216-585: The National September 11 Memorial & Museum (also known as the 9/11 Memorial & Museum ) is a memorial and museum that are part of the World Trade Center complex , in New York City , created for remembering the September 11, 2001, attacks , which killed 2,977 people, and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing , which killed six. The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site ,
432-653: A deconstructivist design, resembling a partially collapsed building (mirroring the attacks), and houses two "tridents" from the Twin Towers. One of the museum's walls is an exposed side of the slurry wall retaining the Hudson River, which remained intact through the September 11 attacks. About half of what Daniel Libeskind originally wanted to preserve of the wall is visible in the museum. Other Ground Zero artifacts include wrecked emergency vehicles (including
648-474: A "very, very large passenger jet". He watched "it just plow right into the side of the Pentagon. The nose penetrated into the portico. And then it sort of disappeared, and there was fire and smoke everywhere." Tim Timmerman, who is a pilot himself, noticed American Airlines markings on the aircraft as he saw it hit the Pentagon. Other drivers on Washington Boulevard, Interstate 395, and Columbia Pike witnessed
864-640: A $ 500 million budget. In July 2008, the Survivors' Staircase was lowered to bedrock, making it the first artifact to be moved into the museum. By the end of August, the footings and foundations were completed. On September 2 construction workers raised the 7,700-pound (3,500 kg) first column for the memorial, near the footprint of the North Tower. By then, about 70 percent of the construction contracts were awarded or ready to award. A total of 9,100 short tons (8,300 t) of steel were installed at
1080-421: A Danny Meyer cafe in the museum's atrium was criticized. In an early-morning ceremony on May 10, 2014, the long-unidentified remains of 1,115 victims were transferred from the city medical examiner to Ground Zero, where they would be placed in a space in the bedrock 70 feet (21 m) below ground as part of the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Reaction from the victims' families to the move was divided, with some supporting
1296-439: A May 20, 2014 black-tie, VIP cocktail party for donors at the museum. Among the 60 attendees were former mayor Michael Bloomberg and representatives of Condé Nast . Family members objected to a party near unidentified remains; the sister of victim Robert Shay, Jr. tweeted , "Did you enjoy having drinks on top of my brother's grave last night?" Shay and dozens of other visitors were angered that first responders were turned away from
1512-418: A call to her husband Ted, quietly explaining that the plane had been hijacked and that those responsible were armed with knives and box cutters. She revealed that everyone, including the pilots, had been moved to the back of the cabin and that the call was being made without the knowledge of the hostage takers. The connection dropped a minute into the conversation. Theodore Olson contacted the command center at
1728-873: A certification flight, using a terrain recognition system for navigation, at Congressional Air Charters in Gaithersburg, Maryland . On September 10 Nawaf al-Hazmi, accompanied by other hijackers, checked into the Marriott in Herndon, Virginia , near Dulles Airport. According to a U.S. State Department cable leaked in the WikiLeaks dump in February 2010, the FBI has investigated another suspect, Mohammed al-Mansoori. He had associated with three Qatari citizens who flew from Los Angeles to London (via Washington) and Qatar on
1944-475: A commercial pilot for Saudia but was rejected when he applied to the civil aviation school in Jeddah in 1999. Hanjour's brother later explained that, frustrated at not finding a job, Hanjour "increasingly turned his attention toward religious texts and cassette tapes of militant Islamic preachers." Hanjour returned to Saudi Arabia after being certified as a pilot, but left again in late 1999, telling his family he
2160-484: A design was revealed for the new center. The underground parking garage started construction in 2017, followed by the building in 2018. The center opened on September 13, 2023. The Performing Arts Center includes 129,000 square feet (12,000 m ) across three floors. The public floor is located at street level and houses a restaurant/bar to provide refreshments during show intermissions. The second floor consists of rehearsal and dressing rooms for theater actors, and
2376-419: A few moments ago like there was an explosion of some kind here at the Pentagon." — Jim Miklaszewski , NBC Pentagon correspondent reporting from inside the Pentagon at 09:39 On the side where the plane hit, the Pentagon is bordered by Interstate 395 and Washington Boulevard. Motorist Mary Lyman, who was on I-395, saw the airplane pass over at a "steep angle toward the ground and going fast" and then saw
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#17327656475152592-401: A fire engine deformed from the collapse), pieces of metal from all seven World Trade Center buildings, recordings of survivors and first responders (including 911 calls, pictures of all victims, photographs from the wreckage, and other media detailing the destruction [including the crashes, collapse, fires, those who jumped, and the cleanup]). The Waterford Crystal "Hope for Healing" panels from
2808-550: A lack of tenants. In early December 2013, Australian retail corporation Westfield announced that it would invest US$ 800 million for complete control of the retail space at the rebuilt center, with subsidiary Westfield Corporation buying out the Port Authority's 50 percent stake in the retail part of the World Trade Center site. Liberty Park , a new elevated park , also began construction in late 2013 when
3024-405: A localized collapse of the Pentagon's western flank, followed forty minutes later by another five stories of the structure. Flight 77 was the third of four passenger jets to be commandeered by terrorists that morning, and the last to reach a target intended by al-Qaeda. The hijacking was to be coordinated with that of United Airlines Flight 93 , which was flown in the direction of Washington, D.C. ,
3240-470: A new plan for the tower. The World Trade Center Transportation Hub formally opened on March 3, 2016, several years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget. Liberty Park opened on June 29, 2016, while Westfield World Trade Center , located partially within the hub, opened with its first group of stores on August 16, 2016. The performing arts center was renamed that summer for billionaire businessman Ronald Perelman , who donated $ 75 million to
3456-480: A path through a "memorial glade " at the National September 11 Memorial. The glade and path honors first responders who later got sick or died after inhaling toxins at the World Trade Center site. According to 9/11 Memorial & Museum president Alice Greenwald and former Daily Show host Jon Stewart , the path was to be located on the southwest side of the memorial plaza, at the approximate site of
3672-442: A permanent station designed by Santiago Calatrava . In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site. Outgoing Mayor Giuliani advocated for a "soaring memorial" to be the only thing at the World Trade Center site during his final speech as mayor. Meanwhile, Larry Silverstein wanted to construct a new World Trade Center as soon as possible:
3888-466: A range of dignitaries, from President Barack Obama , former President Bill Clinton , former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and New York Governor Andrew Cuomo to former mayors David Dinkins , Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg and then-mayor Bill de Blasio . During the hour-long ceremony LaChanze sang " Amazing Grace ", which she dedicated to her husband Calvin Gooding, who was killed in
4104-400: A roof height of 1,254 feet (382 m) and a 96-foot (29 m) tripod spire for a total of 1,350 feet (410 m). 3 WTC, at 175 Greenwich Street, was to have a roof height of 1,155 feet (352 m) and a spire height reaching 1,255 feet (383 m). 4 WTC, at 150 Greenwich Street, would have an overall height of 946 feet (288 m). The new 7 World Trade Center opened on May 23, 2006,
4320-457: A routine handoff of the flight to a colleague at the FAA's Indianapolis Center. For reasons she could not explain and would never fully understand, O'Brien did not use one of her normal sendoffs to the pilots: "Good day," or "Have a nice flight." Instead, she wished them, "Good luck." Flight 77 reached its assigned cruising altitude of 35,000 feet (10,668 m) at 8:46 a.m., four minutes after
4536-444: A second, with tail section debris penetrating farthest into the building. In total, the aircraft took eight-tenths of a second to pass 310 feet (94 m) through the three outermost of the structure's five rings and unleashed a fireball that rose 200 feet (61 m) above the building. The 64 people aboard the flight were killed instantly, while a further 125 people in the Pentagon were either killed outright or fatally injured. In
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#17327656475154752-648: A small New York architecture firm, had been enlisted by the LMDC earlier that summer as a consultant, and was invited to participate as the seventh semifinalist. The seven semifinalists presented their entries to the public on December 18, 2002, at the Winter Garden of the World Financial Center . Due to large public interest, NY1 broadcast the presentations on live TV. In the following weeks, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill withdrew its entry from
4968-468: A temporary ramp that first responders used during the cleanup effort. The path includes six large battered stones that, in the words of Michael Arad, "appear to jut up and out of the plaza as if violently displaced, and convey strength and resistance". Several pieces of debris from the original World Trade Center were also placed along the path. The glade opened on May 24, 2019. The Sphere , a monumental cast bronze sculpture by German artist Fritz Koenig ,
5184-678: Is a World Trade Center again", it was not finished: 3 WTC had yet to open; 2 and 5 WTC did not have definite completion dates; and the St. Nicholas Church and Performing Arts Center were still under construction. At the time, 3 WTC was slated to open in early 2018, while the church was expected to open in November 2018. 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018, becoming the fourth skyscraper at the site to be completed. The WTC Cortlandt subway station at Greenwich and Cortlandt Streets reopened on September 8, 2018, after being closed for nearly seventeen years following
5400-624: Is being redeveloped with up to six brand new skyscrapers, four of which have been finished as of 2024 ; a memorial and museum to those killed of the attacks; the elevated Liberty Park adjacent to the site, containing the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and the Vehicular Security Center ; the Perelman Performing Arts Center ; and a transportation hub . The 104-story One World Trade Center , being
5616-478: Is like being transported back to the turmoil, destruction and anguish of 9/11. Exhibits express the disbelief and heartache of New York and the nation." A neighborhood that was once called Little Syria , a center of Christian Arab immigrant life in the United States beginning in the 1880s, once existed just south of the site of the World Trade Center. The cornerstone of St. Joseph's Lebanese Maronite Church
5832-463: Is standing tall at the Memorial." Keating Crown (a survivor of the attacks) said, "It reminds us all of the capacity of the human spirit to persevere." A Place of Remembrance: Official Book of the National September 11 Memorial describes the tree as "a reminder of the thousands of survivors who persevered after the attacks". In December 2010, the tree, then 30 feet (9.1 m) tall, was returned to
