The Ryan Brougham was a small single-engine airliner produced in the United States in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Its design was reminiscent of the M-1 mailplane first produced by Ryan in 1926, and like it, was a high-wing, strut-braced monoplane of conventional design.
113-592: The plane was named by Tom Mathews after Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux , designer of the Brougham carriage . Unlike the M-1, the Brougham had a fully enclosed cabin for the pilot and four passengers. The Brougham prototype was derived from the later M-2 and was powered by a 150 hp Wright-Martin "Hisso" water cooled V8 engine. Originally priced at $ 12,200, the price was reduced to $ 9,700 when fitted with
226-446: A CGI-animated render of Leo. This version of the logo remains in use as of 2023 by Amazon MGM Studios , mainly for film productions following their acquisition of the studio in 2022. The lion was chosen as the company's mascot in 1916 by publicist Howard Dietz , as a tribute to his alma mater Columbia University , whose mascot is a lion. Dietz was most directly inspired by the university's fight song, " Roar, Lion, Roar ". Names of
339-582: A royal commission to consolidate existing statutes and enactments of English law . In 1857 he was one of the founders of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science and was its president at some congresses. In 1860, Brougham was given by Queen Victoria a second peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux , of Brougham in the County of Westmorland and of Highhead Castle in
452-528: A Wright J-5, and $ 5,750 with the Hisso. One Brougham was fitted with floats. The only common parts shared with the famous Spirit of St. Louis and the first Ryan B-1s were the tail surfaces and a few of the wing fittings. Later B-1 Brougham production versions shared no common parts. Welded Chrome moly steel tubing was used to make the fuselage. Wood was used for the wing, but did not have and dihedral or angle of incidence . The first production B-1 Brougham
565-562: A cash payment. Brougham paid and secured his anonymity. ELECTORS OF THE COUNTY OF YORK You honourably distinguished yourselves In the ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE by your zealous support of WILLIAM WILBERFORCE Who can be more worthy of your choice as a REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE COUNTY the enlightened friend and champion of Negro Freedom HENRY BROUGHAM by returning him YOU WILL DO AN HONOUR TO THE COUNTY and A SERVICE TO HUMANITY Brougham remained
678-543: A committed opponent of slavery However, Brougham was adopted as a Whig candidate by only a tiny majority at the nomination meeting: the Whig gentry objecting that he had no connection with agricultural interests, and no connection with the county. Brougham came second in the poll, behind the other Whig candidate; although the liberals of Leeds had placarded the town with claims that one of the Tory candidates supported slavery, this
791-546: A correlation between the observed number of sunspots and wheat prices. This met with ridicule as a "grand absurdity" from Lord Brougham. Economists nowadays concur with Brougham on the irrelevancy of sunspots . thumb|Photograph of Brougham The success of the Edinburgh Review made Brougham a man of the mark from his first arrival in London. He quickly became a fixture in London society and gained
904-464: A follower of Newton , launched anonymous attacks in the Edinburgh Review against Thomas Young 's research, which proved light was a wave phenomenon that exhibited interference and diffraction. These attacks slowed acceptance of the truth for a decade, until François Arago and Augustin-Jean Fresnel championed Young's work. Brougham's scientific forays also included an attack upon Sir William Herschel (1738–1822). As Royal Astronomer, Herschel found
1017-673: A giant, golden "100" flying into the middle of the filmstrip circle before dissolving to reveal Leo roaring as a byline appears below the Amazon byline, reading "100 Years of Entertainment". This version will appear on all titles produced by the studio and films released by Amazon MGM Studios through the MGM label throughout 2024, including Challengers , The Idea of You , I Am: Celine Dion , Blink Twice , Jackpot! , My Old Ass , Red One and The Fire Inside . In 1965, in an attempt to update its image, MGM recruited Lippincott to create
1130-569: A member of Parliament for Winchelsea until February 1830 when he was returned for Knaresborough . However, he represented Knaresborough only until August the same year, when he became one of four representatives for Yorkshire . His support for the immediate abolition of slavery brought him enthusiastic support in the industrial West Riding . The Reverend Benjamin Godwin of Bradford devised and funded posters that appealed to Yorkshire voters who had supported William Wilberforce to support Brougham as
1243-405: A more contemporary logo. The result, a circular still graphic of a lion known as "The Stylized Lion", appeared at the beginning of two films in 1968: 2001: A Space Odyssey and The Subject Was Roses . Afterwards, Leo was reinstated for the opening logo. The Stylized Lion, however, was retained by the studio, shown at the end of credit rolls of most MGM movie releases until 1982. MGM also used
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#17327936906101356-440: A one-off version of the MGM logo where the lion belches within one second of the fade-in. Then the lion grunts and the camera begins a sweeping dolly move to the right and then the rear of the logo. Behind the logo, Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas as Bob and Doug McKenzie are trying to goad the sedated lion into roaring. Thomas (as Doug) says, "Maybe I oughta crank his tail, eh? That oughta start him up." He then begins cranking
1469-431: A peer in 1830. Brougham won popular renown for helping defeat the 1820 Pains and Penalties Bill , an attempt by the widely disliked George IV to annul his marriage to Caroline of Brunswick . He became an advocate of liberal causes including abolition of the slave trade , free trade and parliamentary reform. Appointed Lord Chancellor in 1830, he made a number of reforms intended to speed up legal cases and established
