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70-477: The church had a single metropolitan territory — the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia . The formation of the church led to a high degree of confrontation among Ruthenians , such as the murder of Archeparch Josaphat Kuntsevych in 1623. Opponents of the union called church members " Uniates ," though Catholic documents today no longer use the term due to its perceived negative overtones. Kievan Rus'

140-495: A coalition of Rus' princes and attacked Galicia-Volhynia, but Roman defeated them and captured Kiev in 1200. However, because the old capital of Kievan Rus' was no longer a strong power centre by that time, Roman kept the prosperous Halych as his capital and appointed subordinates to administer Kiev in his name. He then mounted two successful campaigns against the Cumans, in 1201–2 and 1203–4. In 1203 Roman also extended his rule to

210-614: A compromise agreement was concluded in 1214 between Hungary and Poland, who partitioned the Galician lands. The throne of Galicia–Volhynia was given to Andrew's son, Coloman of Lodomeria , who had married Leszek the White's daughter, Salomea. In 1221, Mstislav Mstislavich , son of Mstislav Rostislavich (descendant of the princes of Novgorod), liberated Galicia–Volhynia from the Hungarians and Poles. During Mstislav's 1221–1228 reign,

280-537: A dynastic union. Galicia–Volhynia was created following the death in 1198 or 1199 (and without a recognized heir in the paternal line) of the last Prince of Galicia, Vladimir II Yaroslavich . Roman acquired the Principality of Galicia and united his lands into one state. He did so upon the invitation of the boyars of Galician boyars, who expected that Roman would be an " absentee " Volhynian prince ruling from afar so that they could increase their own power. On

350-621: A period of decay. The Ruthenian Church was the church of a people without statehood. The Poles considered the Ruthenians as a conquered people. Over time, the Lithuanian military and political ascendancy did away with the Ruthenian autonomies. The disadvantageous political status of the Ruthenian people also affected the status of their church and undermined her capacity for reform and renewal. Furthermore, they could not expect support from

420-485: A prince of the city of Volodymyr . Igor Yaroslavich reportedly briefly reigned as the prince of Volodymyr in the 1050s. Iaroslav Sviatopolkovich ( r.  1100–1118 ) was the only prince in Kievan Rus' to oppose Vladimir II Monomakh 's reign on the grounds of agnatic seniority , but after Vladimir ousted him in 1118, his Monomakhovichi descendants established a local dynastic branch. Roman Mstislavich ,

490-686: A quarter century. In March 1238, he defeated the Teutonic Knights of the Order of Dobrzyń in the Battle of Dorohychyn  [ uk ] . Daniel captured Kiev in 1239, just before the Mongols besieged, conquered and sacked the city in late 1240 . On 17 August 1245, Daniel and his brother Vasylko defeated the Polish and Hungarian forces (weakened by the first Mongol invasion of Poland and

560-646: A remarkable economic development in the 12th century due to their commercial advantages. In part, this was because land trade routes in Asia Minor were severely disrupted due to the Byzantine–Seljuk wars (1046–1243), diverting numerous merchants coming from the east heading for Constantinople via Alexandria in Egypt, while others circumvented Anatolia via the port of Sudak (Sougdaia) in Crimea. The flourishing of

630-715: A result, the Kiev and Chernihiv dioceses which lay in the hetmanate were lost to the metropolis as the Cossacks were firmly anti-Catholic. While most Orthodox bishops in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth supported the Union of Brest, as with the previous Florentine Union , not all of them accepted the union. Some eparchies (dioceses) continued to give their loyalty to Constantinople. These dissenters had no ecclesiastical leaders but with Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny —

700-529: A second class people in society, their culture backward compared to the other ethnic groups in the Commonwealth. This delayed the church in recovering from the predations of the Reformation. While the Ruthenian nobility had equal rights with the Polish nobility, by the fifteenth century their ranks had been thinned by war and waves of emigration to the east. The Poles who took their place came to control

