129-582: The Raman Research Institute ( RRI ) is an institute for scientific research located in Bengaluru , India . It was founded by Nobel laureate Sir C. V. Raman in 1948. Although it began as an institute privately owned by C. V. Raman, it became an autonomous institute in 1972, receiving funds from the Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India. Before Raman considered founding
258-565: A cosmic ray particle traversed the chamber. They found 500 tracks of high energy cosmic ray particles in 700 automatic exposures. In 1933, Blackett discovered fourteen tracks which confirmed the existence of the positron and revealed the now instantly recognisable opposing spiral traces of positron/electron pair production . This work and that on annihilation radiation made him one of the first and leading experts on antimatter . That year he moved to Birkbeck, University of London , as professor of Physics for four years. Then in 1937 he went to
387-639: A feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire , established a mud fort , considered the foundation of modern Bengaluru and its oldest areas, or pétés , which still exist. After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda declared independence; in 1638, a large Adil Shahi Bijapur army defeated Kempe Gowda III, and Bengaluru came under Shahaji Bhonsle as a jagir , which later became his capital. The Mughals later captured Bengaluru and sold it to Maharaja Devaraja Wodeyar II of
516-632: A group of scientists which met regularly to discuss scientific and technological policy during the 13 years when the Labour Party was out of office, and this group became influential when Harold Wilson became leader of the Party. Blackett's ideas led directly to the creation of the Ministry of Technology as soon as the Wilson government was formed and he insisted that the first priority was revival of
645-566: A large Adil Shahi Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by his second in command Shāhji Bhōnslē defeated Kempe Gowda III, and Bengaluru was given to Shāhji as a jagir (feudal estate). Around 1639, he ordered the reconstruction of the destroyed city and the building of new lakes to solve the water shortage in the region. In 1687, the Mughal general Kasim Khan, under orders from Aurangzeb , defeated Ekoji I , son of Shāhji, and sold Bengaluru to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704),
774-427: A new era as a statutory body, functioning since 1972 on annual grants received from the Department of Science and Technology (DST) , Government of India. Despite budgetary and infrastructural constraints, scientists working under Raman carried out some ground-breaking work. For instance, S. Pancharatnam , who joined the institute in 1954, discovered a fundamental quantum optic effect. This work, according to Jayaraman,
903-403: A number of organisations for over a couple of days. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 mm (7 in) recorded on 1 October 1997. In 2022, Bengaluru faced a large amount of rainfall, 368% more than the yearly average. Several areas were flooded, and power supply was also cut off. March record high Bengaluru is a megacity with a population of 8,443,675 in
1032-498: A part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced earthquakes of magnitude as high as 4.5 on the Richter scale . Bengaluru has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ) with distinct wet and dry seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bengaluru usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable. The coolest month
1161-595: A population of over a million. The city is widely regarded as the " Silicon Valley of India", as the largest IT hub of the country. Infosys , Wipro , Mindtree , Mphasis , Flipkart , and Myntra are headquartered in Bengaluru. IT companies located in the city contributed 33% of India's ₹1,442 billion (US$ 20 billion) IT exports in 2006–07. Bengaluru's IT industry is divided into three main clusters : Software Technology Parks of India (STPI); International Tech Park, Bangalore (ITPB); and Electronic City . Most of
1290-592: A possible floral origin of the name as derived from benga , the Kannada term for Pterocarpus marsupium (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist deciduous trees that grows abundantly in the region. On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru . On 27 September 2006,
1419-415: A proton. Blackett published the results of his experiments in 1925. He thus became the first person to deliberately transmute one element into another. During his time at Cambridge, he became the supervisor of the young American graduate J. Robert Oppenheimer . Oppenheimer's desire to study theoretical physics rather than focus on lab work brought him into conflict with Blackett. While seeking help for
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#17327983039271548-461: A psychiatric breakdown induced by the demanding Blackett, Oppenheimer admitted to trying to poison his tutor with an apple laced with toxins. Blackett did not eat the apple and no action was taken over the attempted poisoning. Blackett spent some time in 1924–1925 at Göttingen , Germany, working with James Franck on atomic spectra . In 1932, working with Giuseppe Occhialini , he devised a system of Geiger counters which took photographs only when
1677-650: A research institute, he had approached the former Maharaja of Mysore seeking land to build office and conference premises for the Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS). The Maharaja acceded to Raman's request and a 10-acre (40,000 m) plot of land in the Malleshwaram suburb of Bengaluru was allotted to the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934. However, the Academy (then headed by Raman) made no use of
1806-469: A single urban centre in 1949. The city was generally known as Bangalore in English until the existing Kannada name, Bengalūru , was declared the city's official name in 2006. Bengaluru is considered to be one of the fastest-growing global major metropolises. Recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area has ranked Bengaluru as one of the most productive metro areas of India. The city
1935-471: A trade office of Canada and a virtual Consulate of the United States. As of 2022, Bengaluru produces around 6000 metric tonnes of solid waste per day. This waste is transported from collection units located near Hesaraghatta Lake , to the garbage dumping sites. The city has considerable dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals. The IT hub,
2064-541: A very diverse population, consisting of Dakhini and Urdu-speaking Muslims, Kutchi Memons , Labbay and Mappilas . The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation ) is in charge of civic administration of the city. It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike , with seven neighbouring City Municipal Councils, one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bengaluru. The number of wards increased to 243 in 2022. The BBMP
