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127-419: James Cameron introduced the first Terminator character in the 1984 film The Terminator , featuring a single cyborg simply called the "Terminator" or " Cyberdyne Systems Model 101 ", portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger . Terminators are cyborgs designed as skilled killing machines. In most franchise media, the machines are created in a post-apocalyptic future by a computer AI, Skynet , after it has launched

254-415: A Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . It was during the production of True Lies that he would first meet Jon Landau , who at the time oversaw the film's production for Fox. In July 2024, Cameron stated that he "lured" Landau away from Fox to Lightstorm. In 1995, Cameron co-produced Strange Days , a science fiction thriller. Directed by Kathryn Bigelow and co-written by Jay Cocks , Strange Days

381-504: A "genius". Michael Biehn, a frequent collaborator, also praised Cameron, saying he "is a really passionate person. He cares more about his movies than other directors care about their movies", adding, "I've never seen him yell at anybody". Biehn acknowledged that Cameron is "not real sensitive when it comes to actors and their trailers, and waiting for actors to come to the set". Worthington commented: "He demands excellence. If you don't give it to him, you're going to get chewed out. And that's

508-562: A "tinpot dictator"; Cameron stated that when he visited one of Ron Howard 's sets, he was "dumbfounded" at how much time Howard took to compliment his crew, aspiring to become "his inner Ron Howard". Cameron's work has had an impact in the Hollywood film industry. The Avengers (2012), directed by Joss Whedon , was inspired by Cameron's approach to action sequences. Whedon also admires Cameron's ability for writing heroic female characters such as Ellen Ripley of Aliens , adding that he

635-490: A 2017 interview: "Let's face it, if Avatar 2 and 3 don't make enough money, there's not going to be a 4 and 5 ". Avatar: The Way of Water had its world premiere in London on December 6, 2022. It became the highest-grossing film released in 2022, and as of 2023 stood as the 3rd highest-grossing film of all time, behind only Avatar and Avengers: Endgame , and just ahead of Titanic . Lightstorm Entertainment bought

762-449: A 21-inch-diameter (530 mm) AUV can tow a 400-foot-long (120 m) hydrophone array while maintaining a 6-knot (11 km/h) cruising speed. Radio waves cannot penetrate water very far, so as soon as an AUV dives it loses its GPS signal. Therefore, a standard way for AUVs to navigate underwater is through dead reckoning . Navigation can, however, be improved by using an underwater acoustic positioning system . When operating within

889-487: A colleague and founder of Pacific Western Productions , agreed to buy Cameron's script for one dollar, on the condition that Cameron direct the film. He convinced the president of Hemdale Pictures to make the film, with Cameron as director and Hurd as a producer. Lance Henriksen , who starred in Piranha II: The Spawning , was considered for the lead role, but Cameron decided that Arnold Schwarzenegger

1016-539: A consequence of limited resources and inexperience, hobbyist AUVs can rarely compete with commercial models on operational depth, durability, or sophistication. Finally, these hobby AUVs are usually not oceangoing, being operated most of the time in pools or lake beds. A simple AUV can be constructed from a microcontroller, PVC pressure housing, automatic door lock actuator, syringes , and a DPDT relay. Some participants in competitions create designs that rely on open-source software. Submarines that travel autonomously to

1143-500: A destination by means of GPS navigation have been made by illegal drug traffickers. Autonomous underwater vehicles, for example AUV ABYSS , have been used to find wreckage of missing airplanes, e.g. Air France Flight 447 , and the Bluefin-21 AUV was used in the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 . The U.S. Navy Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) Master Plan identified the following UUV missions in 2004: By 2014,

1270-516: A double life as a married man, whose wife believes he is a computer salesman. The film co-stars Jamie Lee Curtis , Eliza Dushku and Tom Arnold . Cameron's Lightstorm Entertainment signed a deal with 20th Century Fox for the production of True Lies . Budgeted at a minimum of $ 100 million, the film earned $ 146 million in the United States and Canada. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and Curtis won

1397-516: A good thing". When asked in 2012 about his reputation, Cameron dryly responded: "I don't have to shout any more, because the word is out there already". In 2021, while giving a MasterClass during a break from his work on the Avatar sequels, Cameron acknowledged his past demanding behaviour, opining that if he could go back in time, he would improve the working relationship with his cast and crew members by being less autocratic, thinking of himself as

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1524-524: A metal endoskeleton . The skin is prone to aging and injury related deterioration. Terminators are generally used as infiltration units, their appearance allowing them to blend in with humans. Dogs are used by the human resistance to detect Terminators in disguise. Although designed to kill people, several of the machines are reprogrammed by the resistance to instead serve as protectors. Common Terminator traits include super strength, shapeshifting , vocal impersonation, and red eyes. A Terminator's point of view

1651-569: A mobile phone rang during filming, Cameron would "nail it to the wall with a nail gun". Composer James Horner was also not immune to Cameron's demands; he recalls having to write music in a short time frame for Aliens. After the experience, Horner did not work with Cameron for a decade. In 1996, they reconciled their friendship and Horner produced the soundtracks for Titanic and Avatar . Despite this reputation, Sigourney Weaver has praised Cameron's perfectionism and attention to detail, saying: "He really does want us to risk our lives and limbs for

1778-569: A moment of silence to remember the 1,500 people who died when the ship sank. Film critic Roger Ebert praised Cameron's storytelling, writing: "It is flawlessly crafted, intelligently constructed, strongly acted, and spellbinding". Authors Kevin Sandler and Gaylyn Studlar wrote in 1999 that the romance, historical nostalgia and James Horner 's music contributed to the film's cultural phenomenon. In 2017, on its 20th anniversary, Titanic became Cameron's second film to be selected for preservation in

1905-864: A multi-USV attack on Russian naval vessels at the Sevastopol Naval Base in October 2022 and the Russian naval facilities at Novorossiysk in November 2022, and in August 2023 there were additional attacks on Novorossiysk. The Russian navy adapted both defences and fleet strategy as a result of these attacks, such that, by January 2024, the Ukrainian navy was developing AUVs to increase offensive capability against improved Russian USV defenses. Hundreds of different AUVs have been designed over

