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70-636: Members of the Wassamasaw Tribe claim descent from several Indigenous peoples of the Carolinas including the Etiwan , Edisto , Catawba , Cherokee , The Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians derives its name from Wassamasaw Swamp, a cypress swamp located in Berkeley County, South Carolina , in close proximity to Moncks Corner, South Carolina . The name and its variants date back to

140-723: A state-recognized tribe . In November 2009, the Wassamasaw Tribe was recognized by the South Carolina Commission of Minority Affairs as a state-recognized tribe and in the same year became a 501(c)(3) organization . The tribe is governed by an Executive Board, which consists of the Chief, Vice Chief, and five elected Tribal Council members. Other appointed tribal positions include the Secretary, Treasurer, Tribal Archivist, Enrollment Officer, and Tribal Historian. All Executive Board positions are filled through election of

210-531: A "state-recognized group" by South Carolina and later became a "state-recognized Tribe" in 2009. In 2009, the Wassamasaw numbered about 1,500 members, out of a total of 27,000 people that then identified as Native American in South Carolina. In order to be recognized by the South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs as a state-recognized tribe, the Wassamasaw had to show that members had existed as

280-549: A Spanish settlement on what is now Parris Island, South Carolina , was the capital of La Florida from 1566 to 1587. It was founded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , the first governor of Spanish Florida. There had been a number of earlier attempts to establish colonies in the area by both the Spanish and the French, who had been inspired by earlier accounts of the plentiful land of Chicora . Menéndez's Santa Elena settlement shifted

350-607: A bill setting the border. North Carolina's Senate also passed a bill, which also had to clear the House . North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory signed his state's bill in June. Three families who actually lived in North Carolina had South Carolina addresses, and 16 South Carolina residents had believed they lived in North Carolina. On December 9, 2016, McCrory announced that he signed a four-page executive order formally defining

420-517: A community for at least a century. While conducting research necessary for state-recognition, tribal members provided records showing that an "Indian Mary", who identified as an Edisto , married a Varnertown resident during the nineteenth century. This discovery led at least one columnist, Bo Petersen, to speculate that the modern Wassamasaw Tribe might be the last living link to the Edisto tribe, who were previously believed to have been so decimated during

490-601: A more significant industrial base than most Southern states. As mechanization increased in farming, along with textiles, apparel, and furniture jobs shifting because of globalization , combined with the decline of the tobacco industry, many rural and small urban communities suffered economically. During the late 20th century, both states began to experience growth in the technological and banking sectors, bringing jobs, population growth, and new economic industries. These changes, as with earlier industrialization, were more pronounced in North Carolina, with South Carolina experiencing

560-575: A physician. She grew up in the family home in Bloomfield , the younger of two daughters in the Post family. Her parents divorced when she was thirteen and she was sent to boarding school , spending time at home with her mother in Greenwich Village when not at school. Here she met many artists and musicians and became interested in dance. She studied at The New School . Post trained as

630-467: A region of small farms and factories heavily dependent on just a few labor-intensive crops, relying on sharecropping and tenancy , especially for black laborers. The Carolinas are distinct for their economic dependence on tobacco as well as on cotton and rice, and for their many small-scale furniture, textile , and tobacco factories. These industries gave the Carolinas, particularly North Carolina,

700-540: A sizeable community, and became the base of operations for the Jesuits and military working in the northern zone of Spanish Florida . From this base the Spanish founded a number of other ephemeral forts as far inland as the Appalachian Mountains , but resistance from local Native American tribes and the lack of interest of Spain in the area, caused these to be abandoned, relocated or destroyed. Santa Elena

770-702: A slower rate of economic growth for several years. Since the 1980s, North Carolina has emerged as a financial hub with Charlotte becoming the second-largest financial district in the United States after New York City. Charlotte is headquarters to several major publicly traded corporations such as Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the East Coast operations of Wells Fargo , and Centene Corporation , as well as six other Fortune 500 companies, including Lowe's , Duke Energy , Nucor , Honeywell , Brighthouse Financial , and Sonic Automotive . According to

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840-584: A smaller unionist presence, although the Upstate region of the state was a haven for Confederate Army deserters and resisters, as they used the Upstate topography and traditional community relations to resist service in the Confederate ranks. The culture of the Carolinas is a distinct subset of larger Southern culture . Notably, the coastal Carolinas region was settled by Europeans over a century before