6048-544: Is that there is a political intention behind the exclusion". A memorial representative told the New York Post , "As Arabic-speaking visitors currently represent our 25th-largest group, Arabic translations are not yet among the initial foreign-language editions." In 2015, the ADC made an official complaint with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development , which had given hundreds of millions of dollars in grants to
6264-507: The Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary near Santa Barbara, California . Former Georgetown University basketball coach John Thompson had originally booked a ticket on Flight 77. As he would tell the story many times in the following years, including a September 12, 2011 interview on Jim Rome 's radio show , he had been scheduled to appear on that show on September 12, 2001. Thompson
6480-527: The Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS) criteria, while the brothers Nawaf and Salem al-Hazmi were selected because they did not provide adequate identification and were deemed suspicious by the airline check-in agent. Hanjour, Mihdhar, and Nawaf al-Hazmi did not check any bags for the flight. Checked bags belonging to Moqed and Salem al-Hazmi were held until they boarded the aircraft. During
6696-646: The Hudson River in the west and was an integral part of Libeskind's proposal, remains exposed. Walker and Arad were selected from more than 5,000 entrants in the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition in January 2004. On October 12, 2004, the LMDC announced that Gehry Partners LLP and Snøhetta , an architectural firm from Norway, would design the site's performing arts and museum complexes, respectively, in
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6912-437: The Hudson River . The cost for the transportation hub is estimated at $ 3.44 billion, a statistic that has seen much controversy given its greatly inflated cost. The hub formally opened on March 3, 2016, several years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget. The World Trade Center's Performing Arts Center was announced in 2004, with the building to be designed by Gehry Partners LLP and Snøhetta . Construction
7128-500: The Navy Annex Building adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery , Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon's western flank at 09:37:46. The plane struck the establishment at the first-floor level and was rolled slightly to the left, with the right wing elevated as it crashed. The front part of the fuselage immediately disintegrated upon impact, while the mid and tail sections continued moving for another fraction of
7344-546: The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey dropped its claim that the 9/11 Memorial & Museum owed it $ 300 million in construction costs in return for "financial oversight of the museum and memorial". Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii sponsored S.1537, the National September 11 Memorial and Museum Act of 2011, which would provide $ 20 million in federal funds annually toward the Memorial's operating budget (about one-third of its total budget). The legislation
7560-475: The Times Square Ball for New Year's Eve 2002—which were inscribed with the names of emergency organizations and countries that had taken casualties in the attacks—were also donated to the museum's collection. The museum is designed to evoke memories without additional distress, particularly to first responders and the victims’ families. The Huffington Post wrote that "walking through the museum
7776-405: The World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects , a New York City and San Francisco -based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood. In August 2006,
7992-481: The cornerstone took place at Liberty Park in October 2014, with construction expected to be completed within two years. One WTC opened on November 3, 2014, and the first 170 employees of anchor tenant Condé Nast began their work there. In June 2015, the designers of 3 WTC scrapped plans for the rooftop spire in order to standardize the roofs with 2 and 4 WTC. The spire planned for 2 WTC was also canceled as part of
8208-776: The parapets surrounding the waterfalls in an arrangement of "meaningful adjacencies". On January 14, 2004, the final design for the World Trade Center site memorial was unveiled at a press conference in Federal Hall National Memorial . As mandated by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation owns, operates and finances the Reflecting Absence Memorial and
8424-597: The "Freedom Tower" by Governor Pataki) is the centerpiece of Daniel Libeskind's design. The building rises to 1,368 feet (417 m), the height of the original 1 World Trade Center (The North Tower), and its spire rises to the symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m). This height refers to 1776, the year in which the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The tower was a collaboration between Studio Daniel Libeskind and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architect David Childs . Childs acted as
8640-502: The 2001 attacks, was originally supposed to be relocated from the site, and on July 23, 2008, the Port Authority reached a deal with the leaders of the church for the Port Authority to acquire the 1,200-square-foot (110 m ) lot that the church occupied for $ 20 million, and relocate the church. Officials reneged in 2009, leading the Greek Orthodox Diocese of America to sue the Port Authority for failing to rebuild
8856-409: The 2007 national tour were steel beams, later used in the construction of the memorial, for visitors to sign. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum conducts a "cobblestone campaign", in which a contributor may sponsor a cobblestone that will line the Memorial plaza. Donors are recognized on the Memorial's website. Donors are able to locate their cobblestone by entering their name at a kiosk on
National September 11 Memorial & Museum - Misplaced Pages Continue
9072-796: The CIA's unit dedicated to tracking Osama bin Laden, had discovered that al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar had multiple-entry visas to the United States. An FBI agent inside the unit and his supervisor Mark Rossini (Former Federal Bureau of Investigation Supervisory Agent) sought to alert FBI headquarters, but the CIA officer supervising Rossini at Alec Station rebuffed him on the grounds that the FBI lacked jurisdiction. Soon after arriving in San Diego, Hanjour and Hazmi left for Mesa, Arizona , where Hanjour began refresher training at Arizona Aviation. In April 2001, they relocated to Falls Church, Virginia , where they awaited
9288-516: The Department of Justice, and tried unsuccessfully to contact Attorney General John Ashcroft . Barbara Olson called again five minutes later, informing her husband of the announcement Hanjour―"the pilot"―made over the loudspeaker, and asked him, "What do I tell the pilot to do?" Inquired of her whereabouts, Barbara replied saying that they were flying low over a residential area. In the background, Ted overheard another passenger mentioning that
9504-500: The Freedom Tower), 3 World Trade Center , 4 World Trade Center , 7 World Trade Center , and one other high-rise office building being planned at 2 World Trade Center . The new World Trade Center complex also includes a museum and memorial, and a transportation hub building that is similar in size to Grand Central Terminal . 7 World Trade Center, which was not included in the site's master plan, opened on May 23, 2006, making it
9720-467: The Greek Orthodox Diocese of America to sue the Port Authority for failing to rebuild the church. On October 14, 2011, an agreement for the reconstruction of the church was signed that ended all legal action. The ground blessing ceremony and symbolic laying of the cornerstone took place in October 2014, with construction expected to be completed within two years. However, in December 2017, construction
9936-629: The Interior. On October 19, 2011, William D. Shaddox of the National Park Service voiced concerns to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources about the agency's ability to provide the funds required by S.1537, testifying that NPS ownership of a property over which it would not have operational and administrative control (as stipulated by S.1537) was unprecedented. On March 13, 2006, construction workers arrived at
10152-887: The LMDC announced a design study for the World Trade Center site. The following month, the LMDC, along with New York New Visions—a coalition of 21 architecture, engineering, planning, landscape architecture and design organizations—announced seven semifinalists. These architecture firms were then invited to compete to be the master plan architect for the World Trade Center: Foster and Partners ( Norman Foster ); Studio Daniel Libeskind ( Daniel Libeskind ); Meier Eisenman Gwathmey Holl ( Peter Eisenman , Richard Meier , Charles Gwathmey and Steven Holl ), sometimes known as "The Dream Team"; Peterson Littenberg ; Skidmore, Owings & Merrill ; THINK Team ( Shigeru Ban , Frederic Schwartz , Ken Smith , Rafael Viñoly ); and United Architects Peterson Littenberg,
10368-537: The Memorial plaza. In 2008 the Memorial conducted two holiday cobblestone campaigns: the first for Father's Day, and the second for the December holiday season. On September 9, 2011, Secretary Shaun Donovan of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development said that the department had given $ 329 million to the National September 11 Memorial & Museum through HUD's Community Development Block Grant program. According to CNN ,
10584-651: The Memorial to acknowledge her son as a police cadet and first responder. Hamdani received a full police-department funeral after his body was found (months after the attacks), and 204th Street in Bayside, Queens , the street on which he lived was renamed in his honor. Although the memorial's brochures were initially translated into at least ten languages, these languages did not include Arabic . The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) questioned this decision in letters to memorial directors, and ADC director of communications and advocacy Raed Jarrar said: "Our fear
10800-425: The Memorial were reported to have risen to over $ 1 billion. In 2006, at the request of Bloomberg and Governor George Pataki , builder Frank Sciame performed a month-long analysis that included input from victims' families, the lower Manhattan business and residential communities, architects and members of the memorial-competition jury. The analysis recommended design changes that kept the memorial and museum within
11016-502: The Memorial's trees and pools, and that the ceremony was held early in the morning because of opposition to the decision. World Trade Center (2001%E2%80%93present) The current World Trade Center ( WTC ) is a complex of buildings in the Lower Manhattan neighborhood area of New York City , replacing the original seven buildings on the same site that were destroyed during the September 11 attacks of 2001. The site
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#173276564751511232-648: The Museum. John C. Whitehead , chair of the LMDC and the foundation, announced his resignation in May 2006 and was replaced at the LMDC by former president Kevin Rampe. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg replaced Whitehead as chair of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Foundation executive committee chair Thomas S. Johnson said on May 9, 2006: The decision was made to not actively pursue new fund-raising efforts until complete clarity can be achieved with respect to
