Stylometry is the application of the study of linguistic style , usually to written language. It has also been applied successfully to music, paintings, and chess.
103-457: " Wilhelmus van Nassouwe ", known simply as " Wilhelmus ", is the national anthem of both the Netherlands and its sovereign state, the Kingdom of the Netherlands . It dates back to at least 1572, making it the oldest national anthem in use today, provided that the latter is defined as consisting of both a melody and lyrics. Although "Wilhelmus" was not recognized as the official national anthem until 1932, it has always been popular with parts of
206-470: A psalmic character with political relevancy, "Wilhelmus" stands as the pre-eminent example of the genre. The melody of "Wilhelmus" was borrowed from a well-known Roman Catholic French song titled Autre chanson de la ville de Chartres assiégée par le prince de Condé (or Chartres in short). This song ridiculed the failed Siege of Chartres in 1568 by the Huguenot (Protestant) Prince de Condé during
309-700: A royal anthem in the European fashion for the Kingdom of Vietnam . Following the reinstating of La Marseillaise in 1830 , in the wake of the July Revolution , as the national anthem of France, it became common for newly formed nations to define national anthems, notably as a result of the Latin American wars of independence , for Argentina (1813), Peru (1821), Brazil (1831) but also Belgium (1830). Consequently, adoption of national anthems prior to
412-707: A 't zuur zal ik ontvangen van God mijn Heer het zoet, daarnaar zo doet verlangen mijn vorstelijk gemoed: dat is, dat ik mag sterven met ere in dat veld, een eeuwig rijk verwerven als een getrouwe held. N iets doet mij meer erbarmen in mijne wederspoed dan dat men ziet verarmen des Konings landen goed. Dat u de Spanjaards krenken, o edel Neerland zoet, als ik daaraan gedenke, mijn edel hart dat bloedt. A ls een prins opgezeten met mijner heireskracht, van de tiran vermeten heb ik de slag verwacht, die, bij Maastricht begraven, bevreesden mijn geweld; mijn ruiters zag men draven zeer moedig door dat veld. Z o het de wil des Heren op die tijd
515-847: A Dutch and ancient line, I dedicate undying Faith to this land of mine. A prince I am, undaunted, Of Orange, ever free, To the king of Spain I've granted A lifelong loyalty. I 've ever tried to live in The fear of God's command And therefore I've been driven, From people, home, and land, But God, I trust, will rate me His willing instrument And one day reinstate me Into my government. L et no despair betray you, My subjects true and good. The Lord will surely stay you Though now you are pursued. He who would live devoutly Must pray God day and night To throw His power about me As champion of your right. L ife and my all for others I sacrificed, for you! And my illustrious brothers Proved their devotion too. Count Adolf, more's
618-592: A chronology of Plato's Dialogues . The development of computers and their capacities for analyzing large quantities of data enhanced this type of effort by orders of magnitude. The great capacity of computers for data analysis, however, did not guarantee good quality output. During the early 1960s, Rev. A. Q. Morton produced a computer analysis of the fourteen Epistles of the New Testament attributed to St. Paul, which indicated that six different authors had written that body of work. A check of his method, applied to
721-466: A claim to represent the entire nation and stand above factions, the House of Orange decided to break with the song which served them as heads of a faction, and the "Wilhelmus" was replaced by Hendrik Tollens ' song " Wien Neêrlands Bloed ", which was the official Dutch anthem from 1815 until 1932. However, the "Wilhelmus" remained popular and lost its identification as a factional song, and on 10 May 1932, it
824-529: A display of points that correspond to an author's style. If two literary works are placed on the same plane, the resulting pattern may show if both works were by the same author or different authors. Stylometric data are distributed according to the Zipf–Mandelbrot law . The distribution is extremely spiky and leptokurtic , the reason why researchers could not use statistics to solve e.g. authorship attribution problems. Nevertheless, usage of Gaussian statistics
927-650: A lord with me. But God the Lord did save me From exile and its hell And, in His mercy, gave him A realm in Israel. F ear not 't will rain sans ceasing The clouds are bound to part. I bide that sight so pleasing Unto my princely heart, Which is that I with honor Encounter death in war, And meet in heaven my Donor, His faithful warrior. N othing so moves my pity As seeing through these lands, Field, village, town and city Pillaged by roving hands. O that
1030-413: A neural network program reached 70% accuracy in determining the authorship of poems it had not yet analyzed. This study from Vrije Universiteit examined identification of poems by three Dutch authors using only letter sequences such as "den". A study used deep belief networks (DBN) for authorship verification model applicable for continuous authentication (CA). One problem with this method of analysis
1133-534: A particular author, be associated idiosyncratically with the use of other, predictable words. The diffusion of the internet has shifted the authorship attribution attention towards online texts (web pages, blogs, etc.) electronic messages (e-mails, tweets, posts, etc.), and other types of written information that are far shorter than an average book, much less formal and more diverse in terms of expressive elements such as colors , layout , fonts , graphics , emoticons , etc. Efforts to take into account such aspects at
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#17327758441271236-489: A pious Servant of Thine for aye And drive the plagues that try us And tyranny away. M y God, I pray thee, save me From all who do pursue And threaten to enslave me, Thy trusted servant true. O Father, do not sanction Their wicked, foul design, Don't let them wash their hands in This guiltless blood of mine. O David, thou soughtest shelter From King Saul's tyranny. Even so I fled this welter And many
1339-471: A preference for a certain stress or emphasis pattern, or that an author tends to follow a sequence of long sentences with a short one. One of the first approaches to authorship identification, by Mendenhall, can be said to aggregate its observations without averaging them. More recent authorship attribution models use vector space models to automatically capture what is specific to an author's style, but they also rely on judicious feature engineering for
1442-427: A striking number of similarities between his style and the style of the national anthem. The complete text comprises fifteen stanzas . The anthem is an acrostic : the first letters of the fifteen stanzas formed the name "Willem van Nassov" ( Nassov was a contemporary orthographic variant of Nassau ). In the current Dutch spelling the first words of the 12th and 13th stanzas begin with Z instead of S. Like many of