910-584: A teacher, and went to work in a small town in Massachusetts . Here she saw the reality of the Depression and the problems of the poor. When the school closed she went to Europe to study with her sister Helen. Helen was studying with Trude Fleischmann , a Viennese photographer. Marion Post showed Fleischmann some of her photographs and was told to stick to photography. While in Vienna she saw some of

980-728: The American Civil War (1861–1865), South Carolina was the first Southern state to secede from the Union, while North Carolina was the second to last state to secede. South Carolina was generally one of the strongest supporters of the Confederacy . The war began in Charleston, South Carolina, where cadets of the South Carolina Military Academy, known as The Citadel , fired the opening shots at

1050-566: The Board of Trade in London two years earlier, Burrington had "insisted that the Waccamaw should be the boundary from its mouth to its head," while South Carolina agreed the border should be located 30 miles (48 km) from the mouth , not the source. Johnson said this was "only a mistake in wording it." Both Carolinas selected commissioners to survey the line between them. The plan called for

1120-951: The Coca-Cola 600 , the Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race , and the Bank of America 500 . Marion Post Wolcott Marion Post Wolcott (June 7, 1910 – November 24, 1990) was an American photographer who worked for the Farm Security Administration during the Great Depression , documenting poverty , the Jim Crow South, and deprivation. Marion Post was born in Montclair, New Jersey on June 7, 1910, to Marion ( née Hoyt; known as "Nan") and Walter Post,

1190-750: The Nazi attacks on the Jewish population and was horrified. Soon she and her sister had to return to America for safety. She went back to teaching but also continued her photography and became involved in the anti-fascist movement. At the New York Photo League she met Ralph Steiner and Paul Strand who encouraged her. When she found that the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin kept sending her to do "ladies' stories", Ralph Steiner took her portfolio to show Roy Stryker , head of

1260-885: The Pelicans . At that time, the Hornets also regained sole ownership of the pre-relocation history of the original Charlotte Hornets. The Hurricanes formed in 1971 as the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association . After the NHL-WHA merger in 1979, they joined the NHL as the Hartford Whalers until 1997 when they relocated to Raleigh, North Carolina . Currently, the Hurricanes are

1330-609: The Province of Carolina during America's early colonial period, from 1663 to 1712. Prior to that, the land was considered part of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia , from 1609 to 1663. The province was named Carolina to honor King Charles I of England . Carolina is taken from the Latin word for "Charles", Carolus . The region was claimed as part of the Spanish territory named La Florida by Ponce de Leon in 1513. Santa Elena ,

1400-559: The Santee Indian Organization , claimed jurisdiction over all Indigenous people of Berkeley County. A few residents of Varnertown were enrolled at White Oak Community during this time. Members of Varnertown independently organized in 2001 as a nonprofit in anticipation of South Carolina beginning to award official state-recognition to communities within the state. In 2005, the Wassmasaw Tribe was recognized as

1470-793: The U.S. Department of Agriculture under Franklin Roosevelt . They married, and Marion Post Wolcott continued her assignments for the FSA, but resigned shortly thereafter in February 1942. Wolcott found it difficult to fit in her photography around raising a family and a great deal of traveling and living overseas. In the 1970s, a renewed interest in Post Wolcott's images among scholars rekindled her own interest in photography. In 1978, Wolcott mounted her first solo exhibition in California, and by

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1540-657: The West Indies and Barbados . In 1729 the Province of Carolina was divided when the descendants of seven of the eight Lords Proprietors sold their shares back to the Crown. Only the heirs of Sir George Carteret retained their original rights to what would become the Granville District . Both the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina became British Crown Colonies in 1729. During

1610-400: The colonial era and is thought to mean "connecting water" in an unknown Indigenous language . The 'Wassamassaw' variant of the word is a palindromic place name . Varnertown is the name of a historically distinct Indigenous community situated in Berkeley County, South Carolina . Varnertown derives its name from William and Mary Varner, who were progenitors of the community that lived during

