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72-658: The library system is named after the three rivers that course through Southeast Georgia: the St. Marys River , the Altamaha River , and the Satilla River . TRRLS is a member of PINES , a program of the Georgia Public Library Service that covers 51 library systems in 146 counties of Georgia. Any Georgia resident or property owner, any student at a Georgia college or university, any member of

144-405: A ceremonial purpose, and was a highly caffeinated Cassina tea , brewed from the leaves of the yaupon holly tree. The tea was consumed only by males in good status with the tribe. The drink was posited to have an effect of purification, and those who consumed it often vomited immediately. This drink was integral to most Timucua rituals and hunts. Spanish explorers were shocked at the height of

216-717: A leg. A crowd of Americans on the Georgia side of the river watched the entire battle. See Battle of Fort Peter Martin, Charles. Where the River Ends . New York, Broadway Books, 2008. ISBN   9780767926980 . An artist and his dying wife fulfill her wish of one last canoe ride from the headwaters of the St. Marys to the sea. Timucua The Timucua were a Native American people who lived in Northeast and North Central Florida and southeast Georgia . They were

288-407: A portion of the border between the U.S. states of Georgia and Florida . The river also serves as the southernmost point in the state of Georgia. The St. Marys River rises as a tiny stream, River Styx, flowing from the western edge of Trail Ridge, the geological relic of a barrier island/dune system, and into the southeastern Okefenokee Swamp. Arching to the northwest, it loses its channel within

360-519: A program of the University System of Georgia which stands for "GeorgiA LIbrary LEarning Online". This program offers residents in supported libraries access to over 100 databases indexing thousands of periodicals and scholarly journals. It also boasts over 10,000 journal titles in full text. Library patrons may access all databases inside the library and may use their PINES library card to access most databases from home. The region began as

432-406: A similar game in which balls were thrown, rather than kicked, at a goal post. The Timucua probably also played chunkey , as did the neighboring Apalachee and Guale peoples, but there is no firm evidence of this. Archery , running , and dancing were other popular pastimes. The chief had a council that met every morning when they would discuss the problems of the chiefdom and smoke. To initiate

504-512: A single political unit. Timucua tribes, in common with other peoples in Florida, engaged in limited warfare with each other. The standard pattern was to raid a town by surprise, kill and scalp as many men of the town as possible during the battle, and carry away any women and children that could be captured. The victors in such battles did not try to pursue their defeated enemies, and there were no prolonged campaigns. Laudonnière reported that after

576-540: A successful raid a tribe would celebrate its victory for three days and nights. The Timucua may have been the first American natives to see the landing of Juan Ponce de León , if that landing was near St. Augustine in 1513. However, claims have also been made for Ponce de Leon Inlet , the portion of an unnamed barrier island in Melbourne Beach , and Jupiter Inlet as the site of the landing. Later, in 1528, Pánfilo de Narváez 's expedition passed along

648-413: A village, but the mounds belonged to clans rather than villages. The Timucua were a semi-agricultural people and ate foods native to North Central Florida. They planted food crops such as maize (corn), beans , squash and other vegetables. Archaeologists' findings suggest that they may have employed crop rotation . In order to plant, they used fire to clear the fields of weeds and brush. They prepared

720-605: A wide section of interior North Florida. In the 16th century they designated the area north of the Santa Fe River between the St. Johns and Suwannee Rivers (roughly the area of the group known as the Northern Utina ) as the Timucua Province , which they incorporated into the mission system . The dialect spoken in that province became known as "Timucua" (now usually known as "Timucua proper"). During

792-517: Is evidence that the Mocoso spoke a dialect of Timucua, while the other chiefdoms of the Tampa Bay area spoke a different, unknown language. A chiefdom in central Florida (in southeastern Lake or southwestern Orange counties) led by Urriparacoxi may have spoken Timucua. "Urriparacoxi" was a Timucuan term for "war-prince". While leadership titles were borrowed between different languages in what