11448-514: The North Tower. At 9:03 a.m. ET, a second team of five hijackers intentionally crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower. After burning for 56 minutes, the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m. At 10:28 a.m., the North Tower collapsed, after burning for 102 minutes. The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753 people. The resulting collapse caused structural failure in many of
11664-877: The Oculus, also houses a large amount of retail space. Santiago Calatrava designed the World Trade Center Transportation Hub (its main asset being the PATH station) to replace the old World Trade Center station . The Transport Hub connects the PATH station to the WTC Cortlandt station ( 1 train), the Battery Park City Ferry Terminal , the Brookfield Place , and One World Trade Center on
11880-473: The Pentagon and consequently the capital, on a flight path destined for LAX. Conversely, Flight 93 departed from Newark International Airport in New Jersey , nearly 200 miles northeast of D.C., bound for San Francisco International Airport . There was also no contact between Hanjour and Flight 93 hijacker pilot Ziad Jarrah on the day of the attacks, whereas Mohamed Atta and Marwan al-Shehhi spoke over
12096-428: The Pentagon and downtown Washington. Advancing the throttles to full power, Hanjour rapidly began diving toward his target. The wings clipped five street lights as the plane flew level above the ground, while the right wing in particular struck a portable generator , creating a smoke trail seconds before smashing into the Pentagon. Flying at a speed of 530 miles per hour (850 km/h; 240 m/s; 460 kn) over
12312-460: The Pentagon on the following day. Instead, they flew from Los Angeles to Qatar, via Washington and London. While the cable said Mansoori was currently under investigation, U.S. law enforcement officials said there was no active investigation of him or of the Qatari citizens mentioned in the cable. The aircraft involved in the hijacking was a Boeing 757-223 registered as N644AA. On September 11,
12528-406: The Pentagon when the airplane flew over. "There was a huge screaming noise and I got out of the car as the plane came over. Everybody was running away in different directions. It was tilting its wings up and down like it was trying to balance. It hit some lampposts on the way in." Daryl Donley witnessed the crash and took some of the first photographs of the site. USA Today reporter Mike Walter
12744-514: The Pentagon), and the employees at the Pentagon are around the perimeter of the South Pool. Company names are not included, but company employees and visitors are listed together. Passengers on the four flights are listed under their flight numbers, and first responders with their units. The process for arranging the names was finalized in a 2006 agreement, replacing an earlier plan to arrange
12960-495: The Pentagon, 4,000 fewer than before renovations began in 1998. The section of the Pentagon that was struck, which had recently been renovated at a cost of $ 250 million (~$ 436 million in 2023), housed the Naval Command Center. The fatalities in the Pentagon included 55 military personnel and 70 civilians. Of those 125 killed, 92 were on the first floor, 31 were on the second floor, and two were on
13176-504: The Port Authority and Larry Silverstein reached an agreement in which Silverstein ceded rights to develop Towers One and Five in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for Towers Two , Three , and Four . On April 27 , 2006, a ground-breaking ceremony was held for the Freedom Tower. The building was designed to be 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, the height of the original World Trade Center north tower, and its spire rises to
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#173276564751513392-424: The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the National September 11 Memorial and Museum Foundation over responsibility for infrastructure costs. On March 13, 2012, talks on the issue began, and construction resumed on September 10, 2012. After a number of false opening reports, it was announced that the museum would open to the public on May 21, 2014. The museum was dedicated on May 15, 2014. In attendance were
13608-437: The Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild these WTC attractions, which has outraged some observers. An episode of CBS 's 60 Minutes in 2010 focused on the lack of progress at Ground Zero, particularly on the lack of completion dates for a majority of the buildings, the main tower, One World Trade Center's having undergone three different designs, and the delays and monetary expense involved. Investor Larry Silverstein said
13824-631: The Port Authority took over One World Trade Center 's ownership from Silverstein Properties. The project's developer Tishman Construction Corporation was the construction manager at the time. On March 13, 2006, workers arrived at the World Trade Center site to remove remaining debris and start surveying work. This marked the official start of construction of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum , though not without controversy and concerns from some family members. In April 2006 ,
14040-461: The Port Authority's estimated completion date for the entire site was 2037, thirty-five years after work started. Although billions of dollars had already been spent on the project, he said Ground Zero "is still a hole in the ground". During an interview for the episode, Larry Silverstein said: "I am the most frustrated person in the world....I'm seventy-eight years of age; I want to see this thing done in my lifetime". One World Trade Center itself
14256-452: The September 11 Memorial through block grants to the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation . The committee stated that the Memorial's decision to not publish Arabic-language brochures violated HUD's Limited English Proficiency rules for grantees. In December 2017, the ADC announced that the Memorial had signed a settlement agreement whereby its commemorative guide would be translated into Arabic and made available. The September 11 Museum
14472-545: The September 11 attacks. A ribbon-cutting ceremony for the Perelman Performing Arts Center was hosted on September 13, 2023. Six buildings, the 9/11 memorial and museum, a mall, a transportation hub, a parking lot, a park, a church, and a performing arts venue are to eventually occupy the new World Trade Center. As of January 2022, progress on the construction of the redesigned site was as follows: One World Trade Center (previously coined
14688-574: The THINK design before hearing the final presentations. Governor Pataki, who had originally commissioned the LMDC, intervened and overruled the LMDC's decision. On February 27, 2003, Studio Daniel Libeskind officially won the competition to be the master planner for the World Trade Center redesign. Libeskind's original proposal, titled Memory Foundations , underwent extensive revisions during collaboration with Larry Silverstein as well as from Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whom Silverstein hired. The plan
14904-533: The Twin Towers Alliance. Others did not want anything built there at all or wanted the entire site to become a memorial. Finally, a master plan was agreed upon, which would feature a memorial and museum where the original Twin Towers stood and six new skyscrapers surrounding it. The North Tower of the old World Trade Center featured a complex of venues on the 106th and 107th floors called Windows on
15120-687: The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in New York City , while bin-Laden was bent on toppling the United States federal government, a goal he believed could be accomplished by destroying the Pentagon , the White House and the United States Capitol . Though bin Laden himself expressed a preference for the destruction of the White House over the Capitol, his subordinates disagreed, citing its difficulty in striking from
15336-449: The U.S. capital. The terrorists on Flight 93 had their sights set on a federal government building not far from the Pentagon, but were forced to crash the plane in a Pennsylvania field when the passengers fought for control after being alerted to the previous suicide attacks, including Flight 77's. The damaged sections of the Pentagon were rebuilt in 2002, with occupants moving back into the completed areas that August. The 184 victims of
15552-608: The U.S. government. The hijackers on American Airlines Flight 77 were five Saudi men between the ages of 20 and 29. They were led by Hanjour, who piloted the aircraft into the Pentagon. Hanjour first arrived in the United States in 1990. Hanjour trained at the CRM Airline Training Center in Scottsdale, Arizona , earning his FAA commercial pilot's certificate in April 1999. He had wanted to be
15768-942: The United Arab Emirates. They stayed with Hanjour. Hanjour received ground instruction and did practice flights at Air Fleet Training Systems in Teterboro, New Jersey , and at Caldwell Flight Academy in Fairfield, New Jersey . Hanjour moved out of the room in Paterson and arrived at the Valencia Motel in Laurel, Maryland , on September 2, 2001. While in Maryland, Hanjour and fellow hijackers trained at Gold's Gym in Greenbelt . On September 10, he completed
15984-454: The United States comprise the footprints of the Twin Towers, symbolizing the loss of life and the physical void left by the attacks. The waterfalls are intended to mute the sounds of the city, making the site a contemplative sanctuary. Landscape architect Peter Walker planted many parts of the memorial with white oaks. More than 400 swamp white oak trees fill the Memorial plaza, enhancing the site's reflective nature. Pedestrian simulations tested
16200-519: The United States, consisting of three groups of five men each and one group of four. The nine hijackers on Flight 77 and United Airlines Flight 93 were assigned the task of striking governmental structures in or near the national capital of Washington, D.C. , and as such, the objective was for the two hijackings to be coordinated insofar as both planes being aimed towards targets in the Washington metropolitan area . Significant complications faced by
16416-482: The Vehicle Security Center was completed. The Port Authority allotted about $ 50 million to the park's construction in December 2013. The September 11 Museum opened to victims' families on April 15, 2014, and to the general public six days later. Temporary fences were removed around the memorial. At the same time, the September 11 Memorial discontinued the requirement for tickets in order to enter
16632-535: The WTC site to begin work on the Reflecting Absence design. Some relatives of the victims and other concerned citizens gathered to protest the new memorial that day, saying that it should be built above ground. The president of the memorial foundation said that family members were consulted and formed a consensus in favor of the design, and work would continue as planned. In May, estimated construction costs for
16848-570: The World ; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and a social gathering spot for people who worked in the towers. This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows on the World Wine School", run by wine personality Kevin Zraly . Despite numerous assurances that these local landmarks and global attractions would be rebuilt,
17064-414: The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began heavy construction on the memorial and museum. The design is consistent with the original master plan by Daniel Libeskind , which called for the memorial to be 30 feet (9.1 m) below street level—originally 70 feet (21 m)—in a plaza , and was the only finalist to disregard Libeskind's requirement that
17280-435: The World Trade Center attack. During the five days between its dedication and the public opening, over 42,000 first responders and family members of 9/11 victims visited the museum. An opening ceremony for the museum was held on May 21, during which 24 police officers and firefighters unfurled the restored 30-foot (9.1 m) national 9/11 flag before it was brought into the museum for permanent display. The gates surrounding
