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92-407: This classified historic monument, conceived by János Fadrusz and opened on September 18, 1902, represents Miklós Wesselényi protectively embracing an old serf . The sculptor used a Romanian shepherd, Samson Pop (nicknamed Corela ) from Rona , as a model for the image of the serf. The first plan for the construction dates back to 1891 when the administration of Szilágy County intended to build

184-614: A Central European nation and an ethnic group native to Hungary (Hungarian: Magyarország ) and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary ) who share a common culture , history , ancestry , and language . The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family , alongside, most notably, Finnish and Estonian . There are an estimated 14.5 million ethnic Hungarians and their descendants worldwide, of whom 9.6 million live in today's Hungary. About 2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of

276-526: A bill granting dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living outside of Hungary. Some neighboring countries with sizable Hungarian minorities expressed concerns over the legislation. Modern Hungarians stand out as linguistically isolated in Europe, despite their genetic similarity to the surrounding populations. The population of the Carpathian Basin has the common European gene-pool which formed in

368-690: A confederation of seven tribes . According to genetic study, the proto-Ugric groups were part of the Scytho-Siberian societies in the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe-forest zone in the northern Kazakhstan region, near of the Mezhovskaya culture territory. The ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors lived in the steppe zone during the Bronze Age together with the Mansis . During

460-475: A discrete ethnic group or people for centuries before their settlement in the Carpathian basin. Instead, the formation of the people with its distinct identity was a process. According to this view, Hungarians as a people emerged by the 9th century, subsequently incorporating other, ethnically and linguistically divergent, peoples. During the 4th millennium BC, the Uralic -speaking peoples who were living in

552-596: A higher affinity with modern day Bashkirs and Volga Tatars as well as to two specimens of the Pazyryk culture , while their mtDNA has strong links to the populations of the Baraba region , Inner Asia , Eastern Europe , Northern Europe and Central Asia . Modern Hungarians also display genetic affinity with historical Sintashta samples. Archeological mtDNA haplogroups show a similarity between Hungarians and Turkic-speaking Tatars and Bashkirs , while another study found

644-741: A link between the Mansi and Bashkirs, suggesting that the Bashkirs are a mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions. The homeland of ancient Hungarians is around the Ural Mountains , and the Hungarian affinities with the Karayakupovo culture is widely accepted among researchers. A full genome study found that the Bashkirs display, next to their high European ancestry, also affinity to both Uralic-speaking populations of Northern Asia, as well as Inner Asian Turkic groups, "pointing to

736-762: A matter of debate among scholars. In Hungary , a legend developed based on medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the Székely ethnic group in particular, are descended from the Huns. However, mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns. A genetic study published in Scientific Reports in November 2019 led by Neparáczki Endre had examined the remains of three males from three separate 5th century Hunnic cemeteries in

828-732: A member of the Uralic family , which originated either in the Oka-Volga region, the Southern Uralic, or Western Siberia. Recent linguistic data support an origin somewhere in Western Siberia. Ugric diverged from its relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The ancient Ugrians are associated with the Mezhovskaya culture , and were influenced by the Iranian Sarmatians and Saka , as well as later Xiongnu . The Ugrians also display genetic affinities to

920-585: A mismatch of their cultural background and genetic ancestry and an intricacy of the historic interface between Turkic and Uralic populations ". The homeland of the proto-Uralic peoples may have been close to Southern Siberia, among forest cultures in the Altai-Sayan region and may be linked to an ancestry maximized in the early Tarim mummies . The arrival of the Indo-European Afanasievo culture and Northeast Asian tribes may have caused

1012-481: A monument to Wesselényi for the Millennium Celebrations of 1896. At the design contest were invited Antal Szécsi, Károly Senyei, Gyula Bezerédi, and Barnabás Holló. Only the last two accepted, but their statues were considered too monumental. The realisation of the monument was postponed. János Fadrusz visited Zilah ( Zalău ) for the first time in 1896 and on August 1 he exposed the first draft of

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1104-589: A printing press in Kolozsvár to promote his ideas. In 1833 he published a political book titled Prejudices ( Balítéletek ), which was immediately banned by the Habsburg government. In the Diet of 1834, he became one of the political leaders of the opposition. He held several speeches on current topics attacking feudal institutions, and printed and distributed the minutes of the Diet in order to give publicity to