1582-461: A photograph of Harlow. The Leo the Lion logo had been parodied in many films and television programs. Monty Python 's film And Now for Something Completely Different (1971) parodied MGM's logo with a croaking frog in place of the lion. The UK TV series The Goodies episodes " Gender Education " and " The Movies " parodied the logo with a blanket obscured man and a chicken respectively taking
1695-531: A plain block of granite to mark the grave. Later, Phifer planted a pine tree directly above the grave so that the roots would "hold down the lions spirit", replacing the granite block. Jackie was the second lion used for the MGM logo and the first MGM lion to audibly roar onscreen. Born around 1915, he was a wild lion cub brought from the Nubian Desert in Sudan , and trained by Mel Koontz. Jackie bore
1808-426: A resemblance to his predecessor, Slats. He roared three times before looking off to the right of the screen (the lion's left); in the early years that this logo was used (1928 – c. 1933), there was a slightly extended version wherein, after looking off to the right, the lion would return his gaze to the front a few seconds later. Jackie's footage was shot silently; recordings of his roar and growls were made long after he
1921-455: A sinking ship, a 1933 earthquake , and an explosion in the studio. The most notable accident was a plane crash. On September 16, 1927, Martin "Marty" Jenson was hired to fly Jackie cross-country. The airplane was a B-1 Brougham airplane, a modified version of Charles Lindbergh 's Spirit of St. Louis . Installed behind the pilot's seat was a glass enclosed iron bar cage. The plane took off from Camp Kearny Airfield, near San Diego . However,
2034-559: A variation of the secondary logo in their closing titles. This variation had a lion cub on the pedestal, looking straight at the viewer. In addition, several MGM films made in the late 1930s and early '40s set their opening credits against a background of a relief carving of an outline of the reclining lion image, similar to the one seen on the secondary logo. Among the many films that include this kind of credits sequence are Ninotchka (1939), starring Greta Garbo and This Man's Navy (1945) with Wallace Beery . This reclining lion image
2147-508: Is up to the present dominated by Brougham's statue, and he is honoured for his major role in building the city of Cannes. His hatchment is in Ninekirks , which was then the parish church of Brougham. The Barony of 1830 became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the Barony of 1860 according to the special remainder by his younger brother William Brougham . As the designer of
2260-745: The Flip the Frog and Willie Whopper series produced for MGM by the short-lived Ub Iwerks Studio, as well as the Captain and the Kids cartoons produced by MGM in 1938 and 1939. A colorized variation of the logo can be found on the colorized version of Babes in Toyland (1934), also known as March of the Wooden Soldiers ; an animated version created using rotoscope appeared on the 1939 Captain and
2373-707: The Central Criminal Court . He never regained government office after 1834 and although he played an active role in the House of Lords , he often did so in opposition to his former colleagues. Education was another area of interest. He helped establish the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge and University College London , as well as holding some academic posts, including Rector, University of Edinburgh . In later years he spent much of his time in
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#17327936906102486-640: The Māori name for New Zealand, and crewed by New Zealanders Lieutenant John Moncrieff and Captain George Hood, the aircraft left Richmond near Sydney on 10 January 1928, on a flight expected to take about 14 hours. Radio signals were heard from the plane for 12 hours before abruptly ceasing. The aviators failed to arrive in New Zealand, and no trace of them or their aircraft has ever been found. As of 2001, only four complete Broughams were preserved, one at
2599-764: The Philadelphia Zoo . Jackie was reportedly quite tame and gentle and liked people. On February 25, 1935, Jackie was found dead by his zookeeper John McCullen. The cause of his death was attributed to heart issues. What happened to Jackie after his death is unknown. It was once rumored he was flown to Los Angeles and preserved by a taxidermist named Thomas Hodges and then sent to McPherson, Kansas. This theory has been proven false through extensive research by McPherson Museum and Arts Foundation curator, Brett Whitenack. MGM began experiments with two-strip color short subjects in 1927 and animated cartoons in 1930. For these productions, three different lions were used. Footage of
2712-639: The Promenade des Anglais (literally, "The Promenade of the English"). The baron inspired others to winter in Cannes and own a second home there. He oversaw the construction of 'Villa Elenore-Louise' which he named after his daughter, living in the villa himself. One of his friends became the riviera's de facto estate agent owing to the building of Château Vallombrosa . The newly built villas made popular by Brougham attracted royalty, including as Queen Victoria and
2825-677: The San Diego Air & Space Museum , and three others which had been modified to look like the Spirit of St. Louis for the 1957 movie starring James Stewart as Charles Lindbergh. One of the movie Ryans is at the Cradle of Aviation Museum . The second movie Ryan is at The Henry Ford museum. The third movie Ryan was hanging in the Terminal 1 at Lambert Field in St. Louis , Missouri , when it
2938-704: The University of Edinburgh , where he chiefly studied natural science and mathematics, but also the law. He published several scientific papers through the Royal Society , notably on light and colours and on prisms , and at the age of only 25 was elected a Fellow. However, Brougham chose law as his profession and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1800. He practised little in Scotland, and instead entered Lincoln's Inn in 1803. Five years later he
3051-468: The movement for the abolition of slavery , a cause to which he was to be passionately devoted for the rest of his life. Despite being a well-known and popular figure, Brougham had to wait before being offered a parliamentary seat to contest. However, in 1810 he was elected for Camelford , a rotten borough controlled by the Duke of Bedford . He quickly gained a reputation in the House of Commons , where he
