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42-618: The term was used as early as in 1910 by Isador Coriat in Abnormal Psychology . The supposed unlucky nature of the number 13 has several theories of origin. Although several authors claim it is an older belief, no such evidence has been documented so far. In fact, the earliest attestation of 13 being unlucky is first found after the Middle Ages in Europe. Tarot card games have been attested since at least around 1450 with

84-469: A mechanical floor ). Reasons for omitting a thirteenth floor include triskaidekaphobia on the part of the building's owner or builder, or a desire by the building owner or landlord to prevent problems that may arise with superstitious tenants, occupants, or customers. In 2002, based on an internal review of records, Dilip Rangnekar of Otis Elevators estimated that 85% of the buildings with at least thirteen floors with Otis brand elevators did not have

126-487: A floor named the 13th floor. Early tall-building designers, fearing a fire on the 13th floor, or fearing tenants' superstitions about the rumor, decided to omit having a 13th floor listed on their elevator numbering. This practice became commonplace, and eventually found its way into American mainstream culture and building design. Vancouver city planners have banned the practice of skipping 4s and 13s, since it could lead to mistakes by first responders , for example going to

168-562: A room on a different floor. Research on thirteenth-floor effects on real estate values presents a mixed picture. Several prominent American real estate developers have claimed that they are unaware of any reduction in the value of thirteenth-floor offices or apartments. On the other hand, in studies conducted in Russia, Antipov and Pokryshevskaya, and Burakov found that thirteenth-floor apartments were less likely to sell compared to apartments on twelfth or fourteenth floors. This effect, however,

210-431: A work published in 1939, sociologist Otto Neurath compared the use of money in an economy, which he saw as unnecessary, to the superstition of not installing the thirteenth floor: merely a social convention . In a 2007 Gallup poll, 13 percent of American adults reported that they would be bothered if given a hotel room on the thirteenth floor, while 9 percent indicated that they would be sufficiently bothered to request

252-857: Is death and misfortune ( "Der Tod, Unglück" ). Since at least 1774, a superstition of "thirteen at a table" has been documented: if 13 people sit at a table, then one of them must die within a year. The origin of the superstition is unclear and various theories of its source have been presented over the years. In 1774, Johann August Ephraim Götze speculated: Da ich aus der Erfahrung weis, daß der Aberglaube nichts liebers, als Religionssachen, zu seinen Beweisen macht; so glaube ich bey nahe nicht zu irren, wenn ich den Ursprung des Gegenwärtigen mit der Zahl XIII, von der Stelle des Evangelii herleite, wo der Heiland, bey der Ostermahlzeit, mit zwölf Jüngern zu Tische saß. Since I know from experience that superstition loves nothing better than religious matters as its proofs, I believe I'm almost certainly unmistaken when I derive

294-466: Is one example; its rooms are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 14. Several notable streets in London lack a No. 13, due to “the superstitions of London,” including “Fleet Street, Park Lane, Oxford Street, Praed Street, St. James’s Street, Haymarket and Grosvenor Street.” The thirteenth floor is a designation of a level of a multi-level building that is often omitted in countries where

336-588: Is the luckiest day at Colgate. A number of sportspeople are known for wearing the number 13 jersey and performing successfully. On November 23, 2003, the Miami Dolphins retired the number 13 for Dan Marino , who played quarterback for the Dolphins from 1983 to 1999. Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams quarterback (NFL MVP, 1999 & 2001, and Super Bowl XXXIV MVP) also wore number 13. Wilt Chamberlain , 13-time NBA All-Star, has had his No. 13 Jersey retired by

378-457: The Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson , the story about Loki and Balder does not emphasize that there are 12 gods, nor does it talk about a dinner party or the number 13. The disaster that occurred on Apollo 13 may have been a factor that led to a renaming that prevented a mission called STS-13. STS-41-G was the name of the thirteenth Space Shuttle flight. However, originally STS-41-C

