60-684: Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp or Maarten van Tromp (23 April 1598 – 31 July 1653) was an army general and admiral in the Dutch navy during much of the Eighty Years' War and throughout the First Anglo-Dutch War . Son of a ship's captain, Tromp spent much of his childhood at sea, during which time he was captured by pirates and enslaved by Barbary corsairs . In adult life, he became a renowned ship captain and naval commander, successfully leading Dutch forces fighting for independence in
120-484: A Rotterdam shipyard. He went to sea again at 19, briefly working for the navy, but he was captured again in 1621 after having rejoined the merchant fleet, this time by Barbary corsairs off Tunis . He was kept as a slave until the age of 24 and by then had so impressed the Bey of Tunis and the corsair John Ward with his skills in gunnery and navigation that the latter offered him a position in his fleet. When Tromp refused,
180-642: A close Dutch ally in the war against Spain. Shortly thereafter his second wife died. Tromp married again in 1640, to Cornelia van Berckhout. In 1643 the deputy of parliament in Holland made a loud protest in the General Assembly against the Prince of Orange for his orders to Tromp to allow two of the frigates bought by English royalists in Dunkirk, for his use and command. During his career, his main rival
240-752: A friend that Tromp as a seaman and a commander possessed a sound character that distinguished him from all the captains he had ever known. Tromp joined the Dutch navy as a lieutenant in July 1622, entering service with the Admiralty of the Maze based in Rotterdam , serving aboard the Bruynvisch . On 7 May 1624, he married Dignom Cornelisdochter de Haes, the daughter of a merchant; in the same year he became captain of
300-521: A harbour but also proved to be a source of trouble. The town was frequently taken, ravaged, ransacked and destroyed by conquering armies. The Dutch rebels, the Gueuzen , took control of the town. The Siege of Ostend , 1601 to 1604, of which it was said that "the Spanish assailed the unassailable and the Dutch defended the indefensible", cost a combined total of more than 80,000 dead or wounded, making it
360-432: A lack of funds to pay for badly needed repairs and for the crews. Subsequent to de With's defeat, Tromp was reinstated as commander, on 8 May, which proved to be a big boost for Dutch navy morale, which was the highest it had been since he was dismissed months before in July. The Battle of Dungeness occurred on 30 November 1652, and proved to be the most important Dutch victory during the war, with Tromp's fleet winning for
420-696: A marked turning point for the British navy. The naval Battle of the Gabbard , took place on 2–3 June 1653, (12–13 June 1653 Gregorian calendar ) off the coast of Suffolk , England near the Gabbard shoal. Tromp, aboad his flagship Brederode with Vice-admiral Witte de With aboard the Vrijheid , was in command of 98 ships and six fireships, divided in five squadrons, while Generals at Sea George Monck and Richard Deane were in command of 100 ships and five fireships, divided into three squadrons. Tromp's fleet
480-512: A monument was erected to his honor. Tromp was survived by his second son, Cornelis Maartenszoon Tromp (1629-1691), who was also a distinguished naval officer. Army general Army general is the highest ranked general officer in many countries that use the French Revolutionary System . Army general is normally the highest rank used in peacetime. In countries that adopt the general officer four-rank system, it
540-577: A prolonged debate preceding the Wars of the Three Kingdoms continued in London. Tromp was already familiar with the channel from his cruising during 1637 and 1638, and sailed to Calais Roads, blocking the southwestern entrance of Dunkirk , where he resupplied his fleet from Calais with the support of Cardinal Richelieu . Now with a reinforced fleet Tromp, in spite of the objection of Charles I , who
600-409: A red battle flag in defiance, which prompted Blake to fire a third gun, hitting Tromp's ship and wounding some crew members. This was followed with Tromp returning fire with a warning broadside from his flagship Brederode . Blake in turn fired a broadside and a five-hour battle ensued. The fighting continued until nightfall, where both sides withdrew, the battle having no distinct victor. Shortly after
