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123-720: The break-up between the LTTE and the Batticaloa -based Karuna group occurred in March 2004. Karuna and others felt that Prabhakaran had become a dictator of a state that used Northern Tamils to oppress the Eastern Tamils and that Eastern Tamils were not given due recognition for "laying down their lives in disproportionate numbers for the northern leadership". Together with Indian-based Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front , TVMP has formed Tamileela Iykkiya Viduthalai Munnani as

246-541: A sniper as he said Mass inside a convent chapel on 24 March 1980. In December 1980, three American nuns, Ita Ford , Dorothy Kazel , and Maura Clarke , and a lay worker, Jean Donovan , were gang raped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been carrying out orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing hundreds of real and suspected Communists. Priests who were spreading liberation theology , such as Father Rutilio Grande , were also targeted. The murderers in this case were found to have been soldiers from

369-434: A sniper assassinated Archbishop Óscar Romero while he was performing Mass in March 1980. In December 1980, three American nuns and a lay worker were gangraped and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing thousands of peasants and activists. Funding for the squads came primarily from right-wing Salvadoran businessmen and landowners. Because

492-491: A 2014 report published by Human Rights Watch (HRW) on Buenaventura , a port town in Colombia, "entire neighborhoods were dominated by powerful paramilitary successor groups" HRW reports that the groups "restrict residents' movements, recruit their children, extort businesses, and routinely engage in horrific acts of violence against anyone who defies their will." It is reported that scores of people have been "disappeared" from

615-528: A Mexican security forces in Chenalhó , Chiapas . In 2000, however, during an internal power struggle between former President Carlos Salinas de Gortari and President Zedillo, the PRI was peacefully voted out from power in the 2000 Mexican general election , until 2013 when they partially regained their influence and power, only to lose again in the 2018 Mexican general election . It is also alleged that, during

738-482: A bridge in trucks covered with paper bags. Gente Nueva was accused of collaborating with the organization. During the California Gold Rush , the state government between 1850 and 1859 financed and organized militia units to hunt down and kill Indigenous Californians . Between 1850 and 1852 the state appropriated almost one million dollars for the activities of these militias, and between 1854 and 1859

861-728: A confederacy to fight against Portugal. As a joint strategy they approached the Netherlands to have a global free trade and to get rid of the Portuguese. From Cape Comorin the Dutch Admiral Joris van Spilbergen steered his course to Point de Galle ; but, without landing there or at any of the other places which were strongly fortified by the Portuguese, he sailed round the south coast of the Island and made for Batticaloa, where he anchored on 31 May 1602. He learnt that

984-505: A counterinsurgency strategy. The use of "death squads" as a government tactic became particularly widespread after 1966. Throughout 1966 and the first three months of 1967, within the framework of what military commentators referred to as "el-contra terror", government forces killed an estimated 8,000 civilians accused of "subversive" activity. This marked a turning point in the history of the Guatemalan security apparatus and brought about

1107-452: A death squad to kill Maximilian I of Mexico , Tomás Mejía , and Miguel Miramón for treason and reforms Maximilian made and for his support to French emperor Napoleon III . One of the soldiers on the death squad named Aureliano Blanquet would then later be sentenced to death by firing squad under Francisco I. Madero 45 years later in 1912. Francisco was then later executed a few months later in 1913. For more than seven decades following

1230-550: A former military chaplain having been indicted in this case. On 28 November 2006, Víctor Montiglio, charged of this case, ordered Pinochet's house arrest According to the Chilean Government's own Truth and Reconciliation (Rettig) report, 2,279 people were killed in the operations of Pinochet's regime. In June 1999, judge Juan Guzmán Tapia ordered the arrest of five retired generals. The United States supported death squads in Colombia, El Salvador and Guatemala during

1353-519: A licence to kill, which was believed to personally take orders from Farouk. It was involved in several deadly incidents. Death squads are reportedly active in this country. This has been condemned by the US but appears to be difficult to stop. Moreover, there is no proof as to who is behind the killings. In an interview with the Pan-African magazine "Jeune Afrique", Laurent Gbagbo accused one of

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1476-539: A major commercial centre. It is on the east coast, 111 kilometres (69 mi) south of Trincomalee , and is situated on an island . Pasikudah is a popular tourist destination situated 35 km (22 mi) northwest with beaches and flat year-round warm-water shallow-lagoons. Batticaloa is a Portuguese derivation. The original name of the region being the Tamil "Matakkalappu" (translation: Muddy Swamp ). According to Mattakallappu Manmiyam (மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்)

1599-477: A new era in which mass murder of both real and suspected subversives by government "death squads" became a common occurrence in the country. A noted Guatemalan sociologist estimated the number of government killings between 1966 and 1974 at approximately 5,250 a year (for a total death toll of approximately 42,000 during the presidencies of Julio César Méndez Montenegro and Carlos Arana Osorio ). Killings by both official and unofficial security forces would climax in

1722-474: A place called Amirthakally which is 6 Kilometers away from Batticaloa town. Hindus believe that by bathing in the sacred waters of the Mamangeshwarar tank , the departed souls of their family will be receiving better attainments in their cycle of its transmigration. Sri Kandaswamy/KannakaiAmman Kovil are important from a devotional point of view. The Mandur (மண்டூர்) temple is in the southern end, while

1845-667: A private telegram to the Mexican Ambassador to the French Third Republic , Alberto J. Pani . "... Catholic Church in Mexico is a political movement, and must be eliminated ... free of religious hypnotism which fools the people... within one year without the sacraments, the people will forget the faith..." Calles and his adherents used the Mexican Army and police, as well as paramilitary forces like

1968-551: A remnant of Veddahs or wild men of the wood. Prior to the Sri Lankan civil war , there were large-scale shrimp farms as well as fish and rice processing activities. Batticaloa shows a huge potential for tourism related industries. Batticaloa is the terminus of a Broad gauge branch railway of the Sri Lanka Railways network. The Batticaloa railway station is the last station on Batticaloa Line. Batticaloa Airport

