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85-531: Soon after Pedro Menendez de Aviles founded St. Augustine, Florida in 1565, it became apparent to the Spanish crown that depredations by pirates and the resistance of the native population would prevent Spanish settlements from becoming self-sufficient in La Florida , despite their ranching and farming operations. As a consequence of this state of affairs, Philip II instituted annual transfers, known as

170-584: A City of Film as part of UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Together with another 15 surrounding municipalities, it belongs to an urban community of around 404,000 inhabitants. There is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid. It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General ; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi , Valleolide (1092) and Valleolit , Valleoleti , Valleoliti (1095). One widely held etymological theory suggests that

255-665: A Huguenot aristocrat who had participated in the first Jean Ribault expedition, returned to Florida in 1564 with three ships and 300 Huguenot colonists. He reached the River May on 22 June 1564, sailed up it a few miles, and founded Fort Caroline . The Crown was alarmed by these encroachments on Spanish territory in such proximity to the course of the Spanish treasure fleet. Desiring to protect its claimed territories in North America against further incursions by European powers,

340-457: A Spanish garrison of 200 men further up the coast, he sailed to what is today the Georgia coast making contact with the local Indians of St. Catherines Island before returning to Florida, where he expanded Spanish power throughout southeastern Florida. His position as governor now secure, Menéndez explored the area and built additional fortifications . In 1567, he marched south and encountered

425-401: A large expedition of ships, soldiers and supplies was being fitted at Dieppe for a voyage to Florida: it was to have more than 500 arquebusiers , and many dismounted bronze cannons were loaded aboard the vessels. After his release from prison, Menéndez was available again to serve the king's purposes. He was appointed as adelantado of La Florida , with the promise of a large land grant and

510-404: A loyal cadre of lieutenants and officials who had blood connection to him, and had invested their own futures in his success. In early 1564 Menéndez asked permission to go to Florida to search for La Concepcion and his son, Admiral Juan Menéndez, who had been its commander. As noted above, they were lost in 1563 in a hurricane. The crown continued to refuse his request. René de Laudonnière ,

595-439: A number of his relatives to sail with him in search of adventure. In this ship, the young Menéndez won his first victory of command in an engagement with French corsairs who had attacked three slow Spanish freighters off the coast of Galicia . By effective captainship, he separated the two swift zabras (Biscayan frigates) that pursued him and captured them both, and drove away the third. The exploits of Pedro Menéndez soon became

680-544: A plague in Valladolid, Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid, earning a hefty profit when the royal court returned and prices went up again. The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva. From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre. This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA (1950), FASA (1954), TECNAUTO (1956) and SAVA (1957) were created. The city

765-664: A storm that wrecked three of his ships near what is now the Ponce de Leon Inlet . His flagship was grounded near present-day Cape Canaveral. Informed by Indian allies that the French survivors were walking northward on the coast, Menéndez began to search for them, finding the party at the banks of the Matanzas River 's south entrance. After several parleys with the Spanish, Ribault and the 150–350 Frenchmen with him (sources differ) surrendered. The Spanish executed nearly all of them in

850-579: A third claims that it derives from Vallis Olivetum , meaning 'valley of the olives '; however, no olive trees are found in that terrain. Instead, innumerable pine trees abound in the south part of the city. The gastronomy reflects the importance of the piñón (pine nut) as a local product, rather than olives. In texts from the Middle Ages the town is called Vallisoletum , meaning 'sunny valley', and inhabitants are still called today Vallisoletano (male) and Vallisoletana (female). The city

935-570: A topic of conversation on the waterfronts of Spain and France, and in the royal courts. Meanwhile, the Seville merchants and the Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) were chagrined by Menéndez's success and his growing influence with the Crown. Menéndez is credited as the Spanish leader who first surveyed and authorized the building of the royal fortresses at major Caribbean ports. He was appointed by

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1020-457: A view to establishing a permanent settlement for the defense of the Spanish treasure fleet . He was ordered as well to drive away any intruders who were not subjects of the Spanish crown. On 28 July 1565, Menéndez set sail from Cádiz with a fleet led by his 600-ton flagship, the San Pelayo , accompanied by several smaller ships, and carrying over 1,000 sailors, soldiers, and settlers. On

1105-477: Is 433 mm (17.0 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 64%. The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe , the first people documented as a stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of the River Duero . Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city. The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and

