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75-782: Tierra Amarilla may refer to: Tierra Amarilla Land Grant , a 600,000 acres (240,000 ha) Mexican land grant in New Mexico. Tierra Amarilla, Chile , a commune in Chile Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico , a census-designated place in New Mexico Tierra Amarilla Air Force Station , a closed United States Air Force station in New Mexico Tierra Amarilla Historic District ,
150-487: A "community grant" in which the land was to be owned jointly by a community of settlers. By virtue of being declared owner of Tierra Amarilla, Martinez became one of the largest land owners in the United States. The designation by the U.S. of Tierra Amarilla as a private grant to Martinez became the background for endless legal disputes in courts over the years as the descendants of settlers claimed that Tierra Amarilla
225-603: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
300-522: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
375-482: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
450-601: A listed historic district in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tierra_Amarilla&oldid=1185554875 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
525-415: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
600-404: A month in jail for contempt of court. Flores' supporters occupied the land for 14 months until he reached a settlement with the corporation which awarded him 220 acres (89 ha) and cash. In the 1970s land grant activists stopped plans to build an airport near the town of Tierra Amarilla to encourage tourism. One opponent of the airport said it would doom the residents to a life of "cleaning up
675-508: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
750-500: A resident of Tierra Amarilla, wrote himself a deed and paid real estate taxes for a 500 acres (200 ha) plot of land. He later built a house on the land. Not until 1985 was his ownership challenged by a development corporation, the Vista del Brazos. In 1988, a judge ordered his expulsion and arrest but 20 armed supporters defended him. The ACLU claimed Flores' constitutional right to due process had been violated, but Flores served about
825-617: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
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#1732780875118900-531: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
975-429: A shadowy organization called La Mano Negra ("Black Hand") cut fences, burned barns, and threatened the new owners of Tierra Amarilla grant land. The violence subsided until 1940 when fence cutting sporadically began again, continuing into the 1960s. Most of Tierra Amarilla was fenced and in the firm possession of large landowners by 1937 when a tenant farmer named Medardo Abeyta initiated legal action to reclaim access to
1050-480: A sheriff's deputy, was injured. Three hundred and fifty National Guardsman , armed with tanks and artillery, FBI agents, and New Mexico State Police expelled the occupiers and successfully pursued and arrested Tijerina but in his trial was declared innocent on December 13, 1968. He was later tried again and imprisoned briefly. The FBI continued to investigate land grant activists during the 1970s characterizing them as "domestic terrorists." In 1969, Amador Flores,
1125-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
1200-666: Is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of
1275-573: Is a community at the edge of the grant in Colorado. The former town of El Vado, which in 1910 had a population of 1,000, is now beneath the waters of El Vado Lake . On July 20, 1832, the governor of New Mexico granted Manuel Martinez of Abiquiu , his eight offspring, and "some others" the land comprising the Tierra Amarilla Grant. Martinez was instructed to distribute small plots of land for residences and farming to settlers, but
1350-466: Is about 40 mi (64 km) from north to south and 25 mi (40 km) east to west, occupying a large portion of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico and a small portion of Archuleta County Colorado. The land begins at the Rio Nutrias in the south and extends northward to the south San Juan Mountains of Colorado. Most of the land is mountainous. The lower elevations are semi-arid and vegetation
1425-426: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tierra Amarilla Land Grant The Tierra Amarilla Land Grant in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado consists of 594,516 acres (2,405.92 km ) (929 sq miles) of mountainous land. The government of New Mexico awarded it to Manuel Martinez and his offspring in 1832. The grant was settled by Hispanics in
1500-454: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
1575-514: Is grassland and Pinyon pine woodland. Conifer forests are found at higher elevations. Elevations on the grant range from 6,653 ft (2,028 m) at the junction of the Nutrias with the Rio Chama in the south to 12,778 ft (3,895 m) at Banded Peak in Colorado. Two small towns are in the grant area: Tierra Amarilla (population 297 in 2020) and Chama (population 917). Chromo
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#17327808751181650-761: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
1725-732: Is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
1800-844: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
1875-813: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
1950-480: The Rio Arriba County courthouse in the town of Tierra Amarilla. They attempted to make a citizen's arrest of the district attorney, Alfonso Sanchez (who was not present), "to bring attention to the unscrupulous means by which government and Anglo settlers had usurped Hispanic land grant properties." An armed struggle in the courthouse ensued. Eulogio Salazar, a prison guard, was wounded and Daniel Rivera,
2025-568: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
2100-568: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
2175-548: The United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which
2250-480: The 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout
2325-493: The 1860s and the original inhabitants, the Ute Indians , were induced to leave. Settlers were given small plots, but most of the land in the grant area was designated as common land for the use of all the settlers and their descendants. After its conquest of New Mexico in 1846, the United States government upheld the validity of the grant, but subsequent actions by the U.S. did not protect the right to access common lands by
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2400-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
2475-595: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
2550-654: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
2625-531: The Hispanic settlers on the grant for nearly seven years. Despite the court ruling granting him ownership of the grant land, Catron did not attempt to evict settlers with titles ( hijuelas ) to the small plots of land allocated to them in the 1860s nor exclude them from access to common lands, but rather leased common land to outsiders for sheep grazing and harvesting timber. Legal complications concerning land ownership caused problems for him in attempting to sell
2700-705: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
2775-540: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
2850-597: The Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of