2193-673: A water supply to the city. Kaveri River flows about 60 miles (100 km) from the city of Bengaluru, and the river Kaveri provides around 80% of the city's water supply and the remaining 20% is obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river. Bengaluru receives 800 million litres (210 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city, but Bengaluru does face occasional water shortages, especially during summer and in years with low rainfall. A random sampling of
2322-467: Is Kannada , spoken by 42.05% of the population. The second-largest language is Tamil , spoken by 16.34% of the population. 13.73% speak Telugu , 13.00% Urdu , 4.64% Hindi , 3.16% Malayalam and 2.05% have Marathi as their first language. Other languages with sizeable numbers of speakers include Konkani , Bengali , Marwari , Tulu , Odia , Gujarati , Kodagu , Punjabi , Lambadi , Sindhi and Nepali . The Kannada language spoken in Bengaluru
2451-611: Is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) and the hottest month is April with an average high of 34.1 °C (93.4 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Bengaluru was 39.2 °C (103 °F), recorded 24 April 2016, corresponding with the strong El Niño in that year. The lowest ever recorded is 7.8 °C (46 °F) in January 1884. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 14 °C (57 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36 °C (97 °F). Bengaluru receives rainfall from both
2580-408: Is a form called 'Old Mysuru Kannada' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka. A vernacular dialect of this, known as Bangalore Kannada , is spoken in Bengaluru and the adjoining Mysore regions. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class. The major communities of Bengaluru who share a long history in the city, other than
2709-471: Is also the country's fourth largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) market. Forbes considers Bengaluru one of "The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities". The city is the third largest hub for high-net-worth individuals . There were a large number of high-net-worth individuals with a ₹ 4.5 crore investment surplus in 2007. In the Ease of Living Index 2020, it was ranked the most livable Indian city with
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#17327983039272838-511: Is called Pancharatnam Phase world over," said Madhusudana. Pancharatnam unfortunately did not live long enough to see this and his career was cut short when he died in 1969 while in Oxford. The institute also houses Raman's prized collection of gems, crystals, minerals, and rock specimens from all over the world. Raman, who was fascinated by the colours of the biological kingdom, also had a wide collection of stuffed birds, beetles, and butterflies in
2967-454: Is considered the pivot for high-technology-based heavy manufacturing industry, with numerous large multinational technology corporations setting up their headquarters there. It is home to many top-tier engineering and research institutions. Bengaluru is known as the "Silicon Valley of India" because it is the nation's leading software exporter as well as a major semiconductor hub. Several state-owned aerospace and defence organisations are in
3096-571: Is part of Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences and has housed the Physics Department since its completion in 1961. Blackett died on 13 July, 1974 at the age 76. His ashes are buried in the Kensal Green Cemetery , London. Bernard Lovell wrote of Blackett: "Those who worked with Blackett in the laboratory were dominated by his immensely powerful personality, and those who knew him elsewhere soon discovered that
3225-851: Is part of the Quantum Experiments using Satellite Technology (QuEST) project supported by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). This work is part of the National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications . One of the objectives is to develop secure encrypted communication that are harder to break even with ongoing advances in computing technology . Prof. Urbasi Sinha and her team at RRI have been working on Quantum cryptography since 2017. Bangalore Bengaluru ( Kannada: [ˈbeŋɡɐɭuːɾu] ; ISO : Beṁgaḷūru ), formerly called Bangalore in English ( / ˈ b æ ŋ ɡ ə l ɔːr , ˌ b æ ŋ ɡ ə ˈ l ɔː r / BANG -gə-lor, - LOR ),
3354-493: Is primarily service oriented and industrial, dominated by information technology, telecommunication, biotechnology, and manufacturing of electronics, machinery, automobiles, food, etc. Major industrial areas around Bengaluru are Adugodi , Bidadi , Bommanahalli , Bommasandra , Domlur , Hoodi , Whitefield , Doddaballapura , Hoskote , Bashettihalli , Yelahanka , Electronic City , Peenya , Krishnarajapuram , Bellandur , Narasapura , Rajajinagar , Mahadevapura etc. It
3483-921: Is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a Central Government entity. As part of the Waste Management Guidelines, the government of Karnataka through the KSPCB has authorised a few well-established companies to manage biomedical and other hazardous waste in Karnataka. Bengaluru is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India. Bengaluru contributes 38% of India's total IT exports. Its economy
3612-674: Is regulated through the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM), while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB). The city has offices of the Consulate General of Germany , France, Japan, Israel, British Deputy High Commission, along with honorary consulates of Ireland, Finland, Switzerland, Maldives, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Peru. It also has
3741-475: Is run by a city council of 250 members, including 198 corporators representing each of the wards of the city and 52 other elected representatives, consisting of members of Parliament and the state legislature. Elections to the council are held once every five years and are decided by popular vote . Members contesting elections to the council usually represent one or more of the state's political parties. A mayor and deputy mayor are also elected from
3870-476: Is the capital and largest city of the southern Indian state of Karnataka . It has a population of more than 8 million and a metropolitan population of around 15 million , making it India 's third most populous city and fourth most populous urban agglomeration . It is the most populous city and largest urban agglomeration in South India , and is the 27th largest city in the world . Located on
3999-602: Is the fifth Indian city to host maximum numbers of Fortune Companies , after Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata and Chennai . The growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure, and the state government, whose electorate is primarily from rural Karnataka. The encouragement of high-tech industry in Bengaluru, for example, has not favoured local employment development, but instead increased land values and forced out small enterprises. The state has also resisted