420-593: The Golden Boot award as the tournament's top scorer while wearing the number 13. In the 1954 and 1974 World Cup finals, Germany's Max Morlock and Gerd Müller , respectively, played and scored in the final, wearing the number 13. More recent footballers playing successfully despite wearing number 13, include Michael Ballack , Alessandro Nesta , and Rafinha . Among other sportspeople who have chosen 13 as their number, are Venezuelans Dave Concepción , Omar Vizquel , Oswaldo Guillén and Pastor Maldonado due to

462-552: The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster which killed all seven crew members and destroyed the space shuttle. It was the 88th post- Challenger disaster mission. The flight launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on January 16, 2003. It spent 15 days, 22 hours, 20 minutes, 32 seconds in orbit . The crew conducted a multitude of international scientific experiments. The disaster occurred during reentry while

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504-546: The Visconti-Sforza Tarot . One of the trump cards in tarot represents Death, and is numbered 13 in several variants. In 1781, Antoine Court de Gébelin writes of this card's presence in the Tarot of Marseilles that the number thirteen was "toujours regarde comme malheureux" ("always considered as unlucky"). In 1784, Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf cites Gébelin, and reaffirms that the tarot card number 13

546-698: The micro-encapsulation experiment part of the payload was completely recovered, increasing from 0% data to 90% data after recovering the samples fully intact for this experiment. In this same payload were numerous crystal-forming experiments by hundreds of elementary and middle school students from all across the United States. Miraculously most of their experiments were found intact in CIBX-2, increasing from 0% data to 100% fully recovered data. The BRIC-14 (moss growth experiment) and BRIC-60 ( Caenorhabditis elegans roundworm experiment) samples were found intact in

588-608: The orbiter's left wing. During re-entry the damaged wing slowly overheated and came apart, eventually leading to loss of control and disintegration of the vehicle. The cockpit window frame is now exhibited in a memorial inside the Space Shuttle Atlantis Pavilion at the Kennedy Space Center. The damage to the thermal protection system on the wing was similar to that of Atlantis which had also sustained damage in 1988 during STS-27 ,

630-606: The NBA's Golden State Warriors, Philadelphia 76ers; Los Angeles Lakers, Harlem Globetrotters, and Kansas University Jayhawks, all of which he played for. In 1966, the Portugal national football team achieved their best-ever result at the World Cup final tournaments by finishing third, thanks to a Mozambican-born striker, Eusebio , who has scored nine goals at World Cup – four of them in a 5-3 quarterfinal win over North Korea – and won

672-502: The Shuttle program did have a disaster on its one-hundred and thirteenth mission going by date of launch, which was STS-107 . The actual mission STS-113 was successful, and had actually launched earlier due to the nature of the launch manifest. Hotels, buildings and elevator manufacturers have also avoided using the number 13 for rooms and floors based on triskaidekaphobia. The 13-room (as of 1946) Boots Court Motel on U.S. Route 66

714-578: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 975783913 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 11:02:48 GMT STS-107 STS-107 was the 113th flight of the Space Shuttle program , and the 28th and final flight of Space Shuttle Columbia . The mission ended on February 1, 2003, with

756-404: The debris field within a 12-mile (19 km) radius in east Texas. 80-87% of these live organisms survived the catastrophe. The moss and roundworms experiments' original primary mission was not nominal due to the lack of having the samples immediately after landing in their original state (they were discovered many months after the crash), but these samples helped the scientific community greatly in

798-524: The design concepts as Chawla led the design of her maiden voyage STS-87 insignia. Clark also pointed out that the dove in the Columba constellation was mythologically connected to the explorers the Argonauts who released the dove. Throughout the shuttle program, sleeping astronauts were often awakened each morning by songs and short pieces of music chosen by their families, friends, and Mission Control,

840-429: The designations and launch manifest work, the mission numbered STS-13 might not have actually been the 13th to launch as was common throughout the shuttle program; indeed it turned out to be the eleventh. One of the reasons for this was when a launch had to be scrubbed, which delayed its mission. NASA said in a 2016 news article it was due to a much higher frequency of planned launches (pre-Challenger disaster). As it was,