17496-653: The World Trade Center site in a ceremony attended by Bloomberg, city officials (including Parks and Recreation Commissioner Adrian Benepe and Port Authority executive director Chris Ward), survivors and rescue and recovery workers. Although the tree is a prominent part of the memorial, six other "survivor trees" have been planted near New York City Hall and the Manhattan end of the Brooklyn Bridge . Of these survivor trees, three are callery pears and three are little-leaf lindens . In May 2018, plans were revealed for
17712-407: The World Trade Center site to commemorate the lives lost on 9/11. Individuals and teams from around the world submitted design proposals. On November 19, 2003, the thirteen-member jury selected eight finalists. Reflecting Absence , designed by Michael Arad and Peter Walker , was chosen as the winning design on January 6, 2004. It consists of a field of trees interrupted by two large, recessed pools,
17928-405: The World Trade Center site, numerous stakeholders were involved, including Silverstein and the Port Authority. In addition, the victims' families, people in the surrounding neighborhoods, and others wanted to provide input. In November 2001, Governor Pataki established the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) as an official commission to oversee the rebuilding process. In order to bypass
18144-407: The World Trade Center's South Tower at 09:03. The plane had been flying over an area of limited radar coverage at the time of its hijacking. With air controllers unable to contact the flight by radio, an Indianapolis official declared that it had possibly crashed at 09:09, twenty-eight minutes before it actually did. Sometime between 09:17 and 09:22, Hanjour broadcast a deceptive announcement via
18360-477: The World Trade Center. Disagreement and controversy regarding who owned the property and what would be built there hindered construction at the site for several years. Many wanted the World Trade Center to be rebuilt as it was before 9/11 according to a poll by Marist College . A project called Twin Towers II , which was to rebuild the original towers at a taller height, was led by an informal organization called
18576-520: The Yemeni operatives. And I said to her, I said, "What's going on? You know, we've got to tell the Bureau about this. These guys clearly are bad. One of them, at least, has a multiple-entry visa to the U.S. We've got to tell the FBI." And then [the CIA officer] said to me, "No, it's not the FBI's case, not the FBI's jurisdiction." So I go tell Doug. And I'm like, "Doug, what can we do?" If we had picked up
18792-577: The above-ground levels was delayed indefinitely, with plans for only 7 stories. Meanwhile, One World Trade Center topped out in August 2012, and its spire was then shipped from Quebec to New York, with the first section of the spire being hoisted to the top of the tower on December 12, 2012. The September 11 Museum was supposed to open that year. However, construction was halted in December 2011 to September 2012 due to cost disputes, and further delays were caused when Hurricane Sandy significantly damaged
19008-408: The air. Hani Hanjour ―likely while in the presence of fellow Flight 77 accomplice Nawaf al-Hazmi ―scoped out the Washington metropolitan area on July 20, 2001, by renting a plane and taking a practice flight from Fairfield, New Jersey to Gaithersburg, Maryland in order to determine the feasibility of each of the possible candidates. In the end, 19 terrorists participated in the attacks against
19224-414: The aircraft. The modus operandi of Hanjour's group was in stark contrast to the other three teams, in that while the victims were threatened with knives and box cutters, there were no reports of any injuries or deaths prior to the crash; both pilots were spared when the cockpit was breached, and the use of chemical weapons or bomb threats was not reported by either of the two people who made phone calls from
19440-430: The airplane in the "East Coast haze", but moments later reported seeing a "huge" fireball. His initial assumption as he approached the crash site was that the plane had simply hit the ground, but upon closer inspection he saw the damage done to the Pentagon's west side and relayed to Reagan control, "Looks like that aircraft crashed into the Pentagon, sir." At the time of the attacks, approximately 18,000 people worked in
19656-411: The airplane into the west side of the Pentagon at 09:37. Many people witnessed the impact, and news sources began reporting on the incident within minutes, but no clear footage of the crash itself is available to the public. The 757 severely damaged an area of the Pentagon and caused a large fire that took several days to extinguish. By 10:10, the damage inflicted by the aircraft and ignited jet fuel led to
19872-451: The airplane. After learning of a second hijacking involving an American Airlines aircraft and the hijacking of a United Airlines jet, American Airlines' executive vice president Gerard Arpey ordered a nationwide ground stop for the airline. For several minutes, Indianapolis Air Route Traffic Control Center and dispatchers for American Airlines made several failed attempts to contact the hijacked airliner, giving up just as Flight 175 flew into
20088-402: The alarm, so he was searched with a hand wand . The Hazmi brothers checked in together at the ticket counter at 07:29. Hani Hanjour checked in separately and arrived at the passenger security checkpoint at 07:35. Hanjour was followed minutes later at the checkpoint by Salem and Nawaf al-Hazmi, who also set off the metal detector's alarm. The screener at the checkpoint never resolved what set off
20304-611: The alarm. As seen in security footage later released, Nawaf al-Hazmi appeared to have an unidentified item in his back pocket. Utility knives up to four inches were permitted at the time by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as carry-on items. The passenger security checkpoint at Dulles International Airport was operated by Argenbright Security , under contract with United Airlines . The hijackers were all selected for extra screening of their checked bags. Hanjour, al-Mihdhar, and Moqed were chosen by
20520-554: The approval of the New York State Assembly , Pataki left out Sheldon Silver , the State Assemblyman for the area, from the decision-making process regarding the LMDC. The LMDC coordinated federal assistance in the rebuilding process and was tasked with working with the Port Authority , Larry Silverstein, and whoever was selected as the site's architects. The corporation also handled communication with
20736-571: The arrangement. All names are written in Optima typeface, using small capitals , for a "balanced appearance". The names of the employees and visitors in the North Tower (WTC 1), the passengers and crew of American Airlines Flight 11 (which struck the North Tower), and the employees and a visitor of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing are around the perimeter of the North Pool. The names of
20952-642: The arrival of the remaining "muscle" hijackers. One of these men, Majed Moqed , arrived on May 2, 2001, with Flight 175 hijacker Ahmed al-Ghamdi from Dubai at Dulles International Airport . They moved into an apartment with Hazmi and Hanjour. On May 21, 2001, Hanjour rented a room in Paterson, New Jersey , where he stayed with other hijackers through the end of August. The last Flight 77 "muscle" hijacker, Salem al-Hazmi , arrived on June 29, 2001, with Abdulaziz al-Omari (a hijacker of Flight 11) at John F. Kennedy International Airport from
21168-521: The attack are memorialized in the Pentagon Memorial adjacent to the crash site. The 1.93-acre (7,800 m ) park contains a bench for each of the victims, arranged according to their year of birth. The flight was commandeered as part of the September 11 attacks. The attacks themselves cost somewhere in the region of $ 400,000 and $ 500,000 to execute, but the source of this financial support remains unknown. Led by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , who
21384-528: The boarding process a National Geographic employee took a group photograph of the teachers and students going on the Channel Islands trip and the two employees accompanying them, as well as a picture of the airplane, inadvertently capturing the last images of both the victims and N644AA. Visible in the background of the group photograph is a man whose haircut and dress shirt match that of Nawaf al-Hazmi from Dulles security footage, indicating it may also be
21600-413: The building for classroom use. During the September 11 attacks in 2001, Fiterman Hall's structure was severely damaged by debris from the collapse of 7 World Trade Center. The renovation was never completed, and the building was condemned and demolished in 2008. After a series of delays, a new building designed by the architectural firm Pei Cobb Freed & Partners broke ground in December 2009 and
21816-488: The buildings overhang the footprints of the Twin Towers. The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in 2007. A dedication ceremony commemorating the tenth anniversary of the attacks was held at the memorial on September 11, 2011, and it opened to the public the following day. The museum was dedicated on May 15, 2014, with remarks from Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg and President Barack Obama . Six days later,
22032-437: The cabin's public address system, advising those aboard that the plane was being hijacked and that their best chance of survival was by not resisting. This tactic was used on Flight 11 and on Flight 93 with the aim of deceiving the passengers and crew into believing the plan was to land the plane after securing a ransom; in both cases, however, the terrorists’ understanding of the internal communication systems used aboard aircraft
22248-480: The center itself expected to be built between 2018 and 2020. The same month, the Port Authority installed the iconic sculpture The Sphere within the park, overlooking its original location in the old World Trade Center. Previously, the damaged sculpture by Fritz Koenig had been located in Battery Park . On the 16th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, a writer for Curbed New York said that although "there
22464-449: The center, and on September 8, 2016, a design was revealed for the new center. 3 WTC was topped out in October 2016. On November 29, 2016, the St. Nicholas Church was ceremoniously topped out with a temporary cross. On March 27, 2017, it was announced that construction on the Perelman Performing Arts Center would be delayed due to ongoing funding disputes. Construction on the center's underground parking garage began in August 2017, with
22680-466: The church's foot. The original Fiterman Hall opened as an office building in 1959 and occupied a block bounded by Greenwich Street, Barclay Street, West Broadway, and Park Place. It was donated to BMCC in 1993 by Miles and Shirley Fiterman, for whom the building was subsequently named. In 2000, the State of New York Dormitory Authority, which owned the building, began a massive renovation to better adapt
22896-478: The church. On October 14, 2011, an agreement for the reconstruction of the church was signed that ended all legal action. By August 2011, One World Trade Center was at 80 stories with glass up to the 54th floor, Tower Four was up around 38 stories with glass up to the 15th floor, and the former Deutsche Bank Building had been completely dismantled, and the Port Authority was working on their Vehicle Security Center . The memorial officially opened to relatives of