3164-603: The 1927 National Air Races in Spokane, Washington where Hawks, who had obtained a contract with Maxwell House Coffee, with the now renamed "Miss Maxwell House" came in first for speed in the Detroit news Air Transport Speed and Efficiency Trophy Race. Later, at the 1928 Ford Tudor Reliability Trial and Air Tour, Hawks placed sixth in "Miss Maxwell House". Hawks popularized the type, which stimulated demand among small airlines and charter operators. The Brougham not only sold well in
3277-451: The County of Cumberland, with remainder to his youngest brother William Brougham (died 1886). The patent stated that the second peerage was in honour of the great services he had rendered, especially in promoting the abolition of slavery. Brougham was said to be the father of writer Marie Blaze de Bury . Her last name was Stuart or Stewart and she was born in Oban , Scotland in 1813. She
3390-578: The Fiddle , released in 1934, had brief color sequences, but was otherwise in black-and-white including its opening credits, so it used Jackie instead of Coffee. The Cat and the Fiddle however, showed its "The End" title card against a Technicolor background. An extended version of the logo featuring Coffee appears at the beginning of the short Wild People (1932), featuring the lion roaring three times, rather than just twice. MGM began producing full three-strip Technicolor films in 1934. Like Jackie, Tanner
3503-705: The French town of Cannes , making it a popular resort for the British upper-classes; he died there in 1868. Brougham was born and grew up in Edinburgh , the eldest son of Henry Brougham (1742–1810), of Brougham Hall in Westmorland , and Eleanora, daughter of Reverend James Syme. The Broughams had been an influential Cumberland family for centuries. Brougham was educated at the Royal High School and
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3616-580: The House of Commons and worked especially in advocating a programme for the education of the poor, where he chaired the select committee which produced the influential Reports on the Education of the Lower Orders . He was also a proponent of legal reform and it was on this subject in 1828, he made a six-hour speech, the longest ever made in the House of Commons. In 1812, Brougham had become one of
3729-583: The Kids cartoon Petunia Natural Park . Two films directed by William A. Wellman , Westward the Women and The Next Voice You Hear... (both 1950), used a still frame of the logo – sans growling— at the beginning. Jackie would make his last film appearance at the beginning of Hearts of the West (1975), and part of the rollercoaster filmstrip animation sequence in the 1993 MGM/UA Home Video logo, where he only roars once with Tanner's roar. In addition to
3842-557: The Kitchen (1965), Fluffy (1965), and Napoleon and Samantha (1972); as well as a memorable TV commercial for Dreyfus Investments in 1961. Leo also made several appearances on the 1971–72 TV series The Pet Set , proving himself gentle enough to let a blind teenage girl pet him in one episode (his extremely gentle temperament was one of the reasons Leo got into the MGM logo with a short, thin mane that had not yet finished growing). An "extended" version, with Leo roaring three times
3955-424: The Lion (1975). In 1981, MGM acquired United Artists which had been the domestic distributor for MGM films since 1974. Beginning in 1983, the MGM logo was modified to read "MGM/UA Entertainment Co." in place of "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"; this logo would appear on all MGM/UA films from 1983 until 1986 and again in 1987 on the film O.C. and Stiggs , which was originally produced in 1985. It was also at this time that
4068-471: The MGM logo, Jackie also appeared in over a hundred films, including the Tarzan film series that starred Johnny Weissmuller . Jackie also appeared alongside a clearly apprehensive Greta Garbo in a famous 1926 MGM publicity still . A short 1933 film of a very annoyed Jackie receiving a bath from trainer Mel Koontz also exists. The lion is also known for surviving several accidents, including two train wrecks,
4181-485: The Metro-Goldwyn Pictures logo from 1923 to 1925. The logo features a graphic image of a reclining lion (from a side view) on a pedestal with a banner below it and the text "A Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Picture". Behind the lion is a semi-circular film ribbon with the "Ars Gratia Artis" motto, much like the film ribboning of the company's primary logo. On either side of the banner are torches. This secondary logo
4294-487: The Northern Circuit rose fivefold, although he had to wait until 1827 before being made a King's Counsel . In 1826, Brougham, along with Wellington, was one of the clients and lovers named in the notorious Memoirs of Harriette Wilson . Before publication, Wilson and publisher John Joseph Stockdale wrote to all those named in the book offering them the opportunity to be excluded from the work in exchange for
4407-460: The Princess. Brougham threatened to introduce evidence of George IV's affairs and his secret marriage to a Roman Catholic, which could have potentially thrown the monarchy into chaos, and it was suggested to Brougham that he hold back for the sake of his country. He responded with his now-famous speech in the House of Lords: An advocate, in the discharge of his duty, knows but one person in all
4520-597: The Russian Czar. A statue of Lord Brougham stands at the Cannes waterfront, across from the Palais des festivals et des congrès . Leo the Lion (MGM) Leo the Lion is the mascot for the Hollywood film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and one of its predecessors, Goldwyn Pictures . The logo was created by artist Lionel S. Reiss , who served as art director at Paramount Pictures . Since 1917, and through
4633-643: The Stylized Lion as its print logo, on theatrical posters, studio advertising and by the MGM Records division. This logo was later used by the MGM Grand casinos. A refined version of the Stylized Lion is currently used as the logo for their parent company, MGM Resorts International , no longer affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. MGM also used a secondary logo, seen in the opening and closing credits of most classic MGM movies. This design originated as
