Tajikistan Tajiks constitute 80% of the population and the language dominates in most parts of
1590-577: The Supreme Soviet, became acting president. Iskandarov resigned in November 1992 in an attempt to end the civil unrest . That same month, the Supreme Soviet met in Khujand for its 16th session and declared Tajikistan a parliamentary republic. Rahmon was then elected by the members of the Supreme Soviet as its chairman—as the Parliamentary republican system adopted by Tajikistan did not provide for
1643-462: The civil war that lasted from 1992 to 1997, Rahmon's rule was opposed by the United Tajik Opposition . As many as 100,000 people died during the war. He survived an assassination attempt on 30 April 1997 in Khujand, as well as two attempted coups in August 1997 and in November 1998. Following constitutional changes, he was re-elected on 6 November 1999 to a seven-year term, officially taking 97% of
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1696-474: The consonant phonemes in standard, literary Tajik. Letters from the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet are given first, followed by IPA transcription. At least in the dialect of Bukhara , ⟨Ч ч⟩ and ⟨Ҷ ҷ⟩ are pronounced / tɕ / and / dʑ / respectively, with ⟨Ш ш⟩ and ⟨Ж ж⟩ also being / ɕ / and / ʑ / . Word stress generally falls on the first syllable in finite verb forms and on the last syllable in nouns and noun-like words. Examples of where stress does not fall on
1749-632: The country. Some Tajiks in Gorno-Badakhshan in southeastern Tajikistan, where the Pamir languages are the native languages of most residents, are bilingual. Tajiks are the dominant ethnic group in Northern Afghanistan as well and are also the majority group in scattered pockets elsewhere in the country, particularly urban areas such as Kabul , Mazar-i-Sharif , Kunduz , Ghazni , and Herat . Tajiks constitute between 25% and 35% of
1802-481: The head. He is married to Azizmo Asadullayeva and has nine children. Two of his children, Rustam Emomali and Ozoda Rahmon , are senior officials in his administration, while another, Zarina Rahmon, was appointed deputy head of Orienbank in January 2017. Rustam is widely believed to be his father's successor. In the summer of 2021, coronavirus ravaged the country , and Emomali Rahmon's sister reportedly died in
1855-491: The language and simply regarded themselves as speaking Farsi , which is the endonym for the Persian language. The term Tajik derives from Persian, although it has been adopted by the speakers themselves. For most of the 20th century, its name was rendered in the Russian spelling of Tadzhik . In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state (national) language , with Russian being
1908-593: The large infrastructure projects made by Government of China , the latter builds building for the Government , Parliament . In July 2021, over 1,000 Afghan troops and civilians fled to Tajikistan after the Taliban insurgents took control of many parts of Afghanistan . In response, Rahmon ordered 20,000 reserve servicemen of the country's Ground Forces to be sent to the Afghan–Tajik border . In December 2015,
1961-463: The last syllable are adverbs like: бале ( bale , meaning "yes") and зеро ( zero , meaning "because"). Stress also does not fall on enclitics , nor on the marker of the direct object. The word order of Tajiki Persian is subject–object–verb . Tajik Persian grammar is similar to the classical Persian grammar (and the grammar of modern varieties such as Iranian Persian). The most notable difference between classical Persian grammar and Tajik Persian grammar
2014-603: The leader of the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan , which dominates the Parliament of Tajikistan . On 30 September 1999, he was elected vice-president of the UN General Assembly for a one-year term. He became widely known in 1992 after the abolition of the post of president in the country, when at the dawn of the civil war (1992–1997) he became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Parliament) of Tajikistan as
2067-425: The lifetime title of Peshvoyi Millat ( Tajik : Пешвои Миллат ), which means "Leader of the Nation", in full — "Founder of peace and national Unity — Leader of the Nation". Following the results of the last national constitutional referendum in 2016 , amendments were adopted that lifted the restrictions on the number of re-elections to the post of President of Tajikistan and lowered the age limit for those running for
2120-541: The majority of the population in Samarkand and Bukhara today although, as Richard Foltz has noted, their spoken dialects diverge considerably from the standard literary language and most cannot read it. Official statistics in Uzbekistan state that the Tajik community comprises 5% of the nation's total population. However, these numbers do not include ethnic Tajiks who, for a variety of reasons, choose to identify themselves as Uzbeks in population census forms. During
2173-545: The misuse of Islam for political ends, claiming that "Terrorism, terrorists, have no nation, no country, no religion... Using the name 'Islamic terrorism' only discredits Islam and dishonors the pure and harmless religion of Islam." Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir , a militant Islamic party that aims to overthrow secular governments and unify Muslims under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. The Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP)