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864-500: Is now the southeastern United States, "Urriparacoxi" is not known to have been used by any group that did not speak Timucuan. Based on a vocabulary list collected from a man named Lamhatty in 1708, Swanton classified the Tawasa language as a dialect of Timucuan. Later scholars have noted that while the vocabulary items appear to be mostly related to Timucuan, Lamhatty's tribal identity remains uncertain. The largest and best known of

936-695: Is underway in Cuba to discover if any Timucua descendants exist there. Some historians believe a small group of Timucua may have stayed behind in Florida or Georgia and possibly assimilated into other groups such as the Seminoles. Many Timucua artifacts are stored at the Florida Museum of Natural History , the University of Florida and in other museums. The Timucua were divided into a number of different tribes or chiefdoms , each of which spoke one of

1008-655: Is unknown from later sources. However, both French and Spanish sources note a town named Eloquale or Etoquale in the Acuera chiefdom, suggesting that the Ocale may have migrated east and joined the Acuera. Hann has argued that the chiefdom of Mocoso , located near the mouth of the Alafia River on the eastern shore of Tampa Bay in the 16th century, was Timucuan. He suggests that the people of that chiefdom may have relocated to

1080-840: The Atlantic Ocean west to the Aucilla River in the Florida Panhandle , though it reached the Gulf of Mexico at no more than a couple of points. The name "Timucua" (recorded by the French as Thimogona but this is likely a misprint for Thimogoua ) came from the exonym used by the Saturiwa (of what is now Jacksonville ) to refer to the Utina , another group to the west of the St. Johns River . The Spanish came to use

1152-613: The Guale . They spoke the Itafi dialect of Timucua. The Yufera tribe lived on the coast opposite to Cumberland Island and spoke the Yufera dialect. The Ibi tribe lived inland from the Yufera, and had 5 towns located 14 leagues (about 50 miles) from Cumberland Island; like the Icafui and Cascangue they spoke the Itafi dialect. All these groups participated in a culture that was intermediate between

1224-598: The St. Johns River . After initial conflict, the Huguenots established friendly relations with the local natives in the area, primarily the Timucua under the cacique Saturiwa . Sketches of the Timucua drawn by Jacques le Moyne de Morgues , one of the French settlers, have proven valuable resources for modern ethnographers in understanding the people. The next year the Spanish under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés surprised

1296-491: The St. Johns culture or in unnamed cultures related to the Wilmington-Savannah culture , and were more focused on exploiting the resources of marine and wetland environments. All of the known Eastern Timucua tribes were incorporated into the Spanish mission system starting in the late 16th century. The Western Timucua lived in the interior of the upper Florida peninsula, extending to the Aucilla River on

1368-469: The Timucua language . The language is relatively well attested compared to other Native American languages of the period. This is largely due to the work of Francisco Pareja , a Franciscan missionary at San Juan del Puerto , who in the 17th century produced a grammar of the language, a confessional, three catechisms in parallel Timucua and Spanish, as well as a newly-discovered Doctrina . The Doctrina ,

1440-620: The United States Geological Survey , ) is a 126-mile-long (203 km) river in the southeastern United States . The river was known to the Timucua as Thlathlothlaguphka , or Phlaphlagaphgaw , meaning "rotten fish". French explorer Jean Ribault named the river the Seine when he encountered it in 1562. From near its source in the Okefenokee Swamp , to its mouth at the Atlantic Ocean , it forms

1512-582: The 17th century, the Province of Timucua was extended to include the area between the Suwannee River and the Aucilla River , thus extending its scope. Eventually, "Timucua" was applied to all speakers of the various dialects of the Timucua language. The Timucua were organized into as many as 35 chiefdoms, each of which had hundreds of people in assorted villages within its purview. They sometimes formed loose political alliances, but did not operate as