23112-449: The cleanup and recovery effort . On May 30 , 2002, a ceremony was held to officially mark the end of the cleanup efforts. In 2002, ground was broken on construction of a new 7 World Trade Center building located just to the north of the main World Trade Center site. Since it was not part of the site master plan, the rebuilding of 7 World Trade Center was allowed to proceed without delay, but Silverstein and Con Edison recognized that
23328-400: The cloud of smoke from the Pentagon. Omar Campo, another witness, was on the other side of the road: I was cutting the grass and it came in screaming over my head. I felt the impact. The whole ground shook and the whole area was full of fire. I could never imagine I would see anything like that here. Afework Hagos, a computer programmer, was on his way to work and stuck in a traffic jam near
23544-399: The company changed its plans and relocated its headquarters to 383 Madison Avenue. Groundbreaking for 3 WTC occurred in fall 2008, and in May 2009, the Port Authority proposed reducing the tower to four stories. Work continued on One WTC, but digging the foundation and installing tower-foundation steel columns, concrete, and rebar for that tower took twice as long as it normally would due to
23760-429: The competition. Days before the announcement of the two finalists in February 2003, Larry Silverstein wrote to LMDC Chair John Whitehead to express his disapproval of all of the semifinalists' designs. As the Twin Towers' insurance money recipient, Silverstein claimed that he had the sole right to decide what would be built. He announced that he had already picked Skidmore, Owings & Merrill as his master planner for
23976-506: The complex in a coordinated act of terrorism , killing 2,753 people. The resulting collapse of the World Trade Center caused structural failure in the surrounding buildings as well. The process of cleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center site took eight months, after which rebuilding of the site was commenced. After years of delay and controversy, reconstruction at the World Trade Center site started in 2006. The new complex includes One World Trade Center (until 2009, nicknamed
24192-411: The complex to make it more attractive to potential tenants. These plans for improvement were never realized. On the morning of September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda -affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the Twin Towers in a coordinated act of terrorism. At 8:46 a.m. Eastern Time (ET), a team of five hijackers intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of
24408-480: The congressional joint inquiry on the September ;11 attacks , said the cable reinforces questions about the thoroughness of the FBI's investigation. She also said that the inquiry concluded the hijackers had a support network that helped them in different ways. The three Qatari men were booked to fly from Los Angeles to Washington on September 10, 2001, on the same plane that was hijacked and piloted into
24624-488: The construction of the entire complex by two years. The new plans for the World Trade Center Transportation Hub , which involved doubling the number of support columns, pushed back the construction timeline. In the original plan, the construction of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum would have begun after the Transportation Hub had been completed because the roof of the Transportation Hub provided
24840-486: The cost of the memorial and memorial museum at $ 494 million. On May 26, 2006, Gretchen Dykstra resigned as president and chief executive officer of the World Trade Center Foundation. Joseph C. Daniels was appointed as president and CEO in October 2006. The memorial projects were toned down, and the budget was cut to $ 530 million. Despite delays, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum
25056-495: The country's history," arguing that it was important to memorialize the multiethnic character of "Little Syria." The old Christian Syrian neighborhood was demolished in the 1940s due to the construction of the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel . General admission tickets to the museum are $ 33, a price that has raised concerns. Michael Bloomberg agreed, encouraging people to "write your congressman" for more federal funding. When
25272-490: The deceased on September 11, 2011, and to the general public on September 12. Construction on 5 WTC's foundation also began in September 2011. By December 2011, 2 WTC's foundations were finished and assembly of the frame was started. Because numerous American and Chinese companies were "very interested" in leasing space at the complex, 2 WTC was likely to be finished earlier than expected. In January 2012, with Silverstein still unable to find tenants for 4 WTC, construction on
25488-425: The decision and others calling the location inappropriate. Among the latter was FDNY Lt. James McCaffrey, the brother-in-law of 9/11 victim and firefighter Orio Palmer , who called a ground-level tomb a more dignified location: "The decision to put the human remains of the 9/11 dead in this basement is inherently disrespectful and totally offensive." McCaffrey said that the remains deserved a prominence equal to that of
25704-421: The design and costs of the project. Cost concerns emerged publicly last week with the disclosure of an estimate by the construction manager, Lendlease , that the memorial and museum would cost $ 672 million and that it would take a total of at least $ 973 million to fully develop the memorial setting with a cooling plant, roadways, sidewalks, utilities and stabilized foundation walls. An estimate earlier this year put
25920-508: The design architect and project manager for the tower, and Daniel Libeskind collaborated on the concept and schematic design. The building opened on November 3, 2014. 2 World Trade Center , also known as 200 Greenwich Street, was designed by British architect Norman Foster . Construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013, but the rest of the building has yet to be built until tenants for 2 WTC can be found. 3 World Trade Center , located at 175 Greenwich Street,
26136-559: The employees and visitors in the South Tower (WTC 2), the passengers and crew of United Airlines Flight 175 (which struck the South Tower), the employees, visitors, and bystanders in the immediate vicinity of the North and South Towers, the first responders who died during rescue operations, the passengers and crew of United Airlines Flight 93 (which crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania) and American Airlines Flight 77 (which struck
26352-406: The eve of the attacks, after allegedly surveying the World Trade Center and the White House . U.S. law enforcement officials said the data about the four men was "just one of many leads that were thoroughly investigated at the time and never led to terrorism charges." An official added that the three Qatari citizens had never been questioned by the FBI. Eleanor Hill , the former staff director for
26568-413: The existence of the subway line under West Broadway nearby. The One WTC building reached grade level by 2010. From there, it progressed at a pace of one floor a week, Publisher Condé Nast agreed to move its headquarters to One World Trade Center in 2010, and with this shift, many more tenants were expected to move to the building. The St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church , which was destroyed during
26784-429: The fence was taken down on May 25, 2014. Three months after its opening, the memorial had been visited by over a million people. In January 2004, Reflecting Absence , by architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects and landscape architect Peter Walker, was selected from 5,201 entries from 63 countries as the winner of the LMDC's design competition. Two 1-acre (4,000 m) pools with the largest man-made waterfalls in
27000-485: The final design, his design and the public support it garnered solidified the principle that the original footprints of the Twin Towers should be turned into a memorial and not be used for commercial purposes. As a result, Silverstein’s lawyers at the New York firm of Wachtell Lipton embarked on the multi-year negotiation process to frame a master plan for the rebuilding. The first step in this process, completed in 2003,
27216-414: The first of the skyscrapers to have been completed in the World Trade Center complex. 4 World Trade Center, the first building completed as part of the site's master plan, opened on November 12, 2013. The National September 11 Memorial opened on September 11, 2011, while the Museum opened on May 21, 2014. One World Trade Center was opened on November 3, 2014. The World Trade Center Transportation Hub opened to
27432-405: The first time on January 4, 2005, and it reached its first-phase capital-fundraising goal ($ 350 million) in April 2008. This money and additional funds raised will be used to build the memorial and museum and endow the museum. In 2003, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation launched the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition , an international competition to design a memorial at
27648-489: The first tower in the complex to reopen. This had been considered a priority since restoring Con Edison 's electrical substation in the building's lower floors was necessary to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan. On June 22 , 2007, the Port Authority announced that JPMorgan Chase would build 5 WTC, a 42-story building that was occupied by the Deutsche Bank Building at the time. Kohn Pedersen Fox
27864-475: The flight was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists on the morning of September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks . The hijacked airliner was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia , killing all 64 aboard and another 125 in the building. Flight 77 became airborne at 08:20 ET . Thirty-one minutes after takeoff, the attackers stormed the cockpit and forced
28080-574: The following spring. Although the memorial planning team intended to include the Survivor Tree, its permanent location was unknown at the time. Still under the care of the Bronx nursery, the tree was replanted without significant damage in March 2010 after it was uprooted by a storm. After the replanting, Mayor Michael Bloomberg said: "Again, we and the tree refused to throw in the towel. We replanted
28296-467: The footprints of the Twin Towers. The deciduous trees ( swamp white oaks ) are arranged in rows and form informal clusters, clearings and groves. The park is at street level, above the Memorial Museum. The names of the victims of the attacks (including those from the Pentagon , American Airlines Flight 77 , United Airlines Flight 93 , and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing ) are inscribed on
28512-501: The former location of the Twin Towers that were destroyed during the September 11 attacks. It is operated by a non-profit institution whose mission is to raise funds to program and operate the memorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of
28728-432: The foundation on which the memorial and the walls of the museum rested. Due to the two-year delay and pressure by the victims' families to have the memorial completed by the 10-year anniversary, it was decided to concentrate on building the memorial and holding off construction of the transportation hub, which increased costs to an estimated $ 3.4 billion. A performing arts center was also announced that year. In 2006,
28944-475: The four terrorists on Flight 93 ensured that Flight 77 was the only one to successfully attack a target intended by al-Qaeda when it struck the Pentagon in Arlington County , Virginia at 09:37, while a passenger uprising forced the hijackers aboard Flight 93 to crash the plane in rural Pennsylvania . Regardless, the degree of coordination between Flight 77 and Flight 93 was evidently less than that of American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 ,