1190-427: Is a 1960s reconstruction. As of 2019, the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412, and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 406,923. The most important municipalities of the urban area are (after Valladolid itself) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south, Arroyo de la Encomienda , Zaratán , Simancas and Villanubla on the west, Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on

1275-558: Is a major economic center in Spain. The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the city's economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault -branded vehicles, which would later become Renault España . Four years later, in 1957, Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles. Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco . Together with

1360-477: Is also popularly called Pucela , a nickname whose origin is not clear, but may refer to knights in the service of Joan of Arc , known as La Pucelle . Another theory is that Pucela comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there, the only city in Spain that sold it. Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level, at the centre of the Meseta Norte , the plateau drained by

1445-506: Is however the service sector, which employs 111,988 people, representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security. The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007, representing 10.3% of total workers. Finally, agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people (1.5% of the total). The predominant crops are wheat, barley and sugar beet . Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were: Renault (4 596), Michelin (2 670), IVECO (1 600),

1530-478: Is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and San Martín  [ es ] . The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture ( Isabelline gothic ). The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo (featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements). The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz (current seat of

1615-518: The situado , from the Spanish treasury to pay the presidio payroll and other expenses. This money was derived from the king's portion of precious metals mined in the Americas that was not transported to Spain, but rather was distributed throughout the colonial territories to fund their administrative and defense expenses. This system of financial transfers between the hundred or so treasury offices or royal cajas ( cajas reales ) spread across

1700-571: The Ais (Jece) as he reached the Indian River near present-day Vero Beach . He returned to Spain in 1567 and was appointed governor of Cuba , in October of that year. In December 1571, Menéndez was sailing from Florida to Havana with two frigates when, as he tells it, "I was wrecked at Cape Canaveral because of a storm which came upon me, and the other boat was lost fifteen leagues further on in

1785-586: The Catholic Monarchs in the war of War of Granada , and María Alonso y Menéndez Arango. His parents had twenty children, and Pedro was still a child when his father died. After Doña Maria remarried, Pedro was sent to live with a relative who promised to oversee his education. Pedro and his guardian did not get along, and he ran away from home. He was found six months later in Valladolid and taken back to his foster home. Eventually Menéndez entered

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1870-815: The Duero river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The primitive urban core was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga , on the left-bank of the latter river. The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga, a major right-bank tributary of the Douro. Besides the main territory on which

1955-514: The Duke of Lerma , valido of Philip III . Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown. Promoted by Lerma, the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a (double) real estate speculative scheme, as Lerma had bought housing in Madrid as the prices plummeted when the capital was moved from the city. After

2040-510: The Jewish quarter of the city, and agreed to restore Jewish autonomy. Converso poet Juan de Valladolid wrote poems criticizing treatment of Jews in Valladolid. Jewish life in Valladolid was nonexistent in the 16th century, after the expulsion of the Jews . Valladolid is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with

2125-536: The Spanish Crown issued an asiento to Menéndez, signed by Philip II on 20 March 1565, granting him expansive trade privileges, the power to distribute lands, and licenses to sell 500 slaves, as well as various titles, including that of adelantado of Florida. Menéndez was commissioned to reconnoiter North America from the Florida Keys to present-day Canada, and report on its coastal features, with

2210-589: The Spanish Empire in the Americas and the Philippines . These intercolonial tax flows, or situados , formed a vital part of the Spanish monarchy's vast and complex fiscal system. There was a royal office in every important town. This system ensured a mutual interchange of compensation and financial support among the colonies. Remittances by the colonies that yielded the largest tax revenues defrayed

2295-617: The Tequesta and Calusa tribes, proved hostile to Spanish settlement as war continued on and off until 1670. Menéndez later made contact with the less hostile Tequesta at their capital in El Portal (in what is now Miami) and was able to negotiate for three chieftains to accompany him to Cuba as translators to the Arawak . Although Menéndez left behind Jesuit missionaries Brother Francisco de Villareal and Padre Rogel in an attempt to convert

2380-638: The continental United States . The mission served nearby villages of the Mocama , a Timucua group, and was at the center of an important chiefdom in the late 16th and 17th century. Menéndez marched his soldiers overland from St. Augustine to destroy the French settlement at Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River . On 20 September 1565, they made a surprise attack and killed all the adult males they encountered, but spared women and children; 132 Frenchmen were killed . Laudonnière and several score Frenchmen escaped into