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4128-462: Is the present city's supply of regular piped water. Modern Bengaluru was begun in 1537 by the chieftain Kempe Gowda I , who aligned with the Vijayanagara Empire under Emperor Achyuta Deva Raya to campaign against Gangaraja (whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi), and who built a mud-brick fort for the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda
4257-550: The 2001 Census of India at Jalahalli , Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli, all of which are located on Bengaluru's outskirts today, suggest human settlement around 4000 BCE. Around 1,000 BCE (during the Iron Age ), burial grounds were established at Koramangala and Chikkajala on the outskirts of Bengaluru. Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus , Tiberius , and Claudius found at Yeswanthpur and HAL Airport indicate that
4386-487: The All India Institute of Mental Health (AIIMH) in 1956. By 1961, Bengaluru had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000. In the following decades, Bengaluru's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as MICO (Motor Industries Company), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city. By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over
4515-485: The Bangalore Development Authority in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies. Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bengaluru experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. The Government of India set up
4644-826: The British Association meeting in Dublin. In 1965 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland . He chose the subject "Continental Drift". In 1935 Blackett was invited to join the Aeronautical Research Committee chaired by Sir Henry Tizard . The committee was effective pressing for the early installation of Radar for air defence . In
4773-611: The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the name change. The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal and it was decided to officially implement the name change from 1 November 2006. The Union government approved this request, along with name changes for 11 other Karnataka cities, in October 2014. Hence, Bangalore was renamed to "Bengaluru" on 1 November 2014. A discovery of Stone Age artefacts during
4902-627: The Deccan Plateau , at a height of over 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level, Bengaluru has a pleasant climate throughout the year, with its parks and green spaces earning it the reputation of India's "Garden City". Its elevation is the highest of India's major cities. The city's history dates back to around 890, as per the old Kannada stone inscription found at the Nageshwara Temple in Begur, Bengaluru . In 1537, Kempé Gowdā ,
5031-686: The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bengaluru. This is one of the few largest telescopes that operate at the wavelength of 10 metre and is being used by RRI scientists to study radio emission from various types of celestial objects such as the sun, Jupiter and similar radio sources in Milky Way and other galaxies. Other radio telescopes being used by RRI scientists are the Ooty Radio Telescope , at Ooty, and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), near Pune, both set up by
5160-762: The Kannadigas , are the Telugus and Tamilians , who both migrated to Bengaluru in search of a better livelihood, and the Dakhanis . Already in the 16th century, Bengaluru had few Tamil or Telugu or speakers, who spoke Kannada for business. Telugu-speaking people initially came to Bengaluru on invitation by the Mysore royalty. Other native communities are the Tuluvas and the Konkanis of coastal Karnataka, and
5289-795: The Karnataka High Court , the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the governor of Karnataka). Bengaluru contributes four members to the lower house of the Indian Parliament , the Lok Sabha , from its four constituencies: Bangalore Rural , Bangalore Central , Bangalore North , and Bangalore South , and 28 members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly . Electricity in Bengaluru
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5418-612: The Kingdom of Mysore . When Haider Ali seized control of the kingdom, Bengaluru's administration passed into his hands. The city was captured by the British East India Company after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), which then returned administrative control of the city, along with the kingdom, to Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III . The old city developed under the dominions of
5547-625: The Kodavas of the state's Kodagu district . The migrant communities include Maharashtrians , Punjabis , Rajasthanis , Gujaratis , Tamilians , Telugus , Malayalis , Odias , Sindhis , Biharis, Jharkhandis, and Bengalis . Bengaluru once had a large Anglo-Indian population, the second-largest after Kolkata . Today, there are around 10,000 Anglo-Indians in Bengaluru. Christians in Bengaluru include Tamil Christians , Mangalorean Catholics , Kannadiga Christians, Malayali Syrian Christians and Northeast Indian Christians . Muslims form
5676-577: The RNAS but his application was refused. In October that year he became a sub-lieutenant on HMS P17 on Dover patrol, and in July 1917 he was posted to HMS Sturgeon in the Harwich Force under Admiral Tyrwhitt . Blackett was particularly concerned by the poor quality of gunnery in the force compared with that of the enemy and of his own previous experience, and started to read science textbooks. He
5805-473: The Royal Naval College, Osborne , Isle of Wight, Charles Rolls had completed his cross-channel flight the previous day and Blackett who had tracked the flight on his crystal set was able to expound lengthily on the subject. He was accepted and spent two years there before moving on to Dartmouth where he was "usually head of his class". In August 1914 on the outbreak of World War I Blackett
5934-807: The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). RRI also played an active role in building the Mauritius Radio Telescope , a low-frequency radio telescope in Mauritius jointly with the University of Mauritius and IIA. The major astronomical investigations pursued at the Institute can be broadly classified into the following categories: (i) Neutron Stars and Pulsars ; (ii) cosmology; (iii) Diffuse matter in space; and (iv) Radio Sky Surveys. Activity in theoretical physics at
6063-671: The Victoria University of Manchester where he was elected to the Langworthy Professorship and created a major international research laboratory. The Blackett Memorial Hall and Blackett lecture theatre at the University of Manchester were named after him. In 1947, Blackett introduced a theory to account for the Earth's magnetic field as a function of its rotation, with the hope that it would unify both