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4746-583: The Time of George III . In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In 1837, Brougham presented a bill for public education, arguing that "it cannot be doubted that some legislative effort must at length be made to remove from this country the opprobrium of having done less for the education of the people than any of the more civilized nations on earth". In 1838, after news came up of British colonies where
4859-597: The administration was replaced in November by Sir Robert Peel 's Tories. When Melbourne became Prime Minister again in April 1835, he excluded Brougham, saying his conduct was one of the main reasons for the fall of the previous government; Baron Cottenham became Lord Chancellor in January 1836. Brougham was never to hold office again. However, for more than thirty years after his fall he continued to take an active part in
4972-483: The animals' pitch reel , a 7-minute Tex Avery cartoon. Leo promises more acts for next week, but Murphy replies with a variation on the cliché, "Don't call me, I'll call you." Motion Picture Daily 's coverage of Jean Harlow's sudden death (on June 7, 1937) includes full page artwork on page 2 of the June 9, 1937 issue showing a lion, dressed in evening clothes and holding a mourning wreath, standing head bowed before
5085-405: The brougham , a four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage that bears his name, Brougham's patronage brought renown to the French seaside resort of Cannes . In 1835, when little more than a fishing village on a picturesque coast, Brougham purchased a tract of land and built on it, leading it to become a popular sanitorium of Europe. Owing to his influence the beachfront promenade at Nice became known as
5198-607: The cast list against a Technicolor background. The Long, Long Trailer (1954) and Forever, Darling (1956) use Tanner with Jackie's roar instead. Tanner roared three times in the logo; an extended version of this logo appeared on the Colortone Musicals shorts, such as The Spectacle Maker , My Grandfather Clock and Star Night at the Cocoanut Grove (all 1934), and several early James A. Fitzpatrick Traveltalks color shorts, with two additional roars from
5311-467: The chief advisers to Queen Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of George, Prince of Wales, the Prince Regent and future George IV . This was to prove a key development in his life. In April 1820, Caroline , then living abroad, appointed Brougham her Attorney-General. Earlier that year George IV had succeeded to the throne on the death of his long incapacitated father George III . Caroline
5424-579: The company name was thus placed in a semi-circle above the ribbon. George, the seventh lion made his debut in 1956 and had the heaviest mane of all the MGM lions. Although George had the shortest tenure (around one year) of all the official MGM lions, there are at least three different variations of the logo with George. His first appearance was in High Society (1956), and examples of his most famous films are Lust for Life (1956), The Wings of Eagles (1957) and Silk Stockings (1957). The logo
5537-624: The domestic market, but was exported to China, Guatemala, Mexico and Salvador. Production peaked at 20 per month but was eventually halted by worsening economic conditions in the United States that led to the sale of the Ryan factory in October 1930. Lindbergh's successful trans-Atlantic flight led to a slightly modified Ryan Brougham being ordered for the first attempted trans-Tasman flight between Australia and New Zealand . Named Aotearoa ,
5650-405: The door immediately afterwards, leaving Leo confused. In The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course (2002), Leo is replaced with a saltwater crocodile , with actual crocodile roars being used. A trailer for the film features a lion different from the standard lion; Steve Irwin also appears and breaks the fourth wall by briefly addressing the viewers. In an episode of Sidekick called "Trevor
5763-399: The elements of the logo in 3D and then placed on different planes to add dimensional layers and drama, including the words "Ars Gratia Artis" moving from right to left. The 1995 roar and the digitally restored and enhanced 1957 footage is reused once again as Leo roars and the company name is brought in from above to center the top screen, which completes the logo sequence. MGM's website address
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#17327936906105876-406: The emancipation of the slaves was obstructed or where the ex-slaves were being badly treated and discriminated against, Lord Brougham stated in the House of Lords: The slave ... is as fit for his freedom as any English peasant, aye, or any Lord whom I now address. I demand his rights; I demand his liberty without stint.... I demand that your brother be no longer trampled upon as your slave! Brougham
5989-481: The first Marx Brothers MGM film, A Night at the Opera (1935). Jackie appears in the opening credits for the actual film, but the re-release trailer for the movie shows a lion that is probably Tanner, followed by Groucho, then Chico, roaring inside of the film circle, with the sound of the actual lion being heard, and then Harpo doing the same, but silently. (Harpo then honks his horn instead of roaring again.) The parody
6102-517: The first lion is very rare, although a few frames of the logo with this lion exist in the public domain. He is known to have appeared in the silent color films Buffalo Bill's Last Fight (1927) and The Heart of General Robert E. Lee (1928). The former gave him the nickname Bill, while the latter is currently being restored by the Library of Congress. The second lion, Telly, appeared on color MGM movies between 1928 and 1932. An extended version of
6215-608: The first two lions used for the Goldwyn Pictures logos are unknown. Slats, trained by Volney Phifer, was the first lion used in the branding of the newly formed studio. Born at the Dublin Zoo on March 20, 1919, and originally named Cairbre ( Irish for 'charioteer' ), Slats was used on all black-and-white MGM films between 1924 and 1928. The first MGM film that used the logo was He Who Gets Slapped (1924). Unlike his successors, Slats did nothing but look around in