2032-479: A net of sea floor-deployed baseline transponders, this is known as LBL navigation . When a surface reference such as a support ship is available, ultra-short baseline (USBL) or short-baseline (SBL) positioning is used to calculate where the sub-sea vehicle is relative to the known ( GPS ) position of the surface craft by means of acoustic range and bearing measurements. To improve estimation of its position, and reduce errors in dead reckoning (which grow over time),

2159-512: A new villain ( T-1000 ), with shape-shifting abilities who hunts for Sarah Connor 's son, John ( Edward Furlong ). Cameron cast Robert Patrick as T-1000 because of his lean and thin appearance — a sharp contrast to Schwarzenegger. Cameron explained: "I wanted someone who was extremely fast and agile. If the T-800 is a human Panzer tank , then the T-1000 is a Porsche ". Terminator 2 was one of

2286-683: A nightmare to work with. Studios fear his habit of straying way over schedule and over budget. He is notorious on set for his uncompromising and dictatorial manner, as well as his flaming temper". Author Alexandra Keller writes that Cameron is an egomaniac, obsessed with vision, but praises his "technological ingenuity" at creating a "visceral viewing experience". According to Ed Harris, who starred in Cameron's film The Abyss , Cameron behaved in an autocratic manner. Orson Scott Card , who novelized The Abyss , stated that Cameron "made everyone around him miserable, and his unkindness did nothing to improve

2413-456: A nozzle or not. All of these parts embedded in the AUV construction are involved in propulsion. Other vehicles use a thruster unit to maintain the modularity. Depending on the need, the thruster may be equipped with a nozzle for propeller collision protection or to reduce noise submission, or it may be equipped with a direct drive thruster to keep the efficiency at the highest level and the noises at

2540-710: A nuclear war against humans. According to the first two films, Terminators were created after the war started. The films Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines and Terminator Salvation feature an altered timeline affected by the destruction of Cyberdyne Systems in Terminator 2: Judgment Day . In this new timeline, Terminators were created by Cyber Research Systems , starting with the T-1. Subsequent films also feature their own alternate timelines. Terminators typically consist of an exterior made of living human tissue, covering

2667-635: A predecessor to the COTSBot to help monitor the Great Barrier Reef and reefs around the world. The RangerBot was developed for single person deployment and offers real-time on-board vision for navigation, obstacle detection, and management tasks. Many roboticists construct AUVs as a hobby. Several competitions exist which allow these homemade AUVs to compete against each other while accomplishing objectives. Like their commercial brethren, these AUVs can be fitted with cameras, lights, or sonar. As

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2794-525: A production assistant for Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979). While educating himself about filmmaking techniques, Cameron started a job as a miniature model maker at Roger Corman Studios. He was soon employed as an art director for the science-fiction film Battle Beyond the Stars (1980). He carried out the special effects for John Carpenter 's Escape from New York (1981), served as production designer for Galaxy of Terror (1981), and consulted on

2921-437: A protector in later appearances. Subsequent films have introduced other Terminator models: The films have also featured several humans who later become part machine: A television series, titled Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008–09), introduces several new Terminator models. Among these are multiple T-888 antagonists, including one known as Cromartie (portrayed by Garret Dillahunt ). Other Terminators include

3048-654: A science fiction drama directed by Steven Soderbergh . The film gained mixed reviews and failed at the box office. Keen to make documentaries, Cameron directed Expedition: Bismarck , about the German Battleship Bismarck . In 2003, he directed Ghosts of the Abyss , a documentary about RMS Titanic which was released by Walt Disney Pictures and Walden Media , and designed for 3D theaters . Cameron told The Guardian his intention for filming everything in 3D. In 2005, Cameron co-directed Aliens of

3175-417: A sequel to Alien (1979), a science fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott . Like the original, the sequel Aliens (1986) featured Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley . Aliens follows Ripley as she helps a group of marines fight off extraterrestrials . Despite conflicts with cast and crew during production, and having to replace one of the lead actors — James Remar with Michael Biehn — Aliens

3302-563: A shapeshifting T-1001 known as Catherine Weaver (portrayed by Shirley Manson ), and an unknown model known as Cameron (portrayed by Summer Glau ), a protector to John Connor. An early model, the T-600, is referenced in the first film, noted as being easily spotted due to its rubber-skinned exterior. The T-600 makes its first appearance in The Sarah Connor Chronicles . Terminator Salvation features T-600s and T-700s,

3429-551: A stance he said he had come to see as "cowardly atheism." Since 2011, he is vegan . Cameron met close friend Guillermo del Toro on the production of his 1993 film, Cronos . In 1998, del Toro's father Federico was kidnapped in Guadalajara and Cameron gave del Toro more than $ 1 million (equivalent to $ 1,744,000 in 2023) in cash to pay a ransom and have his father released. Cameron had been friends with Titanic expert Paul-Henri Nargeolet for over 25 years before

3556-667: A story about oil-rig workers who discover strange intelligent life in the ocean. Based on an idea which Cameron had conceived of during high school, the film was initially budgeted at $ 41 million, although it ran considerably over this amount. It starred Ed Harris , Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio and Michael Biehn . The production process began in the Cayman Islands and in South Carolina , in two huge water tanks "reclaimed from" an unfinished nuclear power plant. The cast and crew recall Cameron's dictatorial behavior, and

3683-422: A television series influenced by cyberpunk , biopunk , contemporary superheroes and third-wave feminism . Dark Angel starred Jessica Alba as Max Guevara , a genetically enhanced super-soldier created by a secretive organization. While the first season was moderately successful, the second season did less well, which led to its cancellation. In 2002, Cameron served as producer on the 2002 film Solaris ,

3810-489: A third Terminator film, but plans never materialized. The rights to the Terminator franchise were eventually purchased by Kassar from a bankruptcy sale of Carolco's assets. Cameron moved on to other projects and, in 1993, co-founded Digital Domain , a visual effects production company. In 1994, Cameron and Schwarzenegger reunited for their third collaboration, True Lies , a remake of the 1991 French comedy La Totale! The story depicts an American secret agent who leads

3937-528: Is "the leader and the teacher and the Yoda ". Director Michael Bay idolizes Cameron and was convinced by him to use 3D cameras for filming Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011). Cameron's approach to 3D inspired Baz Luhrmann during the production of The Great Gatsby (2013). Other directors that have been inspired by Cameron include Peter Jackson , Neill Blomkamp , and Xavier Dolan . Cameron received

