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87-951: Despite being set in the Deep South , the United Artists release was filmed in Milton, New York. At the 1960 San Sebastián International Film Festival , it won the Silver Seashell for Sidney Lumet and the Zulueta Prize for Best Actress for Joanne Woodward. The film is available on videotape and DVD. A two-disc DVD edition by The Criterion Collection was released in April 2010. It was upgraded to Blu-Ray in January 2020 and includes three one-act plays by Williams (among them This Property Is Condemned , also later adapted for

174-584: A 'rough cut' with editors in Hollywood". Writing about L'Avventura (1960), Crowther said that watching the film was "like trying to follow a showing of a picture at which several reels have got lost." The career of Bosley Crowther is discussed at length in For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism , including his support for foreign-language cinema and his public repudiation of McCarthyism and

261-612: A beautifully decorated "Lady's Confectionery" wing to the rundown store. Sheriff Talbott, a friend of Jabe as well as Vee's husband, threatens to kill Snakeskin if he remains in town, but he chooses to stay when he discovers Lady is pregnant. It sparks Jabe's final acts of resentment, leading to tragic consequences. Anna Magnani and Marlon Brando had both originally been offered the parts in the Broadway production of Orpheus Descending but turned it down. The roles were played on Broadway by Maureen Stapleton and Cliff Robertson. Film rights to

348-428: A change from largely self-sufficient farms, based on corn and pigs, to the growing of a cash crop of cotton or tobacco. Cotton cultivation took twice as many hours of work as raising corn. The farmers lost their freedom to determine what crops they would grow, ran into increasing indebtedness, and many were forced into tenancy or into working for someone else. Some out-migration occurred, especially to Texas, but over time,

435-474: A fellow employee; the couple married on January 20, 1933. They had three sons, Bosley Crowther III, an attorney; John M. Crowther , a writer and artist; and Jefferson, a banker and the father of Welles Remy Crowther who died in the September 11 attacks in 2001. In 1937 he became assistant screen editor and in 1940 replaced Frank Nugent as film critic for The New York Times as well as screen editor. He

522-528: A morbid tempo that lets time drag and passions slowly shape are responsible for much of the insistence and the mesmeric quality that emerge ...Mr. Brando and Miss Magnani...being fine and intelligent performers...play upon deep emotional chords...Miss Woodward is perhaps a bit too florid for full credibility...But Miss Stapleton's housewife is touching and Victor Jory is simply superb as the inhuman, sadistic husband...An excellent musical score by Kenyon Hopkins, laced with crystalline sounds and guitar strains, enhances

609-454: A part of the country which was distinguished by the colour of the soil. The part of the country possessing this thick, dark, and naturally rich soil was, of course, the part of the South where the slaves were most profitable, and consequently they were taken there in the largest numbers. Later, and especially since the war, the term seems to be used wholly in a political sense—that is, to designate

696-550: A scene in the film was used by Australian hip hop trio Bliss n Eso in their song "Never Land", off their album Running on Air . Sailor Ripley ( Nicolas Cage ) wears a snakeskin jacket exactly like Val's in the film Wild at Heart . Deep South The Deep South or the Lower South is a cultural and geographic subregion of the Southern United States . The term was first used to describe

783-419: A small town in order to avoid imprisonment. On his 30th birthday he decides to change his drifting "party boy" life after landing in jail following a police raid on the establishment he was playing at. Thanks to kind wife of the local sheriff, he finds work in a small-town mercantile store operated by an embittered older woman known as Lady Torrance, whose vicious husband Jabe lies ill in their apartment above

870-591: Is that white southerners with conservative views on taxes, moral values, and national security would vote for Democratic presidential candidates who didn't share their views. They did that as part of a strategy for maintaining white supremacy in the South. Kevin Phillips states that, "Beginning in 1948, however, the white voters of the Black Belts shifted partisan gears and sought to lead the Deep South out of