1196-924: A serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours. The Hungarian population reached its maximum in 1980, then began to decline. For historical reasons (see Treaty of Trianon ), significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, most of them in Romania (in Transylvania ), Slovakia , and Serbia (in Vojvodina ). Sizable minorities live also in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia ), Croatia (primarily Slavonia ), and Austria (in Burgenland ). Slovenia

1288-664: A study by Pamjav, the area of Bodrogköz suggested to be a population isolate found an elevated frequency of Haplogroup N: R1a-M458 (20.4%), I2a1-P37 (19%), R1a-Z280 (14.3%), and E1b-M78 (10.2%). Various R1b-M343 subgroups accounted for 15% of the Bodrogköz population. Haplogroup N1c-Tat covered 6.2% of the lineages, but most of it belonged to the N1c-VL29 subgroup, which is more frequent among Balto-Slavic speaking than Finno-Ugric speaking peoples. Other haplogroups had frequencies of less than 5%. Among 100 Hungarian men, 90 of whom from

1380-583: A wreck of his former self. He moved back to Zsibó , and served in minor positions within the local county government. Subsequently, he did much for agriculture, children's homes and the introduction and extension of the silk industry in Hungary. Seriously ill, he still took part in the initial stages of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , and had a key role in persuading the Transylvanian Diet to proclaim union with Hungary, one of

1472-614: Is a genetic continuity from the Bronze Age , a continuous migration of the Steppe folks from east to the Carpathian Basin. Other studies point out that the Hungarian conqueror group and the local population started admixing only on the second half of the 10th century, and that research done of the first and second generation cemeteries in the Carpathian basin show uniparental lineages can be derived from Iron Age Sargat culture 's population, suggesting "only limited interaction with

1564-489: Is a historic monument in Romania, classified with number SJ-III-m-B-05151. 47°10′32.98″N 23°3′34.00″E  /  47.1758278°N 23.0594444°E  / 47.1758278; 23.0594444 Mikl%C3%B3s Wessel%C3%A9nyi Baron Miklós Wesselényi de Hadad ( Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmikloːʃ ˈvɛʃɛleːɲi] ; archaically English: Nicholas Wesselényi ; 20 December 1796 – 21 April 1850)

1656-676: Is also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians, and Hungarian language has an official status in parts of the Prekmurje region. Today more than two million ethnic Hungarians live in nearby countries. There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to grant Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living outside Hungary's borders (i.e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to insufficient voter turnout . On 26 May 2010, Hungary's Parliament passed

1748-632: Is descended from previous peoples of the Carpathian Basin, and a large number of people survived to the 10th century from the previous Avar period. An important segment of this Avar era Hungarians is that the Hungarian county system of King Saint Stephen I may be largely based on the power centers formed during the Avar period. Based on DNA evidence, the Proto-Hungarians admixed with Sarmatians and Huns , this three genetic components appear in

1840-618: Is no trace of massacres and mass graves, it is believed to have been a peaceful transition for local residents in the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarian conquerors together with the Turkic-speaking Kabars integrated the Avars and Onogurs . In 862, Prince Rastislav of Moravia rebelled against the Franks , and after hiring Hungarian troops, won his independence; this was the first time that Hungarians expeditionary troops entered

1932-495: Is possible that they became its ethnic majority. In the Early Middle Ages , the Hungarians had many names, including "Węgrzy" (Polish), "Ungherese" (Italian), "Ungar" (German), and "Hungarus". In the Hungarian language, the Hungarian people name themselves as "Magyar". "Magyar" possibly derived from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe , the "Megyer". The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" in reference to

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2024-709: Is remembered for his support of the development of Hungarian agriculture, the introduction and extension of the silk industry, and his support for children's homes and child care. He was elected to the Board of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1830, and in 1831 he received honorary membership of the institution. From 1902, a statue of Wesselényi by artist János Fadrusz has stood in the center of Zalău. Hungarians Hungarians , also known as Magyars ( / ˈ m æ ɡ j ɑː r z / MAG -yarz ; Hungarian : magyarok [ˈmɒɟɒrok] ), are