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4064-571: Is a Canadian filmmaker. He is a major figure in the post- New Hollywood era and often uses novel technologies with a classical filmmaking style. He first gained recognition for writing and directing The Terminator (1984), and found further success with Aliens (1986), The Abyss (1989), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), and True Lies (1994), as well as Avatar (2009) and its sequels . He directed, wrote, co-produced, and co-edited Titanic (1997), winning Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , and Best Film Editing . He

4191-585: Is a recipient of various other industry accolades , and three of his films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress . Cameron co-founded the production companies Lightstorm Entertainment , Digital Domain , and Earthship Productions. In addition to filmmaking, he is a National Geographic explorer-in-residence and has produced many documentaries on deep-ocean exploration, including Ghosts of

4318-451: Is also rendered in this color. The original film The Terminator (1984) introduces a Cyberdyne Systems Model 101 , also known as a T-800 and commonly referred to as simply the "Terminator". The character is portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger , who would return to play various incarnations of the machine throughout the film series. Originally an antagonist, the T-800 is usually depicted as

4445-600: Is development of AUVs for potential seabed mining and/or harvesting of polymetallic nodule rocks. Scientists use AUVs to study lakes, the ocean, and the ocean floor. A variety of sensors can be affixed to AUVs to measure the concentration of various elements or compounds, the absorption or reflection of light, and the presence of microscopic life. Examples include conductivity-temperature-depth sensors (CTDs), fluorometers , and pH sensors. Additionally, AUVs can be configured as tow-vehicles to deliver customized sensor packages to specific locations. The Applied Physics Lab at

4572-487: Is effectively split into three areas: scientific (including universities and research agencies), commercial offshore (offshore energy, marine minerals etc.) and defence related applications (mine countermeasures, battle space preparation). The majority of these roles utilize a similar design and operate in a cruise (torpedo-type) mode. They collect data while following a preplanned route at speeds between 1 and 4 knots. Commercially available AUVs include various designs, such as

4699-443: Is in a league all of his own. With his genre-spanning work, lofty ambitions, and unrestrained energy, Cameron has carved out a name for himself in Hollywood as an artist willing to do anything to see his vision come true." Rebecca Keegan, author of The Futurist: The Life and Films of James Cameron, describes Cameron as "comically hands-on", and would try to do every job on the set. Andrew Gumbel of The Independent says Cameron "is

4826-631: Is the Crown-Of-Thorns Starfish Robot ( COTSBot ) created by the Queensland University of Technology (QUT). The COTSBot finds and eradicates crown-of-thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ), a species that damages the Great Barrier Reef . It uses a neural network to identify the starfish and injects bile salts to kill it. The Queensland University of Technology has also developed the RangerBot AUV as

4953-529: Is the first of five children, with two brothers and two sisters. His paternal great-great-great-grandfather emigrated from Balquhidder , Scotland, in 1825. Cameron spent summers on his grandfather's farm in southern Ontario. He attended Stamford Collegiate in Niagara Falls . At age 17, Cameron and his family moved from Chippawa to Brea, California . He attended Sonora High School and then moved to Brea Olinda High School . Classmates recalled that he

5080-479: Is the only director to have had three films gross over $ 2 billion. In 2010, Time named Cameron one of the 100 most influential people in the world . Cameron is also an environmentalist and runs several sustainability businesses. James Francis Cameron was born on August 16, 1954, in Kapuskasing , Ontario, to Philip Cameron, an electrical engineer , and Shirley ( née  Lowe ), an artist and nurse. He

5207-610: The Titan submersible implosion , Cameron made appearances in multiple news outlets where he criticized OceanGate and its co-founder Stockton Rush for failing to certify the company's submersibles for safety. He was also critical of the use of carbon-fiber composite in the company's Titan submersible, stating that the material has "no strength in external compression" when withstanding the pressure in deep-sea environments. On July 15, Cameron stated that he had no plans for an OceanGate documentary. Cameron has been married five times. He

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5334-547: The Cuban Missile Crisis unfold when he was eight years old. Cameron is regarded as an innovative filmmaker in the industry, with a classical filmmaking style, as well as not easy to work for. Radio Times critic John Ferguson described Cameron as "the king of hi-tech thrillers". Dalin Rowell of /Film stated: "Known for his larger-than-life creations and unique filmmaking style, director James Cameron

5461-643: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill . It was reported that he offered his assistance to help stop the oil well from leaking. He is a member of the NASA Advisory Council and he worked with the space agency to build cameras for the Curiosity rover sent for Mars . NASA launched the rover without Cameron's technology due to a lack of time during testing. He has expressed interest in a project about Mars, stating: "I've been very interested in

5588-720: The EvoLogics BOSS Manta Ray. AUVs carry sensors to navigate autonomously and map features of the ocean. Typical sensors include compasses , depth sensors, sidescan and other sonars , magnetometers , thermistors and conductivity probes. Some AUVs are outfitted with biological sensors including fluorometers (also known as chlorophyll sensors), turbidity sensors, and sensors to measure pH , and amounts of dissolved oxygen . A demonstration at Monterey Bay , in California, in September 2006, showed that

5715-640: The Museum of Pop Culture for his contribution to the science fiction and fantasy field. Cameron collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering and served as a creative consultant on Pandora – The World of Avatar , an Avatar -themed land at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida which opened to the public on May 27, 2017. A species of frog, Pristimantis jamescameroni , was named after Cameron for his work in promoting environmental awareness and advocacy of veganism . In 2010, Time magazine named Cameron one of

5842-503: The USC library . After the excitement of seeing Star Wars in 1977, Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry . Cameron's directing career began in 1978. After borrowing money from a consortium of dentists, he learned to direct, write and produce his first short film, Xenogenesis (1978) with a friend. Learning as they went, Cameron said he felt like a doctor doing his first surgical procedure. He then served as

5969-453: The highest-grossing film of all time, holding this position for twelve years, until Cameron's Avatar beat the record in 2010. The costumes and sets were praised, and The Washington Post considered the CGI graphics to be spectacular. Titanic received a record-tying fourteen nominations (tied with All About Eve (1950) at the 1998 Academy Awards . It won eleven of the awards, tying