2465-608: The kings of Castile . In 1506, Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid "still convinced that he had reached the Indies" in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him. From 1554 to 1559, Joanna of Austria , sister of Philip II , served as regent , establishing herself in Valladolid, with the latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time. She favoured the Ebolist Party , one of

2550-574: The neobaroque new building for the university. The Francoist dictatorship left an example of "Imperial Architecture" of neo-herrerian (or escurialense ) style in the building for the Seminario Menor , clearly influenced by the Spanish capital's Ministry of the Air . The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes and the house of José Zorrilla . The Christopher Columbus House-Museum , by contrast,

2635-590: The province of Valladolid . It has a population of 295,639 people (2022 est.). The city is located roughly in the centre of the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula's Meseta Central , at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers 15 km (9.3 mi) before they join the Duero , surrounded by winegrowing areas. The area was settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people, and then by Romans themselves. The settlement

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2720-546: The Bahama Channel, in a river they call the Ais , because the cacique (chief) is so called. I, by a miracle reached the fort of St. Augustine with seventeen persons I was taking with me. Three times the Indians gave the order to attack me, and the way I escaped them was by ingenuity and arousing fear in them, telling them that behind me many Spaniards were coming who would slay them if they found them." The Ais, like

2805-525: The Casa de Contratación, accused of accepting bribes and smuggling silver into Spain. In September, he received news that La Concepción , flagship of the New Spain fleet and commanded by his son Admiral Juan Menéndez, had disappeared off the coast of South Carolina, and was assumed to be dead. The ship was lost in a hurricane that scattered the fleet as it was returning to Spain, at the latitude of Bermuda off

2890-539: The Crown in 1554 as Captain-General of the Fleet of the Indies, the Spanish treasure fleet; that year he departed with the fleet and brought it back safely to Spain. He was affirmed in his belief of the strategic importance of the Bahama Channel and that Havana , on the island of Cuba , was the key port to conduct a rendezvous of the annual Flota of treasure galleons. The appointment was highly prestigious, and it

2975-536: The Fleet of the Indies. He sailed for the Indies that October as captain general and commanded the galleons of the great Armada de la Carrera , or Spanish Treasure Fleet , on their return voyage from the Caribbean and Mexico to Spain. Menéndez determined the route they followed, which led through the Florida Strait ( Spanish : Estrecho de Florida ) and up the east coast of Florida, taking advantage of

3060-622: The French tire manufacturer Michelin , Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city. Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries, other important industrial sectors are food processing (with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury , Lactalis or Lesaffre), metallurgy (Lingotes Especiales, Saeta die Casting...), chemical and printing. In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces, representing 14.0% of total workers. The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment

3145-545: The Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez . Entrusted with the repopulation of the area, Ansúrez led the foundation of Valladolid along with his wife Eylo Alfónsez  [ es ] . By 1084 the project for the foundation of the settlement was already underway. Ansúrez built a palace (now lost) and La Antigua church. Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás. Both co-founded

3230-579: The Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León , the department responsible for the education at the regional level, both at the university and non-university level. The University of Valladolid (UVA) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. It has four campuses around the city (Huerta del Rey, Centro, Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes) as well as another three campuses scattered around

3315-614: The Polytechnic School. It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research. It also has a dental clinic and a library. Lycée Français de Castilla y León , a French international school, is near Valladolid, in Laguna de Duero . San Juán Bautista de La Salle School , a High Private College in Valladolid. Integral and Superior Education. Integrates Kindergarten, Primary School and High School. 12th century romanesque architecture

3400-545: The Spanish settlement to a more defensible position on the north end of the barrier island between the mainland and the sea, building a wooden fort there. In 1572, the settlement was relocated to the mainland, in the area just south of the future town plaza. Secure as governor, Menéndez explored the area and built additional fortifications . He also commissioned the Juan Pardo expedition, to travel from Santa Elena , at Port Royal Sound in present-day South Carolina, into

3485-528: The Spanish treasure fleet, and for founding St. Augustine, Florida , in 1565. This was the first successful European settlement in La Florida and the most significant city in the region for nearly three centuries. St. Augustine is the oldest continuously inhabited, European-established settlement in the continental United States . Menéndez de Avilés was the first governor of La Florida (1565–74). By his contract, or asiento , with Philip II, Menéndez