1680-504: The 1813–1815 survey and GPS technology. A few stone markers still read, "NC/SC 1815 AD " but other locations were marked with trees which no longer stand. South Carolina had recently been involved in a costly legal battle with Georgia over a small number of islands in the Savannah River , and wanted to avoid the expense of a lawsuit regarding the North Carolina border, so the two states agreed in 1993 to cooperate in resurveying

1750-621: The 1980s the Smithsonian and the Metropolitan Museum of Art began to collect her photographs. The first monograph on Marion Post Wolcott's work was published in 1983. Wolcott was an advocate for women's rights; in 1986, Wolcott said: "Women have come a long way, but not far enough. . . . Speak with your images from your heart and soul" (Women in Photography Conference, Syracuse, N.Y.). Post Wolcott's work

1820-477: The 20th century, South Carolina was a bastion of the " solid Democratic South " with almost no Republican officeholders, and the state frequently elected politicians who were outspoken supporters of racial segregation . North Carolina, while mostly Democratic , contained a large Republican minority – the state voted Republican in the presidential election of 1928 and elected several Republican congressmen, governors, and senators from 1868 to 1928 – and North Carolina

1890-524: The Cape Fear headwaters were very close to Virginia, which would not have "permitted any extension on the part of North Carolina to the westward." In 1732, Governor George Burrington of North Carolina stated in Timothy's Southern Gazette that territory north of the Waccamaw was in North Carolina, to which Johnson replied that South Carolina claimed the land. Johnson also said that when the two met before

1960-574: The Carolinas first formed during the late 20th century. The oldest pro team in the Carolinas, the NBA's Charlotte Hornets, were established in 1988, while the youngest, Major League Soccer 's Charlotte FC , were established in 2019. The Hornets were known as the Bobcats from 2004 to 2014, and were renamed the Hornets again in May 2014, one season after the former New Orleans Hornets decided to rebrand themselves as

2030-625: The Confederacy alive, because of their deepwater ports in Wilmington and Charleston. These two cities were key in supplying Southern armies with weapons, clothing, and ammunition, and producing food and provisions for Southern civilians. A Unionist presence would persist throughout North Carolina during the Civil War, with North Carolina forming its own Union Army regiments . In South Carolina, no Union Army regiments were formed due to

2100-679: The Lords Proprietor title to all of the land from the southern border of the Virginia Colony at 36 degrees north to 31 degrees north (along the coast of present-day Georgia). The establishment of separate colonies did not officially occur until 1729, when seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interests in Carolina to the Crown , and both North Carolina and South Carolina became royal colonies. In 1665,

2170-525: The Pee Dee crossed the 35th parallel. An extension of the line in 1737 ran 22 miles (35 km) to a stake in a meadow. However, the stake placed at the endpoint of the survey was 12 miles (19 km) too far south. In 1764, a second extension ran 62 miles (100 km) westward. In 1772, after making adjustments to keep the Catawba Indians in South Carolina, "extended in a due west course from

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2240-651: The Prefatory Notes to Volume 5 of the Colonial Records of North Carolina , the process of determining the boundary between North and South Carolina began in 1720 "when the purpose to erect a third Province in Carolina, with Savannah for its northern boundary" began. On 8 January 1730 an agreement between the two colonies said for the border "to begin 30 miles (48 km) southwest of the Cape Fear River , and to be run at that parallel distance

2310-540: The Tribal membership. All tribal offices are 4-year terms. The tribe also has a Council of Elders who serve in an advisory capacity to the Executive Board In 1977, members of Varnertown were relatively hostile to outsider investigators, unless they were of Indigenous descent, and did not openly express an interest in obtaining recognition as a tribe. The tribe was largely unknown, even to local historians, until

2380-527: The Union Ship Star of the West . North Carolina was also a key Confederate state, raising and supplying many regiments of soldiers to the Confederacy. At Gettysburg, one in four Confederate soldiers was from North Carolina, despite the fact that some North Carolinians (especially in the western part of the state) refused to support the Confederacy. North Carolina's Civil War governor, Zebulon Vance ,

2450-452: The Wassamasaw Tribe began receiving letters of support from the surrounding Cities and Towns for their Federal Recognition. On 7/28/23 Representative Nancy Mace introduced a bill to extend Federal Recognition to the Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians. Carolinas The Carolinas , also known simply as Carolina , are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina considered collectively. They are bordered by Virginia to