6328-480: The friendship of Lord Grey and other leading Whig politicians. In 1806 the Foreign Secretary , Charles James Fox , appointed him secretary to a diplomatic mission to Portugal , led by James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn , and John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent . The mission aimed to counteract the anticipated French invasion of Portugal . During these years he became a close supporter of
6441-476: The judicial business of the House of Lords, and in its debates, having now turned fiercely against his former political associates, but continuing his efforts on behalf of reform of various kinds. He also devoted much of his time to writing. He had continued to contribute to the Edinburgh Review , the best of his writings being subsequently published as Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in
6554-598: The lion morphs into a creepy-looking cartoon vampire with blood dripping from its mouth; in the European version, after a short introductory cartoon, Leo zooms in and roars as the cartoon's two main characters cower in fear, then grows saber-teeth (like the extinct cat Smilodon ) as they run off, and blood drips from the lion's mouth. The 1981 film Tarzan, the Ape Man has the classic Tarzan yell in place of Leo's roar. The 1983 comedy film Strange Brew opens with
6667-469: The lion roars and turns into a screaming female fan. In the 2014 film Robocop , the lion's roars are changed with the sound of talk show host Pat Novak doing his vocal warmups. In The Pink Panther (2006), starring Steve Martin , Leo starts roaring, but is then interrupted as Inspector Clouseau opens the circle like a door, looking around the place before leaving. The Pink Panther character appears behind him unnoticed, cleverly smirking, and closes
6780-686: The lion's place. The logo for MTM Enterprises used on its television shows, including The Mary Tyler Moore Show , The Bob Newhart Show , WKRP in Cincinnati and others, parodied the Leo the Lion logo with its colophon at the very end of the program. In place of Leo was Mimsie the Cat, who meowed at the end of each show. The ribbon over the Mimsie's head read "MTM" instead of "Ars Gratia Artis". MGM made their first of several spoofs of their own logo for
6893-471: The lion's tail, yelling "start up, eh!" When the lion stirs, Moranis (as Bob) says "Oh, jeez, he's getting mad, eh?" Then, in a breaking of the fourth wall , they both notice the camera and run to their Great White North set to begin the movie. The lion also growled during that scene, where Doug exclaims "Now that hoser's growling!" The 1981 roar was reused. In the 2001 film Josie and the Pussycats ,
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#17327936906107006-460: The lion. Tanner, whose first appearance was before the short subject Holland in Tulip Time (1934) (his first feature film appearance was before Sweethearts four years later, in 1938), was MGM's third longest-used lion (for a total of 22 years), after Jackie (who was used for a total of 28 years) and the current lion (who has been retained for 67 years). It is this version of the logo that
7119-408: The logo by sharpening the film roll, mask and lettering. The biggest change is evident in the brand's new monogram, which uses the classic font of the MGM logo rather than the blocky lettering associated with MGM Resorts. Furthermore, the motto now shows its English translation, "Art for Art's Sake", then changing to its original Latin motto. It also had a proper fanfare composed by Sounds Red, alongside
7232-523: The logo featuring Telly appears at the beginning of the film The Viking (1928), featuring the lion having the same roar as Jackie. In current prints of The Mysterious Island (1929), Telly appears in black and white because the color version is lost. The third lion, Coffee, appeared on color films between 1932 and 1934 or 1935 for the Happy Harmonies shorts, until production was switched to full three-strip Technicolor filming. The Cat and
7345-422: The logo, making him the only MGM lion not to roar. However, it is rumored that Phifer trained the lion to growl on cue, despite the fact that synchronized sound would not be used in motion pictures until 1927. Slats died in 1936 when he was 17. At that time Phifer retired to his farm in Gillette, New Jersey , where he kept other animals used on Broadway. Upon his death, Phifer buried the lion on his farm and placed
7458-402: The mid-1940s and 1960s, MGM's cartoon studio would use Tanner's roar as a sound effect for many of their animated shorts. Tanner and Jackie were both kept in the change from Academy ratio films to widescreen CinemaScope movies in 1953, with Tanner for color films and Jackie for black-and-white films. The logo was modified for this change; the marquee below the ribbon design was removed, and
7571-515: The new logo on the company's home entertainment releases and film posters), phasing out the static MGM logo (though it remains at the end of the company's films) in favor of simply 'MGM' in the same typeface as the logo. On July 1, 2023, the logo was used on the MGM+ ident and its Feature Presentation ident by Imaginary Forces, using elements from the logo in the channel's Next bumper and its secondary ident, under assistance from AFX Creative. On August 30, 2023, in reflection of Amazon 's acquisition of
7684-421: The nickname "Leo the Lucky". In the early 1930s, MGM reissued some of its earlier, pre-1928 silent films with prerecorded music soundtracks and sounds ; such films included Greed (1924), Ben-Hur (1925), Flesh and the Devil (1926), and The Unknown (1927). For these sound reissues, the original Slats logo was replaced with Jackie. In 1931, Jackie went on a farewell tour and subsequently retired to
7797-431: The original MGM cartoon studio shut down), Tanner continued to appear in the openings instead of Leo, though the former's roar was also used de facto for the latter. Three MGM films, Raintree County (1957), Ben-Hur (1959) and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) utilized a still-frame variation of this logo; on Raintree County and Mutiny of the Bounty Leo's roar played along with their opening scores. For Ben-Hur ,
7910-437: The original 1982 sound elements. However, beginning with The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009), the 1995 roar was reused. The newly-done logo debuted with the release of the James Bond film Quantum of Solace . In 2012, Shine Studio was chosen to redesign and animate the logo in stereoscopic 3D . A lion's eye irises in and zooms out to reveal Leo the Lion encircled in a digital moving golden filmstrip. Shine Studio re-built all