882-462: The dinner table. In Cantonese-speaking areas, including Hong Kong and Macau, the number 13 is considered lucky because it sounds similar to the Cantonese words meaning "sure to live" (as opposed to the unlucky number 14 which in Cantonese sounds like the words meaning "sure to die"). Colgate University was started by 13 men with $ 13 and 13 prayers, so 13 is considered a lucky number. Friday the 13th

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924-452: The experiments and investigations on the mission. In SPACEHAB RDM: In the payload bay attached to RDM: FREESTAR Additional payloads Because much of the data was transmitted during the mission, there was still large return on the mission objectives even though Columbia was lost on re-entry. NASA estimated that 30% of the total science data was saved and collected through telemetry back to ground stations. Around 5-10% more data

966-403: The field of astrobiology and helped form new theories about microorganisms surviving a long trip in outer space while traveling on meteorites or asteroids. KSC landing was planned for Feb. 1 after a 16-day mission, but Columbia and crew were lost during re-entry over East Texas at about 9 a.m. EST, 16 minutes prior to the scheduled touchdown at KSC. Columbia began re-entry as planned, but

1008-422: The heat shield was compromised due to damage sustained during the ascent. The heat of re-entry was free to spread into the damaged portion of the orbiter, ultimately causing its disintegration and the death of all seven astronauts. The accident triggered a 7-month investigation and a search for debris, and over 85,000 pieces were collected throughout the initial investigation. This amounted to roughly 38 percent of

1050-403: The next number was a launch site (1 or 2), and the next was the number of the mission numbered with a letter for that period. In the case of the actual 13th flight, the crew was apparently not superstitious and made a humorous mission patch that had a black cat on it. Also, that mission re-entered and landed on Friday the 13th which one crew described as being "pretty cool". Because of the way

1092-457: The number 13 is considered unlucky . Omitting the 13th floor may take a variety of forms; the most common include denoting what would otherwise be considered the thirteenth floor as level 14, giving the thirteenth floor an alternative designation such as "12A" or "M" (the thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet ), or closing the 13th floor to public occupancy or access (e.g., by designating it as

1134-476: The number 13 throughout her career. Some conspiracy theorists have suggested that the thirteenth floor in government buildings is not really missing, but actually contains top-secret governmental departments, or more generally that it is proof of something sinister or clandestine going on. This implication is often carried over, implicitly or explicitly, into popular culture ; for example in: Isador Coriat Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1176-537: The number being considered lucky in Venezuelan culture. Swedish-born hockey player Mats Sundin , who played 14 of his 18 NHL seasons for the Toronto Maple Leafs , setting team records for goals and points, had his number 13 retired by the team on 15 October 2016. Outside of the sporting industry, 13 is used as a lucky number by other individuals, including Taylor Swift who has made prominent use of

1218-621: The numerous experiments that are the dawn of a new era for continued microgravity research on the International Space Station and beyond. The breadth of science and the exploration of space is illustrated by the Earth and stars. The constellation Columba (the dove ) was chosen to symbolize peace on Earth and the Space Shuttle Columbia . The seven stars also represent the mission crew members and honor

1260-407: The orbiter vehicle. The mission insignia itself is the only patch of the shuttle program that is entirely shaped in the orbiter's outline. The central element of the patch is the microgravity symbol, μg , flowing into the rays of the astronaut symbol. The mission inclination is portrayed by the 39-degree angle of the astronaut symbol to the Earth's horizon . The sunrise is representative of

1302-505: The orbiter was over Texas . Immediately after the disaster, NASA convened the Columbia Accident Investigation Board to determine the cause of the disintegration. The source of the failure was determined to have been caused by a piece of foam that broke off during launch and damaged the thermal protection system ( reinforced carbon-carbon panels and thermal protection tiles ) on the leading edge of

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1344-702: The origin of the matter of the number XIII from the passage of the Gospel where the Savior sat at table with twelve disciples at the Easter meal. From the 1890s, a number of English-language sources reiterated the idea that at the Last Supper , Judas , the disciple who betrayed Jesus , was the 13th to sit at the table. The Bible says nothing about the order in which the Apostles sat, but there were thirteen people at