1545-615: A symbol of cultural unity with the Netherlands. Yearly rallies like the " IJzerbedevaart " and the "Vlaams Nationaal Zangfeest" close with singing the 6th stanza, after which the Flemish national anthem " De Vlaamse Leeuw " is sung. An important set of variations on the melody of "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe" is that by the blind carillon -player Jacob van Eyck in his mid-17th century collection of variations Der Fluyten Lust-hof . The royal anthem of Luxembourg (called " De Wilhelmus ")
1648-538: A text or over the entire collected works of an author, yielding measures such as average word length or average sentence length. This enables a model to identify authors who have a clear preference for wordy or terse sentences but hides variation: an author with a mix of long and short sentences will have the same average as an author with consistent mid-length sentences. To capture such variation, some experiments use sequences or patterns over observations rather than average observed frequencies, noting e.g. that an author shows
1751-940: A tsuer sal ick ontfanghen Van Godt mijn Heer dat soet, Daer na so doet verlanghen Mijn Vorstelick ghemoet: Dat is dat ick mach sterven Met eeren in dat Velt, Een eewich Rijck verwerven Als een ghetrouwe Helt. N iet doet my meer erbarmen In mijnen wederspoet, Dan dat men siet verarmen Des Conincks Landen goet, Dat van de Spaengiaerts crencken O Edel Neerlandt soet, Als ick daer aen ghedencke Mijn Edel hert dat bloet. A ls een Prins op gheseten Met mijner Heyres cracht, Van den Tyran vermeten Heb ick den Slach verwacht, Die by Maestricht begraven Bevreesden mijn ghewelt, Mijn ruyters sach men draven. Seer moedich door dat Velt. S oo het den wille des Heeren Op die tyt had gheweest, Had ick gheern willen keeren Van v dit swear tempeest: Maer de Heer van hier boven Die alle dinck regeert. Diemen altijd moet loven En heeftet niet begheert. S eer Christlick
1854-458: A wide array of contexts. Certain etiquette may be involved in the playing of a country's anthem. These usually involve military honours, standing up, removing headwear etc. In diplomatic situations the rules may be very formal. There may also be royal anthems , presidential anthems , state anthems etc. for special occasions. They are played on national holidays and festivals, and have also come to be closely connected with sporting events. Wales
1957-594: Is a variation on the "Wilhelmus". The melody was first used in Luxembourg (at the time in personal union with the Kingdom of the United Netherlands ) on the occasion of the visit of the Dutch King and Grand Duke of Luxembourg William III in 1883. Later, the anthem was played for Grand Duke Adolph of Luxembourg along with their national anthem . The melody is similar, but not identical to that of
2060-602: Is above all faithful to his conscience: to serve God and the Dutch people. Therefore, the last two lines of the first stanza indicate that the leader of the Dutch civil war against the Spanish Empire , of which they were part, had no specific quarrel with king Philip II of Spain , but rather with his emissaries in the Low Countries , such as Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba . This may have been because at
2163-694: Is defined by being officially designated as the national song of a particular state, then La Marseillaise , which was officially adopted by the French National Convention in 1796 , would qualify as the first official national anthem. The Olympic Charter of 1920 introduced the ritual of playing the national anthems of the gold medal winners. From this time, the playing of national anthems became increasingly popular at international sporting events, creating an incentive for such nations that did not yet have an officially defined national anthem to introduce one. The United States introduced
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#17327758441272266-422: Is expected to grow as machine learning techniques and text corpora develop. All adversarial stylometry shares the core idea of faithfully paraphrasing the source text so that the meaning is unchanged but the stylistic signals are obscured. Such a faithful paraphrase is an adversarial example for a stylometric classifier. Several broad approaches to this exist, with some overlap: imitation , substituting
2369-1095: Is gebleven in Friesland in de slag, zijn ziel in 't eeuwig leven verwacht de jongste dag. E del en hooggeboren, van keizerlijke stam, een vorst des rijks verkoren, als een vroom christenman, voor Godes woord geprezen, heb ik, vrij onversaagd, als een held zonder vreze mijn edel bloed gewaagd. M ijn schild ende betrouwen zijt Gij, o God mijn Heer, op U zo wil ik bouwen, verlaat mij nimmermeer. Dat ik doch vroom mag blijven, uw dienaar t'aller stond, de tirannie verdrijven die mij mijn hart doorwondt. V an al die mij bezwaren en mijn vervolgers zijn, mijn God, wil doch bewaren de trouwe dienaar dijn, dat zij mij niet verrassen in hunne boze moed, hun handen niet en wassen in mijn onschuldig bloed. A ls David moeste vluchten voor Sauel den tiran, zo heb ik moeten zuchten als menig edelman. Maar God heeft hem verheven, verlost uit alder nood, een koninkrijk gegeven in Israël zeer groot. N
2472-1016: Is ghebleven In Vriesland in den slaech, Syn Siel int ewich Leven Verwacht den Jongsten dach. E del en Hooch gheboren Van Keyserlicken Stam: Een Vorst des Rijcks vercoren Als een vroom Christen man, Voor Godes Woort ghepreesen Heb ick vrij onversaecht, Als een Helt sonder vreesen Mijn edel bloet ghewaecht. M ijn Schilt ende betrouwen Sijt ghy, o Godt mijn Heer, Op u soo wil ick bouwen Verlaet mij nimmermeer: Dat ick doch vroom mach blijven V dienaer taller stondt, Die Tyranny verdrijven, Die my mijn hert doorwondt. V an al die my beswaren, End mijn Vervolghers zijn, Mijn Godt wilt doch bewaren Den trouwen dienaer dijn: Dat sy my niet verrasschen In haren boosen moet, Haer handen niet en wasschen In mijn onschuldich bloet. A ls David moeste vluchten Voor Saul den Tyran: Soo heb ick moeten suchten Met menich Edelman: Maer Godt heeft hem verheven Verlost uit alder noot, Een Coninckrijk ghegheven In Israel seer groot. N
2575-418: Is often used to attribute authorship to anonymous or disputed documents. It has legal as well as academic and literary applications, ranging from the question of the authorship of Shakespeare's works to forensic linguistics and has methodological similarities with the analysis of text readability . Stylometry may be used to unmask pseudonymous or anonymous authors, or to reveal some information about