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1584-472: The 18th century. The word "Timucuan" may derive from "Thimogona" or "Tymangoua", an exonym used by the Saturiwa chiefdom of present-day Jacksonville for their enemies, the Utina , who lived inland along the St. Johns River . Both groups spoke dialects of the Timucua language . The French followed the Saturiwa in this usage, but the Spanish applied the term "Timucua" much more widely to groups within

1656-457: The British reached the three vessels, which were lashed in a line across the river. They consisted of a Spanish privateer schooner and her two British prizes, the ship Golden Grove and the brig Ceres , which the Spanish privateer had captured some two months earlier. The Spaniards had armed Golden Grove with eight 6-pounder guns and six swivels , and given her a crew of 50 men. The brig too

1728-793: The Brunswick Regional Library in 1949, with the existing Brunswick and Camden County libraries as members. The first regional meeting was held in Woodbine that year. The system was later renamed as the Brunswick-Glynn County Regional Library System in the 1960s. The regional library system was renamed as the Three Rivers Regional Library System in 2000, a nod to the three rivers -- the Altamaha,

1800-577: The French Huguenots under René Goulaine de Laudonnière established Fort Caroline in Saturiwa territory. The Saturiwa forged an alliance with the French, and at first opposed the Spanish when they arrived. Over time, however, they submitted to the Spanish and were incorporated into their mission system. The important Mission San Juan del Puerto was established at their main village; it was here that Francisco Pareja undertook his studies of

1872-424: The Huguenots and ransacked Fort Caroline, killing everyone but 50 women and children and 26 escapees. The rest of the French had been shipwrecked off the coast and picked up by the Spanish, who executed all but 20 of them; this brought French settlement in Florida to an end. These events caused a rift between the natives and Spanish, though Spanish missionaries were soon out in force. The Timucua history changed after

1944-514: The Satilla, and the St. Marys -- that tie the region together. Several existing or new libraries joined the region over the years: Charlton County (1952), Brantley County (1954), Wayne County (1955), McIntosh County (Ida Hilton Public Library) (1961), Long County (1961), St. Marys (1965), St. Simons Island (2007), Sapelo Island (Hog Hammock Public Library) (2008), Woodbine (2020), and Pierce County (2024). In 2012, Brunswick and St. Simons Island left

2016-634: The Spanish established St. Augustine in 1565 as the capital of their province of Florida . From here, Spanish missionaries established missions in each main town of the Timucuan chiefdoms, including the Santa Isabel de Utinahica mission in what is now southern Georgia, for the Utinahica . By 1595, the Timucuan population had shrunk by 75%, primarily from epidemics of new infectious diseases introduced by contact with Europeans, and war. By 1700,

2088-502: The Spanish noted more than 50 caciques (chiefs) subject to the head caciques of Santa Elena (Yustaga), San Pedro ( Tacatacuru , on Cumberland Island), Timucua (Northern Utina) and Potano. The Tacatacuru, Saturiwa and Cascangue were subject to San Pedro, while the Yufera and Ibi , neighbors of the Tacatacuru and Cascangue, were independent. Villages were divided into family clans, usually bearing animal names. Other villages bore

2160-532: The St. Johns and Wilmington-Savannah cultures. The Oconi lived further west, perhaps on the east side of the Okefenokee Swamp . Both the Ibi and Oconi eventually received their own missions, while the coastal tribes were subject to San Pedro on Cumberland Island. Up the St. Johns River to the south of the Saturiwa were the Utina , later known as the Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca (Freshwater) tribe. They lived along

2232-493: The Tawasa are never described as Timucua in the historical record despite frequent European encounters with them. Swanton suggests based on village placenames that the Tawasa were a confederacy of peoples with "Muskhogean, Timucua, and Yuchi affiliations." The Timucua were not a unified political unit. Rather, they were made up of at least 35 chiefdoms, each consisting of about two to ten villages, with one being primary. In 1601