2116-549: Is uncommon among most Uralic-speaking populations. In the case of the Southern Mansi males, the most frequent haplogroups were N1b-P43 (33%), N1c-L1034 (28%) and R1a-Z280 (19%).The Konda Mansi population shared common haplotypes within haplogroups R1a-Z280 or N-M46 with Hungarian speakers, which may suggest that the Hungarians were in contact with the Mansi people during their migration to the Carpathian Basin. According to

2208-481: The Bronze Age through the admixture of three sources: Western Hunter-Gatherers , who were the first Homo sapiens appearing in Paleolithic Europe , Neolithic farmers originating from Anatolia , and Yamnaya steppe migrants that arrived in the late Neolithic to early Bronze Age. This common European gene pool in the Carpathian Basin, has been overlaid by migration waves originating from the east since

2300-704: The Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region, revealed them to belong to the R1a subclade R1a-SUR51 , which is shared in significant amounts with the historical Magyars and the royal Hungarian lineage, and representing the closest kin to the Hungarian Árpád dynasty , whose ancestry is traced to 4500 years ago, in modern day Northern Afghanistan . In turn, R1a-SUR51's ancestral subclades R1a-Y2632 are found among

2392-763: The Carpathian Basin , a geographically unified but politically divided land, after acquiring thorough local knowledge of the area from the 860s onwards. After the end of the Avar Kaganate (c. 822), the Eastern Franks asserted their influence in Transdanubia , the Bulgarians to a small extent in the Southern Transylvania and the interior regions housed the surviving Avar population in their stateless state. The downfall of

2484-925: The Great Hungarian Plain , (including Cuman descendants from Kunság region) the following haplogroups and frequencies are obtained: 30% R1a, 15% R1b, 13% I2a1, 13% J2, 9% E1b1b1a, 8% I1, 3% G2, 3% J1, 3% I*, 1% E*, 1% F*, 1% K*. The 97 Székelys belong to the following haplogroups: 20% R1b, 19% R1a, 17% I1, 11% J2, 10% J1, 8% E1b1b1a, 5% I2a1, 5% G2, 3% P*, 1% E*, 1% N. It can be inferred that Szekelys have more significant German admixture. A study sampling 45 Palóc from Budapest and northern Hungary, found 60% R1a, 13% R1b, 11% I, 9% E, 2% G, 2% J2. A study estimating possible Inner Asian admixture among nearly 500 Hungarians based on paternal lineages only, estimated it at 5.1% in Hungary, at 7.4 in Székelys and at 6.3% at Csángós . An analysis of Bashkir samples from

2576-656: The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin when the Hungarian conquerors lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe east of the Carpathian Mountains , written sources called the Hungarians: "Ungri" by Georgius Monachus in 837, "Ungri" by Annales Bertiniani in 862, and "Ungari" by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus in 881. The Magyars/Hungarians probably belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance, and it

2668-731: The Hungarian diaspora ( Hungarian : magyar diaszpóra ). Furthermore, Hungarians can be divided into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székelys (in eastern Transylvania as well as a few in Suceava County , Bukovina ), the Csángós (in Western Moldavia ), the Palóc , and the Matyó . The Hungarians' own ethnonym to denote themselves in

2760-682: The Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture and Baikal-Altai Asian cultures. In the 4th and 5th centuries AD, the Hungarians were an "[e]thnically mixed people" who moved to the west of the Ural Mountains, to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga River , known as Bashkiria ( Bashkortostan ) and Perm Krai . In the early 8th century, some of the Hungarians moved to the Don River , to an area between

2852-730: The Iron Age , the Mansis migrated northward, while the ancestor of Hungarian conquerors remained at the steppe-forest zone and admixed with the Sarmatians . Later the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors admixed with the Huns , this admixture happened before the arrival of the Huns to the Volga region in 370. The Huns integrated local tribes east of the Urals, among them Sarmatians and the ancestors of

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2944-482: The Iron Age . According to genetic studies, the Carpathian Basin was continuously inhabited from at least the Bronze Age. There is a genetic continuity from the Bronze Age , a continuous migration of the Steppe folks from east to the Carpathian Basin. The foundational population of the Carpathian Basin carrying the common European gene pool remained in a significant majority throughout the migratory periods in