957-416: Is wrong with this adaptation of Tennessee Williams' play Orpheus Descending ...Lumet's direction is either ponderous or pretentious, and he failed to crack the problem of the florid stage dialogue and a dangerously weak role for Brando", and Channel 4 describes it as "a less than satisfying experience...disappointing stuff." Sidney Lumet later reflected "The problems were many because thematically we wanted

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1044-655: The 1964 presidential election , "Once again, the high level of support for Goldwater in the Deep South, and especially their Black Belt counties, spoke to the enduring significance of white resistance to black progress." White southern voters consistently voted for the Democratic Party for many years to hold onto Jim Crow Laws. Once Franklin D. Roosevelt came to power in 1932 , the limited southern electorate found itself supporting Democratic candidates who frequently did not share its views. Journalist Matthew Yglesias argues: The weird thing about Jim Crow politics

1131-509: The 2020 presidential election , the state of Georgia was considered a toss-up state hinting at a possible Democratic shift in the area. It ultimately voted Democratic, in favor of Joe Biden. During the 2021 January Senate runoff elections, Georgia also voted for two Democrats, Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock , with Warnock winning re-election to a full term the following year. Republicans currently hold every statewide office, its state Supreme Court, and its legislature. From colonial times to

1218-636: The American Civil War , Florida and Texas were sparsely populated and not fully settled, with Florida and Texas being the least-populated and third least-populated of the 11 Confederate states, respectively. When "Deep South" first began to gain mainstream currency in print in the middle of the 20th century, it applied to the states and areas of South Carolina, Georgia, southern Alabama, northern Florida, Mississippi, northern Louisiana , West Tennessee , southern Arkansas , and eastern Texas, all historical areas of cotton plantations and slavery. This

1305-478: The Blacklist . In this 2009 documentary film, contemporary critics who appreciate his work, such as A. O. Scott , appear, but also those who found his work too moralistic, such as Richard Schickel , Molly Haskell , and Andrew Sarris . The end of Crowther's career was marked by his disdain for the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde . He was critical of what he saw as the film's sensationalized violence. His review

1392-637: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Since then, upwards of 90 percent of African Americans in the South have voted for the Democratic Party, including 93 percent for Obama in 2012. Historian Thomas Sugrue attributes the political and cultural changes, along with the easing of racial tensions, as the reason why Southern voters began to vote for Republican national candidates, in line with their political ideology. Since then, white Deep South voters have tended to vote for Republican candidates in most presidential elections. Times

1479-742: The Mississippi Delta region. The Arkansas Delta is also sometimes included, though Arkansas is usually considered to be "in the peripheral" or Rim South rather than the Deep South. Seven states seceded from the United States before the firing on Fort Sumter and the start of the American Civil War , which originally formed the Confederate States of America . In order of secession, they are South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The first six states to secede were those that held

1566-678: The Nicholas Ray film Johnny Guitar (1954), Crowther complained that "no more femininity comes from (Crawford) than from rugged Mr. Heflin in Shane (1953). For the lady, as usual, is as sexless as the lions on the public library steps and as sharp and romantically forbidding as a package of unwrapped razor blades". Though his preferences in popular movies were not always predictable, Crowther in general detested action and war films that depicted violence and gunplay. He defended epics such as Ben-Hur (1959) and Cleopatra (1963), but gave

1653-640: The Potomac River , and that Southern society resembled those of the Caribbean. Although often used in history books to refer to the seven states that originally formed the Confederacy, the term "Deep South" did not come into general usage until long after the Civil War ended. For at least the remainder of the 19th century, "Lower South" was the primary designation for those states. At the time of

1740-523: The Upper South occurred in 1928 , 1948 , 1964 , 1968 , and, to a lesser extent, in 1952 , 1956 , 1992 , and 2008 . Former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee fared well in the Deep South in the 2008 Republican primaries , losing only one state (South Carolina) while running (he had dropped out of the race before the Mississippi primary). Georgia is currently considered a Swing state . In