6192-502: The Vijayanagara times. An apocryphal story states that the twelfth-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II , while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "Benda-Kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengalūru". Suryanath Kamath has put forward an explanation of
6321-578: The air quality index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of high traffic. Bengaluru has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks , the largest of which are Madivala tank, Hebbal Lake , Ulsoor Lake, Yediyur Lake and Sankey Tank . However, about 90% of Bengaluru's lakes are polluted; the city government began revival and conservation efforts in December 2020. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of
6450-466: The alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites , gneisses and migmatites , while the soils of Bengaluru consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils. The city's vegetation is mostly large deciduous canopy and some coconut trees. Many trees are frequently felled to pave way for infrastructure development. Though Bengaluru has been classified as
6579-465: The computer industry . He did not enter open politics, but worked for a year as a civil servant. He remained deputy chairman of the Minister's Advisory Council throughout the administration's life, and was also personal scientific adviser to the Minister. Blackett was an agnostic or atheist. He had refused many honours, in the manner of a radical of the twenties, but accepted appointment as Member of
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#17327983039276708-406: The electromagnetic force and the force of gravity . He spent a number of years developing high-quality magnetometers to test his theory, and eventually found it to be without merit. His work on the subject, however, led him into the field of geophysics , where he eventually helped process data relating to paleomagnetism and helped to provide strong evidence for continental drift . In 1948 he
6837-750: The hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra . The Indian Institute of Science was established in 1909, which subsequently played a major role in developing the city as a science research hub. In 1912, the Bangalore torpedo , an offensive explosive weapon widely used in World War I and World War II , was devised in Bengaluru by British army officer Captain McClintock of the Madras Sappers and Miners . Bengaluru's reputation as
6966-566: The labour unrest in Binny Mills due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in lathi charging and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries. In July 1928, there were notable communal disturbances in Bengaluru, like when a Ganesh idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bengaluru. In 1940, the first flight between Bengaluru and Mumbai took off, which placed
7095-610: The police commissioner is Pratap Reddy. Bengaluru's rapid growth has created several administrative problems relating to traffic congestion and degrading infrastructure. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks ; a flyover system and one-way traffic systems were introduced, which were only moderately successful. A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bengaluru's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bengaluru's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while
7224-483: The "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the silver jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV . Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city. Bengaluru played an important role during the Indian independence movement . Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here. In 1926,
7353-652: The 1950s and 1960s insufficient. "Till Raman's death, this was his private research institute. He had a very small group of research students working with him and very few administrative staff”, said Prof. Madhusudana. Raman was clear that after his death, the Presidency of the IAS and Director of the RRI could pass to different individuals. Equally the Raman Research Institute should not remain subordinate to
7482-425: The 19th century, Bengaluru essentially became a twin city , with the "pētē", whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas and the cantonment created by the British. Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience as it was governed directly by the British and was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore. While it remained in
7611-509: The 2011 census of India, 79% of Bengaluru's population is Hindu , a little less than the national average . Muslims comprise 13.9% of the population, roughly the same as their national average. Christians and Jains account for 5.4% and 1.0% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. The city has a literacy rate of 90%. Roughly 10% of Bengaluru's population lives in slums —a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in
7740-403: The 21st century, Bengaluru has had major terrorist attacks in 2008 , 2010 , and 2013 . Bengaluru lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Cretaceous Deccan Plateau ) at an average elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft). It covers an area of 741 km (286 sq mi). The majority of
7869-408: The Aigandapura complex near Hesaraghatta , Mukthi Natheshwara Temple at Binnamangala, Choleshwara Temple at Begur , Someshwara Temple at Ulsoor , date from the Chola era. In 1117, the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended its rule over the region. Vishnuvardhana expelled the Cholas from all parts of the Mysore state. By
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#17327983039277998-415: The British returned administrative control of the Bengaluru pētē to the Maharaja of Mysore and was incorporated into the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . The old pētē developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore. The Residency of Mysore State was first established in Mysore City in 1799 and later shifted to Bengaluru in 1804. It
8127-427: The Doddapētē Square—the heart of Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda I's During the Vijayanagara rule, many saints and poets referred to Bengaluru as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City"). After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in the Battle of Talikota , Kempe Gowda I declared independence. His successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers that marked Bengaluru's boundary. Then in 1638,
8256-445: The IT companies are located in Bommanahalli , Domlur , Whitefield , Electronic City , Krishnarajapuram , Bellandur , and Mahadevapura . Patrick Blackett Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett , (18 November 1897 – 13 July 1974) was a British experimental physicist known for his work on cloud chambers , cosmic rays , and paleomagnetism , awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1948. In 1925 he became