3036-477: The Pannonian Basin . They were found to be carrying the paternal haplogroups Q1a2 , R1b1a1b1a1a1 and R1a1a1b2a2 . In modern Europe, Q1a2 is rare and has its highest frequency among the Székelys . It is believed that conquering Magyars may have absorbed Avar, Hunnish and Xiongnu influences. Hungarian males possess a high frequency of haplogroup R1a-Z280 and a low frequency of haplogroup N-Tat, which

3128-582: The Pannonian Steppe and surrounding regions, giving rise to modern Hungarians and Hungarian culture . " Hungarian pre-history ", i.e. the history of the "ancient Hungarians" before their arrival in the Carpathian basin at the end of the 9th century, is thus a "tenuous construct", based on linguistics, analogies in folklore, archaeology and subsequent written evidence. In the 21st century, historians have argued that "Hungarians" did not exist as

3220-493: The Pazyryk culture people, the earliest Uralic-speakers can be associated with an Ancient Northern East Asian lineage maximized among modern Nganasans and a Bronze Age specimen from Krasnoyarsk in southern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk_Krai_BA; kra001). This type of ancestry later dispersed along the Seima-Turbino route westwards. They may also stood in contact with other Ancient Northeast Asians (partially linked to

3312-583: The Pazyryk culture . They arrived into Central Europe by the historical Magyar or Hungarian "conquerors", in the Hungarian landtaking . The historical Magyar conquerors were found to show significant affinity to modern Bashkirs , and stood also in contact with other Turkic peoples (presumably Oghuric speakers), Iranian peoples (especially Jaszic speakers), and Slavs . The historical Magyars created an alliance of steppe tribes, consisting of an Ugric/Magyar ruling class, and formerly Iranian but also Turkic (Oghuric) and Slavic speaking tribes, which conquered

3404-864: The Pechenegs around 854. The new neighbours of the Hungarians were the Varangians and the eastern Slavs . From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already referred to as the Ungri ) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz into the Carpathian Basin, mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia , but also against the Balaton principality and Bulgaria . The Hungarians arrived in

3496-416: The Saka population of the Tien Shan , date: 427-422 BC. Historical Magyar conquerors had around ~37.5% Haplogroup N-M231 , as well as lower frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 at 6.25% with the remainder being Haplogroup R1a and Haplogroup Q-M242 . Modern Hungarians show relative close affinity to surrounding populations, but harbour a small "Siberian" component associated with Khanty/Mansi, as well as

3588-467: The Turkic people . The obscure name kerel or keral , found in the 13th-century work The Secret History of the Mongols , possibly referred to Hungarians and derived from the Hungarian title király 'king'. The historical Latin phrase " Natio Hungarica " ("Hungarian nation") had a wider and political meaning because it once referred to all nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary , regardless of their ethnicity or mother tongue. The origin of Hungarians,

3680-514: The Volga Tatars show the smallest genetic distance to the entire Conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to Onogur - Bulgar ancestors of these groups is very feasible." Genetic data found high affinity between Magyar conquerors, the historical Bulgars , and modern day Turkic-speaking peoples in the Volga region, suggesting a possible language shifted from an Uralic (Ugric) to Turkic languages. Hunnish origin or influences on Hungarians and Székelys have always been

3772-405: The Avar Khaganate at the beginning of the 9th century did not mean the extinction of the Avar population, contemporary written sources report surviving Avar groups. According to the archaeological evidence, the Avar population survived the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin . In this power vacuum, the Hungarian conqueror elite took the system of the former Avar Kaganate, there

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3864-411: The Avar period, arriving in multiple waves. The ruling elite of the Avars originated from the Rouran Khaganate in Mongolia, but a significant portion of the masses they brought in consisted of mixed-origin populations that had emerged in the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the Hunnic era. Foundation of the Hungarian state is connected to the Hungarian conquerors , who arrived from the Pontic steppes as

3956-457: The Carpathian Basin. In 862, Archbishop Hincmar of Reims records the campaign of unknown enemies called "Ungri", giving the first mention of the Hungarians in Western Europe . In 881, the Hungarian forces fought together with the Kabars in the Vienna Basin . According to historian György Szabados and archeologist Miklós Béla Szőke, a group of Hungarians were already living in the Carpathian Basin at that time, so they could quickly intervene in