2678-428: Is perfectly possible by applying data transformation . Neural networks , a special case of statistical machine learning methods, have been used to analyze authorship of texts. Texts of undisputed authorship are used to train a neural network by processes such as backpropagation , such that training error is calculated and used to update the process to increase accuracy. Through a process akin to non-linear regression,
2781-502: Is presented with text and uses the rules to determine authorship. The rules are tested against a set of known texts and each rule is given a fitness score. The 50 rules with the lowest scores are not used. The remaining 50 rules are given small changes and 50 new rules are introduced. This is repeated until the evolved rules attribute the texts correctly. One method for identifying style is termed "rare pairs" and relies upon individual habits of collocation . The use of certain words may, for
2884-673: Is rewarded by God with the kingdom of Israel , so too William hopes to be rewarded with a kingdom. Both "Wilhelmus" and the Dutch Revolt should be seen in the light of the 16th century Reformation in Europe and the resulting persecution of Protestants by the Spanish Inquisition in the Low Countries . Militant music proved very useful not only in lampooning Roman clerks and repressive monarchs but also in generating class-transcending social cohesion. In successfully combining
2987-399: Is that the network can become biased based on its training set, possibly selecting authors the network has analyzed more often. The genetic algorithm is another machine learning technique used for stylometry. This involves a method that starts with a set of rules. An example rule might be, "If but appears more than 1.7 times in every thousand words, then the text is author X". The program
3090-400: Is to detect plagiarism based on the writing style changes within the document. Stylometry can also be used to predict whether someone is a native or non native English speaker by their typing speed . Stylometry as a method is vulnerable to the distortion of text during revision. There is also the case of the author adopting different styles in the course of his career as was demonstrated in
3193-430: Is uncertain if the practice of adversarial stylometry is detectable in itself. Some studies have found that particular methods produced signals in the output text, but a stylometrist who is uncertain of what methods may have been used may not be able to reliably detect them. Modern stylometry uses computers for statistical analysis , and artificial intelligence and access to the growing corpus of texts available via
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3296-466: Is unknown and disputed. Very few countries have a national anthem written by a world-renowned composer. Exceptions include Germany, whose anthem " Das Lied der Deutschen " uses a melody written by Joseph Haydn , and Austria, whose national anthem " Land der Berge, Land am Strome " is sometimes credited to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . The music of the " Pontifical Anthem ", anthem of the Vatican City,
3399-497: Is used for sign-ons and closedowns instead). The use of a national anthem outside of its country, however, is dependent on the international recognition of that country. For instance, Taiwan has not been recognized by the International Olympic Committee as a separate nation since 1979 and must compete as Chinese Taipei ; its " National Banner Song " is used instead of its national anthem . In Taiwan,
3502-527: The Dutch Revolt , it was already a popular orangist hymn during the 17th century, though it would take until 1932 for it to be officially recognized as the Dutch national anthem. The lyrics of the Japanese national anthem, Kimigayo , predate those of the Dutch anthem by several centuries, being taken from a Heian period (794–1185) poem, but were not set to music until 1880 . If a national anthem
3605-603: The French Wars of Religion . However, the triumphant contents of "Wilhelmus" differ greatly from the content of the original song, making it subversive at several levels. Thus, the Dutch Protestants had taken over an anti-Protestant song, and adapted it into propaganda for their own agenda. In that way, "Wilhelmus" was typical for its time: it was common practice in the 16th century for warring groups to steal each other's songs in order to rewrite them. Even though
3708-597: The German occupation of the Netherlands , Arthur Seyss-Inquart , the Nazi Reichskommissar , banned all the emblems of the Dutch royal family, including the "Wilhelmus". It was then taken up by all factions of the Dutch resistance , even those socialists who had previously taken an anti-monarchist stance. The pro-German Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB), who had sung the "Wilhelmus" at their meetings before
3811-745: The Internet . Software systems such as Signature (freeware produced by Peter Millican of Oxford University), JGAAP (the Java Graphical Authorship Attribution Program—freeware produced by Dr Patrick Juola of Duquesne University), stylo (an open-source R package for a variety of stylometric analyses, including authorship attribution, developed by Maciej Eder , Jan Rybicki and Mike Kestemont ) and Stylene for Dutch (online freeware by Prof Walter Daelemans of University of Antwerp and Dr Véronique Hoste of University of Ghent) make its use increasingly practicable, even for
3914-457: The King of Spain . In the first person, as if quoting himself, William speaks to the Dutch about both the revolt and his own, personal struggle: to be faithful to the king, without being unfaithful to his conscience: to serve God and the Dutch. In the lyrics, William compares himself with the biblical David who serves under the tyrannical king Saul . As the merciful David defeats the unjust Saul and
4017-647: The Middle East , Oceania , Africa , and the Caribbean use a more simplistic fanfare . Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom , Russia , and the Soviet Union ); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states . In
4120-637: The Navigation Act 1651 (an ordinance by Oliver Cromwell requiring all foreign fleets in the North Sea or the Channel to dip their flag in salute) the "Wilhelmus" was sung (or rather, shouted) by the sailors on the Dutch flagship Brederode in response to the first warning shot fired by an English fleet under Robert Blake , when their captain Maarten Tromp refused to lower his flag. At
4223-645: The World Cup , UEFA European Football Championship , the Olympic Games and the Dutch Grand Prix , the "Wilhelmus" is also played. In nearly every case the 1st and 6th stanzas (or repeating the last lines), or the 1st stanza alone, are sung/played rather than the entire song, which would result in about 15 minutes of music. The "Wilhelmus" is also widely used in Flemish nationalist gatherings as