770-572: A successful invasion, capturing and annexing Galicia in 1349. The Romanovichi (branch of the Rurikid) dynasty of Daniel of Galicia attempted to gain support from Pope Benedict XII and broader European powers for an alliance against the Mongols, but ultimately proved unable to compete with the rising powers of the centralised Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Only in 1349, after

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840-506: Is an ecclesiastical and cultural description of the eastern Rus' lands during the high Middle Ages . The Greek and Latin equivalents of Rus' were Ῥῶς ('Rhos'), Ruscia and Ruthenia . It had been an empire rather than a nation state since it had many principalities and some non-Slavic people. By the time of the Union of Brest, these names covered all the Eastern Slav peoples and lands, regardless of whether they belonged politically to

910-689: The Basilian order. He would then be nominated by the Polish king and confirmed by the pope. For much of the 17th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was at war with the Tsardom of Russia . The Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657) also known as the Cossack–Polish War, was a Cossack rebellion in the eastern territories of the Commonwealth, which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in right-bank Ukraine . As

980-939: The Brodnici on the Black Sea . After Daniel's death in 1264, he was succeeded by his son Leo , who moved the capital from Chełm to Lviv in 1272 and for a time maintained the strength of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Unlike his father, who pursued a Western political course, Leo worked closely with the Mongols, in particular cultivating a close alliance with the Tatar Khan Nogai . Together with his Mongol allies, he invaded Poland. However, although his troops plundered territory as far west as Racibórz , sending many captives and much booty back to Galicia, Leo did not ultimately gain much territory from Poland. Leo also attempted, unsuccessfully, to establish his family's rule over Lithuania . Soon after his brother Shvarn ascended to

1050-669: The Grand Duchy of Moscow , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Crown of Poland or the Crown of Hungary . The Rus' accepted Christianity in its Byzantine form at the same time as the Poles accepted it in its Latin form ; Lithuanians largely remained pagan to the late Middle Ages before their nobility embraced the Latin form upon the political union with the Poles. The eastward expansion of

1120-761: The Hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossacks — they had a secular leader who was opposed to the union with Rome. The Cossacks' strong historic allegiance to the Eastern Orthodox Church put them at odds with the Catholic-dominated Commonwealth. Tensions increased when Commonwealth policies turned from relative tolerance to the suppression of the Orthodox church, making the Cossacks strongly anti-Catholic. By that time,

1190-767: The Kingdom of Poland , Moldavia and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights . The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle reflected the political programme of the Romanovich dynasty ruling Galicia–Volhynia. Galicia–Volhynia competed with other successor states of Kievan Rus' (notably Vladimir-Suzdal ) to claim the Kievan inheritance. According to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle , King Daniel

1260-626: The Principality of Peremyshl for the Crown of Poland , while the rest of the territory belonged to a member of the Gediminid dynasty of Liubartas . Eventually by the mid-14th century, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided up the region between them: King Casimir III took Galicia and Western Volhynia, while the sister state of Eastern Volhynia together with Kiev came under Lithuanian control, 1352–66. Following

1330-643: The Principality of Pereyaslavl . During his absence, Rurik II retook and heavily sacked Kiev in 1203 with the help of Polovtsians and Chernihivians. In 1204 Roman recaptured Kiev once more, marking the height of his reign: he briefly became the most powerful of the Rus' princes. He married the niece of the Byzantine emperor Alexios III , for whom Galicia was the main military ally against the Cumans . The relation with Byzantium helped to stabilize Galicia's relations with

1400-591: The Rus' population of the Lower Dniester and the Lower Danube. In 1205, Roman's alliance with the Poles broke down, leading to a conflict with Leszek the White and Konrad of Masovia . Roman was subsequently killed by Polish forces in the Battle of Zawichost (1205), triggering a war of succession , while his dominion entered a period of rebellion and chaos that lasted almost 40 years. In this time,