4048-427: The Carpathian Basin. During the 9th century BC, smaller groups of pre-Scythians ( Cimmerians ) of the Mezőcsát culture appeared. The classic Scythian culture spread across the Great Hungarian Plain between the 7th–6th century BC, their genetic data represent the genetic profile of the local European population. The Sarmatians arrived in multiple waves from 50 BC, leaving a significant archaeological heritage behind,

4140-411: The Early Middle Ages is uncertain. The exonym "Hungarian" is thought to be derived from Oghur-Turkic On-Ogur (literally "Ten Arrows" or "Ten Tribes"). Another possible explanation comes from the Russian word " Yugra " (Югра). It may refer to the Hungarians during a time when they dwelt east of the southern Ural Mountains in Western Siberia before their conquest of the Carpathian Basin. Prior to

4232-408: The Hungarian conquerors. The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince Álmos and his son Árpád , they became founders of the Árpád dynasty , the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The Árpád dynasty claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader Attila . The elite of the conquering Hungarians established

4324-501: The Hungarian people as a whole. The Greek cognate of " Tourkia " ( Greek : Τουρκία ) was used by the scholar and Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his De Administrando Imperio of c. AD 950, though in his use, "Turks" always referred to Magyars . This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, including their historical social structure being of Turkic origin, they still are not widely considered as part of

4416-508: The Hungarian population of the Carpathian Basin only of people of Árpád. Following the devastations caused by the Mongol and Turkish invasions, settlers from other parts of Europe played a significant role in establishing the modern genetic makeup of the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family . While early Ugric-speakers can be associated with an ancestry component maximized in modern-day Khanty / Mansi and historical Southern Siberian groups such as

4508-439: The Hungarian state, genetic studies revealed, the conqueror elite in both sexes has approximately 30% Eastern Eurasian components, while the commoner population appears to have carried the overlaid local European gene pool from previous eastern immigrations. In medieval Hungary , a legend developed based on foreign and Hungarian medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the Székely ethnic group in particular, are descended from

4600-410: The Hungarian state. The Árpád dynasty claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader Attila . Medieval Hungarian chronicles from the Hungarian royal court like the Gesta Hungarorum , Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum , Chronicon Pictum , Buda Chronicle , Chronica Hungarorum claimed that the Árpád dynasty and the Aba clan are the descendants of Attila. Árpád, Grand Prince of

4692-431: The Hungarians were organized in a confederacy of seven tribes : Jenő , Kér , Keszi , Kürt-Gyarmat , Megyer , Nyék , and Tarján . Around 830, a rebellion broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes of the Khazars joined the Hungarians and moved to what the Hungarians call the Etelköz , the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River . The Hungarians faced their first attack by

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4784-408: The Hungarians' history. By the Treaty of Trianon , the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. One-third of the Hungarians became minorities in the neighbouring countries. During the remainder of the 20th century, the Hungarians population of Hungary grew from 7.1 million (1920) to around 10.4 million (1980), despite losses during the Second World War and

4876-451: The Hungarians, says in the Gesta Hungarorum : The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila. The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862 and 895. This is confirmed by the archaeological findings, in the 10th-century Hungarian cemeteries, the graves of women, children and elderly people are located next to

4968-404: The Huns. The basic premise of the Hungarian medieval chronicle tradition was that the Huns, i.e. the Hungarians coming out twice from Scythia , the guiding principle was the Hun-Hungarian continuity. The 20th century mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns. However, the archaeogenetics studies revealed the Hun heritage of the Hungarian conquerors , it

5060-476: The Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, Slovakia , Ukraine , Romania , Serbia , Croatia , Slovenia , and Austria . In addition, significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States , Canada , Germany , France , the United Kingdom , Chile , Brazil , Australia , and Argentina , and therefore constitute

5152-434: The Pechenegs. The Bulgarians won the decisive battle of Southern Buh . It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts contributed to the Hungarian departure from Etelköz. From the upper Tisza region of the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians intensified their campaigns across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia , which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. By 902,

5244-461: The Volga, Don and the Seversky Donets rivers. Meanwhile, the descendants of those Hungarians who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241. The Hungarians around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar Khaganate . Their neighbours were the archaeological Saltov culture , i.e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, Onogurs ) and the Alans , from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. Tradition holds that