2520-981: The border between the two states based on the 20 years of work. The Carolinas have three professional sports teams in the Big Four major leagues : the Carolina Panthers of the NFL , the Charlotte Hornets of the NBA , and the Carolina Hurricanes of the NHL . Supported by both states, the three teams are all based in NC, with two in Charlotte and the third in Raleigh. Professional sports franchises in

2590-430: The border. The effort included using colonial-era maps to reconstruct the positions of trees marking the border that had long since died, and tracking down the original positions of stone markers that had been moved. After 18 years and $ 980,000, it was predicted that the process of determining the border between the Carolinas would be complete in 2012. Financial problems delayed the last survey until October 2012, meaning

2660-409: The challenges youth face in affording to live in the community. The tribe also faces challenges with county grants, as new developments have changed the greater community’s economic status without improving the native community. Members of the Wassamasaw have given presentations at Edisto Beach State Park , as part of the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources' public event series. In 2022

2730-522: The charter was revised slightly, with the northerly boundary extended to 36 degrees 30 minutes north to include the lands of the Albemarle Settlements along the Albemarle Sound , which had been settled mainly by Virginians migrating south. Likewise, the southern boundary was moved south to 29 degrees north, just south of present-day Daytona Beach, Florida , which had the effect of including the existing Spanish settlement at St. Augustine, an unenforceable overreach of English power. The charter also granted all

2800-408: The coast. Then they turned northwest and marked the location with stakes. The surveyors agreed to meet again on September 18. However, only the North Carolina team returned at that time, extending the line northwest 70 miles (110 km). The South Carolina team arrived in October and followed the previous line for only 40 miles (64 km) because they had not been paid. A deputy surveyor marked where

2870-423: The colonial era by war and disease that no living trace of them remained. In 1938, the WPA photographer Marion Post Wolcott took a photo of Geneva Varner Clark of Varnertown alongside her three children. Varner identified as Native American, referring to herself as a Summerville Indian. This is the only known photo of members of a Lowcountry Indigenous community housed in the Library of Congress . The caption of

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2940-406: The community also attended The Pine View Indian School that was established in 1934 at Ten Mile Hill area (present-day Rivers Avenue) in North Charleston. The effects of the civil rights movement led members of that generation to reclaim their heritage, and descendants now increasingly identify as Wassamasaw. Tribal Administrator, Lisa Leach, now Collins, led the effort toward state-recognition for

3010-474: The community. The small amount of Filipino ancestry in other Indigenous communities in the Lowcountry, comes from intermarriage with members of Varnertown. Historically, the Wassamasaw lost touch with their culture and crafts but have been working to revive lost traditions since the 1960s. Since becoming state-recognized, the Wassamasaw can sell arts and crafts identified as "Native American". The Wassamasaw Tribal Council have continued to spread awareness through

3080-419: The confluence of the north and south forks of the Catawba River to Tryon Mountain ." However, this extension was based on the erroneous position of the 1737 stake, removing 422,000 acres (1,710 km ) from South Carolina. Joseph Caldwell , president of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , found that the line west of the Pee Dee did not run along the 35th parallel, but 12 miles (19 km) to

3150-452: The country's two most politically similar states, according to a comparison of the states along a range of 19 variables performed by the statistician Nate Silver in 2008. Historically, like much of the South, the Carolinas economy was one based around agriculture production. The predominance of certain crops would help influence the regional economy: Like other [Southern] states, until after World War II , North Carolina remained primarily

3220-451: The differences between the two states, Gunther noted that, in 1947, divorce in North Carolina "may be granted simply on the ground of absence of cohabitation; South Carolina is the one American state in which divorce is not possible." Despite North Carolina being a swing state in presidential elections since the early 21st century, and South Carolina being one that reliably votes for Republican presidential candidates , they are technically

3290-400: The early twentieth century. A historical marker erected by the Berkeley County Historical Society at Carnes Crossroads has commemorated Varnertown since 2007. On March 7, 2001, the Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians first formed as a nonprofit , being originally called the Wassamasaw Tribe. The nonprofit was recognized as a "state-recognized group" in 2005 prior to obtaining recognition as