2925-411: The Tierra Amarilla land was owned by Thomas B. Catron , an attorney and politician and a member of the notorious Santa Fe Ring of land speculators. Catron filed suit to establish his ownership and to obtain the right to evict the 2,000 settlers by then living on grant lands. His claim to ownership of the land was confirmed by an English-speaking court two hundred miles distant and did not become known to
3000-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
3075-457: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
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3150-621: The army and militias forced the last of the Utes to move from the grant to their reservation. In 1886 the U.S. established a reservation for the Jicarilla on the western boundary of the Tierra Amarilla Grant. Between 1860 and 1865, with the Indian threat declining, Martinez encouraged the first permanent non-Indian settlement in the grant area by conveying small plots of land to 130 Hispanic families totaling about 1,000 people. He designated most of
3225-684: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
3300-500: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
3375-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
3450-622: The descendants of the Hispanic settlers and speculators, ranchers, and developers about ownership of and access to land in the grant area were frequent and continued for more than 100 years. The best known incident was the 1967 occupation of the Rio Arriba county courthouse by Hispanic protesters asserting that grant land should be owned by descendants of the original settlers. Later, the Jicarilla Apache whose reservation borders
3525-683: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
3600-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
3675-405: The former common lands of the grant for heirs to the original Hispanic settlers. Abeyta founded an organization called La Corporacion de Abiquiu with the objective of removing private ranchers "from the property which had been fraudulently appropriated." He lost the court case. The Alianza Federal de Mercedes (Federal Alliance of Land Grants), led by Reies Tijerina , was founded in 1963 with
3750-604: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
3825-517: The grant began purchasing land and in the 21st century became the largest landowner in the grant. Scholar David Correia summed up a century of land grant controversies. The heirs and activists attempting to retain common lands for common usage as originally conceived in the land grants were "trapped in a legal system [of the United States] incapable of understanding common property." The Tierra Amarilla ("Yellow Land" in Spanish ) Land Grant
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#17327808751183900-488: The grant owners. In 1846, the United States conquered New Mexico. In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo guaranteed the right of Mexican citizens to retain ownership of their property. In 1860, the U.S. government "confirmed" (recognized as legal) the Tierra Amarilla grant. However, the U.S. decision was that Tierra Amarilla was a "private grant" to Francisco Martinez rather than the original New Mexican grant described as
3975-649: The grant. In 1909 he sold it to Minnesota investors of the Arlington Land Company for the modest price of $ 500,000. The Arlington Company and subsequent owners sold much of the common property of the grant to Anglo ranchers and loggers. The Hispanic settlers on the grant lands thus lost access to the former common lands for their traditional uses of the land such as grazing, timber harvest, and firewood gathering. The sale by investment companies of former common property led to violence and endless legal disputes. From 1919 to 1924 "night riders" associated with
4050-438: The land as common land to be used by all the settlers, a typical feature of Hispanic land practices in New Mexico. However, U.S. law regarded the common lands as owned by Martinez, thus coming into conflict with Hispanic practices. Meanwhile Martinez's seven brothers and sisters each claimed one-eighth of the grant's common land and began selling it to land speculators. A flurry of speculation followed in which, by 1883, nearly all
4125-540: The language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in
4200-549: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
4275-470: The lengthy dispute over Tierra Amarilla grant lands is that in the late 20th century the Jicarilla Apache, who had lived on the grant in the 19th century, began buying land with their gas and oil royalties. By 2013, the Jicarilla owned about one fourth of the grant lands, roughly 150,000 acres (61,000 ha). Spanish language Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano )
4350-694: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
4425-463: The majority was to be designated as common land for the use of all the residents of the grant. The document establishing the land grant did not mention that the Capote Utes occupied the land and were hostile to Hispanic settlement. Several attempts by Hispanics to found settlements on grant land failed due to Ute resistance. Manuel Martinez died in 1846 and his son Francisco became the leader of
4500-734: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
4575-580: The objective of reclaiming the land given to Hispanic settlers by Spanish and Mexico land grants. The Alianza confronted ranchers and the United States Forest Service in its attempts to reclaim common land. The U.S. government demanded a list of the membership of the Alianza and arrested several members during a meeting. Those arrested were charged with unlawful assembly and extortion. On June 5, 1967, Tijerina and 20 men occupied
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#17327808751184650-654: The other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano
4725-533: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
4800-436: The settlers. Politician and land speculator Thomas Catron , a member of the Santa Fe Ring , acquired nearly all the land by 1883 but later sold it to a development company. Access to the common lands of the grant by the Hispanic settlers and their descendants gradually disappeared as the common land became owned by Anglo ranchers, development companies, and speculators. Legal disputes and protests, some with violence, between
4875-400: The shit of tourists and hunters who have no respect for our culture and get mad when we speak Spanish." In 2017, fifty years after the courthouse raid, described as "a watershed moment in New Mexico history," the movement to regain the Tierra Amarilla land by the heirs of the original settlers had subsided, although, according to the Santa Fe New Mexican , emotions were still raw. An irony of
4950-431: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
5025-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
5100-465: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
5175-533: The whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on
5250-582: The world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of
5325-581: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
5400-622: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
5475-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
5550-473: Was intended to be a grant to a community by the original grantor, the government of New Mexico. In the late 1850s, the Jicarilla Apache began to move westward to join the Ute on grant lands. In 1868, the Utes gave up their claim to Tierra Amarilla land and began to relocate to a reservation in western Colorado. Clashes of settlers, militias, and the U.S. army with the Ute and Jicarilla continued until 1872 when
5625-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
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