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2304-608: The Three Rivers Regional Library System to form the Marshes of Glynn Libraries . Built in 1937 through efforts by the Works Progress Administration , the Wayne County Library started off with a small, inadequate building. By the end of 1938 many of the books in the collection were already in bad repair, and public funding of the library was minimal. Constant financial support was afforded to

2376-725: The Timucua Rebellion of 1656. North of the Potano, living in a wide area between the Suwannee and St. Johns Rivers, were the Northern Utina . This name is purely a convention; they were known as the "Timucua" to their contemporaries. They participated in the Suwannee Valley culture and spoke the "Timucua proper" dialect. The Northern Utina appear to have been less integrated than other Timucua tribes, and seem to have been organized into several small local chiefdoms, with

2448-595: The Timucua dialects. At the time of European contact, there were two major chiefdoms among the Mocama, the Saturiwa and the Tacatacuru , each of which had a number of smaller villages subject to them. The Saturiwa were concentrated around the mouth of the St. Johns in what is now Jacksonville , and had their main village on the river's south bank. European contact with the Eastern Timucua began in 1564 when

2520-415: The Timucua language. The Tacatacuru lived on Cumberland Island in present-day Georgia, and controlled villages on the coast. They too were incorporated into the Spanish mission system, with Mission San Pedro de Mocama being established in 1587. Other Eastern Timucua groups lived in southeastern Georgia. The Icafui and Cascangue tribes occupied the Georgia mainland north of the Satilla River , adjacent to

2592-474: The Timucua were introduced to European foods, including barley, cabbage, chickens, cucumbers, figs, garbanzo beans, garlic, European grapes, European greens, hazelnuts, various herbs, lettuce, melons, oranges, peas, peaches, pigs, pomegranates, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, watermelons, and wheat. The native corn became a traded item and was exported to other Spanish colonies. A black tea called " black drink " (or "white drink" because of its purifying effects) served

2664-526: The Timucua, who averaged four inches or more above them. Timucuan men wore their hair in a bun on top of their heads, adding to the perception of height. Measurement of skeletons exhumed from beneath the floor of a presumed Northern Utina mission church (tentatively identified as San Martín de Timucua) at the Fig Springs mission site yielded a mean height of 64 inches (163 cm) for nine adult males and 62 inches (158 cm) for five adult women. The conditions of

2736-429: The Timucuan population had been reduced to just 1,000. In 1703, Governor James Moore led a force of colonists from Carolina with allied Creek , Catawba , and Yuchi and launched slave raids against the Timucua, killing and enslaving hundreds of them. A census in 1711 found 142 Timucua-speakers living in four villages under Spanish protection. Another census in 1717 found 256 people in three villages where Timucua

2808-601: The Yustaga resisted Spanish missionary efforts until well into the 17th century. They maintained higher population levels significantly later than other Timucua groups, as their less frequent contact with Europeans kept them freer of introduced diseases. Like other Western Timucua groups, they participated in the Timucua Rebellion. The Asile, living immediately east of the Aucilla River, were described in early contact accounts as "a subject of Apalachee", and held some land on

2880-624: The bones and teeth indicated that the population of the mission had been chronically stressed. Each person was extensively tattooed. The tattoos were gained by deeds. Children began to acquire tattoos as they took on more responsibility. The people of higher social class had more elaborate decorations. The tattoos were made by poking holes in the skin and rubbing ashes into the holes. The Timucua had dark skin, usually brown, and black hair. They wore clothes made from moss, and cloth created from various animal skins. The Timucua groups, never unified culturally or politically, are defined by their shared use of

2952-531: The eastern Timucua groups were the Mocama , who lived in the coastal areas of what are now Florida and southeastern Georgia , from St. Simons Island to south of the mouth of the St. Johns River . They gave their name to the Mocama Province , which became one of the major divisions of the Spanish mission system. They spoke a dialect also known as Mocama (Timucua for "Ocean"), which is the best attested of