660-471: Is a car free zone with many brasseries where patrons can sit outside and have a drink. Towards the port side there are many little fish outlets, and beyond that the ferries can be observed docking. Notable sites include: The James Ensor museum can be visited in the house where the artist lived from 1917 until 1949. The Mu.Zee (merged from the Provinciaal Museum voor de Moderne Kunst and
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#1732772129144720-605: Is known for its sea-side esplanade, including the Royal Galleries of Ostend , pier, and fine-sand beaches. Ostend is visited by many day-trippers heading to the beaches, especially during July and August. Tourists from inland Belgium and from abroad mostly arrive by train (day trips) and head for the closest beach area, the Klein Strand , located next to the pier. The locals and other residents in Belgium usually occupy
780-578: Is the rank of a general commanding a field army . However, in some countries such as Brazil, Ecuador and Peru, which have adopted the three-rank system, the rank of army general is immediately above that of divisional general . As such, it is the rank of commander of an army corps or larger formations. The equivalent position in the Commonwealth , U.S. , and several other countries is simply general , four-star rank , or informally " full general ". The title "army general" should not be confused with
840-692: The Brederode , broke through the English line where an intense battle ensued, resulting in Tromp's imminent death. Tromp's last words were, "It is all over, O Lord, be merciful to me and thy poor people." Members of his crew carried the mortally wounded Tromp below deck to his cabin, where he died only a moment later. His acting flag captain, Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer , on the Brederode kept up fleet morale by not lowering Tromp's standard, pretending Tromp
900-539: The Museum voor Schone Kunsten ) is the museum of modern art (from the 1830s to the present) and displays works of noted local painters such as James Ensor , Leon Spilliaert , Constant Permeke and the revolutionary post-war Belgian COBRA movement amongst others. Ostend has a maritime temperate climate, influenced by winds from the North Sea, making summers cooler than inland Europe. 24-hour average temperatures below
960-521: The Triumph . The battle that developed involved only a part of the Dutch fleet as the winds were preventing the others from engaging in a timely fashion. The re was much hand-to-hand fighting that lasted until about 5:00 pm with the advance of nightfall, with the Dutch fleet prevailing, taking several British prizes, while Blake retreated to the mouth of the Thames. Tromp's victory over the British prompted
1020-686: The Battle of the Kentish Knock , but ended with Blake sending the defeated de With back to the Netherlands. Although de With was the more adept tactician, he was no match against Blake's force that included the heavy English ships the Resolution and the Sovereign , the two largest war ships in the world at the time. The significance of De With's defeat was received over-optimistically by
1080-620: The Flemish Region of Belgium . It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke , Raversijde , Stene and Zandvoorde, and the city of Ostend proper – the largest on the Belgian coast. In the Early Middle Ages , Ostend was a small village built on the east-end ( oost-einde ) of an island (originally called Testerep ) between the North Sea and a beach lake. Although small, the village rose to the status of "town" around 1265, when
1140-593: The St. Antonius , a fast sailing dispatch and escort yacht. His first distinction was as Lieutenant-Admiral Hein's flag captain on the Vliegende Groene Draeck during the fight with Ostend privateers in 1629 in which Hein was killed, after which Tromp returned home with his body. During the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), Tromp was appointed as full captain in 1629 at the initiative of stadtholder Frederick Henry himself, where Tromp demonstrated that he
1200-716: The Thames River . Near the mouth of the river he came upon an English squadron, commanded by Sir George Ayscough , who had the advantage of the weather gage , thus preventing Tromp from engaging effectively. Subsequently, Tromp decided to return to the Netherland coast, which was a decision that was not at all well received by the Dutch government, resulting in his removal from command, with Admiral de Ruyter taking his place. On 8 October 1652, with Tromp's command still in suspension, Dutch Vice-Admiral Witte de With underestimating Blake, with 60 ships, attempted an attack at