3360-431: The focus of Spanish colonial efforts northward from St. Augustine , which had been established in 1565 to drive the French from their colony of Fort Caroline . Santa Elena was ultimately built at the site of the abandoned French outpost of Charlesfort , founded in 1562 by Jean Ribault . The establishment of Santa Elena followed the destruction of the French Fort Caroline by Menéndez in 1565. The Spanish settlement housed

3430-428: The greater community of Monck's Corner, Summerville, Goose Creek, Charleston, and North Charleston with yearly Native American Heritage Month Proclamations since 2018. The Wassamasaw Tribe is working to preserving their land and cultural heritage in Berkeley & Dorchester counties as they confront increasing pressures on their community. Chief Lisa Collins of the tribe expressed concerns about rising property taxes and

3500-462: The inland regions of the South. There was a particular early influence of Caribbean culture , especially from the English colony of Barbados ; from which came many of the early governors during the unified period . Though the two states both make up part of the Southern United States, there are historically a number of differences in the settlement patterns, political development, and economic growth between North and South Carolina. During most of

3570-435: The land, between these northerly and southerly bounds, from the Atlantic Ocean, westward to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, an even more unenforceable overreach. Between 1663 and 1729 there were many disagreements relating to defense, governance and the difference between the two differing agrarian styles employed by the inhabitants of the Colony of Virginia and that practiced by the planters arriving to Charles Town from

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3640-401: The line of 1772 until 1813. A 1905 survey determined the border between Scotland County, North Carolina and Marlboro County, South Carolina . A 1928 survey decided the border between Horry County, South Carolina and Brunswick and Columbus counties in North Carolina. In the mid-1990s, Duke Power determined that the border between the Carolinas needed to be re-surveyed, as the company

3710-410: The line to run northwest to 35 degrees latitude , unless the Pee Dee River was reached first, in which case it would run along the Pee Dee to 35 degrees north. Then the line would run west to Catawba town , though if the town were north of the line, the line was to run around Catawba to keep it in South Carolina. In May 1735, the surveyors went from the Cape Fear westward 30 miles (48 km) along

3780-428: The most successful after their 2006 Stanley Cup championship marked the first professional sports title for the region. In 2019, a Major League Soccer team was awarded to Charlotte, and begin play in 2022. Bank of America Stadium currently hosts three major sporting events, the Duke's Mayo Bowl , the Belk Kickoff Game and the ACC Championship Game . Charlotte Motor Speedway hosts three major NASCAR events,

3850-444: The name, in honor of that king, of Carolana". " Carolus is Latin for 'Charles'. The charter was unrealized and later ruled invalid. On March 24, 1663, Charles II issued a new charter to a group of eight English noblemen, granting them the land of Carolina, as a reward for their faithful support of his efforts to regain the throne of England. The eight were called Lords Proprietor or simply Proprietors . The 1663 charter granted

3920-426: The new state, and continue in the same schools. Lake Wylie Minimarket could be grandfathered , or Congress could change the defined border at the store's location, though the commission intended to avoid such an action. As of August 2014, the states were expected to pass legislation to mitigate many of the negative impacts to affected landowners. On June 1, 2016, the South Carolina House of Representatives passed

3990-443: The north, Tennessee to the west, and Georgia to the southwest. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east. Combining North Carolina's population of 10,439,388 and South Carolina's of 5,118,425, the Carolinas have a collective population of 15,557,813 as of 2020. If the Carolinas were a single state of the United States, it would be the fifth-most populous state , behind California, Texas, Florida, and New York. The Carolinas were known as

4060-459: The past two centuries gradually intermarried with their European American and African American neighbors. The three most predominate surnames associated with Varnertown are Varner, Dangerfield, and Clark. During the 1930s, Filipino immigrants who had come to South Carolina via the Charleston Naval Shipyard also married into the tribe. This introduced surnames like Alfaro, Garcia, Ricafrenti, Bugaisan, Villanova, Rameres, Surrell, and Soreano into

4130-475: The photography division of the Farm Security Administration , and Paul Strand wrote a letter of recommendation. Stryker was impressed by her work and hired her immediately. Post's photographs for the FSA often explore the political aspects of poverty and deprivation. They also often find humour in the situations she encountered. In 1938, the WPA photographer Marion Post Wolcott took a photo of Geneva Varner Clark of Varnertown alongside her three children. Varner