8023-401: The original lion roar sound (which, in fact, sampled Tanner's roar) was replaced with a remade stereophonic one, redone by Mark Mangini (and made of tiger sounds; as Mangini would later explain, "Lions don't make that kind of ferocious noises, and the logo needed to be ferocious and majestic."). The new roar sound effect made its debut on Poltergeist (1982). Incidentally, the sound effect
8136-424: The parent company without MGM's involvement after retiring their 2016–2023 on-screen logo as a result of their rebrand. Also as a result of the acquisition, the logo has been appearing on newer films from Orion Pictures , beginning with American Fiction . On March 21, 2024, beginning with the remake of Road House , a variant was unveiled to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the founding of MGM, with
8249-515: The pilot nor Leo were injured. Data from: Munson 1982a, p. 129. Data from General characteristics Performance Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era [REDACTED] Media related to Ryan Brougham at Wikimedia Commons Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux , PC , FRS ( / ˈ b r uː ( ə ) m ... ˈ v oʊ k s / ; 19 September 1778 – 7 May 1868)
8362-470: The plane was overweight as Jackie weighed 350 pounds (160 kg). The excessive weight caused the plane to go down in the mountains near Payson, Arizona . Both Jenson and Jackie survived the crash and for four days subsisted on sandwiches, milk and water that were on board the plane. After being rescued, a thin and weak Jackie was returned to MGM and he was well cared for by his handlers for the rest of his life. Due to surviving these accidents, Jackie received
8475-426: The principle of zealously advocating for one's client. The bill passed, but by the narrow margin of only nine votes. Lord Liverpool , aware of the unpopularity of the bill and afraid that it might be overturned in the House of Commons, then withdrew it. The British public had mainly been on the Princess's side, and the outcome of the trial made Brougham one of the most famous men in the country. His legal practice on
8588-542: The re-used 1995 roar. MGM worked with Culver City, California-based Baked Studios on the new look. While the new logo, similar to the previous logos, was set to be unveiled with the James Bond film No Time to Die , it was frequently delayed over 2 years from its intended November 2019 release to October 2021 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic . It debuted with the Aretha Franklin biopic Respect , which
8701-592: The reason for this was because the film's director, William Wyler , thought that the roar would feel out of place for the opening nativity scene. This logo also appeared on black-and-white films, such as Jailhouse Rock (1957) and A Patch of Blue (1965). Some television prints of the 1943 film Cabin in the Sky have replaced the Jackie logo with Leo for unknown reasons. The logo was modified for MGM's 50th anniversary in 1974. The usual film ribbon appeared on-screen with
8814-401: The restoration, had been considered lost by this point. For MGM's upcoming feature films, it would have to be shortened to show Leo roaring just twice. (The new logo's design was based on that of MGM's then-current print logo, which had been introduced in 1992.) The website address was also shortened to "MGM.COM". Leo's roar was remixed once again by sound editor Eric Martel, maintaining most of
8927-513: The roar more "muscle" which an MGM executive reportedly had found the iconic sound to be lacking beforehand, as well as fit it into films with 5.1 surround sound . There was one time where the reef and the text were flashed out by the sparkle of dust, with Leo and the drama mask gold so the text on the bottom of the ribbons fade in to represent the MGM/UA Home Video brand for videos from 1993. In 2001, MGM's website address, "www.mgm.com",
9040-482: The sound of Leo roaring and the phrase "BEGINNING OUR NEXT 50 YEARS..." on a black background within the film circle; the phrase dissolves as "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" (above the ribbon) and "GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY" (in place of the usual "TRADE MARK") both rendered in gold fade in along with Leo, who continues to roar. The 50th anniversary logo appeared on several MGM films released during 1974–75 including That's Entertainment! (1974), The Passenger (1975) and The Wind and
9153-464: The studio the year before, a byline reading "An Amazon Company" (in the "Amazon Ember" font) was added below the logo. This version premiered on the teaser trailer for Saltburn and made its official debut on Sitting in Bars with Cake , which was released on Prime Video on September 8, 2023. This version of the logo is also being used to represent Amazon MGM Studios at the start of films produced by
9266-406: The time the studio was formed by the merger of Samuel Goldwyn 's studio with Marcus Loew 's Metro Pictures and Louis B. Mayer 's company in 1924, several different lions have been used for the MGM logo. Although MGM has referred to all of the lions used in their trademark as "Leo the Lion", only the lion in use since 1957 was actually named "Leo". In 2021, MGM debuted a new logo which utilizes
9379-454: The tips of his ears were digitally remodeled, so that the tip of his left ear would now cross in front of the film ribbon, in an effort to give the logo more depth. For the restoration process, the extended "three-roar" version of Leo's footage was used, sourced from the master negative print of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof , as the original raw footage of Leo, which was originally going to be used for
9492-462: The triumphant Lindbergh. In the ensuing glare of publicity, Hawks was hired by the Ryan Aircraft company to be its official representative. With the public idolizing Lindbergh, Hawks toured the country, selling rides in the aircraft "like Lindy flew." His Spirit was actually painted gold, but looked the part to the public. Another reason for the success of the Brougham was its performance at