2091-464: A strong citadel-capital, such as Yapahuwa or Gampola; they also tended to be much short lived, like Sitawaka. With the decline of the Rohana sub-kingdom and the defeat of Polonnaruwa , coming with the rise of Chola power, i.e., from about the 13th century CE, these regions became wild. The many irrigation works (tanks etc., which exist even today) became home to malaria (see History of Sri Lanka ). In

2214-707: A united front. The purported aim and the motive of the party are to safeguard the rights of Tamils within the Eastern Province . The president of TMVP was Kumaraswamy Nandagopan until he was assassinated in November 2008 and the general secretary G.E. Gnanarajah. The third in command is Mangalan Master . Since its formation, the group worked with the Sri Lankan Army to combat the Tamil Tigers. They have been accused of using children to combat

2337-474: Is Scuderie Detetive Le Cocq (English: Shield of Detective Le Cocq ), named after deceased Detective Milton Le Cocq. The group was particularly active in the Brazilian southeastern states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro , and remains active in the state of Espírito Santo . In the state of São Paulo , death squads and individual gunmen called justiceiros were pervasive and executions almost were exclusively

2460-665: Is a military air force base, which has domestic air service to civilian as well by Cinnamon Air and Helitours. Bus service is available to major cities of Sri Lanka. 7°43′N 81°42′E  /  7.717°N 81.700°E  / 7.717; 81.700 Death squad A death squad is an armed group whose primary activity is carrying out extrajudicial killings , massacres , or enforced disappearances as part of political repression , genocide , ethnic cleansing , or revolutionary terror . Except in rare cases in which they are formed by an insurgency, domestic or foreign governments actively participate in, support, or ignore

2583-511: Is around 5 m (16 ft). Batticaloa district has three lagoons such as Batticaloa Lagoon , Valaichchenai Lagoon, and Vakari (Panichchankerni) Lagoon. Among these lagoons, Batticaloa Lagoon is the largest lagoon, which is 56 km (35 mi) long and has an area of 162 km (63 sq mi), extending from Pankudaweli in North and Kalmunai in South. There are several islands within

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2706-629: Is on the East coast of Sri Lanka, 314 km from Colombo . The population of 95,489 consists mainly of Sri Lankan Tamils others include Moors , Sinhalese , Burghers and the indigenous Veddas population. The District of Batticaloa itself consists of several administrative divisions, which are: Manmunai North , Manmunai West , Manmunai South & Eruvil Pattu , Manmunai Pattu , Koralai Pattu North , Porativu Pattu , Kattankudy , Eravur Pattu , Eravur Town , Koralai Pattu and Koralai Pattu West . Some 525,142 persons (52.2% female) were recorded in

2829-735: The African National Congress (ANC), their ally, the South African Communist Party (SACP), and the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), began a campaign to topple South Africa's National Party (NP)-controlled Apartheid Government. Both the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), and South African security forces routinely engaged in bombings and targeted killings, both at home and abroad. Particularly notorious apartheid death squads were

2952-697: The Batticaloa Lagoon near the Kallady Bridge . BBC Radio 4 was able to record the mysterious sound in Batticaloa Lagoon. The sound was broadcast by Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation in 1960s with the help of Rev. Fr. Lang, a Catholic priest. Batticaloa is in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka on a flat coastal plain boarded by the Indian Ocean in the east occupies a central part of the eastern Sri Lanka. Its average elevation

3075-537: The Bloody Island and Yontoket Massacres , in which up to 400 or more natives were killed in each massacre, constitutes acts of genocide against the native people of California. Beginning in the 1850s, pro-slavery Bushwhackers and anti-slavery Jayhawkers waged war against each other in the Kansas Territory . Due to the horrific atrocities committed by both sides against civilians, the territory

3198-810: The Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) and the South African Police 's counter-insurgency unit C10, commanded by Colonel Eugene de Kock and based at the Vlakplaas farm west of Pretoria , itself also a center for torture of prisoners. After the end of Apartheid, death squad violence conducted by both the National Party and the ANC was investigated by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission . From 1971 to 1979, Ugandan dictator Idi Amin set up death squads to murder enemies of

3321-645: The Dirección Federal de Seguridad as a death squad to kill Drug Enforcement Administration agents and Federal Judicial Police commanders who investigated or destroyed drug plantations in the 1970s and 1980s in Mexico. One example was the murder (after torture) of DEA agent Kiki Camarena , who was killed in Guadalajara for his part in the Rancho Bufalo raid. The DFS also organized death squads to kill journalists including Manuel Buendía who

3444-726: The Holy See and the Mexican State negotiated a compromise agreement. Refusing to lay down his arms despite offers of amnesty , General Gorostieta was killed in action by the Mexican Army in Jalisco on 2 June 1929. Following the cessation of hostilities, more than 5,000 Cristeros were summarily executed by Mexican security forces. The events of the Cristero War are depicted in the 2012 film For Greater Glory . During

3567-691: The International Bar Association , Mark Ellis , cautioned that any such involvement by foreign nations would constitute a breach of international law. The United Kingdom and Israel denied participation in the Kenyan National Security Council's reported death squads, with the UK Foreign Office indicating that it had approached the Kenyan authorities over the charges. Beginning in the 1960s,

3690-607: The Ku Klux Klan Act through Congress in 1871 and called on the United States Army to help federal officials the arrest and breakup of the Klan. 600 Klansmen were convicted, and 65 men were sent to prison for as long as five years. In June 2020, Los Angeles County Deputy Sheriff Austreberto "Art" Gonzalez filed a claim against the county, claiming that approximately twenty percent of the deputies operating in