8385-403: The Indian Academy of Sciences but enjoy autonomy and a distinct statutory identity of its own. Just before his death, Raman established a framework for the running of the institute, separating it completely from the Indian Academy of Sciences and giving it statutory autonomy. The Institute adopted the change immediately after Raman's death in 1971 with the consent of the government, and stepped into
8514-458: The Order of the Companions of Honour in the 1965 Birthday Honours , and was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1967. He was created a life peer on 27 January 1969 as Baron Blackett , of Chelsea in Greater London . He was made President of the Royal Society in 1965. The crater Blackett on the Moon is named after him. Blackett married Constanza Bayon (1899–1986) in 1924. They had one son and one daughter. The Blackett Laboratory
8643-440: The RRI and a liquid crystal scientist. As a Nobel Laureate, Raman enjoyed significant respect in Indian public life and was able to raise funds for the institute through private donations and fund-raisers without state involvement. Unashamed of his fundraising, Raman declared: "Our greatest men were beggars—the Buddha, Sankara and Mahatma Gandhi." Raman also found the scrutiny the Government was taking in funding scientific research in
8772-439: The Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations. Other units within the BCP include Traffic Police, City Armed Reserve (CAR), City Special Branch (CSB), City Crime Branch (CCB) and City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB). As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bengaluru houses important state government facilities such as
8901-472: The Whitefield region, is the most polluted area in Bengaluru. In 2016, a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions. Anil Kumar, Commissioner of the BBMP, said: "The deteriorating air quality in cities and its impact on public health is an area of growing concern for city authorities. While much is already being done about collecting and monitoring air quality data, little focus has been given on managing
9030-430: The area. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the Wodeyar Kings of the Princely State of Mysore . Two important developments which contributed to the rapid growth of the city, include the introduction of telegraph connections to all major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to Madras (now Chennai), in 1864. In
9159-416: The building of the Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens in 1760. Under them, Bengaluru developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance. The Bengaluru fort was captured by British forces under Lord Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan. Following Tipu's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799),
9288-772: The city and 10,456,000 in the urban agglomeration, up from 8.5 million at the 2011 census. It is the third most populous city in India, the 18th most populous city in the world and the fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India. With a growth rate of 38% during the decade, Bengaluru was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi between 1991 and 2001. Residents of Bengaluru are referred to as "Bangaloreans" in English, Bengaloorinavaru or Bengaloorigaru in Kannada and Banglori in Hindi or Urdu . People from other states have migrated to Bengaluru to study or work there as well. According to
9417-504: The city and connects with five sewage treatment centres located in the city's periphery. In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the first half of the 20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworks were commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail ( Diwan of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide
9546-602: The city of Bengaluru lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district . The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district. Bengaluru's topography is generally flat, although the western parts of the city are hilly. The highest point is Vidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli , 962 m (3,156 ft) above sea level, situated to
9675-647: The city on India's urban map. After India's independence in August 1947, Bengaluru remained in the newly carved Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh (appointed governor). The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the Bangalore City Corporation . The Government of Karnataka later constituted
9804-457: The city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life ) air quality and noise pollution were poor. The BBMP works in conjunction with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects. The Bengaluru City Police (BCP) has seven geographic zones, includes
9933-415: The city. The presence of numerous notable sporting arenas in Bengaluru makes it one of the country's sporting hubs. Bangalore is an anglicised version of the city's Kannada name Bengalūru . It was the name of a village near Kodigehalli in Bengaluru city today and was used by Kempe Gowda to name the city as Bengalūru at the time of its foundation in 1537. The earliest reference to the name "Bengalūru"
10062-580: The committee's conclusion that Britain could produce an atomic bomb by 1943, and recommended that the project should be discussed with the Americans. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1933 and awarded its Royal Medal in 1940. In August 1940 Blackett became scientific adviser to Lieutenant General Sir Frederick Pile , Commander in Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command and thus began
10191-497: The country who converted Bengaluru's large plots and colonial bungalows into multi-storied apartments. In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational corporation to set up base in Bengaluru. Other information technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bengaluru had established itself as the Silicon Valley of India . Today, Bengaluru is India's third most populous city. During
10320-578: The current boundaries, and in 1986, the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority , was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit. On 8 February 1981, a major fire broke out at Venus Circus in Bengaluru, where more than 92 people died, the majority of them children. Bengaluru experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of
10449-428: The current research priority areas of the institute is liquid crystals. This has been an active area of research at the Raman Research Institute for nearly three decades. The research programme covers a broad spectrum of activities ranging from the synthesis of new liquid crystalline materials to display electronics. Discoveries of the columnar phase formed by disc-like molecules and pressure induced mesomorphism are two of