1827-557: The World War II film The Great Escape (also 1963) a highly unfavorable review, and panned David Lean 's later works. He called Lawrence of Arabia (1962) a "thundering camel-opera that tends to run down rather badly as it rolls on into its third hour and gets involved with sullen disillusion and political deceit." Crowther often admired foreign-language films, especially the works of Roberto Rossellini , Vittorio De Sica , Ingmar Bergman , and Federico Fellini . However he

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1914-453: The border states . The term "Deep South" is defined in a variety of ways. Most definitions include the following states: Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , Georgia , and South Carolina . Texas and Florida are sometimes included, due to being peripheral states, having coastlines with the Gulf of Mexico , their history of slavery, large African American populations, and being part of

2001-521: The 150 largest population centers in the United States are ranked below: * Indicates state capital Other substantial cities include: Other cities sometimes included as part of the Deep South: * As part of the Sun Belt and Atlantic Plain , the Deep South tends to have a Subtropical climate with long hot summers and short mild winters. The 35th parallel north , which is used to define

2088-430: The 1964 Freedom Summer . The Deep South has three major Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) located solely within its boundaries, with populations exceeding 1,000,000 residents (Four including Memphis). Atlanta , the 8th largest metro area in the United States, is the Deep South's largest population center, followed by Memphis , New Orleans , and Birmingham . The 17 Deep South metropolitan areas (MSAs) within

2175-422: The Caribbean plantation model, relying on tobacco as a cash crop from the start. Tidewater had few urban centers, instead establishing multiple markets along tributaries. Cotton and rice operations were large and factory-like, while tobacco profits hinged on skilled, careful, and efficient labor units. Despite being the southernmost part of the continental United States, South Florida is not considered part of

2262-406: The Deep South is considered to be "an area roughly coextensive with the old cotton belt , from eastern North Carolina through South Carolina, west into East Texas, with extensions north and south along the Mississippi." The Deep South is generally associated historically with cotton production. The 11 Confederate States, including the Deep South, were overwhelmingly rural. New Orleans , Louisiana

2349-439: The Deep South who reported only a single European-American ancestry group, the 1980 census showed the following self-identification in each state in this region: These figures do not take into account people who self-identified as English and some other ancestral group. When the two were added together, people who self-identified as being English with other ancestry, made up an even larger portion of southerners. As of 2003 ,

2436-654: The Deep South, although there were local exceptions wherever conditions did not support the system. The sharp division between town and country, the intensive use of a few cash crops, and the high proportion of slaves, all differed from the Upland South. The Tidewater region , encompassing the Chesapeake Bay and Eastern North Carolina , stands out as different from both the Deep South and Upland South. Its history of slavery originated in Virginia and predated

2523-630: The Deep South, characterized by very rich black soil that supported cotton plantations, is a geological formation known as the Black Belt . The Black Belt has since become better known as a sociocultural region ; in this context it is a term used for much of the Cotton Belt, which had a high percentage of African-American slave labor. The Mississippi Delta has been called " The Most Southern Place on Earth ", because of its unique racial, cultural, and economic history. The colony of South Carolina

2610-772: The Deep South. It has a tropical climate and high levels of migration from the Caribbean and Latin America , particularly in the densely populated Miami metropolitan area . After 1950, the region became a major center of the Civil Rights Movement , including: the work of Martin Luther King Jr. , the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott , the 1960 founding of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and

2697-522: The Democratic Party has won in the Deep South since the late 20th century include: the 1976 election when Georgia native Jimmy Carter received the Democratic nomination, the 1980 election when Carter won Georgia; the 1992 election when Arkansas native and former governor Bill Clinton won Georgia, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas, the 1996 election when the incumbent president Clinton again won Louisiana, Tennessee and Arkansas, and when Georgia

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2784-466: The Democratic Party. Upcountry, pineywoods and bayou voters felt less hostility towards the New Deal and Fair Deal economic and caste policies which agitated the Black Belts, and for another decade, they kept The Deep South in the Democratic presidential column. In the 1968 election , George Wallace carried all five Deep South states except for South Carolina, as well as Arkansas . Phillips emphasizes