1470-806: The Second Polish Republic of 1918 to 1939. Suppressed in the Soviet Union from 1946, the Ruthenian Uniate Church survived to become the core of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church from 1989. Today, the metropolis is styled the Major Archeparchy of Kyiv–Galicia . Metropolitans of Kyiv , Galicia and all Ruthenia : There are three successor entities: Today, the Ruthenian Uniate Church has two ecclesiastical jurisdictions:

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1540-730: The Treaties of Tilsit , the territory was annexed by the Russian Empire. As a result, the Church was effectively dissolved and the eparchy was forcibly converted to the Russian Orthodox Church. In the territory annexed by the Austrian Empire, the Church continued to operate. It was reorganized as a Greek Catholic Church — the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia . A similar situation continued in

1610-734: The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church . The Ukrainian jurisdiction operates in the following countries under a metropolitan bishop: It operates in the following countries as eparchies under the care of the Major Archbishop ;: It operates in the following countries as an exarchate, directly responsible to the Holy See: Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia (Ruthenian Uniate Church) The Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia

1680-415: The first Mongol invasion of Hungary in early 1241 ) in the Battle of Yaroslav  [ uk ; pl ; ru ] ( Jarosław ), taking full control of Galicia–Volhynia. The brothers also crushed their ally Rostislav Mikhailovich , son of the prince of Chernigov . Daniel strengthened his relations with Batu Khan by traveling to his capital Sarai and acknowledging, at least nominally, the supremacy of

1750-586: The sejm . If the Ruthenian aristocracy wanted to profit from its equality, it had to become Catholic and Polish. Intermarriage played a great role in the assimilation of the Ruthenian aristocracy; usually the Catholic faith prevailed. As a result, few Orthodox aristocratic families were left in Galicia or Podilia . By the second half of the sixteenth century, Ruthenian nobility had little reason to feel discriminated against. They had kept their wealth, had access to

1820-641: The Commonwealth had successfully resisted the appeal of the Reformation, the Ruthenian church continued to decay. The Ruthenian elite looked externally for aid. The Patriarch in Constantinople could send neither aid nor teachers. Protestant aid was unacceptable to many of them. They therefore turned to the Pope in the hope that he would curb the excesses of the Polish Catholics against Catholic Ruthenians. In this way, they also hoped that acceptance of

1890-664: The Galician and Volhynian armies participated in the Battle of the Kalka River (1223) against the Mongols, but in 1228 the boyars expelled him and transferred the Principality of Galicia to the king of Hungary. It was Daniel of Galicia , son of Roman, who formed a real union of Volhynia and Galicia. Daniel first established himself in Volhynia. After failing to retake his father's other throne in 1230–1232 and 1233–1235, Daniel succeeded upon his third attempt and conquered Galicia in 1238, reunited Galician and Volhynia, and ruled for

1960-466: The Galician boyars made efforts to prevent the establishment of a hereditary princely dynasty, especially by Roman's son Daniel, and instead put all sorts of puppets on the throne which they could easily control. Thus weakened by war between Galician boyars and some appanage princes, Galicia–Volhynia also became an arena of rivalry between Poland and Hungary, which intervened in the region several times. Roman's successors would mostly use Halych (Galicia) as

2030-720: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been facilitated by amicable treaties and inter-marriages of the nobility when faced with the external threat of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' . Ethnically, the Catholics of the Commonwealth were Poles, Germans and Lithuanians. During the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, both the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth and the Ruthenian Church underwent

2100-531: The Kievan inheritance, Galicia's rulers were not concerned by religious succession. This differentiated them from their rivals in Vladimir-Suzdal , who sought to, and attained, control over the Kievan Church. Rather than contest Vladimir-Suzdal's dominance of the Kievan Church, the Ruthenian rulers merely asked for and obtained a separate Church from Byzantium. Galicia–Volhynia also differed from