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2226-494: The mouth to / ɵ̞ / . In central and southern dialects, classical / o̞ / has chain shifted upward and merged into / u / . In the Zarafshon dialect, earlier /u/ has shifted to / y / or / ʊ / , however /u/ from earlier /ɵ/ remained (possibly due to influence from Yaghnobi ). The open back vowel has varyingly been described as mid-back [o̞] , [ɒ] , [ɔ] and [ɔː] . It is analogous to standard Persian â (long
2279-561: The move, scores of governments officials, members of parliament, and civil servants around the country removed Russian-style patronymics and "-ov" endings from their surnames. In April 2016, Tajikistan officially banned giving Russian-style patronymics and surnames to newborn children. Honorary Doctorate of Leadership by the Limkokwing University of Creative Technology (LUCT) Tajik language By way of Early New Persian, Tajik, like Iranian Persian and Dari Persian ,
2332-538: The old major city of Samarqand ), which have been somewhat influenced by the neighbouring Uzbek language as a result of geographical proximity. Tajik also retains numerous archaic elements in its vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar that have been lost elsewhere in the Persophone world, in part due to its relative isolation in the mountains of Central Asia . Up to and including the nineteenth century, speakers in Afghanistan and Central Asia had no separate name for
2385-497: The organization being officially banned in the republic by the regimes's court since year 2009. Most open movement members can be seen on the streets of the cities wearing their Hijabs , which was not known to the republic earlier. Polygamy became norm as well in the republic during the regime as dominating religion - Sunni Islam and the Salafi movement do not forbid it, however, it is not official, legal. Most recent, during 2023-2024 development of his "presidency", in addition to
2438-429: The post of president from 35 to 30 years. Rahmon heads an authoritarian regime in Tajikistan with elements of a cult of personality . Political opponents are repressed, violations of human rights and freedoms are severe, elections are not free and fair, and corruption and nepotism are rampant. Various important government positions are occupied by his family members, such as his 36-year-old son Rustam Emomali , who
2491-445: The regime, the family of the president. The migrations in general have three phases: Tajikistan under Rahmon is a neopatrimonial regime, characterized by a high degree of clientelism , corruption , and poor governance. In a diplomatic cable that was leaked in 2010, the U.S. ambassador in Tajikistan, reported that Rahmon and his family control the country's major businesses, including the largest bank. In November 2018, Rahmon launched
2544-700: The total population of the country. In Afghanistan, the dialects spoken by ethnic Tajiks are written using the Persian alphabet and referred to as Dari , along with the dialects of other groups in Afghanistan such as the Hazaragi and Aimaq dialects . Approximately 48%-58% of Afghan citizens are native speakers of Dari. A large Tajik-speaking diaspora exists due to the instability that has plagued Central Asia in recent years, with significant numbers of Tajiks found in Russia , Kazakhstan , and beyond. This Tajik diaspora
2597-429: The vote. On 22 June 2003, he won a referendum that would allow him to run for two more consecutive seven-year terms after his term expired in 2006. The opposition alleges that this amendment was hidden in a way that verged upon electoral fraud . Rahmon was re-elected to a seven-year term in a controversial election on 6 November 2006, with about 79% of the vote, according to the official results. On 6 November 2013, he
2650-489: Was appointed Mayor of Dushanbe, a key position, which some analysts see as the next step to the top of the government. Since the son of the Rakhmonov Rustam Emomali was appointed as the new mayor of the city of Dushanbe - the capital, historical buildings was demolished, the city essentially was demolished. Homes of the city residents was forcefully taken by builder companies connected to the family of
2703-426: Was not in session. The presidiums were also empowered to issue decrees in lieu of law. If such decrees were not ratified by the Supreme Soviet at its next session, they were to be considered revoked. In practice, the principles of democratic centralism meant this power of veto was almost never exercised, meaning that Presidium decrees de facto had the force of law. Under the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitutions ,
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#17327824478032756-520: Was re-elected for the second seven-year term in office, with about 84% of the vote, in an election that the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe said lacked "genuine choice and meaningful pluralism". In October 2020, he was once again re-elected as president for a fifth term with a margin of 90.92%, amid allegations of the fraud. On 22 May 2016, a nationwide referendum approved
2809-705: Was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). These soviets were modeled after the Supreme Soviet of the USSR , established in 1938, and were nearly identical. Party-approved delegates to the Supreme Soviets were periodically elected unopposed in show elections . The first free or semi-free elections took place during perestroika in late 1980s, in which Supreme Soviets themselves were no longer directly elected . Instead, Supreme Soviets were appointed by directly elected Congresses of People's Deputies based somewhat on
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