2871-677: The Film, 1940–1967 that Crowther opposed displays of patriotism in films and believed that a movie producer "should balance his political attitudes even in the uncertain times of the 1940s and 1950s, during the House Un-American Activities Committee ". Crowther's review of the wartime drama Mission to Moscow (1943), made during the period when the Soviet Union was one of the Allied Powers with

2958-539: The United States, chided the film by saying it should show "less ecstasy", and wrote: "It is just as ridiculous to pretend that Russia has been a paradise of purity as it is to say the same thing of ourselves". In the 1950s, Crowther was an opponent of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy , whose anti-communist crusade targeted the State Department, the administration of Harry S. Truman , the U.S. Army , and individual government employees. However, he also criticised

3045-644: The Wind (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), Citizen Kane (1941), The Lost Weekend (1945), All the King's Men (1949), and High Noon (1952). Crowther barely concealed his disdain for Joan Crawford when reviewing her films, saying that her acting style in Female on the Beach (1955) was characterized by "artificiality" and "pretentiousness," and also chided Crawford for her physical bearing. In his review of

3132-490: The accent would become stronger and stronger and stronger, until she was finally incomprehensible. So after the shooting she had to come back and loop about 50 percent of her lines." Filming was difficult in party due to the breakdown of the relationship between Brando and Magnani. Also during the shoot Brando constantly flew back to Los Angeles to oversee the editing of One Eyed Jacks . Lumet later said he enjoyed working with Brando and Woodward but struggled with Magnani "who

3219-537: The counties where the black people outnumber the white. Most White people in the Deep South who identified themselves with one European ethnic group in the 1980 census self-identified as English . This occurred in every southern state with the exception of Louisiana where more White people self-identified as French than English. A large number of the White population also derives from ethnic groups of Ireland ( Irish and Ulster Scots ). With regard to White people in

3306-653: The early twentieth century, much of the Lower South had a black majority. Three Southern states had populations that were majority- black : Louisiana (from 1810 until about 1890 ), South Carolina (until the 1920s ), and Mississippi (from the 1830s to the 1930s ). In the same period, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida had populations that were nearly 50% black, while Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia had black populations approaching or exceeding 40%. Texas' black population reached 30%. Bosley Crowther Francis Bosley Crowther Jr. (July 13, 1905 – March 7, 1981)

3393-450: The film because "I was divorcing my first wife and needed money." Brando felt Magnani was "a troubled woman" who was "miscast". He added, "I’ve always thought of Tennessee as one of the greatest American writers, but I didn’t think much of this play or the movie. Like most great American writers, he turned black people into windowpanes." Filming began in June 1959 and took place on location in

3480-434: The film weren't reddened with blotches of violence of the most grisly sort... This blending of farce with brutal killings is as pointless as it is lacking in taste, since it makes no valid commentary upon the already travestied truth. And it leaves an astonished critic wondering just what purpose Mr. Penn and Mr. Beatty think they serve with this strangely antique, sentimental claptrap. Other critics besides Crowther panned

3567-424: The film, Crowther recanted his criticism and named it one of the top ten movies of the year, writing that Psycho was a "bold psychological mystery picture.... [I]t represented expert and sophisticated command of emotional development with cinematic techniques." He commented that while Satyajit Ray 's Pather Panchali (1955, US: 1958) took on "a slim poetic form" the structure and tempo of it "would barely pass as

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3654-794: The first book documenting the history of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , Hollywood Rajah: The Life and Times of Louis B. Mayer (1960), a biography of the head of the MGM studio, The Great Films: 50 Golden Years of the Motion Picture Industry (1967), and Treasury of the Talking Picture . Perhaps conscious of the power of his reviews, Crowther adopted a tone that New York Times obituarist Robert D. McFadden considered to be "scholarly rather than breezy". Frank Beaver wrote in Bosley Crowther: Social Critic of