2170-590: The Lithuanian throne in 1267, he had the former Lithuanian ruler Vaišvilkas killed. Following Shvarn's loss of the throne in 1269, Leo entered into conflict with Lithuania. From 1274 to 1276 he fought a war with the new Lithuanian ruler Traidenis but was defeated, and Lithuania annexed the territory of Black Ruthenia with its city Navahrudak . In 1279, Leo allied himself with king Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and invaded Poland, although his attempt to capture Kraków in 1280 ended in failure. That same year, Leo defeated Hungary and annexed part of Transcarpathia , including

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2240-518: The Mongol Golden Horde . After meeting with Batu Khan in 1246, Daniel reorganized his army along Mongol lines and equipped it with Mongolian weapons, although Daniel himself maintained the traditional attire of a Rus' prince. According to Vernadsky (1970), Daniel's alliance with the Mongols was merely tactical; he pursued a long-term strategy of resistance to the Mongols. On the other hand, Magocsi (2010) argued that Daniel submitted to

2310-553: The Mongolian general Boroldai in 1260; however, Daniel was forced to accept their authority and to raze the fortifications he had built against them. Under Daniel's reign, the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was one of the most powerful states in east central Europe, and it has been described as a 'golden age' for Galicia–Volhynia. Literature flourished, producing the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle . Demographic growth

2380-569: The Mongols, and left no heirs. After the extinction of the Rurikid dynasty in Galicia–Volhynia in 1323, Volhynia passed into the control of the Lithuanian prince Liubartas , while the boyars took control over Galicia. They invited the Polish prince Yuri II Boleslav , a grandson of Yuri I, to assume the Galician throne. Boleslaw converted to Orthodoxy and assumed the name Yuri II. His encouragement of foreign colonization led to conflicts with

2450-492: The Mongols, citing the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle , which decried Daniel 'is now on his knees and is called a slave' and called this event 'the greatest disgrace'. Magocsi stated that, 'although he never acknowledged it', Daniel was a Mongol vassal, who collected the Mongol tribute, and generally helped 'establishing Mongol administrative control over eastern Europe in cooperation with those Rus' princes who could be made to see

2520-684: The Mother Church in Constantinople or from their co-religionists in Moscow. Thus the Ruthenian church was in a weaker position than the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth. Both the Catholic and the Ruthenian churches suffered from the policy of nominations to higher benefices by the King, the indifference of the nobility, and a low state of clerical education and discipline. The monarchs used nominations to bishoprics as rewards to faithful civil servants. After Metropolitan Joseph II Soltan (1509–1522),

2590-546: The Ruthenian hierarchy into Catholic communion would also lead to acceptance of the Ruthenian elite into the political structure of the Commonwealth. At the time of the negotiations for union there were eight Ruthenian bishoprics in the Commonwealth: Later, the Archeparchy of Smolensk was erected. Carpathian Rus' did not belong to the Commonwealth. Following the partitions, its successor states treated

2660-636: The Uniate Church differently. This is a list of eparchies that followed upon the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772–1795): In the territory annexed by the Russian Empire, the Church was effectively dissolved; most of the eparchies converted to the Russian Orthodox Church . See Synod of Polotsk . In the territory annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, the Eparchy of Supraśl operated from 1798 to 1809. Following

2730-533: The Uniate Church differently: The below is a list of metropolitans of "Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia": Kingdom of Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia The Principality or, from 1253, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia or Kingdom of Rus , was a medieval state in Eastern Europe which existed from 1199 to 1349. Its territory was predominantly located in modern-day Ukraine , with parts in Belarus , Poland , Moldova , and Lithuania . Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal , it

2800-471: The advantages of the new Pax Mongolica .' According to Magocsi, Daniel's submission to the Mongols ensured the strength and prosperity of Galicia–Volhynia. He did renew his alliances with Hungary, Poland and Lithuania, making plans to forge an anti-Mongol coalition with them to wage a crusade against the Khan; although these were never carried out, it would eventually lead to Daniel's royal coronation by papal legate in 1253. This brought Galicia–Volhynia into

