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52-611: Ramadan War may refer to: War in Sudan (2023) Yom Kippur War Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ramadan War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_War&oldid=1190475178 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

104-561: A conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000 others. By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to racial and ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur

156-630: A 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. The Bashir regime allowed

208-647: A ceasefire culminated in the Treaty of Jeddah in May 2023, which failed to stop the fighting and was ultimately abandoned. Over the next few months, a stalemate occurred, during which the two sides were joined by rebel groups who had previously fought against Sudan's government. By mid-November, the Minni Minnawi and Mustafa Tambour factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement officially joined

260-606: A ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to

312-447: A civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections to be held in 2023 . In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy. The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A)

364-740: A coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the army established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated

416-581: A meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of

468-494: A peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with

520-562: A widening divide between him and al-Burhan. Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. Chief among

572-612: Is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. By 2023 the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi ,

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624-940: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages War in Sudan (2023) ( Detailed map ) [REDACTED] Government of Sudan [REDACTED] Sudanese Armed Forces [REDACTED] Popular Defence Forces Popular Resistance [REDACTED] SPLM-N (Agar) [REDACTED] SLM (Tambour) (since August 2023) [REDACTED] Joint Darfur Force (since November 2023) [REDACTED] JEM [REDACTED] Rapid Support Forces [REDACTED] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (since June 2023) [REDACTED] SLM (al-Nur) [REDACTED] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan [REDACTED] Minni Minnawi [REDACTED] Hemedti [REDACTED] Abdelaziz al-Hilu [REDACTED] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Battles War crimes Humanitarian crisis Other A civil war between two major rival factions of

676-742: The British government suspected that the Sultanate of Darfur was falling under the influence of the Ottoman government , an expedition was launched from Egypt to capture and annex Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The colonial government directed financial and administrative resources to the tribes of central Sudan near Khartoum , while the outlying regions such as Darfur remained mostly forgotten and ignored. Since gaining independence, Sudan has experienced 19 military coup attempts ,

728-620: The Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. Bashir sent RSF forces to quash

780-589: The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Famine Review Committee (FRC) concluded famine conditions in parts of North Darfur . Sudan has been inhabited since prehistory and has seen many conflicts , with foreign invasions and resistance, ethnic tensions , religious disputes , and disputes over resources throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages. Sudan was conquered by Egypt in 1821 , and in 1881

832-743: The Janjaweed , a collection of Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo , more commonly known as Hemedti. The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against

884-604: The Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed and dozens were raped. Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by

936-600: The Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . Abdul Wahid al-Nur Born in Zalingei , West Darfur , he was educated at the University of Khartoum , where he graduated in 1995 with a law degree before working as a lawyer. The SLM was founded around 2001 with a decisive split in 2006 following

988-403: The Masalit massacres . The war began with attacks by the RSF on government sites as airstrikes, artillery, and gunfire were reported across Sudan. The cities of Khartoum and Omdurman were divided between the two warring factions, with al-Burhan relocating his government to Port Sudan as RSF forces captured most of Khartoum's government buildings. Attempts by international powers to negotiate

1040-711: The National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with

1092-655: The South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. In 2020,

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1144-587: The Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". More than 35,000 were displaced by

1196-581: The military government of Sudan , the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) under Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and its allies (collectively the Janjaweed coalition) under the Janjaweed leader Hemedti , began during Ramadan on 15 April 2023. Three minor (neutral) factions have participated in the fighting: Darfur Joint Protection Force , SLM (al-Nur) under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and SPLM-N under Abdelaziz al-Hilu . Fighting has been concentrated around

1248-622: The Darfur Peace Agreement when al-Nur refused to sign while Minni Minawi agreed to. Abdul Wahid Mohamed al-Nur is a lawyer, born in 1968 in Zalingei , Darfur , Sudan . He was a supporter of the Communist Party in his youth. He expressed officially, and widely, both in the Arab and Western media, his vision which is to establish a secular, liberal, democratic, and federal Sudan, where religion will be separated from

1300-514: The Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled

1352-536: The RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in

1404-552: The RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of

1456-603: The RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including

1508-462: The SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against

1560-538: The SAF has made gains in Omdurman. Since June 2024, the RSF has made gains in Sennar State . Further negotiations between the warring sides have produced no significant results, while many countries have provided military or political support for either al-Burhan or Hemedti. As of September 2024, the SAF has made notable gains in Khartoum and Khartoum North (alternatively referred to as Bahri). In August 2024,

1612-596: The SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated

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1664-497: The SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following

1716-541: The Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF was fighting against radical Islamic militants. Following

1768-418: The Sudanese government took action against international envoys. The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold

1820-492: The Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for

1872-446: The beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. Air strikes and ground offensives against

1924-555: The capital city of Khartoum (largest and initial battle of the war) and the Darfur region. As of 14 November 2024, at least 61,000 people had been killed in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. As of 5 July 2024, over 7.7 million were internally displaced and more than 2.1 million others had fled the country as refugees, and many civilians in Darfur have been reported dead as part of

1976-528: The city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF declared the mobilization illegal. On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . There were clashes at

2028-533: The city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North

2080-431: The column's commander. In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across

2132-457: The disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near

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2184-549: The fighting. Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. In response

2236-522: The first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . By

2288-576: The first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . The agreement did not include

2340-488: The headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there

2392-411: The most of any African nation. Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule. Two civil wars – the first from 1955 to 1972 and the second, 1983 to 2005  – between the central government and the southern regions , which led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011, killed 1.5 million people, and

2444-620: The religious leader Muhammad Ahmad led a nationalist revolt and established an "Islamic and national" Mahdist State in much of the territory of modern Sudan. After Ahmad's death, a British-Egyptian force commanded by Lord Kitchener retook Sudan . In 1899, the country became a condominium of Egypt and the United Kingdom , but was de facto ruled by the UK alone and would remain under British control until 1956, when it gained independence and inherited its pre-1911 borders. In 1916, after

2496-410: The state, and the state will establish strong relationships with Israel. Al-Nur did cooperate with the ICC and provided elements that led to the indictment of Omar al-Bashir and several of his officers. He has been in contact with Fatou Bensouda , the ICC's chief prosecutor from 2012 to 2021. Abdul Wahid Mohamed al-Nur is in favour of empowering the ICC. This article about a Sudanese politician

2548-664: The war in support of the SAF, alongside the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). In contrast, the Tamazuj movement joined forces with the RSF, while the Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North attacked SAF positions in the south of the country. Starting in October 2023, momentum began to swing toward the RSF, as the paramilitary defeated army forces in Darfur and made gains in Khartoum State , Kordofan , and Gezira State . Since February 2024,

2600-539: Was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at

2652-432: Was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while

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2704-500: Was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon

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