3813-557: The LTTE and have allegedly committed human rights violations in the East of the island. The TMVP, in conjunction with the Government of Sri Lanka on December 1, 2008 signed an action plan stating that they would cease the recruitment of child soldiers and that they would also release from combat all child soldiers. The TMVP has been affected by internal struggles between Colonel Karuna and Pillaiyan . Small skirmishes broke out between

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3936-667: The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department 's Compton station belonged to a secret death squad. Gonzales alleges that the group, named " The Executioners ", carried out multiple extrajudicial killings over the years and that members followed initiation rituals, including being tattooed with skulls and Nazi imagery. During the Salvadoran civil war , death squads (known in Spanish by the name of Escuadrón de la Muerte, "Squadron of Death") achieved notoriety when

4059-633: The Mexican Revolution , Mexico was a one-party state ruled by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). During this era, death squad tactics were routinely used against suspected enemies of the state. During the 1920s and 1930s, the PRI's founder, President Plutarco Elías Calles , used death squads against Mexico's Roman Catholic majority in the Cristero War . Calles explained his reasons in

4182-631: The Red Shirts , to abduct, torture, and execute priests, nuns, and actively religious laity. Mexican Catholics were also routinely hanged from telegraph poles along the railroad lines. Prominent victims of the Mexican State's campaign against Catholicism include the teenager Jose Sanchez del Rio , the Jesuit priest Father Miguel Pro , and the Christian Pacifist Anacleto González Flores (see also Saints of

4305-718: The SIM to kill Haitians in the Parsley massacre . The Tonton Macoute was a paramilitary force created in 1959 by Haitian dictator François "Papa Doc" Duvalier , they murdered 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians. In a way similar to the American Indian Wars , the Centralist Republic of Mexico struggled against Apache raids. Between 1835 and 1837, only 15 years after the Mexican War of Independence and in

4428-505: The extrajudicial killings . The murders reportedly totalled several hundred homicides every year. They included the assassination of Abubaker Shariff Ahmed "Makaburi", an Al-Shabaab associate from Kenya, who was among 21 Islamic extremists allegedly murdered by the Kenyan police force since 2012. According to the agents, they resorted to the killing after the Kenya Police could not successfully prosecute terror suspects. In doing so,

4551-547: The first Catholic church in Batticaloa was established in 1624. The Catholic Church has a diocese headquartered in the city. Methodists, Anglicans, and other Protestants and their schools are also present in Batticaloa. Within Batticaloa Municipal Council area, Christian presence is strong (23%) compare to other area. The latter is a historic harbour and ancient Buddhist shrine, mentioned in

4674-520: The "Dhathu Vamsa". While the Dagaba and shrine in the Dutch Fort is the oldest (1st century CE), Mangalaramaya is a well-known modern Buddhist temple in Batticaloa. Rice and coconuts are the two staples of the district, and steamers trading round the island call regularly at the port. The lagoon is famous for its "singing fish," supposed to be shell-fish which give forth musical notes. The district has

4797-529: The "Thamil Alai" newspaper, the organ of the TMVP, which had been run by Pillaiyan in Karuna's absence. However in late October, Karuna "made it a point to emphasise that there were no differences between them". Due to the internecine feuds between varying factions of the TMVP, the Government of Sri Lanka has decided it would begin the disarmament of the feuding groups in early 2009. As tensions flared up in late 2009,

4920-414: The "Twelve Golden Men of Rio de Janeiro's Police", and from there it spread throughout Brazil in the 1970s. In general, its members were politicians, members of the judiciary, and police officials. As a rule, these groups were financed by members of the business community. In the 1970s and 1980s, several other organizations were modeled after the 1960s Esquadrão da Morte . The most famous such organization

5043-644: The 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, death squads continued to be used against anti-PRI activists, both Marxists and social conservatives . One example of this is the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre , in which an anti-regime protest rally was attacked by security forces in Mexico City . After this event, paramilitary groups like " Los Halcones " (The Hawks) and the "Brigada blanca" (White brigade) were used to attack, hunt and exterminate political dissidents. Allegations have been made by both journalists and American law enforcement of collusion between senior PRI statesmen and

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5166-448: The 1980s. In 1993, Amnesty International reported that clandestine military units began covertly operating as death squads in 1978. According to the report, throughout the 1980s political killings rose to a peak of 3,500 in 1988, averaging some 1,500 victims per year since then, and "over 1,500 civilians are also believed to have "disappeared" since 1978." The AUC , formed in 1997, was the most prominent paramilitary group. According to

5289-594: The 2012 census. Religion-based statistics in the year 2012 are: Hindus 64.6%, Muslims 25.5%, Christians 8.8%, with a small numbers of Buddhists (1.1%) and others. These figures became even more polarized towards Hindus during the LTTE occupation which came to an end in 2009 (see Eelam War IV ). According to the 2012 census, the total population was 525,142. Of which 381,285 were Sri Lankan Tamils, 133,844 Moors, 6,127 were Sinhalese, 2,794 Burgher, 1,015 Indian Tamils , 58 Veddah, 16 Malay , and 3 Sri Lanka Chetty. The first educational institution established in Batticaloa

5412-468: The Batticaloa Lagoon such as Puliayantheevu, Buffaloa Island and Bone Island. Many bridges are built across the lagoon connecting the landmasses and the islands. The Puliayantheevu is the metropolitan place of the city. The biggest bridge of all is Lady Manning bridge located at Kallady, which is the main access path to the city from the southern places of the district. This bridge is also famous for Singing fishes which were considered as musical sounds heard in

5535-525: The Chera soldiers for their protection and defence of Sri Lanka. Gajabahu I was a friend of Cheran Chenkuttuvan and was mentioned in the great Jain epic of Silappadikaram and in addition to that he was also mentioned in Mahawamsa. When Anuradhapura was destroyed, the capital moved from Anuradhapura to Polonnaruwa . When Pollonaruwa was destroyed the capital moved to Kotte and then to Kandy. Anuradhapura