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4326-833: The early modern period , some European monarchies adopted royal anthems . Some of these anthems have survived into current use. " God Save the King/Queen ", first performed in 1619, remains the royal anthem of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms . La Marcha Real , adopted as the royal anthem of the Spanish monarchy in 1770, was adopted as the national anthem of Spain in 1939. Denmark retains its royal anthem, Kong Christian stod ved højen mast (1780) alongside its national anthem ( Der er et yndigt land , adopted 1835). In 1802, Gia Long commissioned
4429-428: The most common words are more interesting than the topical terms which are less frequent. The primary stylometric method is the writer invariant : a property held in common by all texts, or at least all texts long enough to admit of analysis yielding statistically significant results, written by a given author. An example of a writer invariant is frequency of function words used by the writer. In one such method,
4532-547: The siege of Haarlem in 1573 and the ceremonial entry of the Prince of Orange into Brussels on 18 September 1578. It has been claimed that during the gruesome torture of Balthasar Gérard (the assassin of William of Orange ) in 1584, the song was sung by the guards who sought to overpower Gérard's screams when boiling pigs' fat was poured over him. Gérard allegedly responded "Sing! Dutch sinners! Sing! But know that soon I shall be sung of!". Another legend claims that following
4635-1006: The "Wilhelmus":' The original text contains 15 stanzas and is written in the form of an acrostic ; the first letter in each of the following stanzas, highlighted in bold below, spell out William of Nassau . W ilhelmus van Nassouwe Ben ick van Duytschen bloet Den Vaderlant getrouwe Blyf ick tot in den doet: Een Prince van Oraengien Ben ick vrij onverveert, Den Coninck van Hispaengien Heb ick altijt gheeert. I n Godes vrees te leven Heb ick altyt betracht, Daerom ben ick verdreven Om Landt om Luyd ghebracht: Maer God sal mij regeren Als een goet Instrument, Dat ick zal wederkeeren In mijnen Regiment. L ydt u myn Ondersaten Die oprecht zyn van aert, Godt sal u niet verlaten Al zijt ghy nu beswaert: Die vroom begheert te leven Bidt Godt nacht ende dach, Dat hy my cracht wil gheven Dat ick u helpen mach. L yf en goet al te samen Heb ick u niet verschoont, Mijn broeders hooch van Namen Hebbent u oock vertoont: Graef Adolff
4738-448: The "Wilhelmus"; it has been in official use since 1919. The song „ Wenn alle untreu werden “ ("When All Become Unfaithful"), better known as „Das Treuelied“, written by the poet Max von Schenkendorf , used exactly the same melody as the "Wilhelmus". After World War I , this song became popular among German nationalist groups. It became one of the most popular songs of the SS , together with
4841-615: The 1930s was mostly by newly formed or newly independent states, such as the First Portuguese Republic ( A Portuguesa , 1911), the Kingdom of Greece (" Hymn to Liberty ", 1865), the First Philippine Republic ( Marcha Nacional Filipina , 1898), Lithuania ( Tautiška giesmė , 1919), Weimar Germany ( Deutschlandlied , 1922), Ireland ( Amhrán na bhFiann , 1926) and Greater Lebanon (" Lebanese National Anthem ", 1927). Though
4944-607: The Dutch population and resurfaced on several occasions in the course of Dutch history before gaining its present status. It was also the anthem of the Netherlands Antilles from 1954 to 1964. "Wilhelmus" originated in the Dutch Revolt , the nation's struggle to achieve independence from the Spanish Empire . It tells of the Father of the Nation William of Orange who was stadholder in the Netherlands under
5047-1243: The International Association of Forensic Linguists (13th edition in 2016 in Porto ) and publishes The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law with forensic stylistics as one of its central topics. The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) has hosted several events on subjective and stylistic analysis of text. PAN workshops (originally, plagiarism analysis, authorship identification, and near-duplicate detection, later more generally workshop on uncovering plagiarism, authorship, and social software misuse) organised since 2007 mainly in conjunction with information access conferences such as ACM SIGIR , FIRE , and CLEF . PAN formulates shared challenge tasks for plagiarism detection, authorship identification, author gender identification, author profiling , vandalism detection, and other related text analysis tasks, many of which hinge on stylometry. Since stylometry has both descriptive use cases, used to characterise
5150-535: The King I spake. But unto God, the greatest Of Majesties I owe Obedience first and latest, For Justice wills it so. National anthem A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation . The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American , Central Asian , and European nations tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in
5253-478: The Lord my Master With fervid heart and tense To save me from disaster And prove my innocence. A las! my flock. To sever Is hard on us. Farewell. Your Shepherd wakes, wherever Dispersed you may dwell, Pray God that He may ease you. His Gospel be your cure. Walk in the steps of Jesu This life will not endure. U nto the Lord His power I do confession make That ne'er at any hour Ill of
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#17327758441275356-802: The Spaniards rape thee, My Netherlands so sweet, The thought of that does grip me Causing my heart to bleed. A stride on steed of mettle I've waited with my host The tyrant's call to battle, Who durst not do his boast. For, near Maastricht ensconced, He feared the force I wield. My horsemen saw one bounce it Bravely across the field. S urely, if God had willed it, When that fierce tempest blew, My power would have stilled it, Or turned its blast from you But He who dwells in heaven, Whence all our blessings flow, For which aye praise be given, Did not desire it so. S teadfast my heart remaineth In my adversity My princely courage straineth All nerves to live and be. I've prayed
5459-578: The United Kingdom ( God Save the King ) and Sweden ( Du gamla, Du fria ; the country also has a royal anthem, Kungssangen ). Countries that have moved to officially adopt de iure their long-standing de facto anthems since the 1990s include: Luxembourg ( Ons Heemecht , adopted 1993), South Africa ( National anthem of South Africa , adopted 1997), Israel ( Hatikvah , composed 1888, de facto use from 1948, adopted 2004) and Italy ( Il Canto degli Italiani , composed 1847, de facto use from 1946, adopted 2017). National anthems are used in