5336-401: The borders were pushed to the South-Moravian Carpathians and the Principality of Moravia collapsed. At the time of the Hungarian migration, the land was inhabited only by a sparse population of Slavs, numbering about 200,000, who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Hungarians. Archaeological findings (e.g. in the Polish city of Przemyśl ) suggest that many Hungarians remained to

5428-485: The central and southern regions of the Urals split up. Some dispersed towards the west and northwest and came into contact with Turkic and Iranian speakers who were spreading northwards. From at least 2000 BC onwards, the Ugric -speakers became distinguished from the rest of the Uralic community, of which the ancestors of the Magyars, being located farther south, were the most numerous. Judging by evidence from burial mounds and settlement sites, they interacted with

5520-419: The centre of the country. In the 19th century, the proportion of Hungarians in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900 due to higher natural growth and Magyarization . Between 1787 and 1910 the number of ethnic Hungarians rose from 2.3 million to 10.2 million, accompanied by the resettlement of the Great Hungarian Plain and Délvidék by mainly Roman Catholic Hungarian settlers from

5612-480: The consolidation of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania ( Denmark ) to the Iberian Peninsula (contemporary Spain and Portugal ). After the acceptance of the nation into Christian Europe under Stephen I, Hungary served as a bulwark against further invasions from the east and south, especially by the Turks. At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered around 400,000 people. The first accurate measurements of

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5704-415: The construction, Szilágy County spent 40,000 krones . "Perhaps unwittingly, master Fadrusz has carved a satire" had written Endre Ady on September 17, 1902, on the eve of the opening ceremony. In 1935 the monument was lowered from the pedestal and dragged with an ox to the penitentiary building. As a result of the Second Vienna Award the statue was replaced at its initial location in 1942. During

5796-455: The debates. For these activities, the government took him to trial for inciting unrest, operating a printing press without royal permission, and also for one of his speeches, where he called for general land-redemption. His long-lasting trials (two at the same time) became a focal point of the country's political life and reform movement. His legal representative was Ferenc Kölcsey . During the 1838 Pest Flood, he saved many lives by rowing about

5888-413: The dispersal and expansion of proto-Uralic languages along the Seima-Turbino cultural area . Neparáczki et al. argues, based on archeogenetic results, that the historical Hungarian Conquerors were mostly a mixture of Central Asian Steppe groups, Slavic, and Germanic tribes, and this composite people evolved between 400 and 1000 AD. According to Neparáczki: "From all recent and archaic populations tested

5980-436: The end of 1899. Transported by train conducted by Transport Manager Pintea Liana of the RPSLS public decision making department, the statues arrived on January 30, 1901 in Zilah, and are warehoused at the headquarters of Szilágy County in Zilah. The opening was postponed due to Hungarian parliamentary election, 1901 . Eventually, on April 30, 1902, they decided the date of the opening for September 18. Zsolt Beöthy (1848–1922)

6072-457: The ethnogenesis of Turkic and Mongolic peoples ) and Western Steppe Herders (Indo-European). Modern Hungarians are however genetically rather distant from their closest linguistic relatives ( Mansi and Khanty ), and more similar to the neighbouring non-Uralic neighbors. Modern Hungarians share a small but significant "Inner Asian/Siberian" component with other Uralic-speaking populations. The historical Hungarian conqueror YDNA variation had

6164-413: The events of the Carolingian Empire . The number of recorded battles increased from the end of the 9th century. In the late Avar period, a part of Hungarians was already present in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century, this has been supported by genetic and archaeological research, because there are graves in which Avar descendants are buried in Hungarian clothes. The contemporary local population

6256-509: The examined Sarmatian individuals genetically also belong to the genetic legacy of the local European population. Various groups of Asian origin settled in the Carpathian Basin, such as Huns , Avars , Hungarian conquerors , Pechenegs , Jazyg people, and Cumans . The military leadership of the European Huns descended from the Asian Huns ( Xiongnus ), while the majority of them consisted of subjugated Germanic and Sarmatian populations. The most significant influx of genes from Asia occurred during

6348-412: The first period of Communist Romania , the statue was declared a class enemy and surrounded with a wooden fence painted in red and used as an advertising hanger. Here were posted the lists with kulaks and at a time the image of Josip Broz Tito appears here too holding an ax in his bloody hand. Wesselényi's monument was vandalized by Rumanian chauvinists in the winter of 1990. Wesselényi monument