5658-497: The Cristero War ). In response, an armed revolt against the Mexican State, the Cristero War , began in 1927. Composed largely of peasant volunteers and commanded by retired General Enrique Gorostieta Velarde , the Cristeros were also responsible for atrocities. Among them were the assassination of former Mexican President Álvaro Obregón , train robberies, and violent attacks against rural teachers. The uprising largely ended after

5781-664: The Jayhawkers' earlier destruction of Osceola, Missouri . The Bushwhackers shot down nearly 150 unarmed men and boys. During the Reconstruction era , embittered Confederate veterans supported the Ku Klux Klan and similar vigilante organizations throughout the American South . The Klan and its counterparts terrorized and lynched African Americans, northern carpetbaggers , and Southern " scalawags ". This

5904-457: The Kallady lagoon on a full moon day. A priest named Father Lang recorded this musical charm and broadcast it in the 1960s over the (Sri Lanka Broadcasting Cooperation) Batticaloa beaches are sandy and located along 4 km (2.5 mi) shoreline in the city and further extend through the neighboring places. They include Kallady beach, Pasikudah, and Kalkudah. Pasikudah is a bay protected from

6027-495: The Mamangeshwarar temple is in the westernmost edge at Muhaththuvaram (முகத்துவாரம்). The Colany Mosque, and the Koddamunai Dharga and Madrasa are two noteworthy Muslim institutions. There are a large number of mosques in the region. Christianity is present and Catholic churches are found everywhere as the coastal community has some Catholics. During the colonial influences, Catholic was introduced to Batticaloan, and

6150-508: The Mexican drug cartels . It has even been alleged that, under PRI rule, no drug traffickers were ever successful without the permission of the Mexican State. If the same drug trafficker fell from favor, however, Mexican law enforcement would be ordered to move against their operation, as happened to Pablo Acosta Villarreal in 1987. Drug lords like Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo , Rafael Caro Quintero , and Juan José Esparragoza Moreno would use

6273-592: The Pillaiyan and Karuna factions with some fatalities in May 2007, October 2007, and in May 2008. However, Dheeban the Trincomalee district leader of the TMVP, denied a split claiming "the split between Karuna and Pillaiyan is a mere media fabrication". In mid-October 2008, Karuna cadres ransacked the office of Pillaiyan, leading to government consternation and intervention. That same week, the Karuna faction took over

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6396-467: The Portuguese Admiral for India invaded Ceylon and made it a Portuguese colony. Batticaloa was fortified in the 1620s, which was held until 1638, when the Dutch successfully invaded it. Lanka was a confederacy of various rulers for a long time and different princes ruled the different provinces and helped each other and plotted against each other. As the Portuguese colonisers were dividing and ruling Kotte , Kandy Kingdom and Jaffna Kingdom had to create

6519-426: The Portuguese in 1619. Kalinga Magha 's geopolitical impact is reflected in the changing language of the Culavamsa as well. The traditional divisions of Sri Lanka, into Rajarata, Dhakkinadesa, and Ruhuna, first undergo a change of names (Rajarata becomes Pathithadesa, Dhakkinadesa becomes Mayarata), and then slip into obsolescence altogether. Their successor kingdoms tended to be geographically smaller and centred on

6642-407: The Salvadoran military and security forces, the U.S. role in El Salvador- what was known about death squads, when it was known, and what actions the United States did or did not take to curb their abuses- became an important part of El Salvador's death squad story." Some death squads, such as Sombra Negra , are still operating in El Salvador. The Salvadoran Army 's U.S.-trained Atlácatl Battalion

6765-524: The Salvadoran military, which was receiving U.S. funding and had U.S. military advisors during the Carter administration. These events prompted outrage in the U.S. and led to a temporary ending of military aid at the end of his presidency. Honduras also had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was the army unit Battalion 316 . Hundreds of people, teachers, politicians, and union leaders were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial training from

6888-410: The TMVP group was armed. TMVP threatened TNA MP's and also captured alive family members of TNA MP prior to the elections. The BBC News reported that unnamed human rights groups claimed TMVP used violence before the election and therefore the elections were "tainted". Independent candidate Rasiah Thurairatnam claimed that people voted out of fear for the TMVP. The Eastern Provincial Council elections

7011-413: The TMVP later surrendered to the Sri Lankan Army . The children were taken back to the TMVP camp allegedly by the Sri Lankan Army and was later beaten to death. Another such incident happened in Trincomalee where the abducted children by the TMVP were taken to a Sri Lankan Navy check point. Soon the Sri Lankan Navy personnel came on motorcycles and escorted the Karuna men and their abducted children to

7134-402: The TMVP of taking part in death squad activity against civilians. The group is also believed to be actively working with the Sri Lankan Army. According to Human Rights Watch in one incident, the children who were abducted by the TMVP cadres were being held in a store across a Sri Lankan military camp. The parents of the abducted children pleaded with the military but no actions were taken. It

7257-496: The TMVP office. TMVP has also been alleged to have killed INGO workers. Ragunathan Ramalingam, a worker for the International INGO (World Concern), was asked to come to a Navy checkpoint. He was allegedly shot dead when he reached the check point. SLMM claimed that they saw TMVP pass through a checkpoint unchecked. It claimed that a white van, belonging to TMVP cadres, was transporting two 15-year-old boys and four armed civilians passed through an Army check point unchecked. However,

7380-444: The US to provide increased counterinsurgency assistance to Guatemala's security apparatus in the mid to late 1960s. Documents released in 1999 details how United States military and police advisers had encouraged and assisted Guatemalan military officials in the use of repressive techniques, including helping establish a "safe house" from within the presidential palace as a location to coordinate counter insurgency activities. In 1981, it

7503-453: The Union still numbered some 2,000 speakers of Sri Lankan Portuguese, making them the largest community still speaking the dialect. Hinduism is the major religion of Batticaloa. Eastern Province is a place of Amman temples. This shows the worship of female deity Kannaki of Silappatikaram . The cult has come with the King Gajabahu I who brought the settler Tamils from the Chera Kingdom of his friend Cheran Senguttuvan . Silppatikaram copy