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3570-609: The Tequesta to Roman Catholicism, the tribe were indifferent to their teachings. The Jesuits returned to St. Augustine after a year. Menéndez voyaged to La Florida for the last time in 1571, with 650 settlers for Santa Elena , as well as his wife and family. In August 1572, Menéndez led a ship with thirty soldiers and sailors to take revenge for the killing of the Jesuits of the Ajacán Mission in present-day Virginia. At

3655-409: The administration and defense costs of the poorer colonies. The silver mines of Mexico, especially in the second half of the 18th century, furnished an increasing sum spent directly in the Americas and not recorded by the royal treasury in Madrid. The Viceroyalty of New Spain therefore not only provided important sums of precious metals for the Spanish metropole but also financed the largest part of

3740-496: The church de la Vera Cruz built in 1581 broke down, causing dust to encircle the whole city. This accident was supposedly due to renovation works. Historically, a Jewish community existed in Valladolid. There was most likely Jewish life in Valladolid during the Arab period, but the first documentation where Jews are mentioned as living in the city dates to 1221. In 1288, Sancho IV prohibited Jews from acquiring land in Valladolid and

3825-412: The church of Santa María. Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña . In the 12th and 13th centuries, Valladolid grew rapidly, favoured by the commercial privileges granted by the kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X . In 1469, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon were married in the city; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of

3910-458: The city lies, the municipality also includes two exclaves: Navabuena (5,129 hectares , hosting the Prison of Villanubla  [ es ] ) and El Rebollar (400 hectares). The city of Valladolid experiences a continentalized warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb ) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ). Valladolid's climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and

3995-591: The city's Plaza Mayor was the first of its kind in Spain, dating back to the thirteenth century. It was eventually used as a model for similar plazas such as Plaza Mayor in Madrid . Among the events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week , the World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships , and the Valladolid International Film Festival ( Seminci ). In 2019, Valladolid was recognised as

4080-527: The city. During 1550–1551 the town held the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors. Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596, also becoming a bishopric . In the midst of the reign of Philip III , Valladolid briefly served as the capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of

4165-521: The coast of La Florida , Menéndez returned to Spain in 1567. He was appointed governor of Cuba , in October of that year. After several more transatlantic crossings, Menéndez fell ill and died on 17 September 1574. Menéndez traveled to southwest Florida, looking for his son. There he made contact with the Calusa tribe, an advanced maritime people, at what is now known as Charlotte harbor . He negotiated an initial peace with their leader, Carlos , which

4250-584: The coast of South Carolina. Menéndez conceived a plan for a voyage to La Florida to search for his son, who he believed might have reached there, but he was powerless to initiate it from prison, and his petitions to King Philip II went unanswered. Spain learned of the French expedition to Florida through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France. Philip II was alarmed when Dr. Gabriel de Enveja reported that Jean Ribault had been appointed as "Captain-General and Viceroy of New France". He also said that

4335-543: The condition of regional capital, competing with other cities, most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos . Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the region's statute of autonomy  [ es ] from 1983, Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions (the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León ). June 25th 2024,

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4420-600: The conversion of the Indians to Catholicism. In 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in territory claimed by Spain and called La Florida . They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River in Florida, calling it la Rivière de Mai (the River May). The French sailed northward and established a settlement called Charlesfort at Port Royal Sound in present-day South Carolina. On 19 August 1563, Pedro Menéndez and his brother Bartolomé were imprisoned by

4505-487: The current of the Gulf Stream . In 1561, however, Menéndez was jailed by Casa officials for alleged smuggling, but he got his case transferred to court and won his release. Menéndez is credited as the chief planner of the formalized Spanish treasure fleet convoy system that became the main link between Spain and her overseas territories. In partnership with Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz , he helped design

4590-530: The dunes near the inlet. It was later known as Matanzas (Spanish for "slaughters"). Having taken control of the Florida coast, Menéndez had his soldiers complete the fort in St. Augustine. He also established missions to the natives for the Catholic Church, and explored the east coast and interior of the peninsula. In May 1566, as relations with the neighboring Timucua Indians deteriorated, Menéndez moved

4675-595: The empire's defenses in the greater Caribbean. Private business developed to take advantage of the flow of capital raised by the situado and reaped growing profits for the upper colonial classes in military provisions, transport, currency exchange premiums, loans, and private trading. The Real Situado from the Viceroyalty of Peru financed the Spanish Army of Arauco as a result of the Arauco War . Most of

4760-463: The end of his life, he was appointed as governor of Cuba shortly after his arrival. Menéndez died of typhus at Santander, Spain , on 17 September 1574. Valladolid Valladolid ( Spanish: [baʎaðoˈlið] ) is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is also the capital of