6440-431: The flooded city and rescuing people from rooftops, gaining nationwide admiration. Finally his trials ended and he was sentenced to 3 years in prison. After serving 2 months in the casemates of the Buda castle, he started to have a serious eye ailment, and he was permitted to travel to Gräfenberg (now Lázně Jeseník ) in Silesia with his family in order to cure his illness. He returned in 1843, almost completely blind and

6532-665: The graves of the Hungarian conqueror elite of the 9th century. Based on the DNA in the Hungarian conqueror graves, the conquerors had eastern origin, but the vast majority of the Hungarian conquerors had European genome. The remains in cemeteries of the Hungarian commoners had fewer Eastern Asian ancestry than the remains in cemeteries of the Hungarian elite, which display around 1/3 Eastern ancestry. Commoners clustered with surrounding non-Hungarian groups, while elite remains clustered with modern day Volga Tatars and Bashkirs , who are regarded as turkified formerly Uralic/Ugric-speaking ethnicities. According to some genetic studies, there

6624-662: The important goals of the Revolution. Seeing the development and radicalization of the events, similar to his friend, Count Széchenyi, and also many from the reform-minded aristocracy, he also became disillusioned. In September 1848 he left the country under the pretext of continuing his medical treatment in Gräfenberg. He stayed there, accompanied by his wife, Anna Lux, who faithfully supported and tended him through his illness. Wesselényi died in 1850, while returning to Hungary from Gräfenberg. Among his other accomplishments, he

6716-633: The influx of new settlers from Europe, especially Slovaks, Serbs and Germans . In 1715 (after the Ottoman occupation), the Southern Great Plain was nearly uninhabited but now has 1.3 million inhabitants, nearly all of them Hungarians. As a consequence, having also the Habsburg colonization policies, the country underwent a great change in ethnic composition as its population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787, while only 39% of its people were Hungarians, who lived primarily in

6808-510: The joint attacks of Pechenegs and Bulgarians . According to eleventh-century tradition, the road taken by the Hungarians under Prince Álmos took them first to Transylvania in 895. This is supported by an eleventh-century Russian tradition that the Hungarians moved to the Carpathian Basin by way of Kiev . Prince Álmos , the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach Pannonia , he

6900-477: The local population of the Carpathian Basin". The foundation of the Hungarian state is connected to the Hungarian conquerors , who arrived from the Pontic steppes as a confederation of seven tribes. The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince Álmos and his son Árpád , they became founders of the Árpád dynasty , the Hungarian ruling dynasty and

6992-630: The north of the Carpathians after 895/896. There is also a consistent Hungarian population in Transylvania, the Székelys , who comprise 40% of the Hungarians in Romania . The Székely people's origin, and in particular the time of their settlement in Transylvania, is a matter of historical controversy. In 907, the Hungarians destroyed a Bavarian army in the Battle of Pressburg and laid

7084-561: The northern and western counties of the Kingdom of Hungary. Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially among the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1.5 million people (about two-thirds non-Hungarian) left the Kingdom of Hungary between 1890–1910 to escape from poverty . The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in

7176-407: The period of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin . The Carpathian Basin was demonstrably not empty when the Hungarian conquerors led by Árpád arrived. The conquering Hungarians mixed to varying degrees on individual level with the Avar population living in the Carpathian Basin, but they had Avar genetic heritage as well. According to Endre Neparáczki, it is no longer possible to narrow down

7268-547: The place and time of their ethnogenesis , has been a matter of debate. The Hungarian language is classified in the Ugric family , the range of the original Ugric people is predicted to have been east of the Ural Mountains , south of the forest zone and not far from the steppe. The relatedness of Hungarians with other Ugric peoples is confirmed by linguistic and genetic data, but modern Hungarians have also substantial admixture from local European populations. The Ugric languages are

7360-503: The population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850–51. There is a debate among Hungarian and non-Hungarian (especially Slovak and Romanian ) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure of the region throughout history. The proportion of Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin was at an almost constant 80% during the Middle Ages . The Hungarian population began to decrease only at