6096-433: The second-highest-grossing film director of all time. Three of Cameron's films are amongst the top four highest-grossing films of all time ; Avatar (2009), Avatar: The Way of Water (2022) and Titanic (1997) are the highest, third-highest and fourth-highest-grossing films of all time, respectively. Cameron directed the first film to gross over $ 1 billion, the first two films to gross over $ 2 billion, and

6223-723: The 100 most influential people in the world. That same year, he was ranked at the top of the list in The Guardian Film Power 100 and in 30th place in New Statesman 's list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010". In 2013, Cameron received the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public , which is annually awarded by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography . In 2019, Cameron

6350-668: The 3D Fusion Camera System . In 2011, Cameron became a National Geographic explorer-in-residence. In this role, on March 7, 2012, he dived five miles deep to the bottom of the New Britain Trench with the Deepsea Challenger . 19 days later, Cameron reached the Challenger Deep , the deepest part of the Mariana Trench . He spent more than three hours exploring the ocean floor, becoming

6477-482: The ANEP-87 JANUS standard for subsea communications. This standard allows for 80 BPS communications links with flexible and extensible message formatting. Alternative communication techniques are being explored, including optical, inductive and RF based techniques, which may be combined in a multi-modal solutions. Evaluations are also being conducted on novel communication techniques which are able to utilize

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6604-403: The AUV can also surface and take its own GPS fix. Between position fixes and for precise maneuvering, an Inertial Navigation System on board the AUV calculates through dead reckoning the AUV position, acceleration, and velocity. Estimates can be made using data from an Inertial Measurement Unit , and can be improved by adding a Doppler Velocity Log (DVL), which measures the rate of travel over

6731-559: The Abyss (2003) and Aliens of the Deep (2005). Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies and helped create the digital 3D Fusion Camera System . In 2012, Cameron became the first person to do a solo descent to the bottom of the Mariana Trench , the deepest part of the Earth's ocean, in the Deepsea Challenger submersible. Cameron's films have grossed over $ 8 billion worldwide, making him

6858-599: The Aerostats report back to the Harvester, a machine rising at least 50 feet. The Harvester is tasked with capturing the humans, and can smash into buildings to acquire them. The humans are then loaded into the Transporter, a flying machine which brings them to Skynet's facilities for research, which is then used to create the T-800. Terminator Salvation also introduces two other machines, both designed to kill humans:

6985-641: The Deep , a documentary about the various forms of life in the ocean. He also starred in Titanic Adventure with Tony Robinson , another documentary about the Titanic shipwreck. In 2006, Cameron co-created and narrated The Exodus Decoded , a documentary exploring the Biblical account of the Exodus . In 2007, Cameron and fellow director Simcha Jacobovici , produced The Lost Tomb of Jesus . It

7112-764: The Humans to Mars movement ... and I've done a tremendous amount of personal research for a novel, a miniseries, and a 3D film." Cameron is a member of the Mars Society , a non-profit organization lobbying for the colonization of Mars . Cameron endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton for the 2016 United States presidential election . Cameron has experience with deep-sea exploration , in part because of his work on The Abyss, Titanic , and Avatar: The Way of Water and his childhood fascination with shipwrecks. He has contributed to advancements in underwater filming and remotely operated vehicles , and helped develop

7239-469: The Hydrobot, an amphibious snake-like vehicle ; and motorcycles known as Moto-Terminators. Terminator Genisys introduces an additional model, four-legged Spider Tanks, which are dropped by aerial HKs. The Terminator concept was originally conceived by James Cameron , director and writer of the first two films. Special effects artist Stan Winston and his crew provided practical Terminator effects for

7366-442: The Machines briefly features the T-1, described as the earliest Terminator model by director Jonathan Mostow : "I wanted to depict the first generation of Terminator robots, to show where it all began. […] We came up with this primitive but deadly robotic machine that is part tank, part robot." Terminator Salvation introduces a variety of new machines, including Aerostats which fly over areas looking for humans. Upon locating them,

7493-552: The Navy Master Plan divided all UUVs into four classes: In 2019, the Navy ordered five Orca UUVs, its first acquisition of unmanned submarines with combat capability. In 2022–23, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Ukrainian armed forces made a number of advancements in uncrewed surface vessel (USV) technology using autonomous control architecture, sometimes with mid-mission telerobotic updates. Employed in

7620-600: The RT Sys Comet and NemoSens AUVs; Teledyne's Gavia, Osprey and SeaRaptor; and the L3 Harris Ocean Server Iver range of AUVs. Most AUVs fall into the survey class or cruising AUVs, in a cylindrical or torpedo shape with a powered propeller. This is seen as the best compromise between size, usable volume, hydrodynamic efficiency and ease of handling. There are some vehicles that make use of a modular design, enabling components to be changed easily by

7747-509: The United States National Film Registry. After the huge success of Titanic , Cameron kept a low profile. In 1998, he and his brother, John, formed Earthship Productions, to stream documentaries about the deep sea , one of Cameron's interests. Again during 1998, Cameron considered doing a large-scale technological/religious film by an unknown writer, but after three tries was forced to personally pass on

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7874-652: The University of Washington has been creating iterations of its Seaglider AUV platform since the 1950s. Though the Seaglider was originally designed for oceanographic research, in recent years it has seen much interest from organizations such as the U.S. Navy or the oil and gas industry. The fact that these autonomous gliders are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and operate is indicative of most AUV platforms that will see success in myriad applications. An example of an AUV interacting directly with its environment

8001-472: The backdrop of the tragedy; a radical departure from his previous work. The supporting cast includes Billy Zane , Kathy Bates , Frances Fisher , Gloria Stuart , Bernard Hill , Jonathan Hyde , Victor Garber , Danny Nucci , David Warner and Bill Paxton . The film was also Cameron's first large scale production with Landau as a co-producer. After months of delay, Titanic premiered on December 19, 1997. The film received strong critical acclaim and became

8128-489: The baton of his personal story to them so they could pass his unique and harrowing experience to future generations, Cameron was assisted by the Avatar sequels co-writer Shane Salerno and Pellegrino, who previously served as Cameron's science consultant on Titanic and Avatar . In June 2010, Cameron met with officials of the Environmental Protection Agency to discuss possible solutions to