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3024-533: The end of the century the confederacy had crumbled, with most of the diminished population withdrawing to six towns further south on the St. Johns. The Acuera lived along the Ocklawaha River , and spoke the Acuera dialect. Unlike most of the other Timucuan chiefdoms, they maintained much of their traditional social structure during the mission period and are the only known Timucuan chiefdom to have missions in their territory for several decades, to have left

3096-600: The end the Garden Club has raised $ 6,000 to be used for the project. In order to incorporate the ideologies of the Garden Club with the wishes of the Public Library blueprints called for a library which included large windows and French doors looking out onto a grassed terrace, nestled in a grove of pine trees. Due to problems in construction the entire $ 6,000 fund was spent before the building saw completion. The City of Jesup provided $ 200 for plumbing and heating, and

3168-505: The food stored in the villages, forced women into concubinage, and forced men and boys to serve as guides and bearers. The army fought two battles with Timucua groups, resulting in heavy Timucua casualties. After defeating the resisting Timucuan warriors, Hernando de Soto had 200 executed, in what was to be called the Napituca Massacre, the first large-scale massacre by Europeans on what later became U.S. soil (Florida). De Soto

3240-402: The introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases . By 1595, their population was estimated to have been reduced from 200,000 to 50,000 and thirteen chiefdoms remained. By 1700, the population of the tribe had been reduced to an estimated 1,000 due to slave raids from Carolinian settlers and their Indian allies. The local slave trade completed their extinction as a tribe soon after the turn of

3312-409: The largest indigenous group in that area and consisted of about 35 chiefdoms , many leading thousands of people. The various groups of Timucua spoke several dialects of the Timucua language . At the time of European contact, Timucuan speakers occupied about 19,200 square miles (50,000 km ) in the present-day states of Florida and Georgia, with an estimated population of 200,000. Milanich notes that

3384-538: The leader of one being recognized as paramount chief. They were missionized beginning in 1597 and their territory was organized by the Spanish as the Timucua Province . Over time smaller provinces were merged into the Timucua Province, thereby increasing the profile of the Northern Utina substantially. They took the forefront in the Timucua Rebellion of 1656, and their society declined severely when it

3456-549: The library by the Georgia Library Commission for its first decade in order to stay afloat. Towards the beginning of 1950 the Tecoma Garden Club helped to alleviate some of the library's financial issues. The club first secured permission and petitioned interested parties for monies to construct a library space in the local Community House. The initial goal of $ 2,000 was met and exceeded, and in

3528-443: The many streams and lakes in the area; and collect freshwater and marine shellfish. The women gathered wild fruits, palm berries, acorns, and nuts; and baked bread made from the root koonti . Meat was cooked by boiling or over an open fire known as the barbacoa , the origin of the word barbecue . Fish were filleted and dried or boiled. Broths were made from meat and nuts. After the establishment of Spanish missions between 1595–1620,

3600-549: The meeting, the White Drink ceremony would be carried out (see "Diet" below). The council members were among the more highly respected members of the tribe. They made decisions for the tribe. The Timucua of northeast Florida (the Saturiwa and Agua Dulce tribes) at the time of first contact with Europeans lived in villages that typically contained about 30 houses, and 200 to 300 people. The houses were small, made of upright poles and circular in shape. Palm leaf thatching covered

3672-501: The military stationed in Georgia, and anyone who works in Georgia can get a free library card at any PINES library. Patrons who do not qualify for a free card may choose to pay an annual fee of $ 25.00 or a semi-annual fee of $ 12.50 and enjoy all the benefits of a free card. Patrons may use their PINES card at any PINES library to checkout, renew, or return items. Patrons may request items from any PINES library to be sent to their home library at no cost GPLS also provides access to GALILEO ,

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3744-514: The mission system, and to have remained in their original territory with much of their traditional culture and religious practices intact despite missionization. Three major Western Timucua groups, the Potano , Northern Utina , and Yustaga , were incorporated into the Spanish mission system in the late 16th and 17th centuries. The Potano lived in north central Florida, in an area covering Alachua County and possibly extending west to Cofa at