9605-546: The usual fanfare. It premiered in front of the IMAX re-release engagement of No Time to Die on January 21, 2022, and appeared on Ron Howard 's Thirteen Lives and the documentary The Sound of 007 . Beginning with 2021's Wrath of Man (released just over 2 months after the unveiling of the new MGM logo, though the film itself retains the 2012-era logo), the company quietly unveiled a new secondary logo mainly used for digital/physical/television advertising (as well as becoming
9718-553: The world, and that person is his client. To save that client by all means and expedients, and at all hazards and costs to other persons, and amongst them, to himself, is his first and only duty; and in performing this duty he must not regard the alarm, the torments, the destruction which he may bring upon others. Separating the duty of a patriot from that of an advocate, he must go on reckless of consequences, though it should be his unhappy fate to involve his country in confusion. The speech has since become legendary among defence lawyers for
9831-493: Was The Gold Bug, flown by Frank Hawks . It was preceded by three Hisso Brougham prototypes. Charles Lindbergh had come to the factory to examine that first B-1, but had instead ordered a completely new aircraft to his specifications. He used the Ryan NYP Spirit of St. Louis on his record-breaking transatlantic flight of 1927. Hawks renamed his B-1 "Spirit of San Diego" and flew to Washington with his wife to greet
9944-502: Was a British statesman who became Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain and played a prominent role in passing the Reform Act 1832 and Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . Born in Edinburgh , Brougham helped found the Edinburgh Review in 1802 before moving to London, where he qualified as a barrister in 1808. Elected to the House of Commons in 1810 as a Whig , he was Member of Parliament for various constituencies until becoming
10057-470: Was added to the bottom of the logo; the website address debuted with the release of Antitrust (2001). The logo was revised again in 2008, with the ribbons, text, and drama mask given a more lustrous gold color since the 1993 MGM/UA home video logo. Leo's image was digitally restored and enhanced by staff at Pacific Title. This included a three-dimensional model of a new mane being designed, and then composited and blended onto Leo's actual mane. Additionally,
10170-464: Was also used for the "door ghost" near the end of the film. On several MGM films released during 1984–85, MGM used a variation of its main studio logo for its 60th anniversary based on the print logo, with the ribbons in a golden color. Above the ribbons were the words "Diamond Jubilee", replacing the standard company name, and its font color was silver and below the ribboning was the phrase "Sixty Years of Great Entertainment". The "Ars Gratia Artis" motto
10283-465: Was born in 1956 in Dublin Zoo , Ireland, the same as Slats. He was also the youngest at the time MGM filmed him roaring, hence his much smaller mane. Leo made his debut for the film Tip on a Dead Jockey . Leo was purchased from animal dealer Henry Trefflich , and trained by Ralph Helfer . In addition to being used as the MGM lion, Leo also appeared in other productions such as the religious epic King of Kings (1961), The Lion (1962), Zebra in
10396-473: Was brought back to Britain in June for appearances only, but the king immediately began divorce proceedings against her. The Pains and Penalties Bill , aimed at dissolving the marriage and stripping Caroline of her Royal title on the grounds of adultery, was brought before the House of Lords by the Tory government. However, Brougham led a legal team (which also included Thomas Denman ) that eloquently defended
10509-450: Was called to the Bar. Not a wealthy man, Brougham turned to journalism to support himself financially through these years. He was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review and quickly became known as its foremost contributor, with articles on everything from science, politics, colonial policy, literature, poetry, surgery, mathematics and the fine arts. In the early 19th century, Brougham,
10622-540: Was elected Rector of Marischal College for 1838. He also edited, in collaboration with Sir Charles Bell , William Paley 's Natural Theology and published a work on political philosophy and in 1838 he published an edition of his speeches in four volumes. The last of his works was his posthumous Autobiography . In 1854, Brougham was appointed to the Royal Commission for Consolidating the Statute Law ,
10735-525: Was filmed and at least four different recordings of roars/growls were used (some of the roars were not of Jackie), first heard via a gramophone record for MGM's first production with sound , White Shadows in the South Seas (1928). Jackie appeared on all black-and-white MGM films from 1928 to 1956 (replacing Slats), as well as the sepia -tinted opening credits of The Wizard of Oz (1939). He also appeared before MGM's black-and-white cartoons, such as
10848-405: Was introduced, and would precede both the MGM and UA logos until it was dropped in 1990. However, both logos would maintain the byline "An MGM/UA Communications Company" until 1992. Mangini remixed Leo's 1982 roar in 1995, using digital audio technology to blend it in with several other roar sounds; the remixed sound effect debuted with the release of Cutthroat Island (1995). This was done to give
10961-446: Was later used as the logo for MGM Television in the late 1950s. Little Leo the Lion, "son" of the "real" Leo, appears as an elaborate hand puppet on MGM Parade , a 1955–1956 television show. In the second episode, he reclines on a bookcase in the "MGM Trophy Room" set, wearing full evening dress (but no shoes). Leo interrupts host George Murphy to speak for all the cartoon animals who want to appear on MGM Parade . He introduces
11074-471: Was one of the most frequent speakers and was regarded by some as a potential future leader of the Whig Party. However, Brougham's career was to take a downturn in 1812, when, standing as one of two Whig candidates for Liverpool , he was heavily defeated. He was to remain out of Parliament until 1816 when he was returned for Winchelsea . He quickly resumed his position as one of the most forceful members of
11187-471: Was originally created to open the actual film but was vetoed by MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer who felt the spoof would "cheapen" MGM's respected trademark. MGM's compilation film The Big Parade of Comedy (1964) opens with Leo "out to lunch", munching on a cartoon protestor. Another parody MGM used for its own logo appeared in Roman Polanski 's 1967 film, The Fearless Vampire Killers . Here,