8255-526: The budget for these would be over $ 1 billion. Avatar 2 (later given the subtitle The Way of Water ) and Avatar 3 (later given the subtitle Fire and Ash ) began simultaneous production in Manhattan Beach, California on August 15, 2017. Principal photography began in New Zealand on September 25, 2017. Parts of Avatar 4 were also filmed during this time. Cameron stated in

8382-642: The bulky script. Cameron then returned to the Terminator franchise as producer and writer for Tim Miller 's Terminator: Dark Fate (2019). In August 2013, Cameron announced plans to direct three sequels to Avatar simultaneously, for release in December 2016, 2017, and 2018. However, the release dates were adjusted due to Cameron's other priorities, with Avatar 3 , 4 and 5 to be released, respectively, on December 20, 2024, December 18, 2026, and December 22, 2028. Deadline Hollywood estimated that

8509-565: The case was dismissed by US district judge Jesse Furman in 2014. In 2016, Premier Exhibitions , owner of many RMS Titanic artifacts, filed for bankruptcy. Cameron supported the UK's National Maritime Museum and National Museums Northern Ireland decision to bid for the artifacts, but they were acquired by an investment group before a formal bid took place. Cameron joined the board of directors of AI company Stability AI in September 2024. Cameron's films are often based on themes which explore

8636-412: The centennial anniversary of the tragedy. On March 27, 2012, Titanic 3D premiered at London's Royal Albert Hall . He also served as executive producer of Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away and Deepsea Challenge 3D in 2012 and 2014, respectively. Cameron starred in the 2017 documentary Atlantis Rising, with collaborator Simcha Jacobovici . The pair go on an adventure to explore the existence of

8763-643: The city of Atlantis . The programme aired on January 29 on National Geographic. Next, Cameron produced and appeared in a documentary about the history of science fiction . James Cameron's Story of Science Fiction, the six-episodic series was broadcast on AMC in 2018. The series featured interviews with guests including Ridley Scott , Steven Spielberg , George Lucas and Christopher Nolan . He stated "Without Jules Verne and H. G. Wells , there wouldn't have been Ray Bradbury or Robert A. Heinlein , and without them, there wouldn't be [George] Lucas, [Steven] Spielberg , Ridley Scott or me". Alita: Battle Angel

8890-400: The conflicts between intelligent machines and humanity or nature , dangers of corporate greed, strong female characters, and a romance subplot. Cameron has further stated in an interview with The Talks, "All my movies are love stories". Both Titanic and Avatar are noted for featuring star-crossed lovers . Characters suffering from emotionally intense and dramatic environments in

9017-408: The country having an opportunity to demonstrate to the international film industry how to safely return to work. Doing so with Avatar [sequels] will be a beacon that, when this is over [ COVID-19 pandemic ], will attract more production to New Zealand and continue to stimulate the screen industry and the economy for years." Cameron is an atheist ; he formerly associated himself with agnosticism ,

9144-515: The creation and release of Titanic ), and stars actor Ross Marquand in the lead voice role as Cameron. Autonomous underwater vehicle An autonomous underwater vehicle ( AUV ) is a robot that travels underwater without requiring continuous input from an operator. AUVs constitute part of a larger group of undersea systems known as unmanned underwater vehicles , a classification that includes non-autonomous remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) – controlled and powered from

9271-465: The design for Android (1982). Cameron was hired as the special effects director for the sequel to Piranha (1978), titled Piranha II: The Spawning in 1982. The original director, Miller Drake, left the project due to creative differences with producer Ovidio Assonitis . Shot in Rome, Italy, and on Grand Cayman Island, the film gave Cameron the opportunity to become director for a major film for

9398-551: The film earned a fair $ 108 million at the worldwide box office. Cameron re-investigated the sinking of RMS Titanic with eight experts in a 2012 TV documentary special, Titanic: The Final Word with James Cameron , which premiered on April 8 on the National Geographic channel. In the feature, the experts revised the CGI animation of the sinking conceived in 1995. In March 2010, Cameron announced that Titanic will be converted and re-released in 3D to commemorate

9525-479: The film in any way. Nor did it motivate people to work faster or better". Harris later said: "I like Jim. He's an incredibly talented, intelligent guy", adding that "it was always good to see him" in later years. Speaking of her experience on Titanic , Kate Winslet said that she admired Cameron, but "there were times I was genuinely frightened of him". Describing him as having "a temper like you wouldn't believe", she had said she would not work with him again unless it

9652-626: The film rights to the Taylor Stevens novel The Informationist , a thriller set in Africa with Cameron planning to direct. In 2010, he indicated he would adapt the Charles R. Pellegrino book The Last Train from Hiroshima , which is about the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Cameron met with survivor Tsutomu Yamaguchi before his death in 2010. In 2024, Deadline Hollywood confirmed that Cameron had purchased

9779-443: The film starred Rosa Salazar , Christoph Waltz , Jennifer Connelly , Mahershala Ali , Ed Skrein , Jackie Earle Haley and Keean Johnson . The film premiered on January 31, 2019, to generally positive reviews and $ 404 million (equivalent to $ 474,900,000 in 2023) at the worldwide box office. In her review, Monica Castillo of RogerEbert.com called it "an awe-inspiring jump for [Rodriguez]" and "a visual bonanza", despite

9906-501: The filming of water scenes which were mentally and physically exhausting. Upon the film's release, The Abyss was praised for its special effects, and earned $ 90 million at the worldwide box office. The Abyss received four Academy Award nominations, and won Best Visual Effects. In 1990, Cameron co-founded the firm Lightstorm Entertainment with partner Lawrence Kasanoff . In 1991, Cameron served as executive producer for Point Break (1991), directed by Kathryn Bigelow . After

10033-440: The first time. Cameron later said that it did not feel like his first film due to power-struggles with Assonitis. Upon release of Piranha II: The Spawning , critics were not impressed; author Tim Healey called it "a marvellously bad movie which splices clichés from every conceivable source". In 1982, inspired by John Carpenter 's horror film Halloween (1978), as well as a nightmare about an invincible robot hit-man sent from