5562-692: The author short of a full identification. Authors may use adversarial stylometry to resist this identification by eliminating their own stylistic characteristics without changing the meaningful content of their communications. It can defeat analyses that do not account for its possibility, but the ultimate effectiveness of stylometry in an adversarial environment is uncertain: stylometric identification may not be reliable, but nor can non-identification be guaranteed; adversarial stylometry's practice itself may be detectable. Stylometry grew out of earlier techniques of analyzing texts for evidence of authenticity, author identity, and other questions. The modern practice of
5665-467: The author's own style for another's; translation , applying machine translation with the hope that this eliminates characteristic style in the source text; and obfuscation , deliberately modifying a text's style to make it not resemble the author's own. Manually obscuring style is possible, but laborious; in some circumstances, it is preferable or necessary. Automated tooling, either semi- or fully-automatic, could assist an author. How best to perform
5768-401: The best-known national anthems were written by little-known or unknown composers such as Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle , composer of " La Marseillaise " and John Stafford Smith who wrote the tune for " The Anacreontic Song ", which became the tune for the U.S. national anthem, " The Star-Spangled Banner ". The author of "God Save the King", one of the oldest and best-known anthems in the world,
5871-422: The biblical David and William of Orange as a merciful and just leader of the Dutch Revolt , but also between the tyrant King Saul and the Spanish crown, and between the promised land of Israel granted by God to David, and a kingdom granted by God to William. In the first person, as if quoting himself, William speaks about how his disagreement with his king troubles him; he tries to be faithful to his king, but he
5974-474: The case of Plato , who chose different stylistic policies such as those adopted for the early and middle dialogues addressing the Socratic problem. Textual features of interest for authorship attribution are on the one hand computing occurrences of idiosyncratic expressions or constructions (e.g. checking for how the author uses interpunction or how often the author uses agentless passive constructions) and on
6077-512: The content of a collection, and identificatory use cases, e.g. identifying authors or categories of texts, the methods used to analyse the data and features above range from those built to classify items into sets or to distribute items in a space of feature variation. Most methods are statistical in nature, such as cluster analysis and discriminant analysis , are typically based on philological data and features, and are fruitful application domains for modern machine learning methods. Whereas in
6180-477: The contractional form of "them", as a marker to distinguish between Fletcher and Philip Massinger in their collaborations—but he mistakenly employed an edition of Massinger's works in which the editor had expanded all instances of " 'em" to "them". The basics of stylometry were established by Polish philosopher Wincenty Lutosławski in Principes de stylométrie (1890). Lutosławski used this method to develop
6283-406: The country generally). Various solutions may be used when countries with different national anthems compete in a unified team. When North Korea and South Korea participated together in the 2018 Winter Olympics , the folk song " Arirang ", beloved on both sides of the border and seen as a symbol of Korea as a whole, was used as an anthem instead of the national anthem of either state. Most of
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#17327758441276386-636: The country's first constitution, and in Malta, written by Dun Karm Psaila , already a National Poet . A similar case is Liberia, the national anthem of which was written by its third president, Daniel Bashiel Warner . A national anthem, when it has lyrics (as is usually the case), is most often in the national or most common language of the country, whether de facto or official , though there are notable exceptions. Most commonly, states with more than one national language may offer several versions of their anthem, for instance: Stylometry Stylometry
6489-564: The country's national anthem is sung before instead of during flag-rising and flag-lowering , followed by the National Banner Song during the actual flag-rising and flag-lowering. Even within a state, the state's citizenry may interpret the national anthem differently (such as in the United States some view the U.S. national anthem as representing respect for dead soldiers and policemen whereas others view it as honouring
6592-487: The custom of an officially adopted national anthem became popular in the 19th century, some national anthems predate this period, often existing as patriotic songs long before their designation as national anthem. If an anthem is defined as consisting of both a melody and lyrics, then the oldest national anthem in use today is the national anthem of the Netherlands, the Wilhelmus . Written between 1568 and 1572 during
6695-507: The discipline received publicity from the study of authorship problems in English Renaissance drama. Researchers and readers observed that some playwrights of the era had distinctive patterns of language preferences, and attempted to use those patterns to identify authors of uncertain or collaborative works. Early efforts were not always successful: in 1901, one researcher attempted to use John Fletcher's preference for " 'em",
6798-708: The end of the song, which coincided with the third and last English warning shot, Tromp fired a full broadside, thereby beginning the Battle of Goodwin Sands and the First Anglo-Dutch War . During the Dutch Golden Age , it was conceived essentially as the anthem of the House of Orange-Nassau and its supporters – which meant, in the politics of the time, the anthem of a specific political faction which
6901-416: The film as part of the campaign of passive resistance by the population, and it finishes with the coat of arms of the Netherlands on screen while the "Wilhelmus" is played. The "Wilhelmus" is to be played only once at a ceremony or other event and, if possible, it is to be the last piece of music to be played when receiving a foreign head of state or emissary. During international sport events, such as
7004-470: The host nation's anthem being played last. In some countries, the national anthem is played to students each day at the start and/or end of school as an exercise in patriotism, such as in Tanzania. In other countries the state anthem may be played in a theatre before a play or in a cinema before a movie. Many radio and television stations have adopted this and play the national anthem when they sign on in