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7626-413: The United States Central Intelligence Agency . In Southeast Asia , extrajudicial killings were conducted by both sides during the Vietnam War . As of 2010 , death squads have continued to be active in Chechnya . The Iron Guard of Egypt was a pro-palace political movement or a secret palace organization of the Kingdom of Egypt which assassinated Farouk of Egypt 's enemies or a secret unit with

7749-526: The United States Central Intelligence Agency . At least 19 members were School of the Americas graduates. Seven members, including Billy Joya , later played important roles in the administration of President Manuel Zelaya as of mid-2006. Following the 2009 coup d'état , former Battalion 3–16 member Nelson Willy Mejía Mejía became Director-General of Immigration and Billy Joya was de facto President Roberto Micheletti 's security advisor. Another former Battalion 3–16 member, Napoleón Nassar Herrera ,

7872-399: The United States! That was how he answered us." Throughout the Ortega government, starting in 2006, but escalating with the 2018–2020 Nicaraguan protests , Sandinista National Liberation Front government has employed death squads also known as " Turbas " or militia groups armed and aided by the National Police to attack pro-democracy protesters. The government's crackdown of lethal force

7995-403: The banner of ruling United People's Freedom Alliance . The largest Tamil party Tamil National Alliance totally boycotting these polls. United National party (UNP) also boycotted the polls by telling candidates not to run but some UNP candidates names' showed up on the voting list. Both groups claim unfair elections took place. TNA claimed it wasn't safe for them to operate in the east because

8118-442: The civil war. It is the cultural and economic focal point of the district of Batticaloa and extends its influence towards Trincomalee as well. Batticaloa Regional centre of Open University of Sri Lanka is another education resource of Batticaloa. Batticaloa has historically been a centre of Portuguese Burgher culture, supported in the modern era by the Catholic Burgher Union . In the 1980s, despite Burger emigration to Australia,

8241-422: The country. In the king's eleventh year (1244/5) Lanka was invaded by Chandrabhanu , a Javanese (Javaka) from Tambralinga , with a host armed with blow-pipes and poisoned arrows: he may have been a sea-robber, and though now repulsed descended on the Island later on. The rest of the reign according to the contemporary records was spent in pious works; the king also held a convocation for the purpose of reforming

8364-585: The death squad's activities. Death squads are distinguished from assassination groups by their permanent organization and the larger number of victims (typically thousands or more) who may not be prominent individuals. Other violence, such as rape, torture, arson, or bombings may be carried out alongside murders. They may comprise a secret police force, paramilitary militia groups, government soldiers, policemen, or combinations thereof. They may also be organized as vigilantes, bounty hunters, mercenaries, or contract killers. When death squads are not controlled by

8487-476: The death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran Armed Forces , which were receiving U.S. arms, funding, training and advice during the Carter , Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, these events prompted some outrage in the U.S. Human rights activists criticized U.S. administrations for denying Salvadoran government links to the death squads. Veteran Human Rights Watch researcher Cynthia J. Arnson writes that "particularly during

8610-414: The deaths took place in what he defined as more than 370 massacres (defined as the "intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or otherwise"). Some scholars contend that the state financing of these militias, as well as the US government's role in other massacres in California, such as

8733-507: The government began putting restrictions on the placement of TMVP political signs in cities of the East of Sri Lanka. "Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Koddani" (Koodani meaning alliance) is a new Tamil political party in Sri Lanka that has been proposed by Colonel Karuna , as either a splinter group of, or a new name for the Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal. However, Sivanesathurai Chandrakanthan has denied that this has proposed, stating "When I met him (Karuna) and asked about this, he said that there

8856-473: The heart of native power on the island. The great cities of the ancient kings were now lost and disappeared into the jungle, and were not rediscovered until the 19th century. Native power was henceforth centred on a kaleidoscopically shifting collection of kingdoms in south and central Sri Lanka. The north, in the meanwhile, eventually evolved into the Jaffna Kingdom , which was subjected colonial rule by

8979-538: The highest number of 41,936 preferential votes from Batticaloa district. Batticaloa Batticaloa ( Tamil : மட்டக்களப்பு , Maṭṭakkaḷappu ; Sinhala : මඩකලපුව , Maḍakalapuwa ) is a major city in the Eastern Province, Sri Lanka , and its former capital. It is the administrative capital of the Batticaloa District . The city is the seat of the Eastern University of Sri Lanka and is

9102-760: The interference of the Mexican Air Force . As a result, Carillo Fuentes became known as "The Lord of the Skies." During the 1990s drug cartels were on the rise in Mexico and groups like the Gulf Cartel would form death squads like Los Zetas to suppress, control, and uproot rival cartel factions. The PRI also used death squad tactics against the Zapatista Army of National Liberation in the Chiapas conflict . In 1997, forty-five people were killed by

9225-455: The kingdom of Mukkuva. The name of the villages and towns in Batticaloa still holds the historical evidence of the ancient batticaloan people. When Mutkuhar intruded through the salty water and reached the destination of their voyage at the forests situated around the lagoon. When they finished. The name given by the Mukkuva was "Kallpu-Mattam" which literally means "boundary of lagoon". Later it

9348-559: The late 1970s and early 1980s under the presidencies of Fernando Romeo Lucas García and Efraín Ríos Montt , with over 18,000 documented killings in 1982 alone. Greg Grandin claims that "Washington, of course, publicly denied its support for paramilitarism, but the practice of political disappearances took a great leap forward in Guatemala in 1966 with the birth of a death squad created, and directly supervised, by U.S. security advisors." An upsurge in rebel activity in Guatemala convinced

9471-518: The liberal and communist opposition to the military junta during the " Dirty War " of the 1970s. For example, Alianza Anticomunista Argentina was a far-right death squad mainly active during the "Dirty War". The Chilean military regime of 1973–1990 also committed such killings. See Operation Condor for examples. During the Salvadoran Civil War , death squads became notorious following the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero by