10160-533: The first to accomplish the trip alone. During his dive to the Challenger Deep, he discovered new species of sea cucumber , squid worm and a giant single-celled amoeba . He was preceded by unmanned dives in 1995 and 2009 , as well as by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh , the first men to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960. In the aftermath of

10287-406: The future to assassinate him, Cameron wrote the script for The Terminator (1984), a sci-fi action film about a cyborg sent from the future to carry out a lethal mission. Cameron wanted to sell the script so that he could direct the film. Whilst some film studios expressed interest in the project, many executives were unwilling to let a new and unfamiliar director make the film. Gale Anne Hurd ,

10414-469: The highest earner in Hollywood. As of 2022, Avatar and Titanic hold the achievement for being the first two of the six films in history to gross over $ 2 billion worldwide. As with Titanic , Landau would greatly assist Cameron as the co-producer of the Avatar films as well. In 2011, Cameron served as an executive producer for Sanctum , a disaster-survival film about a cave diving expedition which turns deadly. Although receiving mixed reviews,

10541-646: The honorary degree of doctor of the university in July 2004. Cameron accepted the award at the National Oceanography Centre . In 2008, Cameron received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame and a year later, received the 2,396th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . On February 28, 2010, Cameron was honored with a Visual Effects Society (VES) Lifetime Achievement Award. In June 2012, Cameron was inducted to The Science Fiction Hall of Fame at

10668-818: The inaugural Ray Bradbury Award from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America in 1992 for Terminator 2: Judgment Day . In recognition of "a distinguished career as a Canadian filmmaker", Carleton University awarded Cameron the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts on June 13, 1998. Cameron received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1998, presented by Awards Council member George Lucas . He also received an honorary doctorate in 1998 from Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, for his accomplishments in

10795-402: The infrastructure as a communication path to provide alternative communication paths and opportunities from the vehicles. Most AUVs in use today are powered by rechargeable batteries ( lithium ion , lithium polymer , nickel metal hydride etc.), and are implemented with some form of battery management system . Some vehicles use primary batteries which provide perhaps twice the endurance—at

10922-459: The international film industry. In 1998, Cameron attended a convocation to receive an honorary degree from Ryerson University , Toronto. The university awards its highest honor to those who have made extraordinary contributions in Canada or internationally. A year later, Cameron received the honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from California State University, Fullerton . He accepted the degree at

11049-455: The latter also using rubber exteriors before Skynet upgrades to human tissue with the T-800. Both models also have a darker-colored endoskeleton and are larger compared with their successor. Other machines, lacking a human appearance, have also appeared. These include Hunter-Killers (or HKs), which make appearances in the future war segments of the film series. Two types of HKs exist: ground-based tanks and aerial drones . Terminator 3: Rise of

11176-474: The latter's death. Cameron had a strong interest in visiting the space stations Mir and International Space Station (ISS). He spent the summer of 2000 in Moscow getting ready for a potential trip to space, and was offered an opportunity to go by NASA. However, the trip did not include a visit to the space station, so he declined the offer as it did not align with his terms. The shuttle flight he turned down

11303-416: The lowest level. Advanced AUV thrusters have a redundant shaft sealing system to guarantee a proper seal of the robot even if one of the seals fails during the mission. Underwater gliders do not directly propel themselves. By changing their buoyancy and trim, they repeatedly sink and ascend; airfoil "wings" convert this up-and-down motion to forward motion. The change of buoyancy is typically done through

11430-427: The most cost effective manner with minimum disruption to the environment. The AUV allows survey companies to conduct precise surveys of areas where traditional bathymetric surveys would be less effective or too costly. Also, post-lay pipe surveys are now possible, which includes pipeline inspection. The use of AUVs for pipeline inspection and inspection of underwater man-made structures is becoming more common. There also

11557-864: The most expensive films to be produced, costing at least $ 94 million ($ 210 million in 2023 ). Despite the challenging use of computer-generated imagery (CGI), the film was completed on time and released on July 3, 1991. Terminator 2 broke box office records (including the opening weekend record for an R-rated film), earning over $ 200 million in North America and being the first to earn over $ 300 million worldwide (respectively over $ 447 million and $ 671 million in 2023 ). It won four Academy Awards: Best Makeup , Best Sound Mixing , Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects. It also received nominations for Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing , but lost both to political thriller JFK (1991). In subsequent years, Cameron planned to do

11684-491: The operators. Some recent developments move away from the traditional cylindrical shape in favour of other arrangements such as Saab's Sabretooth hybrid R/AUV or the recently launched HUGIN Edge. These either optimise the shape according to the operational requirements (Sabretooth) or to benefit from low drag hydrodynamic performance (HUGIN Edge). The market has matured since 2010 with greater emphasis on data than on vehicle characteristics. Operators are more technically aware and

11811-481: The opportunity for theaters to install 3D projectors. Avatar broke several box office records during its initial theatrical run. It grossed $ 749.7 million in the United States and Canada and more than $ 2.74 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada , surpassing Titanic . It was the first film to earn more than $ 2 billion worldwide. Avatar

11938-484: The order in February 2006. Although Cameron had written an 80-page treatment for Avatar in 1995, Cameron stated that he wanted the necessary technology to improve before starting production. Avatar , with the story line set in the mid-22nd century, had an estimated budget in excess of $ 300 million. The cast includes Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Michelle Rodriguez and Sigourney Weaver . It

12065-512: The original film, including the endoskeleton, and would return for the next three installments to provide further effects. Following Winston's death in 2008, a successor company was formed by his crew under the name Legacy Effects , which worked on Terminator Genisys . Industrial Light & Magic has also worked on the films since Terminator 2 , providing computer-generated imagery of the machines for certain shots. James Cameron James Francis Cameron CC (born August 16, 1954)

12192-935: The past 50 or so years, but only a few companies sell vehicles in any significant numbers. There are around 10 companies that sell AUVs on the international market, including Kongsberg Maritime , HII (formerly Hydroid, and previously owned by Kongsberg Maritime) ), Bluefin Robotics , Teledyne Gavia (previously known as Hafmynd), International Submarine Engineering (ISE) Ltd, Atlas Elektronik , RTsys, MSubs and OceanScan. Vehicles range in size from man portable lightweight AUVs to large diameter vehicles of over 10 metres length. Large vehicles have advantages in terms of endurance and sensor payload capacity; smaller vehicles benefit significantly from lower logistics (for example: support vessel footprint; launch and recovery systems). Some manufacturers have benefited from domestic government sponsorship including Bluefin and Kongsberg. The market