2870-435: The boyars, who then poisoned him in 1340 and offered the throne to Liubartas, within the same year Casimir III of Poland attacked Lviv . In winter 1341 Tatars, Ruthenians led by Detko, and Lithuanians led by Liubartas were able to defeat the Poles, although they were not so successful in summer 1341. Finally, Detko was forced to accept Polish overlordship, as a starost of Galicia. After Detko's death, Casimir III mounted

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2940-434: The city of Mukachevo . In 1292, he defeated fragmented Poland and added Lublin with surrounding areas to the territory of his kingdom. After Leo's death in 1301, a period of decline ensued. Leo was succeeded by his son Yuri I , who ruled for only seven years. Although his reign was largely peaceful and the Galicia–Volhynia flourished economically, Yuri I lost Lublin to the Poles in 1302. From 1308 to 1323, Galicia–Volhynia

3010-419: The contrary, Roman curbed their power, expelled any boyar who opposed him, and increased the influence of the urban and rural populace. In Roman's time Galicia–Volhynia's principal cities were Halych and Volodymyr. Roman was allied with Poland, signed a peace treaty with Hungary and developed diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire . The grand prince of Kiev, Rurik Rostislavich (Rurik II), forged

3080-440: The death of Casimir the Great in 1370, Galicia–Volhynia was ruled by Vladislaus II of Opole in 1372–1379 and 1385–1387, as Lord of Ruthenia ( Terre Russie Domin ), being a descendant of princes of Belz and a subject of King Louis I of Hungary . Vladislaus strongly contributed to the establishment of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv as part of Polish Catholicisation . Geographically, western Galicia–Volhynia extended between

3150-418: The deficiencies of the bishops. The level of education of the Ruthenian peasantry had been falling during the sixteenth century. This was one of the main reasons for ecclesiastical decay and one of the impediments to renewal. For the common people, their religion was ritualism; attendance was often limited to baptism and church burial. Poles regarded Ruthenians as a conquered people. As such, Ruthenians became

3220-425: The designation of their combined kingdom. King Andrew II of Hungary styled himself rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ , Latin for "king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]", a title that was later adopted by the House of Habsburg . After Roman's death, the Galician boyars first drove Roman's widow Anna-Euphrosyne and two sons Daniel and Vasylko from the region. From 1206 to 1212, the Principality of Galicia

3290-496: The great-great-grandson of Monomakh, inherited the throne of Volhynia in 1170. The Principality of Galicia was formed in the years 1124–1144 by Vladimirko Volodarovich 's unification of the principalities of Zvenyhorod , Peremyshl , and Terebovlia . Since the 1080s or 1090s, all three had been ruled by sons of prince Rostislav of Tmutarakan , who may or may not also have been a prince in Volhynia and Galicia c. 1054/1060 to 1067. Both Volhynia and Galicia had experienced

3360-400: The highest offices, and were socially accepted as equals with the Catholic nobility. By absorbing the Polish form of Western culture, they were also the first to be lost for the Ruthenian people. With the loss of the elite, the Ruthenian Church and people increasingly lost leadership, representation in the government, and benefactors for church-sponsored programmes. While the Catholic Church in

3430-407: The independence and unity of the Hetman state. The Starodub , Chernihiv, and other territories in left-bank Ukraine went to Russia; the rest remained in the Commonwealth. The end of the Commonwealth came with the partitions of Poland when the Russian Empire , the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg monarchy divided the realm between them. Following the partitions, its successor states treated

3500-438: The kingdom in 1349 led to it being fully absorbed by Catholic Poland. Upon annexing it in 1349, Polish king Casimir III the Great adopted the title of King of Poland and Ruthenia, and the territory was transformed into the Ruthenian Voivodeship ( Latin : Palatinatus Russiae ) in 1434. The Principality of Volhynia may have emerged as early as the late 10th century, with Vsevolod, a son of Vladimir I of Kiev , mentioned as