3816-611: The mouth of the Suwannee River . They participated in the Alachua culture and spoke the Potano dialect. They were among the first Timucua peoples to encounter Europeans. They were frequently at war with the Utina tribe, who managed to convince first the French and later the Spanish to join them in combined assaults against the Potano. They received missionaries in the 1590s and five missions were built in their territory by 1633. Like other Western Timucua groups they participated in

3888-461: The name of the residing chieftain. Children always belonged to their mother's clan. The Timucua played two related but distinct ball games. Western Timucua played a game known as the " Apalachee ball game ". Despite the name, it was as closely associated with the western Timucua as it was with the Apalachee . It involved two teams of around 40 or 50 players kicking a ball at a goal post. Hitting

3960-594: The nine or ten dialects of the Timucua language. The tribes can be placed into eastern and western groups. The Eastern Timucua were located along the Atlantic coast and on the Sea Islands of northern Florida and southeastern Georgia; along the St. Johns River and its tributaries; and among the rivers, swamps and associated inland forests in southeastern Georgia, possibly including the Okefenokee Swamp . They usually lived in villages close to waterways, participated in

4032-648: The pole frame, with a hole at the top for ventilation and smoke escape. The houses were 15 to 20 feet (4.5 to 6 m) across and were used primarily for sleeping. A village would also have a council house which would usually hold all of the villagers. Europeans described some council houses as being large enough to hold 3,000 people. If a village grew too large, some of the families would start a new village nearby, so that clusters of related villages formed. Each village or small cluster of related villages had its own chief. Temporary alliances between villages for warfare were also formed. Ceremonial mounds might be in or associated with

4104-470: The population density calculated from those figures, 10.4 per square mile (4.0/km ) is close to the population densities calculated by other authors for the Bahamas and for Hispaniola at the time of first European contact. The territory occupied by Timucua speakers stretched from the Altamaha River and Cumberland Island in present-day Georgia as far south as Lake George in central Florida, and from

4176-466: The post was worth one point, while landing it in an eagle 's nest at the top of the post was worth two; the first team to score eleven points was the victor. The western Timucua game was evidently less associated with religious significance, violence, and fraud than the Apalachee version, and as such missionaries had a much more difficult time convincing them to give it up. The eastern Timucua played

4248-617: The rest of the $ 2,000 deficit was raised through more efforts by the Garden Club. The library officially opened on November 9, 1949, and is the building which is still in use today. The library holds a WPA mural titled "General Oglethorpe Concludes a Treaty of Amity and Peace with the Creek Indians – May 18, 1733", painted in Jesup's United States post office in 1938 by David Hutchison . St. Marys River (Florida%E2%80%93Georgia) The St. Marys River (named Saint Marys River by

4320-565: The river from roughly the Palatka area south to Lake George . They participated in the St. Johns culture and spoke the Agua Dulce dialect. The area between Palatka and downtown Jacksonville was relatively less populated, and may have served as a barrier between the Utina and Saturiwa, who were frequently at war. In the 1560s the Utina were a powerful chiefdom of over 40 villages. However, by

4392-419: The soil with various tools, such as the hoe. Later the women would plant the seeds using two sticks known as coa . They also cultivated tobacco . Their crops were stored in granaries to protect them from vermin and the elements. Corn was ground into flour and used to make corn fritters . In addition to agriculture, the Timucua men would hunt game (including alligators, manatees, and maybe even whales); fish in

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4464-493: The swamp, then turns back to the southwest and reforms a stream, at which point it becomes the St. Marys River. Joined by another stream, Moccasin Creek, the river emerges from the Okefenokee Swamp at Baxter, Florida/Moniac, Georgia. It then flows south, then east, then north, then east-southeast intersecting I-95 near Yulee , and finally emptying its waters into the Atlantic, near St. Marys, Georgia and Fernandina Beach, Florida . The U.S. Board on Geographic Names discourages