12319-470: The past years, there have been abundant attempts to develop underwater vehicles to meet the challenge of exploration and extraction programs in the oceans. Recently, researchers have focused on the development of AUVs for long-term data collection in oceanography and coastal management. The oil and gas industry uses AUVs to make detailed maps of the seafloor before they start building subsea infrastructure; pipelines and sub sea completions can be installed in

12446-468: The presidential election. Cameron resided in the United States, but after filming Avatar in New Zealand, Cameron bought a home and a farm there in 2012. He divided his time between Malibu, California and New Zealand until 2020, after which he sold his Malibu home and decided to live in New Zealand permanently. He said in August 2020: "I plan to make all my future films in New Zealand, and I see

12573-485: The project "due to his secular nature." Cameron had also planned to make a film about Spider-Man , a project developed by Menahem Golan of Cannon Films . Columbia hired David Koepp to adapt Cameron's ideas into a screenplay, but due to various disagreements, Cameron abandoned the project. In 2002, Spider-Man was released with the screenplay credited solely to Koepp. In 2000, Cameron made his debut in television and co-created Dark Angel with Charles H. Eglee ,

12700-537: The record for most wins with 1959's Ben-Hur , and 2003's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King , including: Best Picture , Best Director , Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, Best Film Editing, Best Costume Design , Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing, Best Original Score and Best Original Song . Upon receiving Best Picture, Cameron and producer Jon Landau asked for

12827-537: The rights of not only The Last Train from Hiroshima , but also of Pellegrino's forthcoming Ghosts of Hiroshima , to make a "uncompromising theatrical epic motion picture" titled Last Train From Hiroshima about a Japanese man who survives Hiroshima's bombing at the height of World War II only to then take a train to Nagasaki's bombing, which he will shoot as soon as the Avatar sequels' production permits. Feeling that he and Pellegrino owe Yamaguchi for handing

12954-621: The sea wilderness are explored in The Abyss and Titanic . The Terminator series amplifies technology as an enemy which could lead to devastation of mankind. Similarly, Avatar views tribal people as an honest group, whereas a "technologically advanced imperial culture is fundamentally evil". A danger for nuclear war, as featured in The Terminator , Terminator 2: Judgement Day and in his forthcoming Last Train From Hiroshima film, has been one of Cameron's fears since he watched

13081-423: The sea/lake floor. Typically, a pressure sensor measures the vertical position (vehicle depth), although depth and altitude can also be obtained from DVL measurements. These observations are filtered to determine a final navigation solution. There are a couple of propulsion techniques for AUVs. Some of them use a brushed or brush-less electric motor , gearbox, Lip seal , and a propeller which may be surrounded by

13208-428: The shot, but he doesn't mind risking his own". In 2015, Weaver and Jamie Lee Curtis both applauded Cameron in an interview. Curtis remarked: "He can do every other job [than acting]. I'm talking about every single department, from art direction to props to wardrobe to cameras, he knows more than everyone doing the job". Curtis also said Cameron "loves actors", while Weaver referred to Cameron as "so generous to actors" and

13335-665: The small REMUS 100 AUV originally developed by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the US and now produced commercially by HII; the HUGIN Family of AUVs comprising HUGIN, HUGIN Edge, HUGIN Superior and HUGIN Endurance developed by Kongsberg Maritime and Norwegian Defence Research Establishment ; the Bluefin Robotics 12-and-21-inch-diameter (300 and 530 mm) vehicles; the ISE Ltd. Explorer; Cellula Robotics' Solus LR;

13462-402: The success of The Terminator , there were discussions for a sequel, and by the late 1980s, Mario Kassar of Carolco Pictures secured the rights to the sequel, allowing Cameron to begin production of the film, Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). Written by Cameron and William Wisher Jr. , Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton reprise their roles. The story follows on from Terminator , depicting

13589-593: The surface by an operator/pilot via an umbilical or using remote control. In military applications an AUV is more often referred to as an unmanned undersea vehicle ( UUV ). Underwater gliders are a subclass of AUVs. The first AUV was developed at the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington as early as 1957 by Stan Murphy, Bob Francois and later on, Terry Ewart. The "Self-Propelled Underwater Research Vehicle", or SPURV ,

13716-631: The surface. Some AUVs have adaptive autonomy, for example the ability to adjust course to avoid obstacles along the planned route. The current state of the art is a vehicle that collects, processes and acts on the data it has acquired without operator input. As of 2008, a new class of AUVs are being developed, which mimic designs found in nature. Although most are currently in their experimental stages, these biomimetic (or bionic ) vehicles are able to achieve higher degrees of efficiency in propulsion and maneuverability by copying successful designs in nature. Two such vehicles are Festo 's AquaJelly (AUV) and

13843-499: The terror may strike at any moment". In 2008, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry , being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 1984, Cameron was hired to write a sequel to First Blood ; it was rewritten by Sylvester Stallone and released as Rambo: First Blood Part II . Cameron was then hired to write and direct

13970-709: The time it was the most expensive film ever made . Starting in 1995, Cameron took several dives to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean to capture footage of the wreck , which would later be used in the film. A replica of the ship was built in Rosarito Beach and principal photography began in September 1996. Titanic made headlines before its release, for being over-budget and exceeding its schedule. Cameron's completed screenplay depicts two star-crossed lovers, portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet , from different social classes who fall in love amid

14097-867: The university's summer annual commencement exercise. Cameron's work has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ; as one of the few directors to have won three Academy Awards in a single year. For Titanic , he won Best Director, Best Picture (shared with Jon Landau) and Best Film Editing (shared with Conrad Buff and Richard A. Harris ). In 2009, he was nominated for awards in Best Film Editing (shared with John Refoua and Stephen E. Rivkin , Best Director and Best Picture for Avatar. Cameron has won two Golden Globes: Best Director for Titanic and Avatar . In recognition of his contributions to underwater filming and remote vehicle technology, University of Southampton awarded Cameron