29160-505: The hijacking of United Airlines Flight 175 commenced and the very same minute Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The final communication between Flight 77 and controllers on the ground occurred four minutes later at 08:50:51, as Hanjour and his team prepared to strike. The terrorists launched their assault at 08:51, by which point the North Tower had been on fire for around five minutes and Flight 175
29376-542: The impact from the crash at his home near the Pentagon. On the morning of September 11, 2001, the five hijackers arrived at Washington Dulles International Airport. At 07:15 AM ET, Khalid al-Mihdhar and Majed Moqed checked in at the American Airlines ticket counter for Flight 77, arriving at the passenger security checkpoint a few minutes later at 07:18. Both men set off the metal detector and were put through secondary screening. Moqed continued to set off
29592-474: The insurance documents for his lease on the old World Trade Center had not been finalized at the time of the attacks, so he could not receive insurance benefits from the attacks unless he rebuilt all the office space that had been destroyed. George Pataki , the then- Governor of New York , controlled the Port Authority alongside the Governor of New Jersey and so was entitled to make the final decision regarding
29808-410: The issues involved, the many stakeholders, and the difficulty of reaching consensus. A key factor in enabling rebuilding to proceed was the effective formation of a public-private partnership between Silverstein and the Port Authority, which aligned incentives and allocated responsibility among the stakeholders. There was much debate regarding the future of Ground Zero following the destruction of
30024-570: The largest shopping mall in Manhattan. Although the new mall is only spread over roughly one-half of the original mall's footprint (due to the new space required for the below-grade National September 11 Memorial & Museum), the mall is double-level, whereas the original mall was a single level. Three additional levels will exist above grade on the lower floors of 2 and 3 World Trade Center, while 4 World Trade Center currently houses four above-grade levels. The World Trade Center station's headhouse,
30240-459: The last photograph of any of the Flight 77 hijackers while alive, but this has not been definitely confirmed. Flight 77 was scheduled to depart for Los Angeles at 08:10; 58 passengers boarded through Gate D26, including the five hijackers. The 53 other passengers on board excluding the hijackers were 26 men, 22 women, and five children ranging in age from three to eleven. On the flight, Hani Hanjour
30456-538: The least-traveled day of the week, with the same load factor seen on Tuesdays in the previous three months for Flight 77. Passenger Barbara Olson , whose husband Theodore Olson served as the 42nd Solicitor General of the United States , was en route to a recording of the TV show Politically Incorrect . A group of three 11-year-old children, their chaperones, and two National Geographic Society staff members were also on board, embarking on an educational trip west to
30672-422: The legal right to redevelop the World Trade Center. However, the LMDC, in an April 2002 articulation of its principles for action, asserted its role in revitalizing lower Manhattan. In April 2002, the LMDC sent out requests for proposals to redesign the World Trade Center site to 24 Manhattan architecture firms, but then soon withdrew them. The following month, the LMDC selected Beyer Blinder Belle as planner for
30888-406: The local community, businesses, the city of New York , and relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks. A 16-member board of directors, half appointed by the governor and half by the mayor of New York, governed the LMDC. The LMDC had questionable legal status regarding the restoration of the World Trade Center site, because the Port Authority owned most of the property and Larry Silverstein had
31104-450: The main structure has not yet (as of 2021) commenced. 7 World Trade Center stands off of Port Authority property. David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the tower. The building is 52 stories tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th tallest in New York. It opened on May 23, 2006, achieving LEED gold status and being the first tower in the complex to reopen. A memorial called Reflecting Absence honors
31320-492: The memorial plaza. The swamp white oaks can reach 60 to 80 feet (18 to 24 m) at maturity, live from 300 to 350 years, and their autumn leaves are gold-colored. The "Survivor Tree" is a callery pear that survived the devastation and was kept for replanting. In September, workers reinstalled two " tridents " salvaged from the Twin Towers. In November 2010, workers began testing the North Pool waterfall. Construction progressed through early 2011: installation of glass panels on
31536-466: The memorial pools: 2,977 killed in the September 11 attacks and six killed in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The names are arranged according to an algorithm, creating "meaningful adjacencies" based on relationships—proximity at the time of the attacks, company or organization affiliations (for those working at the World Trade Center or the Pentagon) and in response to about 1,200 requests from family members. Software made by Local Projects implemented
31752-442: The memorial site. By April 2010, the reflecting pools were fully framed in steel, and 85 percent of the concrete had been poured. By April 22, workers had begun installation of the granite coating for the reflecting pools. By June the North Pool's granite coating was completed, and workers had begun granite installation in the South Pool. In July, the first soil shipments arrived at the site, and in August workers began planting trees on
31968-541: The memorial was completed by early 2011. The memorial opened on September 11, 2011, coinciding with the 10th anniversary of the attacks. The museum was initially scheduled to open on September 11, 2012, but was delayed due to financial disputes and again when Hurricane Sandy significantly damaged the site. The museum was opened in May 2014. Westfield World Trade Center opened with its first group of stores on August 16, 2016. It has roughly 365,000 square feet (33,900 m ) of retail space, which once again makes it
32184-441: The memorial's design. The pedestrian-modeling program Legion was used to simulate visitor utilization of the space, and its design was tweaked to prevent bottlenecks. The fountain was engineered by Delta Fountains. WSP Cantor Seinuk was the structural engineer, Jaros, Baum & Bolles provided MEP engineering, and Lend Lease served as construction manager. The names of 2,983 victims are inscribed on 152 bronze parapets on
32400-630: The memorial, not only providing pedestrian access to the future towers, but also a path through the site to the Memorial Plaza and surrounding streets. 3 WTC's construction resumed in August 2014, with projected completion by 2018. In September 2014, it was announced that the original plans for the Performing Arts Center had been canceled; construction had been slated to start in December 2014. The St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church's ground blessing ceremony and symbolic laying of
32616-413: The minutes leading up to the crash, Reagan Airport controllers had asked a passing Air National Guard Lockheed C-130 Hercules to identify and follow the aircraft. The pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Steven O'Brien , told them he believed it was either a Boeing 757 or 767, observing that its silver fuselage meant it was most likely an American Airlines jet. O'Brien mentioned having difficulty picking out
32832-502: The museum opened to the public. The Memorial Mission: National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center: About Us, Mission Statements Formerly the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was formed as a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation to raise funds and manage the memorial's planning and construction. Its board of directors met for
33048-437: The museum opened to victim families and first responders on May 15, 2014, anger by some that it was profiting from souvenirs considered in poor taste was widely covered. Souvenir proceeds would fund the museum and memorial. On May 29, 2014, a U.S.-shaped cheese platter was among items removed for sale, and it was announced that all items sold would be reviewed by victim families for suitability. Families were further angered after
33264-423: The museum pavilion's facade began in March, and workers began testing the South Pool waterfall two months later. Most of the memorial was finished in time for the 10th anniversary of the terrorist attacks, with the museum planned for completion the following year. By September 2, 243 trees were planted at the site and eight more were planted in the days before the memorial opened. By then, both pools were completed and
33480-426: The museum the previous day while staff prepared for the party. She said, "I am outraged that I can't visit my brother's final resting place without an appointment but people like Mike Bloomberg can wine and dine there whenever they want. This memorial and museum is sacred ground and last night it was desecrated." A retired FDNY fire marshal said, "You don't have cocktail parties at a cemetery." A mid-2014 proposal to open
33696-553: The museum were then taken down, marking their first removal since the attacks. Opening day tickets quickly sold out. Despite the museum's design to evoke memories without additional distress, counselors were available during its opening due to the large number of visitors. Designed by Davis Brody Bond , the museum is about 70 feet (21 m) below ground and accessible through a pavilion designed by Snøhetta . The National September 11 Memorial Museum encloses 110,000 square feet (10,000 m) of publicly accessible space. The pavilion has
33912-399: The names of ten pregnant women who died on 9/11 and one who died in the 1993 attack. A callery pear tree recovered from the rubble at the World Trade Center site in October 2001 was later called the "Survivor Tree". When the 8-foot (2.4 m)-tall tree was recovered, it was badly burned and had one living branch. The tree had been planted during the 1970s near buildings four and five , in
34128-490: The names randomly. According to Edith Lutnick (executive director of the Cantor Fitzgerald Relief Fund), "Your loved ones' names are surrounded by the names of those they sat with, those they worked with, those they lived with and, very possibly, those they died with." The six adult victims of the 1993 bombing are memorialized on Panel N-73 at the North Pool. The phrase "and her unborn child" follows
34344-407: The original complex, it did not become profitable until the 1980s. On July 24, 2001, the Port Authority finalized an agreement that leased the complex to Larry Silverstein , who already owned 7 WTC. For $ 3.2 billion, Silverstein received the legal right to operate the complex and site for 99 years. At the time, the World Trade Center only had a few notable tenants, and Silverstein wanted to improve
34560-495: The park; egresses include three stairways, the pedestrian bridge, and a straight ramp down to Greenwich Street . Of these exits, a wide staircase is located parallel to Greenwich Street and directly behind the church. There are wood benches and a small amphitheater -like elevated space at the West Street end of the park. Finally, there is an observation balcony along much of Liberty Street and another slightly curved balcony at
34776-442: The passengers and crew to the rear of the cabin, threatening the hostages but initially sparing all of them. Lead hijacker Hani Hanjour assumed control of the aircraft after having undergone extensive flight training as part of his preparation for the attack. In the meantime, two people aboard discreetly made phone calls to family members and relayed information on the situation without the knowledge of their assailants. Hanjour flew