9594-624: The meantime, the eastern coastal region remained less affected by Malaria and began to be occupied. Thus seafaring people who had begun to settle down along the coast since the Anuradhapura times, c. 6th Century CE began to flourish. The forests continued to be dominated by the Veddha population which claimed kingship ("cross-cousins") with the Sinhala kings of Kandy. Parakramabahu II 's coronation took place in 1236. He turned his attention to

9717-645: The midst of the Texan Revolution , the Mexican state governments of Sonora and Chihuahua (that border with the U.S. states of Texas , New Mexico and Arizona ) put a bounty on the Apache bands that were in the area. In the case of Chihuahua the bounty attracted " bounty hunters " from the United States, that were often Anglo Americans , runaway slaves and even from other Indian tribes . It

9840-433: The monsoon season from November to February heavy rains are recorded, with average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). Average annual rainfall in Batticaloa is 1,650.9 mm (65.00 in). Mattakallappu Manmiyam refers (மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்) Mukkuva or Mutkuhar are known as the first people migrated to this land and constructed seven villages in various areas. They immigrated their people from India and established

9963-516: The numbers are likely far higher. Brazilian politician Flávio Bolsonaro , the son of Brazilian ex-President Jair Bolsonaro , was accused of having ties to death squads. One of the most notorious murder gangs operated by the Chilean Army was the Caravan of Death , whose members travelled by helicopter throughout Chile between 30 September and 22 October 1973. During this foray, members of

10086-507: The ocean, with a flat and sandy bed extending 150–200 m (490–660 ft) meters from the shore. Batticaloa has a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) under the Köppen climate classification , also generically referred to as 'dry-monsoonal climate'. Batticaloa's climate is warm to hot throughout the year. From March to May, the warmest time of the year, the maximum temperature averages around 32 degrees Celsius (88 degrees Fahrenheit ). During

10209-703: The officers indicated that they were acting on the direct orders of Kenya's National Security Council, which consisted of the Kenyan President, Deputy President, Chief of the Defence Forces, Inspector General of Police, National Security Intelligence Service Director, Cabinet Secretary of Interior, and Principal Secretary of Interior. Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta and the National Security Council of Kenya members denied operating an extrajudicial assassination program. Additionally,

10332-453: The officers suggested that Western security agencies provided intelligence for the program, including the whereabouts and activities of government targets- alleging that the British government supplied further logistics in the form of equipment and training. One Kenyan officer within the council's General Service Unit also indicated that Israeli instructors taught them how to kill. The head of

10455-635: The officially appointed National Commission on Disappeared People (CONADEP). The Esquadrão da Morte ("Death Squad" in Portuguese) was a paramilitary organization that emerged in the late 1960s during the Brazilian military dictatorship . It was the first group to have received the name "Death Squad" in Latin America, but its actions resembled traditional vigilantism as most executions were not exclusively politically related. The greater share of

10578-457: The opposition leaders, Alassane Ouattara (ADO), to be the main organizer of the media frenzy around his wife's involvement in the killing squads. He also successfully sued and won, in French courts, in cases against the French newspapers that made the accusations. In December 2014, Kenyan Anti-Terrorism Police Unit officers confessed to Al-Jazeera that they were responsible for almost 500 of

10701-611: The parties in power to exterminate even more political dissidents, activists and their own rivals. An example of this is the case of the 2014 forced disappearance and assassination of 43 activist rural students from the Ayotzinapa Teachers' College, in the hands of police officers colluded with the Guerreros Unidos drug cartel. Six years later in 2020, it was confirmed that members from the Mexican Army base in town had worked with police and gang members to kidnap

10824-400: The people. The Human Rights Watch further claimed that they saw a top Karuna Eastern commander riding atop an army personnel carrier. They also claimed that Armed Karuna cadre openly roamed the streets in Batticaloa district in sight of security forces, and in some cases they jointly patrolled with the police. According to UTHR , a local Human rights organization, two children who escaped from

10947-424: The police maintained that they were instructed to check all vehicles and arrest any armed civilians. The local council elections of the Batticaloa district was held on March 10, 2008 after 10 years. The Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal ( TMVP ) party won all the 9 councils with 70% of high majority of votes also the polling reported as peaceful. The Batticaloa town was the only local council that TMVP contested under

11070-488: The political executions during the 21 years of military dictatorship (1964–1985) were carried out by the Brazilian Armed Forces itself. The purpose of the original "Death Squad" was, with the consent of the military government, to persecute, torture and kill suspected criminals ( marginais ) regarded as dangerous to society. It began in the former state of Guanabara led by Detective Mariel Mariscot, one of

11193-507: The priesthood, whose discipline had been relaxed during the Tamil occupation. The chronicles make no mention of a great Pandyan invasion which seems to have taken place between 1254 and 1256, in which one of the kings of Lanka was slain and the other rendered tributary. From this it is clear that Parakramabahu II never had recovered the north of the Island, which certainly had been held by his great namesake. Portugal Lourenço de Almeida ,

11316-611: The ransom. Media has reported that these abductions were linked to the Security forces in these abductions, either directly facilitating them or providing a cover and not taking any action against them. One such abducted man alleged that while he was being transported, from his workplace in Colombo, his abduction vehicle came across Army checkpoints but was not rescued. In 2006, the Tamil Human Rights group UTHR also accused

11439-460: The recovery of Polonnaruwa from the Tamils, and achieved this purpose by 1244. In this connection two kings are mentioned, Kalinga Magha and Jaya Bahu , who had been in power forty years, apparently reckoned from the time of the military rule after Sahasa Malla . As the Tamil war' and the `Malala war' as specifically mentioned by contemporary chronicles the two kings may have held different parts of