1260-495: The Belgian sea-side resorts". In 1866, Ostend was the venue for a crucial meeting of exile Spanish Liberals and Republicans which laid the framework for a major uprising in their country, culminating in Spain's Glorious Revolution two years later. Ostend (in common with nearly the entirety of the country) was occupied by German forces and used as an access point to the sea for submarines and other light naval forces for much of
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#17327721291441320-521: The Bey was even more impressed by this show of character and allowed him to leave as a free man in 1622. Maarten Tromp was supreme commander of the Dutch fleet during the later part of the Eighty Years' War and throughout the First Anglo-Dutch war . He is widely considered the best Dutch naval commander during most of this time. Tromp's former superior, Admiral Piet Pieterszoon Hein , once told
1380-694: The Council of State, leading them to assume that Blake now had control over the English Channel. The Council subsequently dispersed their fleets to protect English interests in the Baltic Sea , and Newcastle , while another fleet was sent to reinforce the squadron in the Mediterranean. This left Blake with about forty ships that were in anchor in the Downs, and a situation that was compounded by
1440-470: The Dutch lost seventeen ships to capture or sinking, while the English lost none. Deane was killed during the action. It was one of the most costly defeats ever suffered by the Dutch, leaving the English in control of the English Channel. During the Battle of Scheveningen , the last battle of the war, on 31 July 1653, Tromp was killed by a sharpshooter in the rigging of William Penn 's ship. Tromp's flagship,
1500-573: The Dutch squadron that escorted Queen Henrietta Maria in 1643 when she returned from the Hague to King Charles I . Opposed to her returning to England the Parliamentarian squadron under William Batten threatened to attack the Queen's convoy when it landed at Bridlington but was thwarted by Tromp to withdraw. In the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652 to 1653, Tromp commanded the Dutch fleet in
1560-521: The Dutch the temporary control of the English Channel. A great convoy of 300 merchant ships was ready to leave the Netherlands headed for the Bay of Biscay , accompanied by a large fleet of 73 warships and a small number of fireships which were sent in escort to protect it. Tromp was in command, with Jan Evertsen and De Ruyter as his subordinate commanders. Admiral Blake had seriously underestimated Dutch strength, possibly due to poor visibility, as his fleet
1620-692: The Eighty Years' War, and then against England in the First Anglo-Dutch War, proving an innovative tactician and enabling the newly independent Dutch nation to become a major sea power. He was killed in battle by a sharpshooter from an English ship. Several ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy have carried the name HNLMS Tromp after him and/or his son Cornelis , also a Dutch admiral of some renown. Born in Brielle in
1680-434: The Netherlands, Tromp was the oldest son of Harpert Maertensz, a naval officer and captain of the frigate Olifantstromp ("Elephant Trunk") . The surname Tromp probably derives from the name of the ship; it first appeared in documents in 1607. He was baptized 3 May 1598 in St. Catherine's Cathedral . In 1606, the Tromp family moved to Rotterdam where Tromp's father was appointed by the Admiralty of Rotterdam as captain of
1740-534: The Spanish fleet being sent to drive the Dutch from the East Indies . On 25 April, a fierce battle ensued at the Battle of Gibraltar , resulting in a great Dutch victory. In 1610, after his father's discharge because of a navy reorganization, the Tromps were on their way to Guinea on their merchantman when they were attacked by a squadron of seven ships under command of the English pirate Peter Easton . During
1800-628: The Stadtholder further strengthened his position. Witte de With , a year younger, very brave but brutal and ill-tempered, was appointed as his vice-admiral. Both were born in Den Briel and served as flag captains under Piet Hein. Although formally ranking under the Admiral-General Frederick Henry of Orange , he was the de facto supreme commander of the Dutch fleet, as the stadtholders never fought at sea. Tromp