7107-547: The lands of the Holy Roman Empire it is most probably a reference to an older meaning of the word, which can loosely be translated as 'Germanic', and seeks to position William as a person with a personal connection with the Low Countries as opposed to the king of Spain, Philip II, who was commonly portrayed as foreign, disconnected and out of touch. In doing so, William is also implicitly comparing himself with
7210-449: The level of both structure and syntax were reported in. In addition, content-specific and idiosyncratic cues (e.g., topic models and grammar checking tools) were introduced to unveil deliberate stylistic choices. Standard stylometric features have been employed to categorize the content of a chat by instant messaging , or the behavior of the participants, but attempts of identifying chat participants are still few and early. Furthermore,
7313-453: The lyrics of the Dutch national anthem were the creation of someone who just wrote one poem for the occasion and then disappeared from history. A French translation of "Wilhelmus" appeared around 1582. Recent stylometric research has mentioned Pieter Datheen as a possible author of the text of the Dutch national anthem. By chance, Dutch and Flemish researchers ( Meertens Institute , Utrecht University and University of Antwerp ) discovered
7416-399: The melody stems from 1568, the first known written down version of it comes from 1574; at the time the anthem was sung at a much quicker pace. Dutch composer Adriaen Valerius recorded the current melody of "Wilhelmus" in his Nederlantsche Gedenck-clanck in 1626, slowing down the melody's pace, probably to allow it to be sung in churches. The origins of the lyrics are uncertain. "Wilhelmus"
7519-604: The morning and again when they sign off at night. For instance, the national anthem of China is played before the broadcast of evening news on Hong Kong's local television stations including TVB Jade . In Colombia, it is a law to play the National Anthem at 6:00 and 18:00 on every public radio and television station, while in Thailand, " Phleng Chat Thai " is played at 08:00 and 18:00 nationwide (the Royal Anthem
7622-403: The national anthem of Singapore. None were deemed suitable. The tune eventually selected was (and still is) the anthem of the constituent state of Perak , which was in turn adopted from a popular French melody titled "La Rosalie" composed by the lyricist Pierre-Jean de Béranger . A few anthems have words by Nobel laureates in literature . The first Asian laureate, Rabindranath Tagore , wrote
7725-468: The network gains the ability to generalize its recognition ability to new texts to which it has not yet been exposed, classifying them to a stated degree of confidence. Such techniques were applied to the long-standing claims of collaboration of Shakespeare with his contemporaries John Fletcher and Christopher Marlowe , and confirmed the opinion, based on more conventional scholarship, that such collaboration had indeed occurred. A 1999 study showed that
7828-470: The non-expert. Stylometric methods are used for several academic topics, as an application of linguistics, lexicography, or literary study, in conjunction with natural language processing and machine learning, and applied to plagiarism detection, authorship analysis, or information retrieval. The International Association of Forensic Linguists (IAFL) organises the Biennial Conference of
7931-469: The occupation, replaced it with "Alle Man van Neerlands Stam" ("All Men of Dutch Origin"). The anthem was drawn to the attention of the English-speaking world by the 1942 British war film One of Our Aircraft Is Missing . The film concerns a Royal Air Force bomber crew who are shot down over the occupied Netherlands and are helped to escape by the local inhabitants. The melody is heard during
8034-501: The other hand similar to those used for readability analysis such as measures of lexical variation and syntactic variation. Since authors often have preferences for certain topics, research experiments in authorship attribution mostly remove content words such as nouns, adjectives, and verbs from the feature set, only retaining structural elements of the text to avoid overfitting their models to topic rather than author characteristics. Stylistic features are often computed as averages over
8137-403: The past, stylometry emphasized the rarest or most striking elements of a text, contemporary techniques can isolate identifying patterns even in common parts of speech. Most systems are based on lexical statistics, i.e. using the frequencies of words and terms in the text to characterise the text (or its author). In this context, unlike for information retrieval , the observed occurrence patterns of
8240-411: The patriotic song The Star-Spangled Banner as a national anthem in 1931. Following this, several nations moved to adopt as official national anthem patriotic songs that had already been in de facto use at official functions, such as Mexico ( Mexicanos, al grito de guerra , composed 1854, adopted 1943) and Switzerland (" Swiss Psalm ", composed 1841, de facto use from 1961, adopted 1981). By
8343-523: The period of decolonisation in the 1960s, it had become common practice for newly independent nations to adopt an official national anthem. Some of these anthems were specifically commissioned, such as the anthem of Kenya, Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu , produced by a dedicated "Kenyan Anthem Commission" in 1963. A number of nations remain without an official national anthem adopted de jure . In these cases, there are established de facto anthems played at sporting events or diplomatic receptions. These include
8446-512: The pity, Fell in the Frisian fray, And in the eternal city Awaits the judgement day. I , nobly born, descended From an imperial stock. An empire's prince, defended (Braving the battle's shock Heroically and fearless As pious Christian ought) With my life's blood the peerless Gospel of God our Lord. A shield and my reliance, O God, Thou ever wert. I'll trust unto Thy guidance. O leave me not ungirt. That I may stay
8549-572: The same reasons as more traditional models. Adversarial stylometry is the practice of altering writing style to reduce the potential for stylometry to discover the author's identity or their characteristics. This task is also known as authorship obfuscation or authorship anonymisation. Stylometry poses a significant privacy challenge in its ability to unmask anonymous authors or to link pseudonyms to an author's other identities, which, for example, creates difficulties for whistleblowers , activists, and hoaxers and fraudsters . The privacy risk
8652-595: The similarity between spoken conversations and chat interactions has been neglected while being a major difference between chat data and any other type of written information. See also the academic journal Literary and Linguistic Computing , now Digital Scholarship in the Humanities (published by the University of Oxford ) and the Language Resources and Evaluation journal (previously Computers and