10578-487: The developing world such as Mumbai (50%) and Nairobi (60%). The 2008 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bengaluru accounts for 8.5% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago. In the Ease of Living Index 2020 ( published by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs ), it
10707-619: The early part of World War II , Blackett served on various committees and spent time at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) Farnborough , where he made a major contribution to the design of the Mark XIV bomb sight which allowed bombs to be released without a level bombing run beforehand. In 1940–41 Blackett served on the MAUD Committee which concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible. He disagreed with
10836-405: The early significant contributions made by the liquid crystal group. "Out of 36 liquid crystal materials discovered in the world, three were from this institute," Prof. Madhusudana has stated. Among them were two new liquid crystalline phases, namely the undulating twist grain boundary C phase and the biaxial smectic A phase. Techniques developed for driving passive matrix liquid crystal displays at
10965-584: The elected members of the council. Elections to the BBMP were held on 28 March 2010, after a gap of three and a half years since the expiry of the previous elected body's term, and the Bharatiya Janata Party was voted into power – the first time it had ever won a civic poll in the city. Indian National Congress councillor Sampath Raj became the city's mayor in September 2017;
11094-629: The end of the 13th century, Bengaluru became a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha, who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu. Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hudi (now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits), thus promoting the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala III's death in 1343,
11223-577: The first person to prove that radioactivity could cause the nuclear transmutation of one chemical element to another. He also made a major contribution in World War II advising on military strategy and developing operational research . His views saw an outlet in third world development and in influencing policy in the Labour government of the 1960s. Blackett was born in Kensington , London,
11352-474: The impacts that bad air quality is having on the health of citizens." According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bengaluru had 862 slums out of around 2000 slums in all of Karnataka. 42% of the households migrated from different parts of India like Chennai , Hyderabad and most of North India , and 43% of the households had remained in
11481-433: The institute are now being widely used. In recent years the liquid crystal group has been working on electrochemical aspects of surface science and on other soft materials like surfactants, polymers, and on the physics of biological systems. Astronomy and astrophysics have been another strong area of research for the RRI. According to Prof. Madhusudana, this department has the highest number of faculty and research students of
11610-416: The institute has focused on relativity and gravity, quantum theory , and optics. The current activity in gravitation concentrates on two themes, gravitational radiation and quantum gravity . Gravitation is known to be the weakest of all known forces of nature, but it dominates all structure and motion on the astronomical scale because of its attractive universality, its long range and the fact that matter on
11739-519: The institute. In the first two decades of the twenty-first century, it has been carrying out observational programmes in radio astronomy, covering almost the entire radio spectrum. Besides having a millimetrewave telescope of 10.4 metre diameter on the campus, the RRI has set up the Gauribidanur Radio Observatory , a decametrewave Radio telescope at Gauribidanur, about 80 kilometres from Bengaluru. This has been done jointly with
11868-417: The land for seven years. According to the terms of the deal with the Maharaja, the land could be to another use by the government of Mysore if it still remained unused at the end of 1941. Raman, as President of the IAS, held an extraordinary meeting of the academy in 1941, and proposed that a research institute (to be named after himself) be built on the land. The proposal was approved and a foundational stone
11997-687: The large scale is essentially neutral. The correct theory of gravitation is now believed to be Einstein 's General Theory of Relativity . One of the fundamental predictions of General Theory of Relativity is that of gravitational waves — waves of distortion of spacetime itself - propagating at a finite speed of light. This replaces the Newtonian gravitations forces which was instantaneous. Such waves are expected to be emitted when, for example, two massive inspiralling stars tend to coalesce under their mutual gravitations attraction. Accurate calculation of this gravitational radiation — its waveform — has been one of
12126-591: The left. Politically he identified himself as a socialist, and often campaigned on behalf of the Labour Party . In the late 1940s, Blackett became known for his radical political opinions, which included his belief that Britain ought not to develop atomic weapons. He was considered too far to the left for the Labour Government 1945–1951 to employ, and he returned to academic life. His internationalism found expression in his strong support for India. There in 1947 he met Jawaharlal Nehru , who sought his advice on
12255-506: The maharaja. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bengaluru, outside the old city, and a town grew up around it. Following India's independence in 1947, Bengaluru became the capital of Mysore State , and remained the capital when the state was enlarged and unified in 1956 and renamed Karnataka in 1973. The two urban settlements of Bengaluru, the town and the cantonment, which had developed as independent entities, merged into
12384-502: The major research programmes of the theoretical physics group at the institute. Their work is expected to be a crucial input towards its eventual detection. Another major activity of the theoretical physics group has been in studying the propagation of light waves in certain types of liquid crystals and minerals and their associated polarization phenomenon. The RRI has been a pioneer in this field of study, initiated by one of Raman's research students, Pancharatnam. During June 2020, QuIC
12513-427: The massive investments required to reverse the rapid decline in city transport, driving new and expanding businesses elsewhere in India. Bengaluru is a hub for Indian biotechnology -related industry and in 2005 was home to around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India, including Biocon , India's largest biotechnology company, giving Bengaluru the nickname of the "Biotech Capital of India". Bengaluru