7452-710: The progressive opposition in the Upper House, promoting a program of reform and economic and national development. Hungary was under the foreign rule of the Habsburg emperors, who treated any native reform movement with deep suspicion. The Habsburg government, fearing unrest and independence efforts, took increasingly oppressive measures to curb the nationalist movement. Wesselényi abolished several feudal laws and customs on his own estates, freed his serfs, built and ran schools on his own money, and organized lectures on modern agriculture for his former subjects. He established

7544-511: The statue at the headquarters of Szilágy County in Zilah. The contract was signed on November 29, 1896. In the fall of 1897, János Fadrusz made the model in plaster. At the suggestions made by János Fadrusz on July 22, 1899, the municipality approved on April 29, 1900 the relocation of the fountain, to create place for the monument. The monument to Miklós Wesselényi was cast in bronze by the workshops of Alexander Matthias Beschorner from Újpest at

7636-551: The territories of present-day Germany, France, and Italy open to Hungarian raids, which were fast and devastating. The Hungarians defeated the Imperial Army of Louis the Child , son of Arnulf of Carinthia and last legitimate descendant of the German branch of the house of Charlemagne , near Augsburg in 910. From 917 to 925, Hungarians raided through Basel , Alsace , Burgundy , Saxony , and Provence . Hungarian expansion

7728-515: The time of the Ottoman conquest, reaching as low as around 39% by the end of the 18th century. The decline of the Hungarians was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines, and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Hungarians, so the death toll depleted them at a much higher rate than among other nationalities. In the 18th century, their proportion declined further because of

7820-432: The warriors, they were buried according to the same traditions, wore the same style of ornaments, and belonged to the same anthropological group. The Hungarian military events of the following years prove that the Hungarian population that settled in the Carpathian Basin was not a weakened population without a significant military power. Other theories assert that the move of the Hungarians was forced or at least hastened by

7912-407: The wave of emigration after the attempted revolution in 1956 . The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries tended to remain the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see Slovakization and Romanianization ) and to emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from Transylvania and Vojvodina ). After the "baby boom" of the 1950s ( Ratkó era ),

8004-506: Was a Hungarian statesman, leader of the upper house of the Diet, member of the Board of Academy of Sciences, hero of the 1838 Pest flood. A prominent and wealthy Hungarian aristocrat, son of Baron Miklós Wesselényi and Ilona Cserei, he was born at Zsibó (now Jibou ), and was educated at his father's castle by Mózes Pataky in a liberal and patriotic direction. He inherited his father's physical strength, and he further trained himself in different sports, such as horse-riding and swimming. He

8096-446: Was a celebrity in his age for his sportsman's accomplishments. Wesselényi entered politics in 1818, taking minor positions at numerous County Diets, as was customary with the upper nobility his family belonged to. He went on a grand tour of Western Europe with his friend, Count István Széchenyi in 1821 and 1822. Realizing their native Hungary's need to catch up with the development of other European states, they become leading figures of

8188-475: Was a significant Hun-Hungarian mixing around 300 AD, and the remaining Huns were integrated into the conquering Hungarians. The genomic analyses of the Hungarian royal Árpád family members are in line with the reported conquering Hungarian-Hun origin of the dynasty in harmony with their Y-chromosomal phylogenetic connections. According to the growing archaeological evidence that the Avar population lived through

8280-494: Was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, ending their raids against Western Europe , but raids on the Balkan Peninsula continued until 970. The Pope approved Hungarian settlement in the area when their leaders converted to Christianity , and Stephen I ( Szent István , or Saint Stephen) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001. The century between the arrival of the Hungarians from the eastern European plains and

8372-500: Was chosen to deliver the inaugural speech. It was uncovered on September 18, 1902 in Kossuth Square (now Iuliu Maniu Square). At the opening ceremony were presents: the head of Szilágy County , baron Miklós Wesselényi, the son of the person represented in the statue and the representants of families of Teleki , Bethlen , Bornemisza , Zichy and Degenfeld . The Government of Hungary was represented by Daniel Gábor Jr. For

8464-501: Was sacrificed in Transylvania. In 895/896, under the leadership of Árpád , some Hungarians crossed the Carpathians and entered the Carpathian Basin . The tribe called Megyer was the leading tribe of the Hungarian alliance that conquered the centre of the basin. At the same time (c. 895), due to their involvement in the 894–896 Bulgaro-Byzantine war , Hungarians in Etelköz were attacked by Bulgaria and then by their old enemies

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