14224-684: The use of a pump that can take in or push out water. The vehicle's pitch can be controlled by moving the center of mass of the vehicle. For Slocum gliders this is done internally by moving the batteries, which are mounted on a screw. Because of their low speed and low-power electronics, the energy required to cycle trim states is far less than for regular AUVs, and gliders can have endurances of months and transoceanic ranges. Since radio waves do not propagate well under water, many AUV's incorporate acoustic modems to enable remote command and control. These modems typically utilize proprietary communications techniques and modulation schemes. In 2017 NATO ratified

14351-448: The utilisation of AUVs has increased commensurately. More operators use their systems autonomously, rather than supervising the vehicles using an acoustic link. Consequently, on-board processing and in-mission autonomy have become more important features for AUVs. Most AUVs have what is considered navigational or event-based autonomy. They will follow a geographic mission plan with distinct events to operate sensors, change course or return to

14478-464: Was "for a lot of money". Despite this, Winslet and Cameron still looked for future projects, and Winslet was eventually cast in Avatar 2 . Her co-star Leonardo DiCaprio told Esquire : "When somebody felt a different way on the set, there was a confrontation. He lets you know exactly how he feels", but complimented Cameron, "he's of the lineage of John Ford . He knows what he wants his film to be." Sam Worthington, who starred in Avatar , said that if

14605-447: Was a box office success, generating over $ 130 million worldwide. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1987; Best Actress , Best Art Direction , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score and Best Sound . It won awards for Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects . In addition, Weaver and the film made the cover of Time in July 1986. After Aliens , Cameron and Gale Anne Hurd decided to make The Abyss ,

14732-602: Was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Canada by Governor General Julie Payette , giving him the Post Nominal Letters "CC" for life. In 2020, Cameron was the subject of the second season of the Epicleff Media dramatic podcast Blockbuster . The audio drama, created and narrated by Emmy Award -winning journalist and filmmaker Matt Schrader , chronicles Cameron's life and career (leading up to

14859-440: Was born in 1993. Cameron married Hamilton in 1997. Amid speculation of an affair between Cameron and actress Suzy Amis , Cameron and Hamilton separated after two years of marriage, with Hamilton receiving a settlement of $ 50 million. He married Amis, his fifth wife, in 2000. They have one son and two daughters together. Cameron applied for American citizenship in 2004, but withdrew his application after George W. Bush won

14986-582: Was broadcast on Discovery Channel on March 4, 2007; the documentary was controversial for arguing that the Talpiot Tomb was the burial place of Jesus of Nazareth. By the mid-2000s, Cameron returned to directing and producing another mainstream film since Titanic . Cameron had displayed interest in making Avatar (2009) and Alita: Battle Angel (2019) as early as June 2005, with both films to be shot using 3D technology. He wanted to make Alita: Battle Angel first, followed by Avatar , but switched

15113-565: Was composed with a mix of live-action footage and computer-generated animation, using an advanced version of the performance capture technique, previously used by director Robert Zemeckis in The Polar Express . Cameron intended Avatar to be 3D-only but decided to adapt it for conventional viewing as well. Intended for release in May 2009, Avatar premiered on December 18, 2009. This delay allowed more time for post-production and

15240-410: Was critically and financially unsuccessful. In 1996, Cameron reunited with the cast of Terminator 2 to film T2 3-D: Battle Across Time , an attraction at Universal Studios Florida , and in other parks around the world. His next major project was Titanic (1997), an epic about RMS  Titanic , which sank in 1912 after striking an iceberg. With a production budget of $ 200 million, at

15367-429: Was finally released in 2019, after being in parallel development with Avatar . Written by Cameron and friend Jon Landau, the film was directed by Robert Rodriguez and produced by Cameron. The film is based on a 1990s Japanese manga series Battle Angel Alita , depicting a cyborg who cannot remember anything of her past life and tries to uncover the truth. Produced with similar techniques and technology as in Avatar,

15494-502: Was married to Sharon Williams from 1978 to 1984. A year after he and Williams divorced, Cameron married film producer Gale Anne Hurd , a close collaborator for his 1980s films. They divorced in 1989. Soon after separating from Hurd, Cameron met the director Kathryn Bigelow , whom he wed in 1989; they divorced in 1991. Cameron then began a relationship with Linda Hamilton , the lead actress in The Terminator series. Their daughter

15621-508: Was more suitable as the cyborg villain due to his bodybuilder appearance. Henriksen was given a smaller role instead. Michael Biehn and Linda Hamilton also joined the cast. The Terminator was a box office success, exceeding expectations set by Orion Pictures , and earning over $ 78 million worldwide. George Perry of the BBC praised Cameron's direction, writing "Cameron laces the action with ironic jokes, but never lets up on hinting that

15748-568: Was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects. In July 2010, an extended theatrical re-release generated an additional $ 33.2 million worldwide (equivalent to $ 45,300,000 in 2023) at the box office. In his mixed review, Sukhdev Sandhu of The Telegraph complimented the 3D, but opined that Cameron "should have been more brutal in his editing". That year, Vanity Fair reported that Cameron's earnings were US$ 257 million, making him

15875-665: Was not a sportsman but instead enjoyed building things that "either went up into the air or into the deep". After high school, Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College , a community college in 1973 to study physics. He switched subjects to English, but left the college at the end of 1974. Cameron worked odd jobs, including as a truck driver and a high school janitor. He drank beer, frequently consumed cannabis and LSD , and wrote in his free time. During this period, he learned about special effects by reading other students' work on " optical printing , or front screen projection , or dye transfers , anything that related to film technology " at

16002-429: Was the tragic 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster . Cameron attended the memorial service for the victims of the disaster. In June 2013, British artist Roger Dean filed a copyright complaint against Cameron, seeking damages of $ 50 million (equivalent to $ 64,500,000 in 2023). Relating to Avatar , Cameron was accused of "wilful and deliberate copying, dissemination and exploitation" of Dean's original images;

16129-781: Was used to study diffusion, acoustic transmission, and submarine wakes. Other early AUVs were developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1970s. One of these is on display in the Hart Nautical Gallery in MIT. At the same time, AUVs were also developed in the Soviet Union (although this was not commonly known until much later). This type of underwater vehicles has recently become an attractive alternative for underwater search and exploration since they are cheaper than manned vehicles. Over

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