1860-435: The battle a board of commissioners, which included Cromwell, after questioning witnesses, had concluded that Tromp had deliberately provoked hostilities. Subsequently Holland withdrew its three ambassadors from Westminster, and on 8 July 1652 England declared war against Holland. Tromp, with a larger fleet than he had ordered for, sailed to the Downs and found that Blake had made it to the north-east coast, where he set sail for
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1920-640: The battles of Dover , Dungeness , Portland , the Gabbard and Scheveningen . Prior to the war, Oliver Cromwell and the Rump Parliament had issued an ordinance prohibiting foreign trade and requiring all foreign fleets in the North Sea or the Channel to lower their flag in salute and as a sign of compliance. A Dutch embassy was in London trying to negotiate a lifting of the Navigation Acts , but without much success. On 19 May 1652, Tromp
1980-473: The command of the Dutch navy. Tromp accepted but under the conditions that afforded him greater authority than was allowed for the navy’s previous commanders, remembering how badly the fleet had been neglected by them under van Dorp. Tromp insisted on a greater number of ships, which were to be well outfitted with supplies, and well manned. The States gave Tromp their solemn promise that they would grant all his requests. The terms of Tromp’s official appointment from
2040-500: The devastation leading to further deaths. The harbour of Ostend continued to expand because the harbour dock, as well as the traffic connections with the hinterland, were improved. In 1838, a railway connection with Brussels was constructed. Ostend became a transit harbour to England in 1846 when the first ferry sailed to Dover . An October 1854 meeting of American envoys led to the Ostend Manifesto . Important for
2100-734: The duration of World War I . As a consequence, the port was subjected to two naval assaults by the Royal Navy . The town hosted all of the sailing events for the 1920 Summer Olympics for Antwerp . Only the finals of the 12 foot dinghy were sailed in Amsterdam . Ostend also hosted the polo events. World War II involved a second occupation of the town by Germany within a period of little more than twenty years; an occupation which it shared this time with most of northern Europe. Both conflicts brought significant destruction to Ostend. In addition, other opulent buildings which had survived
2160-498: The fight, Tromp's father was slain by a cannonball, where after the battle his body was thrown overboard by the boarding party. According to legend, the 12-year-old boy rallied the crew of the ship with the cry "Won't you avenge my father's death?" The pirates seized him and sold him on the slave market of Salé where he ended up serving as a cabin boy. Two years later, Easton was moved by pity and ordered his redemption. Set free, Tromp supported his mother and three sisters by working in
2220-671: The freezing point is a rare occurrence. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Ostend has a marine west coast climate , abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps. Ostend–Bruges International Airport located 5 km (3 miles) from Ostend is primarily a freight airport but offers passenger flights to leisure destinations in Southern Europe and Turkey. TUI fly Belgium has its headquarters in Ostend. TAAG Angola Airlines 's Ostend offices are on
2280-519: The frigate Olifantstromp . His mother supplemented the family's income as a washerwoman. In 1607, at the age of nine, Tromp went to sea with his father aboard the Olifantsdorp , of the Rotterdam squadron, commanded by Commodore Mooy Lambert , as part of the Dutch fleet of Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Heemskerck , with the objective of blockading Dunkirk and the Spanish coast and intercepting
2340-808: The general public. His death was a severe blow to the Dutch navy but also to the Orangists, who sought the defeat of the Commonwealth of England and the restoration of the Stuart monarchy. Republican influence strengthened after Scheveningen, which led to peace negotiations with the Commonwealth, culminating in the Treaty of Westminster . He received a state funeral in August 1653 at the Oude Kerk in Delft where
2400-531: The grounds of Ostend Airport. The Ostend railway station is a major hub on the National Railway Company of Belgium network with frequent InterCity trains serving Brugge railway station , Gent-Sint-Pieters , Brussels South and Liège-Guillemins on Belgian railway line 50A . The Coast Tram connects Ostend with De Panne to the south and Knokke-Heist in the north. Ostend formerly had busy ferry routes to Dover and Ramsgate , but