8755-418: The song was immensely popular in their time. "Wilhelmus" also has some odd rhymes in it. In some cases the vowels of certain words were altered to allow them to rhyme with other words. Some see this as evidence that neither Marnix or Coornhert wrote the anthem, as they were both experienced poets when "Wilhelmus" was written, and it is said they would not have taken these small liberties. Hence some believe that
8858-420: The songs of the period, it has a complex structure, composed around a thematic chiasmus : the text is symmetrical, in that verses one and 15 resemble one another in meaning, as do verses two and 14, three and 13, etc., until they converge in the 8th verse, the heart of the song: "Oh David , thou soughtest shelter from King Saul 's tyranny. Even so I fled this welter", where the comparison is made not only between
8961-659: The stadholders had been restored, the church bells are said to have played the "Wilhelmus" continuously. After the Batavian Revolution , inspired by the French Revolution , it had come to be called the "Princes' March" as it was banned during the rule of the Patriots , who did not support the House of Orange-Nassau . However, at the foundation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1813, the "Wilhelmus" had fallen out of favour. Having become monarchs with
9064-585: The successful application of a textual/linguistic analysis to the Fletcher canon by Cyrus Hoy and others yielded clear results during the late 1950s and early 1960s.) Applications of stylometry include literary studies, historical studies, social studies, information retrieval, and many forensic cases and studies. Recently, long-standing debates about anonymous medieval Icelandic sagas have been advanced through its utilisation. It can also be applied to computer code and intrinsic plagiarism detection , which
9167-400: The task and the design of such tools is an open research question. While some approaches have been shown to be able to defeat particular stylometric analyses, particularly those that do not account for the potential of adversariality, establishing safety in the face of unknown analyses is an issue. Ensuring the faithfulness of the paraphrase is a critical challenge for automated tools. It
9270-445: The text is analyzed to find the 50 most common words. The text is then divided into 5,000 word chunks and each of the chunks is analyzed to find the frequency of those 50 words in that chunk. This generates a unique 50-number identifier for each chunk. These numbers place each chunk of text into a point in a 50-dimensional space. This 50-dimensional space is flattened into a plane using principal components analysis (PCA). This results in
9373-592: The time (late 16th century) it was uncommon to doubt publicly the divine right of kings , who were accountable to God alone. In 1581 the Netherlands nevertheless rejected the legitimacy of the king of Spain's rule over it in the Act of Abjuration . The word Duytschen in the first stanza, generally translated into English as 'Dutch', 'native' or 'Germanic', is a reference to William's roots; its modern Dutch equivalent, Duits , exclusively means 'German', and while it may refer to William's ancestral house ( Nassau, Germany ) or to
9476-421: The well liked Charles V (Philip's father) who, unlike his son, was born in the Low Countries, spoke Dutch and visited the Low Countries more often than any other part of his realm. Though only proclaimed the national anthem in 1932, the "Wilhelmus" already had a centuries-old history. It had been sung on many official occasions and at many important events since the outbreak of the Dutch Revolt in 1568, such as
9579-511: The words and music of " Jana Gana Mana " and " Amar Shonar Bangla ", later adopted as the national anthems of India and Bangladesh respectively. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem " Ja, vi elsker dette landet ". Other countries had their anthems composed by locally important people. This is the case for Colombia, whose anthem's lyrics were written by former president and poet Rafael Nuñez , who also wrote
9682-469: The works of James Joyce , gave the result that Ulysses , Joyce's multi-perspective, multi-style novel, was composed by five separate individuals, none of whom apparently had any part in the crafting of Joyce's first novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . In time, however, and with practice, researchers and scholars have refined their methods, to yield better results. One notable early success
9785-478: The „ Horst-Wessel-Lied “. The melody is also used in the Swedish folk song " Ack, Göta konungarike [ sv ] " ("Alas, Gothic Kingdom "), written in 1626, which deals with the liberation struggle of Sweden under Gustav Vasa during the 16th century. The "Wilhelmus" was first printed in a geuzenliedboek ( lit. ' Beggars' songbook') in 1581. It used the following text as an introduction to
9888-807: Was composed in 1869 by Charles Gounod , for the golden jubilee of Pope Pius IX 's priestly ordination. When Armenia was under Soviet rule, its anthem, the " Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic " used a melody by Aram Khachaturian . The committee charged with choosing a national anthem for the Federation of Malaya (later Malaysia) at independence decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration, including Benjamin Britten , William Walton , Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said , who later composed " Majulah Singapura ",
9991-600: Was decreed that on all official occasions requiring the performance of the national anthem, the "Wilhelmus" was to be played – thereby replacing Tollens' song. "Wilhelmus" was also translated into Malay , of which was sung back when Indonesia was under Dutch colonial rule , with the following lyrics: Selamat bagi Ratu yang maha mulia Aman dan sentosa di atas takhtanya Umur dan usia dilanjutkan Allah Rezeki murah lipat berganda-ganda Bulan yang kedelapan diinilah waktu Tiga puluh satu bilangan tertentu Hari lahir Baginda Putri Ratu Mengucapkan selamat kami sekutu During
10094-520: Was first written some time between the start of the Eighty Years' War in April 1568 and the capture of Brielle on 1 April 1572. Soon after the anthem was finished, it was said that either former Antwerp mayor Philips of Marnix or the politician Dirck Coornhert wrote the lyrics. However, this is disputed as neither Marnix nor Coornhert ever mentioned that they had written the lyrics, even though