3741-422: The first frost. Some common environments include bayous and swamplands, as well as the southern pine forests . Due to its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean , hurricanes are also a frequently-occurring natural disaster. Booker T. Washington wrote in his 1901 autobiography I have often been asked to define the term "Black Belt". So far as I can learn, the term was first used to designate

3828-539: The fringe of the Deep South, during the " Solid South " period. At the turn of the 20th century, all Southern states, starting with Mississippi in 1890, passed new constitutions and other laws that effectively disenfranchised the great majority of blacks and sometimes many poor whites as well. Blacks were excluded subsequently from the political system entirely. The white Democratic-dominated state legislatures passed Jim Crow laws to impose white supremacy , including caste segregation of public facilities. In politics,

3915-421: The historical Confederate States of America . The eastern part of Texas is the westernmost extension of the Deep South, typically the area east of Dallas . North Florida is also part of the Deep South region, typically the area north of Ocala . West Tennessee is sometimes included due to its history of slavery, its prominence in cotton production during the antebellum period, and cultural similarity to

4002-551: The largest percentage of slaves. Ultimately, the Confederacy included eleven states. A large part of the original "Cotton Belt" is sometimes included in Deep South terminology. This was considered to extend from South Carolina Lowcountry to Georgia and North Florida , through the Gulf States as far west as East Texas , including West Tennessee , eastern Arkansas, and up the Mississippi embayment . The inner core of

4089-445: The left-wing film Knock on Any Door for blaming law-abiding society for a juvenile delinquent's descent into murder: "Rubbish! The only shortcoming of society which this film proves is that it casually tolerates the pouring of such fraudulence onto the public mind." Crowther opposed censorship of movies, and advocated greater social responsibility in the making of them. He approved of movies with social content, such as Gone with

4176-593: The majority of Black Americans in the South live in the Black Belt in the American South from Virginia to Texas. Hispanic and Latino Americans largely started arriving in the Deep South during the 1990s, and their numbers have grown rapidly. Politically they have not been very active. Political expert Kevin Phillips states that, "From the end of Reconstruction until 1948, the Deep South Black Belts, where only whites could vote, were

4263-471: The map on the right. In 1765, London philanthropist Dr. John Fothergill remarked on the cultural differences of the British American colonies southward from Maryland and those to the north, suggesting that Southerners were more similar to the people of the Caribbean than to the colonies to the north. A visiting French dignitary concurred in 1810 that American customs seemed "entirely changed" over

4350-470: The mood of sadness in this sensitive film. In the Chicago Reader , Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote "Unfortunately, director Sidney Lumet, who's often out of his element when he leaves New York, seems positively baffled by the gothic south and doesn't know quite what to do with the overlay of Greek myth either." The Time Out London Film Guide wrote "despite its stellar credentials, just about everything

4437-427: The movie in reviews of other films and in a letters column response to unhappy Times readers. The New York Times replaced Crowther as its primary film critic in early 1968, and some observers speculated that his persistent attacks on Bonnie and Clyde had shown him to be out of touch with current cinema and weighed heavily in his removal. Crowther worked as an executive consultant at Columbia Pictures after leaving

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4524-399: The movie rights from Tennessee Williams by obtaining the interest of Anna Magnani and Tony Franciosa as possible stars (both had just made Wild Is the Wind together). United Artists agreed to finance. However Marlon Brando then became interested in the project; he was given Franciosa's role and the latter actor was paid out. Variety later reported that the budget of The Fugutive Kind

4611-421: The movie. John Simon , the critic of New York magazine, while praising its technical execution, declared "Slop is slop, even served with a silver ladle." Its distributor pulled the film from circulation. However, the critical consensus on Bonnie and Clyde reversed, exemplified by two high-profile reassessments by Time and Newsweek . The latter's Joe Morgenstern wrote two reviews in consecutive issues,