11562-535: The remnants of HMS Hermes still remain at around 9 nautical miles (17 km) off Batticaloa. The town was also one of the worst hit during the tsunami of December 26, 2004. The water rose up to 4.7 metres (15 ft) within 90 minutes of the beginning of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . On 21 April 2019 the Zion Church was targeted by militant Islamic suicide bombers. At least 28 people were reported dead. The city has four main divisions. Batticaloa

11685-626: The squad ordered or personally carried out the execution of at least 75 individuals held in Army custody in these garrisons. According to the NGO Memoria y Justicia , the squad killed 26 in the South and 71 in the North, making a total of 97 victims. Augusto Pinochet was indicted in December 2002 in this case, but he died four years later without having been convicted. The trial, however, is on-going as of September 2007 , other militaries and

11808-559: The state appropriated another $ 500,000, almost half of which was reimbursed by the federal government. By one estimate, at least 4,500 Californian Indians were killed in the California genocide between 1849 and 1870. Contemporary historian Benjamin Madley has documented the numbers of Californian Indians killed between 1846 and 1873; he estimates that during this period at least 9,492 Californian Indians were killed by non-Indians. Most of

11931-617: The state, they may consist of insurgent forces or organized crime, such as the ones used by cartels. Although the term "death squad" was not widely used until the activities of such groups became widely known in Central and South America during the 1970s and 80s, death squads have been employed under different guises throughout history. The term was first used by the fascist Iron Guard in Romania . It officially installed Iron Guard death squads in 1936 in order to kill political enemies. It

12054-565: The state. Rafael Trujillo 's Dominican government employed a death squad, known as la 42 and led by Miguel Angel Paulino. Paulino would often drive a red Packard called the Carro de la Muerte (Death Car). During the 12-year regime of Joaquín Balaguer , the Frente Democrático Anticomunista y Antiterrorista , also known as La Banda Colorá , continued the practices of la 42 . Balaguer was also known for directing

12177-588: The students. The Sinaloa Cartel has been known for having enforcer death squads like Gente Nueva , Los Ántrax , and enforcers forming their own death squads. From 2009 to 2012, the Jalisco New Generation Cartel under the name Los Matazetas did massacres in the states of Veracruz and Tamaulipas with their intention to remove the rival Los Zetas Cartel . One example was the Boca del Rio massacre in 2011, where 35 corpses were found under

12300-560: The time they first lost the presidency, some of the most powerful PRI members were supporting and protecting drug cartels that they used as death squads against their criminal and political rivals, with it being one of the real reasons the National Action Party government accepted to start the Mexican drug war against the Cartels. However, it is also alleged that during this period of time the turmoil of war has been used by

12423-422: The town of Batticaloa, where the chief of the province resided, was about three miles (5 km) inland; so he sent him a messenger proposing to enter into trade with him. In the meantime he learnt from some Tamils who came on board that there was plenty of pepper and cinnamon to be had, but that it was to be obtained from the chief of the place. These Tamils brought with them a Portuguese interpreter; for Portuguese

12546-414: The word Mattakkallpu consists Tamil words "Mattu" (மட்டு) Matta-derived from "Mattam" (மட்டம்) means 'flat' and geographical name KaLappu. Mukkuwa named this place as KaLappu-Mattam or boundary of lagoon later it became Matta-Kallappu or Flat Lagoon. Also, Batticaloa has a nickname, "Land of the singing fish" ( Tamil : மீன் பாடும் தேன் நாடு ) due to musical sounds that related to fish or aquatic creature in

12669-517: The work of off-duty policemen. In 1983, a police officer nicknamed " Cabo Bruno " was convicted of murdering more than 50 victims. The "Death Squads" active under the rule of the military dictatorship continue as a cultural legacy of the Brazilian police. In the 2000s, police officers remain linked with death squad-type executions. In 2003, roughly 2,000 extrajudicial murders occurred in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, with Amnesty International claiming

12792-427: The years 1980–1983 when the killing was at its height (numbers of killings could reach as far as 35,000), assigning responsibility for the violence and human rights abuses was a product of the intense ideological polarization in the United States. The Reagan administration downplayed the scale of abuse as well as the involvement of state actors. Because of the level of denial, as well as the extent of U.S. involvement with

12915-580: Was Methodist Central College, founded in 1814 by the Wesleyan Methodist William Ault. Other noteworthy institutions are Sivananda Vidyalayam, Hindu College, St. Michael's College National School , St. Cecilia's Girls' College and Vincent Girls' High School . The Eastern University, Sri Lanka (EUSL), located in Vantharumoolai 16 km north of Batticaloa, was founded in 1980. Its development has been interrupted by

13038-705: Was a rift within the party, attributing the rumours to those against the TMVP. The group has been accused by the Human rights organizations Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International of recruiting children, torture, assassinations and engaging in extortion in its war against the LTTE. Human Rights Watch claimed that from June 2006 to December 2006 they have forcefully recruited several hundred children. The TMVP has also been accused of being involved in kidnappings for ransom of wealthy, predominantly Tamil, businessmen to raise money in Colombo and other towns. Some businessmen were allegedly killed because their family could not pay

13161-631: Was also used during the Battle of Algiers by Paul Aussaresses . In Latin America , death squads first appeared in Brazil where a group called Esquadrão da Morte (literally "Death Squad") emerged in the 1960s; they subsequently spread to Argentina and Chile in the 1970s, and they were later used in Central America during the 1980s. Argentina used extrajudicial killings as a way of crushing

13284-506: Was built by the Portuguese in 1628 and was the first to be captured by the Dutch (18 May 1638). It is one of the most picturesque of the small Dutch fort of Sri Lanka, it's situated in an island, still in good condition. In 1942, during World War II , the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes and escorting destroyer HMAS Vampire were stationed at Trincomalee . Both these ships came under Japanese aerial attack off Batticaloa and were sunk. Some of