34992-500: The phone and called the Bureau, I would have been violating the law. I would have broken the law. I would have been removed from the building that day. I would have had my clearances suspended, and I would be gone.' — Mark Rossini , The Spy Factory In December 2000, Hanjour arrived in San Diego , joining "muscle" hijackers Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar , who had been there since January of that year. Alec Station ,
35208-400: The phone call, she made the erroneous claim that "six persons" had forced "us" to the rear of the airplane, but did not explain whether the people crowded together were crew members, passengers, or both. May asked her mother to contact American Airlines, which she and her husband promptly did, although the company was well aware of the hijacking by this point. At 09:16, Barbara Olson made
35424-493: The phone while preparing to board their respective flights, apparently to confirm the attacks were ready to begin. The reason why al-Qaeda selected four planes from three airports instead of two airports remains unknown, but it is believed that the act of hijacking two planes on the same flight path would have enabled better coordination between the teams on Flight 11 and Flight 175, both of which clearly succeeded, unlike Flight 77 and Flight 93's only partially successful attack on
35640-462: The plane was flying northeast. He then made his wife aware of the suicide attacks on the World Trade Center, causing her to go quiet; Ted wondered if this meant she had been shocked into silence. After expressing their feelings and reassuring one another, the call cut off for the last time, at 9:26 a.m. "The speed, the maneuverability, the way that he turned, we all thought in the radar room, all of us experienced air traffic controllers, that that
35856-578: The public on March 4, 2016, and 3 World Trade Center opened on June 11, 2018. 2 World Trade Center's full construction was placed on hold in 2009. The original World Trade Center contained the Twin Towers ( 1 WTC and 2 WTC ), which were the tallest buildings in the world after they opened on April 4, 1973. The other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center ( 3 WTC ), as well as 4 WTC , 5 WTC , 6 WTC , and 7 WTC . Despite high financial expectations for
36072-406: The rear of the cabin. At 08:54, as the plane flew in the vicinity over Pike County, Ohio , it began deviating from its normal assigned flight path and turned south. Two minutes later, the plane's transponder was switched off. The flight's autopilot was promptly engaged and set on a course heading eastbound towards Washington, D.C. The FAA was aware at this point there was an emergency on board
36288-505: The rebuilding of the tower would have to be consistent with the master plan anyway. It called for reopening several streets that had been eliminated in the original complex, so the new 7 World Trade Center was designed so Greenwich Street, which had been blocked by the original 7 World Trade Center, could be continuous through the new complex. A temporary PATH station at the World Trade Center opened in November 2003 , pending replacement by
36504-493: The redesign of the World Trade Center site. The new 7 World Trade Center, which was not part of the new plan, began construction on May 7, 2002. On July 16, 2002, Beyer Blinder Belle unveiled six concepts for redesigning the World Trade Center site. The roughly 5,000 New Yorkers that submitted feedback deemed all six designs to be "poor", so the LDMC announced a new international, open-design study. In an August 2002 press release,
36720-490: The same area as the memorial. The Snøhetta-designed museum will act as a memorial museum and visitors' center, after family members of 9/11 victims objected to the building's original occupant, the International Freedom Center . The Ground Zero Museum Workshop is a privately run 501(c) nonprofit museum that is not connected to the official Ground Zero Memorial or Gehry's museum. Construction of
36936-561: The same general area. One noteworthy difference between the attacks in the National Capital Region and those in New York is that the teams on Flights 77 and 93 did not follow suit with their counterparts on Flights 11 and 175 by booking planes from the same airport with the same California destination in mind. Flight 77's group hijacked a plane out of Dulles International Airport in Virginia, conveniently situated near
37152-421: The site in November 2012. Several of the towers reached significant milestones in 2013: for instance, One WTC's spire was installed from January 15 to May 10, 2013. Construction of 2 WTC up to street level was completed in mid-2013, with work on the rest of the building delayed until tenants for 2 WTC could be found. Work also progressed on 3 WTC's below-grade foundations and the ground-level podium, which
37368-593: The site, and a film with firsthand accounts from individuals who had directly experienced the attacks. At the opening ceremony in South Carolina, the students of White Knoll Middle School (who raised over $ 500,000 in 2001 for a new truck for the New York City Fire Department) were honored, and retired New York City police officer Marcelo Pevida presented the city with an American flag that had flown over Ground Zero. The main attractions of
37584-496: The site. On February 1, 2003, the LMDC selected two finalists, the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind, and planned on picking a single winner by the end of the month. Rafael Viñoly of the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind presented their designs to the LMDC, which selected the former design. Earlier the same day, however, Roland Betts , a member of the LMDC, had called a meeting and the corporation had agreed to vote for
37800-541: The site. Construction began in 2013 when the Vehicular Security Center was completed. About $ 50 million was allocated to the park's construction by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in December 2013. The park opened on June 29, 2016. On August 16, 2017, the Port Authority installed the iconic sculpture The Sphere within the park, overlooking its original location in the old World Trade Center. The St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
38016-467: The site. He wished to balance the desires of people like Giuliani, who did not want any future development on the site, with those of people like Silverstein, who wanted a new World Trade Center as soon as possible. In January 2002, New York City art dealer Max Protetch solicited 50 concepts and renderings from artists and architects, which were put on exhibit in his art gallery in Chelsea . With
38232-400: The surrounding buildings as well, and the entire complex was soon destroyed. The process of cleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center site continued 24 hours a day over a period of eight months. Debris was transported from the World Trade Center site to Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island , where it was further sifted. Mayor Rudy Giuliani was tasked with coordinating
38448-400: The symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m), a reference to the year in which the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. In May 2006, architects Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki were announced as the architects for 3 and 4 WTC, respectively. The final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were unveiled on September 7 , 2006. Tower Two, or 200 Greenwich Street, was slated to have
38664-618: The tallest building in the Western Hemisphere , is the lead building for the new complex. The buildings are among many created by the World Trade Centers Association . The original World Trade Center included the Twin Towers, which opened in 1973 and were the tallest buildings in the world at the time of their completion. They were destroyed on the morning of September 11, 2001, when al-Qaeda members hijacked two Boeing 767 jets and flew them into
38880-405: The third floor has three theaters with between 99 and 450 seats. All three theaters are designed so that the walls will be able to rotate and expand to provide extra space for a single theater if needed. The theaters can fit approximately 1,200 people combined. Liberty Park, a new elevated park, was built on top of a parking complex named the Vehicular Security Center at the southwest corner of
39096-591: The third. Seven Defense Intelligence Agency civilian employees were killed while the Office of the Secretary of Defense lost one contractor. The U.S. Army suffered 75 fatalities – 53 civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers – while the U.S. Navy suffered 42 fatalities – nine civilians (six employees and three contractors) and 33 sailors. Lieutenant General Timothy Maude , an Army deputy chief of staff,
39312-511: The total flight duration was 77 minutes. The crew included Captain Charles Burlingame (51) (a Naval Academy graduate and former fighter pilot ), First Officer David Charlebois (39), purser Renee May and flight attendants Michele Heidenberger, Jennifer Lewis and Kenneth Lewis. The capacity of the aircraft was 188 passengers, but with 58 passengers on September 11, the load factor was 33 percent. American Airlines said Tuesdays were
39528-411: The tree, and it bounced back immediately." Also a few cuttings were taken from the original tree, which have become new trees themselves. The Survivor Tree has become a symbol of hope and rebirth; according to Arthur Ross Nursery manager Richie Cabo, "It represents all of us." In an August 29, 2011 Port Authority press release (after Hurricane Irene ), Daniels said: "True to its name, the Survivor Tree
39744-488: The two airliners that were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center 17 minutes apart in a joint attack on New York City. Flights 11 and 175 both departed from Logan International Airport in Boston for Los Angeles International Airport , and crashed into targets that stood next to each other, in contrast to the Pentagon and the federal government building Flight 93 was set to crash into, which were simply located in
39960-651: The vicinity of Church Street . Then-Memorial president Joe Daniels described it as "a key element of the memorial plaza's landscape". In November 2001, the tree was moved by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to the Arthur Ross Nursery in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx for care. It was then replanted in the Bronx on November 11, 2001. The tree was not expected to survive, but it showed signs of new growth
40176-404: The victims of the September 11 attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing . The memorial, designed by Peter Walker and Israeli-American architect Michael Arad , consists of a field of trees interrupted by the footprints of the twin towers. Pools of water fill the footprints, underneath which sits a memorial space whose walls bear the names of the victims. The slurry wall , which holds back
40392-450: The waterfalls were tested daily. On September 12, 2011, one day after the 10th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks, the memorial opened to the public with a lengthy set of rules and regulations approved by the foundation's board of directors. The period from September 11, 2011, to May 25, 2014, was known as the "interim operating period", when the memorial was surrounded by construction of neighboring World Trade Center projects;
40608-471: The west; and the 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , A , C , E , J , N , R , W , and Z trains through the Fulton Center on the east. The new station, as well as the September 11 Memorial and Museum, is air-cooled via a heat exchanger fed by four pipes carrying water from