2460-544: The image of the town was the attention it started to receive from the Belgian kings Leopold I and Leopold II . Both monarchs liked to spend their holidays in Ostend. Important monuments and villas were built to please the Royal Family, including the Hippodrome Wellington horse racing track and the Royal Galleries . The rest of aristocratic Belgium followed and soon Ostend became known as "the queen of
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2520-432: The inhabitants were allowed to hold a market and to build a market hall. The major source of income for the inhabitants was fishing. The North Sea coastline has always been rather unstable due to the power of the water. In 1395 the inhabitants decided to build a new Ostend behind large dikes and further away from the always-threatening sea. The strategic position on the North Sea coast had major advantages for Ostend as
2580-421: The international trade level. Both nations regarded international trade as "their" privilege. There was a Jewish community in Ostend, which was first noted in the 16th century. On 19 September 1826, the local artillery magazine exploded. At least 20 people were killed and a further 200 injured. The affluent quarter of d'Hargras was levelled and scarcely a building in the city escaped damage. Disease followed
2640-633: The larger beach (het Groot Strand). Near the beach is a well-preserved section of the fortified Atlantic Wall , open to the public as the Atlantic Wall Open Air Museum located in Raversijde . One can walk through the streets around Het Vissersplein . At certain times, there are markets in the neighbourhood streets and in the summer the Vissersplein has music festivals. The Vissersplein ( Bonenstraat / Kadzandstraat )
2700-554: The last of these services ended with the failure of TransEuropa Ferries in 2013. Ostend is twinned with: References to these notable citizens of Ostend can be found on the oostende.be website. Ostend has been used as a film location by numerous directors. The movies Place Vendôme with Catherine Deneuve ; Daughters of Darkness with Delphine Seyrig as Countess Bathory ; Armaguedon with Alain Delon ; Camping Cosmos with Lolo Ferrari ; and Ex Drummer , based on
2760-409: The naval service that year in disappointment. He became a deacon and married Alijth Jacobsdochter Arckenboudt, the daughter of Brill's wealthy schepen and tax collector, on 12 September 1634. In 1637 Tromp re-enlisted in the Dutch navy and was promoted from captain to Lieutenant-Admiral of Holland and West Frisia, under the Stadtholder, Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange . This occurred following
2820-423: The rank " general of the army ", which is more senior, and corresponds to marshal or field marshal . Ostend Ostend ( / ɒ ˈ s t ɛ n d / ost- END ; Dutch : Oostende [oːstˈɛndə] West Flemish : Ostende ; French : Ostende [ɔstɑ̃d] ; lit. ' East End ' ) is a coastal city and municipality in the province of West Flanders in
2880-462: The resignation of Lieutenant-Admiral Philips van Dorp, and the dismissal of Vice-Admiral Jasper Liefhebber, and other flag officers due to incompetence, neglecting the Dutch navy which had fallen into a deplorable state, with several captains resigning their commissions and seeking service with the army. With the resignation of van Dorp on 27 October the States of Holland once again asked Tromp to accept
2940-494: The single bloodiest battle of the Eighty Years' War . This shocking event set in motion negotiations that led to a truce several years later. When the truce broke down, it became a Dunkirker base. After this era, Ostend was turned into a harbour of some importance. In 1722, the Dutch again closed off the entrance to the world's biggest harbour of Antwerp , the Westerschelde . Therefore, Ostend rose in importance because
3000-669: The town provided an alternative exit to the sea. The Belgium Austriacum had become part of the Austrian Empire . The Austrian Emperor Charles VI granted the town the trade monopoly with Africa and the Far-East. The Oostendse Compagnie (Ostend trade company) was allowed to found colonies overseas. However, in 1727 the Oostendse Compagnie was forced to stop its activities because of Dutch and British pressure. The Netherlands and Britain would not allow competitors on