4845-429: The façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets. The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid , initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century (intending to follow a Mannerist style ) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668. Decades later, in 1730, Alberto de Churriguera  [ es ] finished

4930-460: The feast day of St. Augustine , 28 August, the fleet sighted land and anchored off the north inlet of the tidal channel that the French called the River of Dolphins. This was developed as the site of the present-day city of St. Augustine. Menéndez sailed north and confronted Ribault's fleet outside the bar of the River May in a brief skirmish. On 6 September, he returned to his first landfall, naming

5015-565: The great galleons that carried the trade between Cadiz in Spain and Vera Cruz in Spanish Mexico . Later, in his capacity as adelantado , Menéndez was required to explore this vast territory, which extended from the Gulf coast of present-day western Florida around the Florida keys to Newfoundland. He also was commanded by the king to establish two or three fortified presidios and settle them with settlers and slaves, and to begin

5100-401: The inland location of the city. Fog is very typical in the morning during winter. Winters experience occasional snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts. Valladolid's climate is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude. Valladolid is drier than Spain's northern coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation . Average annual precipitation

5185-812: The interior of the Southeast. Captain Pardo was to find and supply an alternate overland route to the Spanish silver mines in central Mexico, as the Spanish mistakenly thought the Appalachian Mountains were part of a range extending that far. In the next couple of years, Pardo and his men traveled into present-day South Carolina and Western North Carolina , stopping at the Mississippian chiefdom of Joara , where they built Fort San Juan and wintered over. In total, his expedition built six forts along this route, including one known as San Pedro at Olamico,

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5270-404: The late 19th to early 20th century, with a good number of his buildings still standing. Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque City Hall  [ es ] , the cavalry academy  [ es ] , Palace of Correos y Telégrafos  [ es ] (defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s), and

5355-422: The military and went off to fight in one of the wars with France. He served at sea in a small armada against the French corsairs who harassed the maritime commerce of Spain. After two years of fighting, Menéndez returned to his family, having conceived a plan to use part of his inheritance to build his own vessel. He built a patache , a small but fast row-sailer, suitable for patrolling the coast. He recruited

5440-406: The modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression Vallis Tolitum , meaning "valley of waters", referring to the confluence of rivers in the area. Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression ( Arabic : بلد الوليد , Balad al-Walid ), which is the Arabic exonym currently used and means 'city of al-Walid', referring to Al-Walid I . Yet

5525-401: The municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. Since 2015, Óscar Puente ( PSOE ) serves as Mayor. He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election. Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on

5610-406: The north, and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east. After new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades (one example would be Covaresa ), the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city, so the population has fallen in Valladolid but is growing fast in other peri-urban areas (for example, Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán ). Valladolid

5695-458: The other administrative services mainly related to international relations, or CTI (Center for Information Technology), both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII, next to the old Faculty of Science. The Miguel de Cervantes European University ( Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes ; UEMC) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students. It is spread over three faculties: Social Sciences, Law and Economics, Health and

5780-417: The principal town of Chiaha in southeastern Tennessee. Pardo left the expedition for other business. In 1568 all the Spanish men but one in the garrisons were killed by Native Americans resisting their treatment, and the forts were destroyed. The Spanish did not attempt other colonization in this region. Confident that he had fulfilled his primary contract with the King, including construction of forts along

5865-403: The rectorate of the University of Valladolid) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain . The monumental Plaza Mayor , considered the first in its genre in Spain, was projected by Francisco de Salamanca  [ es ] by 1561–62, following the great fire of 1561. The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels. The design of

5950-516: The royal treasury with this Florida enterprise, as it was to include the development of agriculture, fisheries, and naval stores . This ambitious venture was supported materially and politically by his kinship alliance of seventeen families from northern Spain, all tied by blood relations and marriage. They pledged their persons and fortunes to the adelentado, hoping to enrich themselves later with large grants of lands and royal honors of civil and military offices in La Florida . This support gave Menéndez

6035-455: The silver came from Potosí in present-day Bolivia . Pedro Menendez de Aviles Pedro Menéndez de Avilés ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾo meˈnendeθ ðe aβiˈles] ; Asturian : Pedro (Menéndez) d'Avilés ; 15 February 1519 – 17 September 1574) was a Spanish admiral, explorer and conquistador from Avilés , in Asturias , Spain . He is notable for planning the first regular trans-oceanic convoys , which became known as