4200-445: The photos identifies Varner as a Brass Ankle , a derogatory term used to refer to someone of mixed race that passes as white . During the era of racial segregation , a state-supported Indian school, called the Varner School, existed in Varnertown between 1939 and 1962. Its enrollment varied between eleven and twenty-seven pupils at a time. The Varner School was always listed as a white school in official state records. Some members of

4270-780: The results were not expected to be known until Spring 2013. It was found that a gas station and 30 homes could change states. Lake Wylie Mini Market has been located in South Carolina, along U.S. Route 321 , and the move to North Carolina would result in higher gas taxes and change laws on beer and fireworks . The state legislatures involved expect to pass laws alleviating the concerns those changing states would face. The Joint Boundary Commission met in February 2014 in Monroe, North Carolina , to determine what actions still needed to be taken. The persons living in 50 homes that changed states would have to get driver's licenses and register to vote in their new states. Legislative action could allow people to keep utilities, avoid back taxes to

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4340-417: The south. However, the western part of the line ran far enough to the north to make up for the difference. West of this point the border was shifted to run north of the 35th parallel so that the total areas of the states would return to what was intended, although the accuracy of this part of the survey was marred by a magnetic anomaly in the Charlotte, North Carolina area. North Carolina did not agree to

4410-408: The tribe and this status was obtained in November 2009. The tribe also claims descent from remnants of the Catawba , Etiwan , Edisto, and Cherokee , who began to intermarry during the early eighteenth century following the Yamasee War . Members of the Wassamasaw Tribe has been considered more racially mixed than individuals from other Lowcountry Indigenous communities, having over the course of

4480-485: The twenty-first century, having lived apart for generations along the road between Summerville and Moncks Corner . Historians have noted that while a great number of individuals of Indigenous descent live within the area of Berkeley County , the only distinct settlement is the community of Varnertown. During the late 1970s the Santees lived in communities known as White Oak of Orangeburg County and Varnertown of Berkeley County. The White Oak Indians, now state-recognized as

4550-412: The whole course of said river;" The next June Governor Robert Johnson of South Carolina said the border should start 30 miles (48 km) southwest of the source of the Cape Fear "due west as far as the South Sea", unless the " Waccamaw River lyes [sic] within 30 miles (48 km) of the Cape Fear river," which would make the Waccamaw the boundary. North Carolina agreed to this until the discovery that

4620-460: Was a resident of the community who at the time identified as Native American, referring to herself as a Summerville Indian. This is the only known photo of members of a Lowcountry indigenous community housed in the Library of Congress . The caption of the photos identifies Varner as a Brass Ankle , a derogatory term used to refer to someone of mixed race that passes as white . In 1941 she met Leon Oliver Wolcott, deputy director of war relations for

4690-426: Was an outspoken critic of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and frequently refused to obey Davis's orders for reinforcements and supplies; Vance insisted the soldiers and supplies would be needed for North Carolina's Confederate effort. However, during the seven days' battles, North Carolina did send large numbers of troops for the general aid of the South as a whole. The Carolinas were both instrumental in keeping

4760-425: Was selling and donating land in the Jocassee Gorge area, which included parts of both states. Also, with more people living outside cities, the precise boundaries of fire, tax, and school district lines needed to be known. This was especially a problem in the mountains, where people had previously lived in valleys, not on the ridges where the border was. A 15-year plan to re-establish the boundary began, using maps from

4830-428: Was ultimately abandoned in 1587, with its survivors relocating to St. Augustine. The Spanish never pressed their colonial claims to the area again, focusing on other areas of the American continent. The territory was thereafter left to the native Americans until October 30, 1629, when Charles I granted a patent to his attorney-general, Sir Robert Heath , for the lands south of 36 degrees and north of 31 degrees , "under

4900-420: Was widely known as one of the more progressive Southern states on the issue of segregation and civil rights. In 1947, the journalist John Gunther wrote, "that North Carolina is by a good deal the most progressive Southern state will, I imagine, be agreed to by almost everybody." On the other hand, he described South Carolina as "one of the poorest American states, and probably one of the balkiest." In describing

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