3570-438: The late 12th century. Trade and salt mining in particular empowered the boyar class of Galicia, who were able to challenge and undermine the authority of the Rostislavichi princes. Galicia and Volhynia merged around 1198 or 1199 into the principality of Galicia–Volhynia. This happened when the local Galician branch of the Rostislavichi clan died out, and Roman Mstislavich of Volhynia also took possession of Galicia, establishing

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3640-440: The latter commercial hub soon attracted Kievan Rus' traders, who rerouted some of the would-be Byzantine goods (occasionally through itinerant Jewish merchants) to Poland, Hungary, Bohemia and Germany, via the towns of Volhynia and Galicia. Their new status as transit hubs for commerce between the northern Black Sea ports and central Europe brought Galicia and Volodimer-in-Volhynia tremendous wealth and increasing political power in

3710-410: The loyalty of the Zaporozhian hetmanate to the Commonwealth was only nominal. In August 1620, the Hetman prevailed upon Theophanes III — the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem — to re-establish an Orthodox metropolis in the realm. Theophanes consecrated Job Boretsky as the new " Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia " and as the " Exarch of Ukraine". There were now two metropolitans with

3780-444: The names of the great families are missing among the nominees to the bishoprics. While the great families could have obtained the nominations had they cared, since they did not, the nominees came from the poorer gentry and from the burghers. Prelates continued to live the style of life they were used to as laymen: they took part in raids and carried on trade and money lending. The Ruthenian Church had no cathedral chapters to make up for

3850-408: The northern and eastern principalities of the former Kievan Rus' in terms of its relationship with its western neighbors. King Danylo was alternatively an ally or a rival with neighboring Slavic Poland and partially Slavic Hungary. According to historian George Vernadsky (1970), the kingdoms of Ruthenia, Poland and Hungary belonged to the same psychological and cultural world. The Roman Catholic Church

3920-410: The occupation of Galicia–Volhynia by an allied Polish-Hungarian force, was Galicia–Volhynia finally conquered and incorporated into Poland. This ended the vassalage of Galicia–Volhynia to the Golden Horde. From 1340 to 1392, the civil war in the region transitioned into a power struggle between Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary. The first stage of conflict led to the signing of a treaty in 1344 that secured

3990-409: The orbit of the western European feudal order, and the Roman Catholic Church. In 1245, Pope Innocent IV allowed Daniel to be crowned king. Daniel wanted more than recognition, commenting bitterly that he expected an army when he received the crown. Although Daniel promised to promote recognition of the Pope to his people, his realm continued to be ecclesiastically independent from Rome. Thus, Daniel

4060-415: The rivers San and Wieprz in what is now south-eastern Poland , while its eastern territories covered the Pripet Marshes (now in Belarus ) and the upper reaches of the Southern Bug river in modern-day Ukraine . During its history, Galicia-Volhynia was bordered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Principality of Turov-Pinsk , the Principality of Kiev , the Golden Horde , the Kingdom of Hungary ,

4130-447: The same title but different ecclesiastical loyalties within the Commonwealth. By 1686, Russia had complete sovereignty over the lands of the Zaporozhian Sich and left-bank Ukraine , as well as the city of Kiev. The Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686 which was concluded by Russia and the Commonwealth affirmed this reality. As a result, the Greek Catholic population in those areas suffered oppression and many deaths. It also spelled an end to

4200-434: The western and southern branches of East Slavs and consolidating their identity, and becoming a new center of political and economic life after the decline of Kiev. The principality was divided into several appanage duchies and lands: Notes: The senior branch of Rurikid dynasty, in the 14th century Galician rulers came in close relations with Mazovian Piasts ( Duke of Mazovia ) and rising Gediminids which established