13407-520: Was called "Matta-Kallappu" which indicates the destination of Mukkuva's voyage and the water is flat. Mukkuva is a coastal community from Ancient Tamil country . They are of mixed origin and migrated at various periods in history. Mukkuvas waged war around Puttalam and settled in the western coast as well. Sinhala Kings of Suryawamsa kept Mukkuvas as their mercenary force. They waged wars on other countries like Burma. Gajabahu, Parakramabahu, Vijayabahu were some of these Suryawamsa kings who employed

13530-742: Was condemned by the international community, the Organization of American States, Human Rights Watch, and the local and international Catholic Church. Amnesty International reports that "the security forces in Argentina first started using "death squads" in late 1973. One example was Alianza Anticomunista Argentina , a far-right death squad mainly active during the " Dirty War ". By the time military rule ended in 1983 some 1,500 people had been killed directly by "death squads", and over 9,000 named people and many more undocumented victims had been "disappeared"—kidnapped and murdered secretly—according to

13653-495: Was destroyed by Rajaraja Cholan and he who established Polonnaruwa. Even though Pollonaruwa had a few Hindu temples it was a great Buddhist city full of beautiful Buddhist architecture matching Angkor Wat . As a catalyst for change, Kalinga Magha is arguably one of the most significant rulers in Sri Lankan history. His invasion marks the final – cataclysmic – destruction of the kingdom of Rajarata, which had for so long been

13776-775: Was dubbed " Bleeding Kansas ". After the American Civil War began, the fraternal bloodshed increased. The most infamous atrocity which was committed in Kansas during the American Civil War was the Lawrence Massacre . A large force group of Partisan Rangers who were led by William Clarke Quantrill and Bloody Bill Anderson and affiliated with the Confederacy attacked and burned down the pro- Union town of Lawrence, Kansas in retaliation for

13899-579: Was held on May 10, 2008. The 37 member provincial council election won by the ruling UPFA with the highest number of 20 seats, UNP 15 seats, JVP and other Tamil party 1 each. The TMVP members were contested under the UPFA banner and the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) members contested under the UNP banner. The present TMVP leader Sivanesathurai Chandrakanthan alias Pillayan has gained

14022-590: Was high Commissioner of Police for the north-west region under Zelaya and under Micheletti, and also became a Secretary of Security spokesperson "for dialogue" under Micheletti. Zelaya claimed that Joya had reactivated the death squad, with dozens of government opponents having been murdered since the ascent of the Michiletti and Lobo governments. Throughout the Guatemalan Civil War , both military and "civilian" governments utilized death squads as

14145-529: Was initially discovered in Trincomalee by Tamil scholars. Tamil Nadu was not having a copy of this great Tamil literature. The northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka have several temples in honour of Kannaki Amman. Gajabahu I brought Amman worship to Sri Lanka in the Third Century AD after her death. Shri Mamangeshwarar Kovil is one of the main holy places for Hindus in the country is located in

14268-461: Was killed by orders of DFS chief José-Antonio Zorrilla. By the early 1990s, the PRI started to lose the grip on its absolute political power, however, its corruption became so pervasive that Juárez Cartel boss Amado Carrillo Fuentes was even able to purchase a window in Mexico's air defense system. During this period, his airplanes were permitted to smuggle narcotics into the United States without

14391-508: Was no such thing". The name change has been floated around because Karuna and related figures feel the word "Puligal" meaning Tiger, implies association with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam . The TMVP 11 member politburo is currently deliberating on the issue, with Karuna threatening to start the new party if it is not approved. However Karuna spokesman D. Kamalanathan denied both that a name change would take place and that there

14514-731: Was often done with the unofficial support of the Democratic Party leadership. Historian Bruce B. Campbell has called the KKK, "one of the first proto-death squads". Campbell alleges that the difference between it and modern-day death-squads is the fact that the Ku Klux Klan was composed of members of a defeated regime rather than members of the ruling government. "Otherwise, in its murderous intent, its links to private elite interests, and its covert nature, it very closely resembles modern-day death squads." President Ulysses S Grant pushed

14637-534: Was paid based on Apache scalps, 100 pesos per warrior, 50 pesos per woman, and 25 pesos per child. As historian Donald E. Worcester wrote: "The new policy attracted a diverse group of men, including Anglos, runaway slaves led by Seminole John Horse , and Indians — Kirker used Delawares and Shawnees ; others, such as Terrazas, used Tarahumaras ; and Seminole Chief Coacoochee led a band of his own people who had fled from Indian Territory .". During Benito Juarez 's regime and his comeback as president , he used

14760-418: Was reported by Amnesty International that this same "safe house" was in use by Guatemalan security officials to coordinate counterinsurgency activities involving the use of the "death squads." According to a victim's brother, Mirtala Linares "He wouldn't tell us anything; he claimed they hadn't captured [Sergio], that he knew nothing of his whereabouts – and that maybe my brother had gone as an illegal alien to

14883-586: Was reported that two army men talked to the TMVP cadres and then walked away . Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch said, “The government is fully aware of the abductions but allows them to happen because it’s eager for an ally against the Tamil Tigers”. The Human Rights Watch further added that it would be impossible to transport abducted children without the complicity of the Sri Lankan Army . In addition, civilians claimed seeing many TMVP cadres at Army checkpoints and claimed that they checked ID's of

15006-575: Was responsible for the El Mozote massacre where more than 800 civilians were murdered, over half of them children, the El Calabozo massacre , and the murders of six Jesuits in 1989. Honduras had death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was Battalion 3–16 . Hundreds of people, teachers, politicians, and union bosses were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from

15129-524: Was the only European language then heard or spoken in Ceylon, and the natives of the island had no idea that there were other white people who spoke a different language. The Admiral was taken from Batticaloa to Kandy and was given a liberation hero's welcome as King Rajasinghe seized the opportunity to get rid of the Portuguese, the oppressors who were slowly encroaching the island systematically and promoting subversion against Rajasinghe. The Batticaloa fort

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