3060-470: The wars were later replaced with structures in the modernist architecture style. Ostend's Winter in the Park festival draws more than 600,000 people to the seaside city. During December, Ostend's Christmas market, one of the largest in Europe, features vendors and food sellers along with ice skating, music and other events. A light-show tunnel on one of the major shopping streets attracts and amuses visitors from all over Belgium, Europe and beyond. Ostend
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#17327721291443120-468: Was Vice-Admiral Witte de With , who also served the Admiralty of Rotterdam (de Maze) from 1637. De With temporarily replaced him as supreme commander for the Battle of Kentish Knock . Tromp's crew would not permit De With, who had a reputation of severity when disciplining a crew, to raise his flag on their ship, and insisted that he use the Prins Willem as his flagship. Tromp's successor was Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam . Tromp commanded
3180-399: Was cruising in the English Channel with a fleet of forty ships between Nieuport and the mouth of the Meuse River , with general orders to protect Holland's commerce, while keeping watch over the English fleet who were searching and seizing Dutch merchant ships prior. British Admiral Robert Blake had recently seized seven richly laden Dutch merchant ships, off the coast of Fairlight . Blake
3240-444: Was mostly occupied with blockading the privateer port of Dunkirk . With his flagship, the Aemilia , Tromp promptly re-established the neglected blockade of Dunkirk and took steps to hinder the transportation of Spanish troops to Flanders. Tromp out-maneuvered Oquendo's fleet which was bound for Flanders but was forced to retreat to England at the Downs , behind the sandbanks of the Kentish coast , where they remained trapped, while
3300-406: Was now lying in Dover Roads with fifteen ships, while eight others were anchored in Bourne in the Downs. When Tromp failed to lower his flag in salute, Blake, aboard his flagship the James , believing Tromp had just received orders from a dispatch ketch to commence battle, fired two warning shots, without ball. The Battle of Dover was begun when Tromp refused to strike his flag and instead hoisted
3360-454: Was on good terms with the Spain,. attacked on 21 October, during the Battle of the Downs , destroying a large proportion of Oquendo's armada. During the Fight in the Channel , a preliminary action to the Downs, Tromp was the first fleet commander known for the deliberate use of line of battle tactics, marking the end of Spanish naval power. For his landmark victory Tromp was rewarded by the States-General and knighted by Louis XIII of France,
3420-424: Was organized mostly for mélée fighting and were largely crewed with soldiers for that purpose, while the English employed the use of superior firepower. Admiral Robert Blake joined the English fleet on 3 June. Though his fleet was very low on ammunition Tromp decided for a direct attack, but at the time the winds became almost still, leaving the Dutch fleet vulnerable in the face of superior enemy fire. Subsequently
3480-416: Was outnumbered, two-to-one. Blake, nevertheless, shadowed the Dutch fleet which was sailing parallel along the English coast towards Dungeness , with the coastline beginning to bend to the south. As the fleets were approaching Dungeness Point Blake's fleet became pinned against the shore bringing the two fleets close together. Tromp subsequently hoisted the red battle-flag and advanced on Blake’s new flagship,
3540-408: Was still alive. At this point Evertsen assumed command, and with this the Dutch admirals returned to their ships and resumed battle with "unabated vigour". The loss of Tromp was a severe blow to the Dutch navy. The battle proved to be a tactical victory for the English, but a strategic victory for the Dutch in that they had the blockade removed. Tromp was held in high esteem in the Dutch navy and with
3600-480: Was very successful in fighting the Dunkirkers as a squadron commander, functioning as a commandeur on the Vliegende Groene Draeck . Despite receiving four honorary golden chains, he was not promoted further. The Vliegende Groene Draeck foundered and new heavy vessels were reserved for the flag officers while Tromp was relegated to the old Prins Hendrik . After Tromp's first wife died in 1634, with whom he had three sons left for Tromp to support, he subsequently left
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