4698-549: The nation's leading Democratic Party bastions." From the late 1870s to the mid-1960s, conservative whites of the Deep South held control of state governments and overwhelmingly identified with and supported the Democratic Party . The most powerful leaders belonged to the party's moderate-to-conservative wing. The Republican Party would only control mainly mountain districts in Southern Appalachia , on

4785-593: The northern boundary of the subtropics , defines the southern border of Tennessee , and the border between North Carolina and Georgia . The climate tends to display more pronounced Subtropical characteristics the closer one gets to the Gulf Coast . For example, the Deep South substantially overlaps with the range of the American alligator . Crops grow readily in the Deep South due to its climate consistently providing growing seasons of at least six months before

4872-526: The oppression and violence in the South. Beginning with the Goldwater–Johnson election of 1964, a significant contingent of white conservative voters in the Deep South stopped supporting national Democratic Party candidates and switched to the Republican Party. They still would vote for many Democrats at the state and local level into the 1990s. Political scientist Seth McKee concluded that in

4959-424: The piece to be about the boy, and it was built for that. Yet in the actual text it was all the woman’s. That we never resolved; it was largely my fault. I was a little awed and cowed by him and also I knew that as a play this was his favorite." Brando's biographer claims it was the first Brando film to lose money. Filmink speculated this was due in part to a lack of sexual chemistry in the film. Some dialogue from

5046-483: The play were originally optioned by Hal Wallis, who had made a movie of The Rose Tattoo with Anna Magnani (that role had also been originally written for Magnani but played by Stapleton on Broadway). After reception to Orpheus on Broadway proved disappointing, Wallis allowed his option to lapse. The film was set up by a new team of producers, Martin Jurow and Richard Shepherd, both former agents. They arranged to option

5133-488: The poor rural South, as well as poor whites. In the post- World War II era, Democratic Party presidents and national politicians began to support desegregation and other elements of the Civil Rights Movement , from President Harry S. Truman 's desegregating the military, to John F. Kennedy 's support for non-violent protests. These efforts culminated in Lyndon B. Johnson 's important work in gaining Congressional approval for

5220-512: The population continued to grow and the farms were subdivided smaller and smaller. Growing discontent helped give rise to the Populist movement in the early 1890s. It represented a sort of class warfare , in which the poor farmers sought to gain more of an economic and political voice. By 1850, the term "Cotton States" was in common use, and the differences between the Deep South (lower) and Upland South (upper) were recognized. A key difference

5307-471: The region became known for decades as the "Solid South." While this disenfranchisement was enforced, all of the states in this region were mainly one-party states dominated by white Southern Democrats . Southern representatives accrued outsized power in the Congress and the national Democratic Party, as they controlled all the seats apportioned to southern states based on total population, but only represented

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5394-548: The richer subset of their white populations. In the 1928 presidential election , Al Smith received serious backlash as a Catholic, but carried all 5 Deep South states, though he nearly lost Alabama. Major demographic changes would ensue in the 20th century. During the two waves of the Great Migration (1916–1970), a total of six million African Americans left the South for the Northeast, Midwest, and West, to escape

5481-537: The salary offered by those papers was not half of the Times offer, he went to New York and took the job. He was the first nightclub reporter for the Times , and in 1932 was asked by Brooks Atkinson to join the drama department as assistant drama editor. He spent five years covering the theater scene in New York, and even dabbled in writing for it. While at the Times in those early years, Crowther met Florence Marks,

5568-500: The screen) performed on NBC television network also directed by Lumet. A stage production took place in 2010 at the Arclight Theatre starring Michael Brando, grandson of Marlon Brando , in the lead role. That particular production used the edited film version of the text as opposed to the original play. Valentine "Snakeskin" Xavier is a guitar-playing drifter who earns his nickname from his jacket. He flees New Orleans to

5655-523: The second retracting and apologizing for the first. Time hired Stefan Kanfer as its new film critic in late 1967; his first assignment was an ostentatious rebuttal of his magazine's original negative review. A rave in The New Yorker by Pauline Kael was also influential. Even in the wake of this critical reversal, however, Crowther remained one of the film's most dogged critics. He eventually wrote three negative reviews and periodically blasted