10197-4974: Was geweest, had ik geern willen keren van u dit zwaar tempeest. Maar de Heer van hierboven, die alle ding regeert, die men altijd moet loven, Hij heeft het niet begeerd. Z eer christlijk was gedreven mijn prinselijk gemoed, standvastig is gebleven mijn hart in tegenspoed. De Heer heb ik gebeden uit mijnes harten grond, dat Hij mijn zaak wil redden, mijn onschuld maken kond. O orlof, mijn arme schapen die zijt in grote nood, uw herder zal niet slapen, al zijt gij nu verstrooid. Tot God wilt u begeven, zijn heilzaam woord neemt aan, als vrome christen leven,— 't zal hier haast zijn gedaan. V oor God wil ik belijden en zijne grote macht, dat ik tot gene tijden de Koning heb veracht, dan dat ik God de Here, de hoogste Majesteit, heb moeten obediëren in de gerechtigheid. [ ʋ ɪɫ.ˈɦɛɫ.mʏs̠ vɑn nɑ.ˈs̠ɑu̯.ə] [bɛn ɪk vɑn ˈdœy̑t.s̠ən blut] [dɛn ˈvaː.dər.ˌlɑnt ɣə.ˈtrɑu̯.ə] [blɛi̯v ɪk tɔt ɪn dɛn doːt] [ən ˈprɪn.s̠ə vɑn ˌoː.ˈrɑn.jə] [bɛn ɪk frɛi̯ ˌɔɱ.vər.ˈveːrt] [dɛn ˈkoː.nɪŋ vɑn ɦɪ.ˈs̠pɑn.jə] [ɦɛp ɪk ˈɑɫ.tɛi̯t ɣə.ˈeːrt] [ ɪ n ˈɣɔ.dəs̠ vreːs̠ tə ˈleː.vən] [ɦɛp ɪk ˈɑɫ.tɛi̯t bə.ˈtrɑxt] [daːr.ˈɔm bɛn ɪk vər.ˈdreː.vən] [ɔm lɑnt ɔm lœy̑t ɣə.ˈbrɑxt] [maːr ɣɔt z̠ɑɫ mɛi̯ rə.ˈɣeː.rən] [ɑɫs̠ eːn ɣut ˌɪn.s̠try.ˈmɛnt] [dɑt ɪk z̠ɑɫ ˌʋeː.dər.ˈkeː.rən] [ɪn ˈmɛi̯.nən ˌreː.ʒi.ˈmɛnt] [ l ɛi̯t y mɛi̯n ˌɔn.dər.ˈz̠aː.tən] [di ɔ.ˈprɛxt z̠ɛi̯t vɑn aːrt] [ɣɔt z̠ɑɫ y nit vər.ˈlaː.tən] [ɑɫ z̠ɛi̯t ɣɛi̯ nʏ bə.ˈz̠ʋaːrt] [di vroːm bə.ˈɣeːrt tə ˈleː.vən] [bɪt ɣɔt nɑxt ˈɛn.də dɑx] [dɑt ɦɛi̯ mɛi̯ krɑxt ʋɪɫ ˈɣeː.vən] [dɑt ɪk y ˈɦɛɫ.pən mɑx] [ l ɛi̯v ən ɣut ɑɫ tə ˈs̠aː.mən] [ɦɛp ɪk y nit vər.ˈs̠xoːnt] [mɛi̯n ˈbru.dərs̠ ɦoːx vɑn ˈnaː.mən] [ˈɦɛ.bən t‿y oːk vər.ˈtoːnt] [ɣraːv ˈaː.dɔɫf ɪs̠ ɣə.ˈbleː.vən] [ɪn ˈfris̠.lɑnt ɪn də s̠lɑx] [z̠ɛi̯n z̠iɫ ɪn t‿ˈeːu̯.əx ˈleː.vən] [vər.ˈʋɑxt də ˈjɔŋ.s̠tə dɑx] [ˈ e ː.dəɫ ən ˌɦoː.ɣə.ˈboː.rən] [vɑn ˈkɛi̯.z̠ər.lə.kə s̠tɑm] [ən vɔrs̠t dɛs̠ rɛi̯ks̠ vər.ˈkɔ.rən] [ɑɫs̠ ən vroːm ˈkrɪs̠.tən.mɑn] [voːr ˈɣɔ.dəs̠ ʋoːrt ɣə.ˈpreː.z̠ən] [ɦɛp ɪk vrɛi̯ ˌɔɱ.vər.ˈs̠aːxt] [ɑɫs̠ ən ɦɛɫt ˈz̠ɔn.dər ˈvreː.z̠ə] [mɛi̯n ˈeː.dəɫ blut ɣə.ˈʋaːxt] [ m ɛi̯n s̠xɪɫt ˈɛn.də bə.ˈtrɑu̯.ən] [ˈz̠ɛi̯t ɣɛi̯ oː ɣɔt mɛi̯n ɦeːr] [ɔp y z̠oː ʋɪɫ ɪk ˈbɑu̯.ən] [vər.ˈlaːt mɛi̯ ˌnɪ.mər.ˈmeːr] [dɑt ɪk dɔx froːm mɑɣ ˈblɛi̯.vən] [yu̯ ˈdi.naːr ˈt‿ɑ.lər s̠tɔnt] [də ˌti.rɑ.ˈni vər.ˈdrɛi̯.vən] [di mɛi̯ mɛi̯n ɦɑrt ˈdoːr.ʋɔnt] [ v ɑn ɑɫ di mɛi̯ bə.ˈz̠ʋaː.rən] [ɛn mɛi̯n vər.ˈvɔɫ.gərs̠ z̠ɛi̯n] [mɛi̯n ɣɔt ʋɪɫ dɔx bə.ˈʋaː.rən] [də ˈtrɑu̯.ə ˈdi.naːr dɛi̯n] [dɑt z̠ɛi̯ mɛi̯ nit və.ˈrɑ.s̠ən] [ɪn ˈɦʏ.nə ˈboː.z̠ə mut] [ˈɦʏn ˈɦɑn.dən nit ɛn ˈʋɑ.s̠ən] [ɪn mɛi̯n ˌɔn.ˈs̠xʏɫ.dəx blut] [ ɑ ɫs̠ ˈdaː.vɪt ˈmu.s̠tə ˈvlʏx.tən] [voːr ˈs̠ɑu̯.əɫ dɛn ti.ˈrɑn] [z̠oː ɦɛp ɪk ˈmu.tən ˈz̠ʏx.tən] [ɑɫs̠ ˈmeː.nəx ˈeː.dəɫ.ˌmɑn] [maːr ɣɔt ɦeːft ɦɛm vər.ˈɦeː.vən] [vər.ˈlɔs̠t œy̑t ˈɑɫ.dər noːt] [ən ˈkoː.nɪŋ.ˌkrɛi̯k ɣə.ˈɣeː.vən] [ɪn ˈɪs̠.raː.ˌɛɫ z̠eːr ɣroːt] [ n aː‿t z̠yːr z̠ɑɫ ɪk ɔnt.ˈfɑŋ.ən] [vɑn ɣɔt mɛi̯n ɦeːr ɦɛt z̠ut] [ˈdaːr.ˌnaːr z̠oː dut vər.ˈlɑŋ.ən] [mɛi̯n ˈvɔr.s̠tə.lək ɣə.ˈmut] [dɑt ɪs̠ dɑt ɪk mɑx ˈs̠tɛr.vən] [mɛt ˈeː.rə ɪn dɑt vɛɫt] [ən ˈeːu̯.əx rɛi̯k vər.ˈʋɛr.vən] [ɑɫs̠ ən ɣə.ˈtrɑu̯.ə ɦɛɫt] [ n its̠ dut mɛi̯ meːr ɛr.ˈbɑr.mən] [ɪn ˈmɛi̯.nə ˈʋeː.dər.ˌs̠put] [dɑn dɑt mɛn z̠it vər.ˈɑr.mən] [dɛs̠ ˈkoː.nɪŋs̠ ˈlɑn.dən ɣut] [dɑt y də ˈs̠pɑn.jaːrts̠ ˈkrɛŋ.kən] [oː ˈeː.dəɫ ˈneːr.ˌlɑnt z̠ut] [ɑɫs̠ ɪk ˈdaːr.ˌaːn ɣə.ˈdɛŋ.kə] [mɛi̯n ˈeː.dəɫ ɦɑrt dɑt blut] [ ɑ ɫs̠ ən prɪns̠ ˈɔp.ɣə.ˌz̠eː.tən] [mɛt ˈmɛi̯.nər ˈɦɛi̯.rəs̠.ˌkrɑxt] [vɑn də ti.ˈrɑn vər.ˈmeː.tən] [ɦɛp ɪk də s̠lɑx vər.ˈʋɑxt] [di bɛi̯ maː.ˈs̠trɪxt bə.ˈɣraː.vən] [bə.ˈvreːz̠.dən mɛi̯n ɣə.ˈʋɛɫt] [mɛi̯n ˈrœy̑.tərs̠ z̠ɑx mɛn ˈdraː.vən] [z̠eːr ˈmu.dəɣ doːr dɑt vɛɫt] [ z̠ oː ɦɛt də ʋɪɫ dɛs̠ ˈɦeː.rən] [ɔp di tɛi̯t ʋɑs̠ ɣə.ˈʋeːs̠t] [ɦɑt ɪk ɣeːrn ˈʋɪ.lən ˈkeː.rən] [vɑn y dɪt z̠ʋaːr tɛm.ˈpeːs̠t] [maːr də ɦeːr vɑn ˌɦiːr.ˈboː.vən] [di ˈɑ.lə dɪŋ rə.ˈɣeːrt] [di mɛn ˈɑɫ.tɛi̯t mut ˈloː.vən] [ɦɛi̯ ɦeːft ɦɛt nit bə.ˈɣeːrt] [ z̠ eːr ˈkrɪs̠t.lək ʋɑs̠ ɣə.ˈdreː.vən] [mɛi̯n ˈprɪn.s̠ə.lək ɣə.ˈmut] [ˌs̠tɑnd.ˈvɑs̠.təx ɪs̠ ɣə.ˈbleː.vən] [mɛi̯n ɦɑrt ɪn ˈteː.ɣən.ˌs̠put] [də ɦeːr ɦɛp ɪk ɣə.ˈbeː.dən] [œy̑t ˈmɛi̯.nəs̠ ˈɦɑr.tən ˈɣrɔnt] [dɑt ɦɛi̯ mɛi̯n z̠aːk ʋɪɫ ˈrɛ.dən] [mɛi̯n ˈɔn.s̠xʏɫt ˈmaː.kən kɔnt] [ˈ o ːr.lɔf mɛi̯n ˈɑr.mə ˈs̠xaː.pən] [di z̠ɛi̯t ɪn ˈɣroː.tə noːt] [yu̯ ˈɦɛr.dər z̠ɑɫ nit ˈs̠laː.pən] [ɑɫ z̠ɛi̯t ɣɛi̯ ny vər.ˈs̠troːi̯t] [tɔt ɣɔt ʋɪɫt y bə.ˈɣeː.vən] [z̠ɛi̯n ˈɦɛi̯ɫ.z̠aːm ʋoːrt neːmt aːn] [ɑɫs̠ ˈvroː.mə ˈkrɪs̠.tən ˈleː.vən] [t‿z̠ɑɫ ɦiːr ɦaːs̠t z̠ɛi̯n ɣə.ˈdaːn] [ v oːr ɣɔt ʋɪɫ ɪk bə.ˈlɛi̯.dən] [ɛn ˈz̠ɛi̯.nə ˈɣroː.tə mɑxt] [dɑt ɪk tɔt ˈɣeː.nə ˈtɛi̯.dən] [də ˈkoː.nɪŋ ɦɛb vər.ˈɑxt] [dɑn dɑt ɪk ɣɔd də ˈɦeː.rə] [də ˈɦoːx.s̠tə maː.jəs̠.ˈtɛi̯t] [ɦɛp ˈmu.tən ˌoː.bə.di.ˈeː.rən [ɪn də ɣə.ˈrɛx.təx.ɦɛi̯t] W illiam of Nassau, scion Of
10300-1449: Was ghedreven Mijn Princelick ghemoet, Stantvastich is ghebleven Mijn hert in teghenspoet, Den Heer heb ick ghebeden Van mijnes herten gront, Dat hy mijn saeck wil reden, Mijn onschult doen bekant. O orlof mijn arme Schapen Die zijt in grooten noot, V Herder sal niet slapen Al zijt ghy nu verstroyt: Tot Godt wilt v begheven, Syn heylsaem Woort neemt aen, Als vrome Christen leven, Tsal hier haest zijn ghedaen. V oor Godt wil ick belijden End zijner grooter Macht, Dat ick tot gheenen tijden Den Coninck heb veracht: Dan dat ick Godt den Heere Der hoochster Maiesteyt, Heb moeten obedieren, Inder gherechticheyt. W ilhelmus van Nassouwe ben ik, van Duitsen bloed, den vaderland getrouwe blijf ik tot in den dood. Een Prinse van Oranje ben ik, vrij onverveerd, den Koning van Hispanje heb ik altijd geëerd. I n Godes vrees te leven heb ik altijd betracht, daarom ben ik verdreven, om land, om luid gebracht. Maar God zal mij regeren als een goed instrument, dat ik zal wederkeren in mijnen regiment. L ijdt u, mijn onderzaten die oprecht zijt van aard, God zal u niet verlaten, al zijt gij nu bezwaard. Die vroom begeert te leven, bidt God nacht ende dag, dat Hij mij kracht wil geven, dat ik u helpen mag. L ijf en goed al te samen heb ik u niet verschoond, mijn broeders hoog van namen hebben 't u ook vertoond: Graaf Adolf
10403-626: Was involved in a prolonged struggle with opposing factions (which sometimes became violent, verging on civil war). Therefore, the fortunes of the song paralleled those of the Orangist faction. Trumpets played the "Wilhelmus" when Prince Maurits visited Breda , and again when he was received in state in Amsterdam in May 1618. When William V arrived in Schoonhoven in 1787, after the authority of
10506-428: Was the first country to adopt this, during a rugby game against New Zealand in 1905. Since then during sporting competitions, such as the Olympic Games , the national anthem of the gold medal winner is played at each medal ceremony ; also played before games in many sports leagues, since being adopted in baseball during World War II. When teams from two nations play each other, the anthems of both nations are played,
10609-417: Was the resolution of disputed authorship of twelve of The Federalist Papers by Frederick Mosteller and David Wallace. While there are still questions concerning initial assumptions and methods (and, perhaps, always will be), few now dispute the basic premise that linguistic analysis of written texts can produce valuable information and insight. (Indeed, this was apparent even before the advent of computers:
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