6120-470: The site it after the Catholic saint, disembarked his troops, and quickly constructed fortifications to protect his people and supplies. Father Francisco López de Mendoza Grajales, the chaplain of the expedition, celebrated the first Thanksgiving Mass on the grounds. The formal Franciscan outpost, Mission Nombre de Dios , was founded at the landing point, perhaps the first mission in what would become

6205-624: The surrounding area. In 1322, Christians were prohibited from being treated by Jewish doctors, and could not attend Jewish or Moorish weddings. Furthermore, Jews were barred from positions of public office. In the early 15th century, the Laws of Valladolid were passed, a series of anti-Jewish legislation. These laws stripped the Jews of Valladolid of their autonomy, which included the right to have their own court system. Additionally, Jews and Moors were prohibited from leaving Castille. In 1432, however, officials in Valladolid met with Don Abraham Benveniste in

6290-547: The title of marquis if he was successful. He advised the king of the strategic importance of exploring the Florida coast for discovery of trade passages to the riches of China and Molucca. There was the hope that such waterways might also lead to the mines of New Spain in central Mexico and to the Pacific. He proposed colonizing several areas to defend the territory against incursions by the Indians and foreign powers. Menéndez expected to make vast profits for himself and to increase

6375-515: The two leading factions of the Court of Philip II, in competition with the albistas . The Reformation took hold in some parts of the city where Protestant circles appeared presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla , an adviser of Joanna. Ensuing autos de fe against the Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid. A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of

6460-587: The wider region of Castile and León ( Palencia , Soria and Segovia ). Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers, about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011. It also features the 25 centers, a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz, where the rector, and the Museum of the University of Valladolid (MUVa), The House of Students, featuring

6545-405: The woods. Menéndez left a Spanish garrison at the captured fort, now renamed San Mateo. (In 1568 French soldiers led by Dominique de Gourgues returned and destroyed it, killing the Spanish garrison in retaliation for the 1565 massacre.) Menéndez pursued Jean Ribault, who had already left with four ships to attack the Spanish at St. Augustine. After Ribault had put out to sea, he was surprised by

6630-443: The work on the main front. The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down. There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it. The Campo Grande , a large public park located in the heart of the city, dates back to 1787. Architect Modesto Coloma Palenzuela  [ es ] left a key imprint in the city's outline, authoring many housing projects in

6715-400: Was appointed adelantado and was responsible for implementing royal policies to build fortifications for the defense of conquered territories in La Florida and to establish Castilian governmental institutions in desirable areas. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés was born to an old noble family in the kingdom of Asturias. He was one of the younger sons of Juan Alonso Sánchez de Avilés, who had served

6800-504: Was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain between 1601 and 1606. The city then declined until the arrival of the railway in the 19th century, and with its industrialisation into the 20th century. The old town is made up of a variety of historic houses, palaces, churches, plazas, avenues and parks, and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums. Notably,

6885-477: Was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ("Pole for Industrial Development") in 1964. During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants, chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces. The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s. In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León (completed in 1983), Valladolid vied for

6970-466: Was purportedly founded after 1072, growing in prominence within the context of the Crown of Castile , being endowed with fairs and different institutions such as a collegiate church, University (1241), Royal Court and Chancellery and a royal mint. Valladolid was the location of Europe's first moral debate on the treatment of indigenous people and is the city in which Christopher Columbus died. It

7055-559: Was solidified by Menéndez's marriage to Carlos's sister, who took the baptismal name Doña Antonia. The peace was uneasy, and Menéndez's use of his new wife as a hostage in negotiations with her people, as well as his negotiating with the Calusas' enemies, the Tocobagas , helped cause the decline of relations to all out war, which continued intermittently into the next century. Menéndez was unsuccessful in locating his son Juan. Establishing

7140-555: Was surrounded by a palisade . Proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found. During the time of Muslim rule in Spain, the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created a no man's land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests. The area was captured from the Moors in the tenth century. In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted

7225-522: Was unusual for the Crown to make the appointment. In the past the Casa de Contratación had controlled this position. King Phillip II and Menéndez maintained a close relationship. The Crown invited him to be a part of the Royal Party when Phillip married Mary I, Queen of England . In 1559, Philip II again appointed Menéndez as Captain General, and his brother Bartolomé Menéndez as Admiral, of

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