4270-443: Was Michael Rohoza . Within the Commonwealth, the metropolis had the following suffragan dioceses and archdioceses (archeparchies): Pope Clement VIII 's 1596 bull Decet Romanum Pontificem gave metropolitans the same rights that Kievan metropolitans had enjoyed under Constantinople. In elections for the office, candidates were chosen by direct vote of the assembled bishops and by the Superior-General ( Proto-Archimandrite ) of

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4340-454: Was an ecclesiastical territory or archeparchy of the Ruthenian Uniate Church , a particular Eastern Catholic church. It was erected in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1595/96 following the Union of Brest . It was effectively disestablished by the partitions of Poland (1772–1795). Its successor — the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church — continues to operate in the modern states of Ukraine and Poland . The first metropolitan

4410-406: Was controlled by the three sons of the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich : Vladimir III Igorevich , Svyatoslav III Igorevich , and Roman II Igorevich . They were defeated by Galician boyars, and the boyar Volodyslav Kormylchych  [ uk ] assumed the throne of Galicia in 1213 or 1214, the only non-Rurikid ever to rule any of the Rus' principalities. After he was removed,

4480-460: Was enhanced by immigration from the west and the south, including Germans and Armenians . Commerce developed due to trade routes linking the Black Sea with Poland, Germany , and the Baltic basin. Major cities, which served as important economic and cultural centers, included Lviv (where the royal seat would later be moved by Daniel's son), Volodymyr, Halych, Kholm (Daniel's capital ), Peremyshl , Dorohychyn , and Terebovlya . Galicia–Volhynia

4550-505: Was important enough that in 1252, Daniel was able to marry his son Roman to Gertrude of Babenberg , heiress of the Duchy of Austria , in the vain hope of securing the latter for his family. Another son, Shvarn , married a daughter of Mindaugas , Lithuania's first king , and briefly ruled that land from 1267 to 1269. At the peak of its expansion, the Galician–Volhynian state contained not only south-western Rus lands, including Red Ruthenia and Black Ruthenia , but also briefly controlled

4620-462: Was jointly ruled by Yuri I's sons Andrew and Leo II , who proclaimed themselves to be the kings of Galicia–Volhynia. The brothers forged alliances with King Władysław I of Poland and the Teutonic Order against the Lithuanians and the Mongols , but the Kingdom was still tributary to the Mongols and joined the Mongol military expeditions of Uzbeg Khan and his successor, Janibeg Khan . The brothers died together in 1323, in battle, fighting against

4690-427: Was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus' . Roman the Great united the principalities of Galicia and Volhynia at the turn of the 13th century. Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1239–1241), Prince Daniel of Galicia and the other princes of Rus' pledged allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246. The Polish conquest of

4760-431: Was seen as a neighbor and there was much intermarriage between the princely houses of Galicia and those of neighboring Catholic countries. In contrast, the Westerners faced by Alexander, prince of Novgorod, were the Teutonic Knights , and the northeastern Rus experience of the West was that of hostile crusaders rather than peers. In Ukrainian historiography, the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia played an important role, uniting

4830-403: Was the last ruler of Kiev preceding the Mongolian invasion and thus Galicia–Volhynia's rulers were the only legitimate successors to the Kievan throne. Until the end of Galician-Volhynian state, its rulers advanced claims upon "all the land of Rus'." The seal of King Yuri I contained the Latin inscription domini georgi regis rusie. In contrast to their consistent secular or political claims to

4900-410: Was the only member of the Rurik dynasty to have been crowned king. Daniel was crowned by the papal legate Opizo de Mezzano in Dorohochyn 1253 as the first King of Ruthenia ( Rex Russiae ; 1253–1264). In 1256, Daniel succeeded in driving the Mongols out of Volhynia, and a year later he defeated their attempts to capture the cities of Lutsk and Volodymyr . Upon the approach of a large army under

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