5742-491: The southern British colonies from Spanish Florida. Oglethorpe imagined a province populated by "sturdy farmers" who could guard the border; because of this, the colony's charter prohibited slavery. Unfortunately, the ban on slavery was lifted by 1751, and the colony became a royal colony in 1752. At the time of the American Revolution , South Carolina and Georgia were majority African American, as indicated by

5829-523: The state and local levels. This trend culminated in 2014 when the Republicans swept every statewide office in the Deep South region midterm elections . As a result, the Republican party came to control all the state legislatures in the region, as well as all House seats that were not representing majority-minority districts . Presidential elections in which the Deep South diverged noticeably from

5916-484: The states which were most economically dependent on plantations and slavery , specifically Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , Georgia , and South Carolina . After the American Civil War ended in 1865, the region suffered economic hardship and was a major site of racial tension during and after the Reconstruction era . Before 1945, the Deep South was often referred to as the "Cotton States" since cotton

6003-473: The store. An undercurrent of violence, past and present, dominates the town. Lady's father died a tragic death after selling wine to local Black citizens (against the law in pre-Civil Rights South). Frequently drunk libertine outcast Carol Cutrere, who knows Valentine from their shared past in New Orleans, sets her sights on the newcomer. But Snakeskin is only attracted to Lady, who has grand plans to open

6090-537: The theme of the film was "the struggle to preserve what is sensitive and vulnerable both in ourselves and in the world." In his review in The New York Times , Bosley Crowther described the film as a piercing account of loneliness and disappointment in a crass and tyrannical world...[Sidney Lumet's] plainly perceptive understanding of the deep-running skills of the two stars, his daring with faces in close-up and his out-right audacity in pacing his film at

6177-482: The three-way 1968 presidential election: Wallace won very high support from Black Belt whites and no support at all from Black Belt Negroes. In the Black Belt counties of the Deep South, racial polarization was practically complete. Negroes voted for Hubert Humphrey, whites for George Wallace. GOP nominee Nixon garnered very little backing and counties where Barry Goldwater had captured 90 percent to 100 percent of

6264-519: The town of Milton, New York, and at Bronx Studios in New York City. According to Brando, Magnani tried to seduce Brando before making the movie but he rejected her. Lumet thought Magnani "hated acting in English. Of course, Tennessee had written it for her, and she was a great friend of his. But what happens is that when you get down to an emotion, you revert. Under certain emotional conditions,

6351-482: The vote in 1964. The Republican Party in the South had been crippled by the disenfranchisement of blacks, and the national party was unable to relieve their past with the South where Reconstruction was negatively viewed. During the Great Depression and the administration of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt , some New Deal measures were promoted as intending to aid African Americans across the country and in

6438-407: Was $ 2.3 million, of which $ 1 million went to "talent", with Brando and Anna Magnani on percentages; Joanne Woodward was borrowed from 20th Century Fox. However in fact the $ 1 million fee went to Brando, with Magnani and Sidney Lumet being paid $ 125,000 each. Brando wrote in his memoirs he rejected the role on Broadway because he did not wish to return to the stage. However, he was willing to appear in

6525-446: Was an American journalist, writer, and film critic for The New York Times for 27 years. His work helped shape the careers of many actors, directors and screenwriters, though some of his reviews of popular films have been seen as unnecessarily harsh. Crowther was an advocate of foreign-language films in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly those of Roberto Rossellini , Vittorio De Sica , Ingmar Bergman , and Federico Fellini . Crowther

6612-567: Was born Francis Bosley Crowther Jr. in Lutherville, Maryland , the son of Eliza Hay (née Leisenring, 1877–1960) and Francis Bosley Crowther (1874–1950). As a child, Crowther moved to Winston-Salem, North Carolina , where he published a neighborhood newspaper, The Evening Star . His family moved to Washington, D.C., and Crowther graduated from Western High School in 1922. After two years of prep school at Woodberry Forest School , he entered Princeton University , where he majored in history and