12642-482: The museum. Raman is reputed to have taken much pride in showing his precious collections to visitors to the institute. During Raman's time, many celebrated scientists from other countries paid a visit to the institute. Among them were: J. D. Bernal , E. C. Bullard, Patrick Blackett , Charles Galton Darwin , Paul Dirac , G. Gamow , J. B. S. Haldane , Linus Pauling , C. F. Powell , L. Rosenfeld, G. Wentzel and Norbert Wiener . The main areas of research are: One of
12771-742: The next empire to rule the region was the Vijayanagara Empire , which itself saw the rise of four dynasties, the Sangamas (1336–1485), the Saluvas (1485–1491), the Tuluvas (1491–1565), and the Aravidu (1565–1646). During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, Achyuta Deva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty raised the Shivasamudra Dam across the Arkavati river at Hesaraghatta , whose reservoir
12900-499: The northeast and the southwest monsoons , and the wettest months is September, followed by October and August. The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms , which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. Most of the rainfall occurs during the late afternoon or evening and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bengaluru with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of
13029-596: The northwest of the city. No major rivers run through the city, although the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills , 60 km (37 mi) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi , a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bengaluru's sewage . A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km (83 sq mi) of
13158-473: The nucleus of the nitrogen atom could be disintegrated by firing fast alpha particles into nitrogen. He asked Blackett to use a cloud chamber to find visible tracks of this disintegration, and by 1925, he had taken 23,000 photographs showing 415,000 tracks of ionized particles. Eight of these were forked, and this showed that the nitrogen atom-alpha particle combination had formed an atom of fluorine , which then disintegrated into an isotope of oxygen 17 and
13287-566: The princely territory of Mysore, Cantonment had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the princely state of Mysore, including British and Anglo-Indians army officers. Bengaluru was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak catalysed the city's sanitation process. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect. A health officer
13416-458: The public image thinly veiled a sensitive and humane spirit". Edward Bullard said that he was the most versatile and best loved physicist of his generation and that his achievement was also without rival: "he was wonderfully intelligent, charming, fun to be with, dignified and handsome". In 2016, the house that Blackett lived in from 1953 to 1969 (48 Paultons Square, Chelsea, London) received an English Heritage blue plaque . In July 2022,
13545-563: The region was involved in trans-oceanic trade with the Romans and other civilisations in 27 BCE. The region of modern-day Bengaluru was part of several successive South Indian kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries, the region was ruled by the Western Ganga dynasty of Karnataka, the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region. According to Edgar Thurston , there were twenty-eight kings who ruled Gangavadi from
13674-545: The reign of Raja Raja Chola I , the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince Rajendra Chola I , and captured Bengaluru. During this period, the Bengaluru region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from Tamil Nadu and other Kannada-speaking regions. The Chokkanathaswamy temple at Domlur ,
13803-417: The research and development needs of the Indian armed forces and for the next 20 years he was a frequent visitor and advisor on military and civil science. These visits deepened his concern for the underprivileged and the poor. He was convinced that their problems could be overcome by applying science and technology and he used his scientific prestige to try to persuade scientists that one of their first duties
13932-452: The slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka Municipality works to shift 300 families annually to newly constructed buildings. One-third of these slum clearance projects lacked basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and shared BWSSB water supply. Ιn 2012, Bengaluru generated 2.1 million tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste , or 194.3 kilograms per person. Waste management in Karnataka
14061-829: The son of Arthur Stuart Blackett, a stockbroker, and his wife Caroline Maynard. His younger sister was the psychoanalyst Marion Milner . His paternal grandfather Rev. Henry Blackett, brother of Edmund Blacket the Australian architect, was for many years vicar of Croydon . His maternal grandfather Charles Maynard was an officer in the Royal Artillery at the time of the Indian Mutiny . The Blackett family lived successively at Kensington , Kenley , Woking and Guildford , Surrey, where Blackett went to preparatory school . His main hobbies were model aeroplanes and crystal radio . When he went for interview for entrance to
14190-770: The start of the Christian era until its conquest by the Cholas. The Western Gangas ruled the region initially as a sovereign power (350–550 CE), and later as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami , followed by the Rashtrakutas until the tenth century. The Begur Nageshwara Temple was commissioned around 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II. Around 1004, during
14319-603: The then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees. After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali , Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. Hyder Ali is credited with building the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760. The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan . Hyder and Tipu directed
14448-473: The umbrella of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and both under Raman's leadership. Raman had an apparent hatred for writing project reports or having to give periodic status reports to project funders. For this reason, Raman refused to accept any funds from the Indian government and other sources. "He was of the firm belief that science could not be done that way,” said Prof. N. V Madhusudana , Dean of Research at
14577-454: The vote was boycotted by the BJP . In September 2018, Indian National Congress councillor Gangambike Mallikarjun was elected as mayor, replacing Sampath Raj . In 2019 BJP 's M Goutham Kumar took charge as mayor. On 10 September 2020, the term of the BBMP council ended and Gaurav Gupta was appointed as the administrator of BBMP. The municipal commissioner of Bengaluru is Tushar Giri Nath, and