4536-416: The term more broadly for other peoples in the area. Eventually it became the common term for all peoples who spoke what is known as Timucuan. While alliances and confederacies arose between the chiefdoms from time to time, the Timucua were never organized into a single political unit. The various groups of Timucua speakers practiced several different cultural traditions. The people suffered severely from

4608-454: The use of apostrophes in place names, including St. Marys River. On 6 July 1805, Lieutenant Robert Pigot of HMS  Cambrian arrived off the harbour in the French privateer schooner Matilda , which the British had captured three days earlier. On 7 July Pigot took Matilda twelve miles (nineteen kilometres) up the St Marys River to attack three vessels reported to be there. Along the way militia and riflemen fired on Matilda . Eventually

4680-426: The village of Mocoso in Acuera province in the 17th century. Some scholars such as Julian Granberry, have suggested that the Tawasa people of Alabama spoke a language related to Timucua based on lexical similarities. The only surviving written Tawasa text is an account from an indigenous man named Lamhatty. Others like Hann have cast doubt on this theory on the basis that only some words appear to be cognates, and that

4752-573: The west and into Georgia to the north. They usually lived in villages in hammocks , and participated in the Alachua , Suwannee Valley or other unknown cultures. Because of their environment, they were more oriented to exploiting the resources of the hammocks. Early 20th-century scholars such as John Swanton and John Goggin identified tribes and chiefdoms around Tampa Bay (in the Safety Harbor culture area) – including Tocobaga , Uzita , Pohoy , and Mocoso – as Timucua speakers, classified by Goggin as Southern Timucua. Hann has argued that there

4824-438: The western fringes of the Timucua territory. In 1539, Hernando de Soto led an army of more than 500 men through the western parts of Timucua territory, stopping in a series of villages of the Ocale , Potano , Northern Utina , and Yustaga branches of the Timucua on his way to the Apalachee domain (see list of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition for other sites visited by de Soto). His army seized

4896-402: The western side of the Aucilla in the territory of the Apalachee chief of Ivitachuco. Other Western Timucua tribes are known from the earliest Spanish records, but later disappeared. The most significant of these are the Ocale , who lived in Marion County , near the modern city of Ocala , which takes its name from them. Ocale was conquered by De Soto in 1538 and the people dispersed; the town

4968-485: Was armed with swivels and small arms. The Spanish schooner carried six guns and a crew of 70 men. Pigot engaged the vessels for an hour, and then after Matilda had grounded, took his crew in her boats and captured Golden Grove . The British then captured the other two vessels. Lastly, Pigot fired on a group of 100 militia, with a field gun, dispersing them. The British had two men killed, and 14 wounded, including Pigot, who had received two bullet wounds to head and one to

5040-516: Was in a hurry to reach the Apalachee domain, where he expected to find gold and sufficient food to support his army through the winter, so he did not linger in Timucua territory. The Acuera resisted the Spaniards de Soto's forces when de Soto's forces tried to seize stored food from Acuera towns, killing several of the Spaniards. In 1564, French Huguenots led by René Goulaine de Laudonnière founded Fort Caroline in present-day Jacksonville and attempted to establish further settlements along

5112-434: Was put down. On the other side of the Suwannee River from the Northern Utina were the two westernmost Timucuan groups, the Yustaga and the Asile. They lived between the Suwannee and the Aucilla River , which served as a boundary with the Apalachee . The Yustaga participated in the same Suwanee Valley culture as the Northern Utina, but appear to have spoken a different dialect, perhaps Potano . Unlike other Timucua groups,

5184-411: Was the language of the majority, although there were a few inhabitants with a different native language. The population of the Timucua villages was 167 in 1726. By 1759 the Timucua under Spanish protection and control numbered just six adults and five half-Timucua children. In 1763, when Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain, the Spanish took the less than 100 Timucua and other natives to Cuba. Research

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