1386-564: The original astronauts who paved the way to make research in space possible. Six stars have five points, the seventh has six points like a Star of David , symbolizing the Israeli Space Agency's contributions to the mission. An Israeli flag is adjacent to the name of Payload Specialist Ramon , who was the first Israeli in space. The crew insignia or 'patch' design was initiated by crew members Dr. Laurel Clark and Dr. Kalpana Chawla. First-time crew member Clark provided most of

1428-733: The second mission after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster . However, the damage on STS-27 occurred at a spot that had more robust metal (a thin steel plate near the landing gear), and that mission survived the re-entry. STS-107 carried the SPACEHAB Research Double Module ( RDM ) on its inaugural flight, the Freestar experiment (mounted on a Hitchhiker Program rack), and the Extended Duration Orbiter pallet. SPACEHAB

1470-560: The six FREESTAR experiments, Critical Viscosity of Xenon-2 (CVX-2), that flew unpressurized in the payload bay during the mission after recovering the viscometer and hard drive damaged but fully intact in the debris field in Texas. NASA recovered a commercial payload, Commercial Instrumentation Technology Associates (ITA) Biomedical Experiments-2 (CIBX-2), and ITA was able to increase the total data saved from STS-107 from 0% to 50% for this payload. This experiment studied treatments for cancer, and

1512-576: The table. In 1968, Douglas Hill in Magic and Superstitions recounts a Norse myth about 12 gods having a dinner party in Valhalla . The trickster god Loki , who was not invited, arrived as the 13th guest, and arranged for Höðr to shoot Balder with a mistletoe-tipped arrow. This story was also echoed in Holiday folklore, phobias, and fun by folklore historian Donald Dossey, citing Hill. However, in

1554-437: The wrong floor. The origin of skipping the thirteenth floor when installing elevators is not known. However, during the advent of early skyscrapers, New York architectural critics warned developers not to exceed the height of the 13th floor. These critics insisted that buildings rising above the 13th floor (130 feet or 40 metres) would lead to increased street congestion, ominous shadows and lower property values. Nevertheless, in

1596-634: Was a 14-year-old prisoner in the Terezín concentration camp . The copy was in the possession of Ilan Ramon and was lost in the disintegration. Ramon also traveled with a dollar bill received from the Lubavitcher Rebbe . An Australian experiment, created by students from Glen Waverley Secondary College , was designed to test the reaction of zero gravity on the web formation of the Australian garden orb weaver spider . Examples of some of

1638-573: Was eliminated if developers offered buyers a 10% or greater discount on the cost of thirteenth-floor apartments. In some regions, 13 is or has been considered a lucky number. For example, prior to the First World War, 13 was considered to be a lucky number in France, even being featured on postcards and charms. In more modern times, 13 is lucky in Italy except in some contexts, such as sitting at

1680-552: Was first flown on STS-57. On the day of the experiment, a video taken to study atmospheric dust may have detected a new atmospheric phenomenon, dubbed a "TIGER" (Transient Ionospheric Glow Emission in Red). On board Columbia was a copy of a drawing by Petr Ginz , the editor-in-chief of the magazine Vedem , who depicted what he imagined the Earth looked like from the Moon when he

1722-416: Was saved and collected through recovering samples and hard drives intact on the ground after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster , increasing the total data of saved experiments despite the disaster from 30% to 35-40%. About five or six Columbia payloads encompassing many experiments were successfully recovered in the debris field. Scientists and engineers were able to recover 99% of the data for one of

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1764-414: Was the mission originally numbered STS-13 STS-41-C was the eleventh orbital flight of the space shuttle program. The numbering system of the Space Shuttle was changed to a new one after STS-9 . The new naming scheme started with STS-41B, the previous mission was STS-9, and the thirteenth mission (what would have been STS-13) would be STS-41C. The new scheme had first number stand for the U.S. fiscal year,

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