14706-548: The war effort with their sinkings of merchant ships . In this opinion he chafed against the existing military authority and was cut out of various circles of communications. However, after the war, the Allied Strategic Bombing Survey proved Blackett correct. Blackett became friends with Kingsley Martin , later editor of the New Statesman , while an undergraduate and became committed to
14835-528: The war he criticised the assumptions in Lord Cherwell 's dehousing paper and sided with Tizard who argued that fewer resources should go to RAF Bomber Command for the area bombing offensive and more to the other armed forces, as his studies had shown the ineffectiveness of the bombing strategies, as opposed to the importance of fighting off the German U-boats , which were heavily affecting
14964-514: The work that resulted in the field of study known as operational research (OR). He was director of Operational Research with the Admiralty from 1942 to 1945, and his work with E. J. Williams improved the survival odds of convoys , presented counter-intuitive but correct recommendations for the armour-plating of aircraft and achieved many other successes. His aim, he said, was to find numbers on which to base strategy, not gusts of emotion. During
15093-401: Was "the most outstanding original piece of research that came out of RRI at that time." This discovery proved for the first time that geometric phase exists in optics. But this work was not known to the world until similar discovery was made by scientists elsewhere about two decades later. Subsequently, RRI could convincingly prove that Pancharatnam discovered this long ago and today "this phase
15222-444: Was abolished in 1843, only to be revived in 1881 at Bengaluru and closed down permanently in 1947, with Indian independence . The British found Bengaluru to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their garrison and therefore moved their cantonment to Bengaluru from Seringapatam in 1809 near Ulsoor , about 6 km (4 mi) northeast of the city. A town grew up around the cantonment, by absorbing several villages in
15351-523: Was appointed and the city divided into four wards for better co-ordination. Victoria Hospital was inaugurated in 1900 by Lord Curzon , the then Governor-General of British India . New extensions in Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē. In 1903, motor vehicles came to be introduced in Bengaluru. In 1906, Bengaluru became one of the first cities in India to have electricity from hydro power , powered by
15480-649: Was assigned to active service as a midshipman . He was transferred to the Cape Verde Islands on HMS Carnarvon and was present at the Battle of the Falkland Islands . He was then transferred to HMS Barham and saw much action at the Battle of Jutland . While in HMS Barham , Blackett was co-inventor of a gunnery device on which the Admiralty took out a patent. In 1916 he applied to join
15609-637: Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics , for his investigation of cosmic rays using his invention of the counter-controlled cloud chamber . Blackett was appointed head of the Physics Department of Imperial College London in 1953 and retired in July 1963. The Physics department building of Imperial College, the Blackett Laboratory , is named in his honour. In 1957 Blackett gave the presidential address ("Technology and World Advancement") to
15738-423: Was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga dynasty stone inscription on a vīra gallu (Kannada: ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು ; lit. ' hero stone ' , a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). According to an Old Kannada inscription found in Begur , "Bengalūrū" was the place of a battle in 890 CE . It was also referred to as "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City") and "Dēvarāyanagara" during
15867-535: Was impressed by the prestigious Cavendish Laboratory , and left the Navy to study mathematics and physics at Cambridge. After graduating from Magdalene College in 1921, Blackett spent ten years working at the Cavendish Laboratory as an experimental physicist with Ernest Rutherford and in 1923 became a fellow of King's College, Cambridge , a position he held until 1933. Rutherford had found out that
15996-486: Was laid on the ground, signifying that the land was now in use. However, it was not until 1948 that the institute was opened. Raman had planned the institute much before he retired as the head of the Physics Department of the Indian Institute of Science. His idea had been to move directly to his newly founded institute when he retired from IISc. This happened in 1948 - Thus, the Raman Research Institute began under
16125-554: Was promoted to lieutenant in May 1918, but had decided to leave the Navy. Then, in January 1919, the Admiralty sent the officers whose training had been interrupted by the war to the University of Cambridge for a course of general duties. On his first night at Magdalene College, Cambridge , he met Kingsley Martin and Geoffrey Webb , later recalling that he had never before, in his naval training, heard intellectual conversation. Blackett
16254-498: Was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million. Bengaluru has the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities in developing countries: rapidly escalating social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession, the proliferation of slum settlements, and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods. Languages of Bengaluru (2011) The official language of Bengaluru
16383-490: Was restricted by rules made by the Emperor, who feared the potential power of Kempe Gowda and did not allow a stone fort. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his " gandubhūmi " or "Land of Heroes". Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a pētē ( Kannada pronunciation: [peːteː] ). The town had two main streets—Chikkapētē Street and Doddapētē Street. Their intersection formed
16512-471: Was successful in developing the toolkit and ran a simulation that helps in safe quantum key distribution between devices. In February 2021, a team of researchers under the guidance of Prof. Urbasi Sinha in collaboration with Prof. Barry Sanders from the University of Calgary demonstrated the distribution of quantum key using free space between two buildings at a distance of 50 meters that used quantum entanglement based quantum-key distribution technique. It
16641-492: Was to use their skill to ensure a decent life for all mankind. Before underdevelopment became a popular issue he proposed in a presidential address to the British Association that Britain should devote 1% of its national income to the economic improvement of the third world and he was later one of the prime movers in the foundation of the Overseas Development Institute . He was the senior member of
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