6699-415: Was critical of some iconic releases as well. He found Akira Kurosawa 's classic Throne of Blood (1957, but not released in the U.S. until 1961), derived from Macbeth , ludicrous, particularly its ending; and called Gojira (Godzilla) (1954) "an incredibly awful film". Crowther dismissed Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho (1960) as "a blot on an otherwise honorable career". After other reviewers praised

6786-619: Was dominated by a planter class who initially migrated from the British Caribbean island of Barbados, and used the Barbados Slave Code of 1661 as a model to control and terrorize the African American slave population. Barbados provided a steady flow of sugar produced by slave labor to Europe and North America. The Georgia colony was initially founded by James Oglethorpe as a buffer state to defend

6873-426: Was editor of The Daily Princetonian . During his final year in 1928, he won The New York Times 's Intercollegiate Current Events Contest and won a trip to Europe. Following his return, Crowther was offered a job as a cub reporter for The New York Times at a salary of $ 30 per week. He declined the offer, made to him by the publisher Adolph S. Ochs , hoping to find employment on a small Southern newspaper. When

6960-566: Was film critic for the Times until he semi-retired in 1967 and became critic emeritus. In 1954, he received the Directors Guild of America 's first film criticism award. After he semi-retired from the Times , he also started to work for Columbia Pictures helping them identify stories and films to buy. One of the stories he suggested was S. J. Wilson's To Find a Man . In addition to his film criticism, Crowther wrote The Lion's Share: The Story of an Entertainment Empire (1957),

7047-422: Was going through a personal crisis and hated being in America and in a film studio. This actress, so honest, authentic, sincere, had reached an age where her sole preoccupation was her appearance.... It was as though all the hardships in her life had taken away all her tenderness, and when she gets mad in the film, she is brilliant! The rest of the time she rings false, looks spiritless." According to Sidney Lumet,

7134-556: Was negative: It is a cheap piece of bald-faced slapstick comedy that treats the hideous depredations of that sleazy, moronic pair as though they were as full of fun and frolic as the jazz-age cut-ups in Thoroughly Modern Millie ... [S]uch ridiculous, camp-tinctured travesties of the kind of people these desperadoes were and of the way people lived in the dusty Southwest back in those barren years might be passed off as candidly commercial movie comedy, nothing more, if

7221-553: Was the Deep South's plantation -style cash crop agriculture (mainly cotton, rice and sugar), using the forced labor of enslaved African Americans on large farms while plantation owners tended to live in towns and cities. This system of plantation farming was originally developed in the Caribbean West Indies and introduced to the United States in South Carolina and Louisiana, from where it spread throughout

7308-456: Was the only populous city in the Confederacy during the Civil War. After the Civil War, the region was economically poor. After Reconstruction ended in 1877, a small fraction of the white population composed of wealthy landowners, merchants and bankers controlled the economy and, largely, the politics. Most white farmers were poor and had to do manual work on their farms to survive. As prices fell, farmers' work became harder and longer because of

7395-473: Was the part of the South many considered the "most Southern." In 1939, Florida was described as "still very largely an empty State," with only North Florida largely settled until after World War II . Later, the general definition expanded to include all of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, as well as often taking in bordering areas of Eastern Arkansas , West Tennessee , East Texas and North Florida . In its broadest application,

7482-516: Was the primary cash crop for economic production. The civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s helped usher in a new era, sometimes referred to as the New South . The Deep South is part of the highly-religious, socially conservative Bible Belt and is currently a Republican Party stronghold. It is contrasted with the Mid-South and Tidewater region , as well as the Upper South and

7569-456: Was won by Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election . In 1995, Georgia Republican Newt Gingrich was elected by representatives of a Republican-dominated House as Speaker of the House . The incumbent Speaker of the House since October 2023 , Republican Mike Johnson , is from Louisiana. Since the 1990s the white majority has continued to shift toward Republican candidates at

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