11300-429: Was primarily being used at the time, 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984) had both the original and 1982 roar effects mixed together. When the company began using MGM and UA as separate brands in 1986, a new logo for MGM was introduced; the same gold ribbons used for the "Diamond Jubilee" variant was retained, and the text was redone in exactly the same color. The following year, a new "MGM/UA Communications Co." logo
11413-619: Was raised to the peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux , of Brougham in the County of Westmorland. The highlights of Brougham's time in government were passing the Reform Act 1832 and 1833 Slavery Abolition Act but he was seen as dangerous, unreliable and arrogant. Charles Greville , who was Clerk of the Privy Council for 35 years, recorded his "genius and eloquence" was marred by "unprincipled and execrable judgement". Although retained when Lord Melbourne succeeded Grey in July 1834,
11526-557: Was released on August 13, 2021. On January 19, 2022, a special variation was released to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the James Bond franchise, with the logo zooming out further to make room for the "60 Years of Bond" logo which appears on the right next to it, being backed by the James Bond theme , based on the remastered version of the Dr. No version, composed by Monty Norman and performed by The John Barry Orchestra, following
11639-423: Was removed from inside the circle and replaced with the text "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists". The drama mask from the bottom had its surrounding laurels removed, and the mask itself was moved up a little so that an additional golden ribbon with the text reading "Entertainment Co." below would be added. All were rendered in a fade in, including Leo, who starts to roar. Although the new roar effect done by Mangini
11752-597: Was removed in 1998 Restoration work has continued on another three aircraft, one owned by the Yanks Air Museum and two by Scott Gifford of Hood River, Oregon . One of the later two Broughams features modifications made in September 1927 to accommodate the transport of MGM mascot Leo the Lion on a transcontinental flight; many of its passenger cabin fittings were removed to make room for Leo's cage . Although this aircraft subsequently crashed en route, neither
11865-476: Was removed, as MGM as of 2012 is not only a distribution entity, but also a production company. The newly-done logo debuted with the release of the James Bond film Skyfall . On March 8, 2021, MGM unveiled an updated logo, with Leo now being CGI-animated, while being based on its 1957 footage, the first major re-design for the mascot in over six decades. The latest rendition leans into the company's traditional gold design, filtering out sepia tones and modernizing
11978-463: Was reused from the Canadian VHS release of Cinema Paradiso (1988) (which was distributed by Alliance Releasing Home Video ), while the logo was removed from the U.S. VHS release of Cinema Paradiso (1988) (which was distributed by HBO Video under license from Miramax Films ). Leo, the eighth and current lion, is by far MGM's longest-used, having appeared on most MGM films since 1957. Leo
12091-567: Was sent to France when she was nine where she completed her education. Brougham married Mary Spalding (d. 1865), daughter of Thomas Eden, and widow of John Spalding, MP , in 1821. They had two daughters, both of whom predeceased their parents, the latter one dying in 1839. Lord Brougham and Vaux died in May 1868 in Cannes , France, aged 89 and was buried in the Cimetière du Grand Jas . The cemetery
12204-504: Was shot in 3-D and in Technicolor, but it had the opening credits in black-and-white, so it also used Jackie instead of Tanner. The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Secret Garden , released in 1945 and 1949 respectively, both had brief color sequences, but were otherwise in black-and-white including their opening credits, so they used Jackie instead of Tanner as well. The Secret Garden , however, showed its "The End" title card and
12317-486: Was strenuously denied by him. In November the Tory government led by the Duke of Wellington fell, and the Whigs came to power under Lord Grey . Brougham joined the government as Lord Chancellor, although his opponents claimed he previously stated he would not accept office under Grey. Brougham refused the post of Attorney General , but accepted that of Lord Chancellor , which he held for four years. On 22 November, he
12430-596: Was the most frequently used version throughout the Golden Age of Hollywood , although color did not really become the norm until the 1960s, and even then, many movies were still being made in black-and-white. In addition to being used as MGM's lion mascot, Tanner also made an appearance in Three Stooges shorts Movie Maniacs (1936), Wee Wee Monsieur (1938), Three Missing Links (1938), You Nazty Spy (1940) and Hold That Lion! (1947). Also, between
12543-598: Was trained by Mel Koontz and appeared on all Technicolor MGM films (1934–1956) and cartoons (1935–1958, 1963–1967, except for 1965's The Dot and the Line ), replacing Telly and Coffee. The Wizard of Oz , released in 1939, had the Oz scenes in color, but it had the opening credits, closing credits, and the Kansas scenes in sepia-toned black-and-white, so it used Jackie instead of Tanner. Third Dimensional Murder , released in 1941,
12656-538: Was used from 1957 to 1960, and the "standard" version, with Leo roaring twice (though the "extended version" with three roars was occasionally used after 1960, including before Nothing Lasts Forever in 1984), has been used since 1960. In the Tom and Jerry cartoons released by Chuck Jones at the MGM Animation/Visual Arts studio between 1963 and 1967 (as with cartoons from the same series made after
12769-402: Was used in the opening title and end titles of most MGM films from the late 1920s until the early 1960s, then moved to the main film credits until c. 1983. This logo was last seen in the 1994 film That's Entertainment! III . Many of the short subjects produced by Hal Roach studios and distributed by MGM during the late 1920s and 1930s such as Our Gang and Laurel and Hardy featured
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