40824-404: Was a military plane. You don't fly a 757 in that manner. It's unsafe." —Danielle O'Brien, air traffic controller at Dulles International Airport At 9:29 a.m., one minute after Flight 93 was hijacked, the terrorists aboard Flight 77 disengaged the autopilot and took manual control of the plane. Turning and descending rapidly as it made its final approach toward Washington, the airplane
41040-514: Was anchored by the 1,776-foot (541 m) One World Trade Center and featured a memorial and a number of other office towers. Out of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition , a design by Michael Arad and Peter Walker titled Reflecting Absence was selected in January 2004 . Though Libeskind designed the site, the individual buildings have been designed by different architects. While not all of Libeskind's ideas were incorporated into
41256-509: Was commissioned for the old World Trade Center and completed in 1971. It stood on the Austin J. Tobin Plaza until the September 11 attacks. The sculpture was damaged but survived the attacks and was relocated to Liberty Park , adjacent to the Memorial, in 2017. Although victims'-family groups agreed that names would be grouped by workplace or other affiliation, NYPD cadet Mohammad Salman Hamdani
41472-406: Was completed by October 2013. 4 WTC, meanwhile, opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property. The first tenants to move into 4 WTC were two government agencies. The foundation of 5 WTC was also completed by November 2013, although construction on the main structure stalled because of
41688-548: Was completed in 2012. American Airlines Flight 77 38°52′16″N 77°03′29″W / 38.87111°N 77.05806°W / 38.87111; -77.05806 American Airlines Flight 77 was a scheduled domestic transcontinental passenger flight from Dulles International Airport in Northern Virginia to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles . The Boeing 757-200 aircraft serving
41904-509: Was confident that it would be completed by September 11, 2011. In September 2007, the Memorial & Museum began a four-month national awareness tour of 25 cities in 25 states, and thousands participated in tour activities. The tour began at Finlay Park in Columbia, South Carolina , ending at Steinbrenner Field in Tampa, Florida . Highlights included an exhibition of photographs, artifacts from
42120-522: Was dedicated on May 15, 2014, and opened to the public on May 21. Its collection includes more than 40,000 images, 14,000 artifacts, more than 3,500 oral recordings, and over 500 hours of video. The underground museum has artifacts from September 11, 2001, including steel from the Twin Towers (such as the Last Column, the last piece of steel to leave Ground Zero in May 2002). In December 2011, museum construction halted temporarily due to disputes between
42336-411: Was described as being the "principal architect" of the attacks in the 9/11 Commission Report, al-Qaeda was motivated by several factors, not least of which was anti-Americanism and anti-Western sentiment. Because al-Qaeda only had the resources to commandeer four passenger jets, there was disagreement between Mohammed and Osama bin Laden over which targets should be prioritized. Mohammed favored striking
42552-493: Was designed by Maki and Associates . The building opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property. 5 World Trade Center , which is to stand on the site of the Deutsche Bank Building , was originally designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox . Although the foundation was completed in 2013, construction on
42768-422: Was designed by Richard Rogers Partnership . It stands across Greenwich Street from the Memorial's two reflecting pools. The below-grade foundations and the ground-level podium was completed by October 2013. After a two-year stoppage in above-ground construction, the tower project itself started in August 2014, and the building opened on June 11, 2018. 4 World Trade Center , also known as 150 Greenwich Street,
42984-409: Was detected again on radar screens by controllers at Dulles, who mistook it for a military fighter at first glance due to its high speed and maneuvering. While Flight 77 was 5 miles (8.0 km) west-southwest of the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia , it made a 330-degree spiral turn clockwise. By the end of the revolution, the 757 was descending 2,200 feet (670 m), pointed toward
43200-457: Was driving on Washington Boulevard when he witnessed the crash: I looked out my window and I saw this plane, this jet, an American Airlines jet, coming. And I thought, 'This doesn't add up, it's really low.' And I saw it. I mean it was like a cruise missile with wings. It went right there and slammed right into the Pentagon. Terrance Kean, who lived in a nearby apartment building, heard the noise of loud jet engines, glanced out his window, and saw
43416-485: Was evidently not as good as Hanjour's, as they keyed the wrong microphone and broadcast their message to the ground instead. No passengers aboard Flight 11 reported hearing any intercom messages. Two people on board the aircraft made a total of three phone calls to contacts on the ground. At 09:12, flight attendant Renee May made a phone call lasting just under two minutes to her mother, Nancy May, in Las Vegas. During
43632-473: Was found under the rubble, next to St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church at 157 Cedar Street. Both congregations were founded by Christians who had fled Ottoman oppression in the Middle East. Activists lobbied for the Museum to include a permanent exhibit about the neighborhood to "help the thousands of tourists who visit the site to understand that immigrants from Ottoman lands have played a patriotic role in
43848-537: Was going to the United Arab Emirates to work for an airline. Hanjour likely went to Afghanistan, where Al-Qaeda recruits were screened for special skills they might have. Already having selected the Hamburg cell members, Al Qaeda leaders selected Hanjour to lead the fourth team of hijackers. 'I guess I was the more senior agent. So I went up to the individual that had the ticket on the Yemeni cell,
44064-534: Was halted due to unpaid expenses. Work restarted in August 2020. The church fully opened for regular services on December 6, 2022, the Feast of Saint Nicholas . The 1-acre (0.4 ha) park, measuring 300 feet (91 m) long and located at a height of 20 feet (6.1 m), has a capacity of 750 people. A green wall is located on the Liberty Street facade. A walkway from the pedestrian bridge curves along
44280-513: Was met with criticism early in its planning and construction stages. The original design, which was asymmetrical, significantly shorter, and called for an off-center spire, was met with much disapproval, causing a new one to be devised. A key feature of the final design, the fortified, windowless base, was also denounced as looking dreary and unwelcoming. To alleviate this problem, the designers decided to clad it with prismatic glass panels. The name change from Freedom Tower to One World Trade Center
44496-450: Was met with some criticism. The then- Governor of New York , George Pataki , stated in 2003 that "[t]he Freedom Tower isn't going to be One World Trade Center, it's going to be the Freedom Tower." The design for the World Trade Center was finalized in 2005, but was revised extensively after the NYPD raised security concerns regarding various sites in the complex, which delayed the start of
44712-442: Was not included with the other first responders or the other victims whose remains were found in the wreckage of the North Tower. His name appears on the memorial's panel S-66 for World Trade Center victims (next to a blank space along the South Tower perimeter), with those who did not fit into the groups created by the memorial committee or who had a loose connection to the World Trade Center. Hamdani's mother, Talat, has campaigned for
44928-470: Was originally supposed to be relocated, but the most recent plans call for the church to be built in Liberty Park. On July 23, 2008, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey reached a deal with the leaders of the church for the Port Authority to acquire the 1,200-square-foot (110 m ) lot that the church occupied for $ 20 million, and relocate the church. Officials reneged in 2009, leading
45144-489: Was planning to be in Las Vegas for a friend's birthday on September 13, and initially insisted on traveling to Rome's Los Angeles studio on the 11th. However, this did not work for the show, which wanted him to travel on the day of the show. After a Rome staffer personally assured Thompson he would be able to travel from Los Angeles to Las Vegas immediately after the show, Thompson changed his travel plans. He would later feel
45360-413: Was presented to the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on October 19, 2011. In return for federal funding S.1537 would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to accept the donation by the memorial's board of directors of title to the National September 11 Memorial, contingent on agreement by the board, the governors of New York and New Jersey, the Mayor of New York and the Secretary of
45576-503: Was seated up front in 1B, while Salem and Nawaf al-Hazmi were likewise seated in first class, in seats 5E and 5F. Majed Moqed and Khalid al-Mihdhar were seated farther back in 12A and 12B, in economy class. Flight 77 left the gate on time and took off from Runway 30 at Dulles at 08:20. The attacks were already underway by this point, as American Airlines Flight 11 had been hijacked six minutes earlier. Shortly after Flight 77 became airborne, FAA flight controller Danielle O'Brien made
45792-523: Was selected as the architect for the building. Four renowned architects—including Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava , who designed the transit hub; One WTC designer David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill ; and the British architect Norman Foster of Foster and Partners , who designed Tower Two and masterminded the diamond design—would greatly enhance the street-level atmosphere of the rebuilt site. However, JPMorgan's March 2008 acquisition of Bear Stearns caused construction on 5 WTC to stagnate, as
46008-400: Was the "swap" in which Silverstein gave up his rights to the footprints of the Twin Towers so that they could become a memorial, and in exchange received the right to build five new office towers around the memorial. The "swap" and the ensuing negotiations, which lasted for many years, have been referred to as the most complex real estate transaction in human history because of the complexity of
46224-445: Was the highest-ranking military officer killed at the Pentagon; also killed was retired Rear Admiral Wilson Flagg , a passenger on the plane. LT Mari-Rae Sopper , JAGC, USNR, was also on board the flight, and was the first Navy Judge Advocate ever to be killed in action. Another 106 were injured on the ground and were treated at area hospitals. "I don't want to alarm anybody right now, but apparently – it felt just
46440-430: Was to begin in December 2014 when the removal of the temporary PATH station commenced. However, the original plans were shelved in September 2014. After a design was chosen in 2015, it was announced that Joshua Prince-Ramus was awarded the contract to design the building. In June 2016, the center was renamed after billionaire businessman Ronald Perelman , who donated $ 75 million to the center, and on September 8, 2016,
46656-407: Was within 12 minutes of striking the South Tower. Flight 93 had also become airborne from Newark at 08:42, but had been delayed on the runway for as long as 42 minutes and would not be seized until 09:28, preventing al-Qaeda's idea to synchronize its takeover with that of Flight 77. Three minutes after the hijacking began, according to the commission, the attackers on Flight 77 were in full control of
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