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59-573: Trebinje ( Serbian Cyrillic : Требиње , pronounced [trěːbiɲe] ) is a city and municipality in Republika Srpska entity, Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is the southernmost city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and is situated on the banks of the Trebišnjica river in the region of East Herzegovina . As of 2013, it has a population of 31,433 inhabitants. The city's old town quarter dates to

118-583: A humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with heavy precipitation, typical of the southern Adriatic coastal areas. Tribulium was the original name for this settlement, and the etymology of it may be analyzed as tri-bulium , or the place of the 'three hills', from the numeral 'three' ( *trei- ) and an appellative derived from the IE root *b(h)eu- 'to swell, puff. De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII (913–959) mentioned Travunija (Τερβουνια). Serbian Prince Vlastimir (r. 830–51) married his daughter to Krajina ,

177-808: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

236-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

295-669: A church which dates back to late antiquity. The Duži Monastery is located 10 kilometres west of Trebinje. There is also the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Birth of Mary in the town centre, as well as monuments dedicated to acclaimed poets Njegoš and Jovan Dučić (who was from the town). The Osman-Paša Resulbegović mosque, located in the Old Town, was originally built in 1726 and fully renovated in 2005. The Old Town walls are well preserved. The Arslanagić Bridge (1574)

354-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

413-549: A historic Ottoman Arslanagić Bridge nearby. The river is heavily exploited for hydro-electric energy. After it passes through the Popovo Polje area southwest of the city, the river – which always floods in the winter – naturally runs underground to the Adriatic, near Dubrovnik. Trebinje is known as "the city of the sun and plane-trees", and it is said to be one of the most beautiful cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city

472-740: A large increase in the urban population of Trebinje. Trebinje was the largest town in Serb-held eastern Herzegovina during the Bosnian War . It was controlled by Bosnian Serb forces from the fall of 1991, and was used as a major command and artillery base by Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) troops besieging the Croatian town of Dubrovnik . In 1992 Trebinje was declared the capital of the self-proclaimed Serbian Autonomous Region of Herzegovina ( Serbian : Српска аутономна област Херцеговина ). Bosniak residents were subsequently conscripted to fight with

531-585: Is as follows: Vuk Brankovi%C4%87 Vuk Branković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Вук Бранковић , pronounced [ʋûːk brǎːnkoʋit͡ɕ] , 1345 – 6 October 1397) was a Serbian medieval nobleman who, during the Fall of the Serbian Empire , inherited a province that extended over present-day southern and southwestern Serbia , entire Kosovo , the northern part of present-day Republic of North Macedonia , and northern Montenegro . His fief (and later state)

590-624: Is located 1 km north of the town center. The Music & More SummerFest has recently become an annual tradition in Trebinje, spanning approximately two weeks in August. This vibrant event not only showcases concerts but also offers academies led by world-renowned classical musicians. The festival is held at a variety of venues, including the Amphitheater Crkvina, KCT culture center Trebinje, local music school, Villa Lastva, and

649-420: Is most often titled "Lord Vuk" (господин Вук), while he signed himself "Lord of Serbs and Podunavlje" ( господар Срба и Подунавља ). The Serbian Church had in the period between 1374 and 1379 accepted knez Lazar as "Lord of Serbs and Podunavlje". According to historian R. Mihaljčić , when Vuk claimed the title, Stefan Lazarević was around 15 years old (ca. 1392). Vuk was not recognised with that title, as it

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708-636: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

767-471: Is often attributed to Vuk Branković . The old Tvrdoš Monastery dates back to the 15th century. Under Bosnian rule, Trebinje became part of Kosača noble family domains. It was conquered by Ottoman forces for the first time in 1465, but already in 1470 it was returned to Vlatko Hercegović Kosača . By 1478, the town was finally captured and incorporated into the Ottoman Empire . The Old Town-Kastel

826-630: Is the economic and cultural center of the region of East Herzegovina . The Trebinje municipality is located in the most southern part of Republika Srpska and the municipalities of Bileća , Ljubinje , and Ravno in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Trebinje municipality has an area of 904 km and makes up 3.68% of the total territory of the Republic of Srpska. Trebinje experiences

885-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

944-829: The Banat Uprising provoked the Serbs in other regions to revolt against the Ottomans. Grdan , the vojvoda of Nikšić, organized revolt with Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul . From 1596, the center of anti-Ottoman activity in Herzegovina was the Tvrdoš Monastery in Trebinje, where Metropolitan Visarion was seated. In 1596, the uprising broke out in Bjelopavlići , then spread to Drobnjaci , Nikšić, Piva and Gacko (see Serb Uprising of 1596–97 ). The rebels were defeated at

1003-668: The Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77) , the Bileća and Trebinje region was led by serdar Todor Mujičić, Gligor Milićević, Vasilj Svorcan and Sava Jakšić. With the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, many reforms took place. New administrative division was introduced and a large number of Austro-Hungarian troops were located in Trebinje, which was seen as a city of strategic value and position. No factories or bigger investments were made in Trebinje during

1062-570: The Lim River valley. Vuk's marriage to Mara, the daughter of the most powerful Serbian magnate prince Lazar Hrebeljanović , brought him substantial lands in Kosovo. This marriage sealed the alliance between two houses and secured Lazar's assistance for Vuk's future plans, although Vuk in return had to acknowledge Lazar as his feudal senior. Soon after the marriage, Lazar and King Tvrtko I of Bosnia attacked župan Nikola Altomanović , who ruled in

1121-566: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

1180-495: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

1239-489: The field of Gacko . It ultimately failed due to lack of foreign support. The hajduks in Herzegovina had in March 1655 carried out one of their greatest operations, raiding Trebinje, taking many slaves and carrying with them out much loot. On 26 November 1716, Austrian general Nastić with 400 soldiers and c. 500 hajduks attacked Trebinje, but did not take it over. A combined Austro-Venetian-Hajduk force of 7,000 stood before

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1298-531: The 16th century, mostly from the hand of uskoks of Senj and various hajduk bands. The calmer period during the Ottoman rule was the 18th century. The Serb elders from Trebinje, together with the people of Nikšić , planned a great uprising in the summer of 1805, under the influence of the First Serbian Uprising . Their project was suppressed by the Ottoman pasha and probably with the help from

1357-540: The 18th-century Ottoman period and includes the Arslanagić Bridge , also known as Perovića Bridge. The city lies in the Trebišnjica river valley, at the foot of Leotar , in southeastern Herzegovina, some 30 km (19 mi) by road from Dubrovnik , Croatia , on the Adriatic coast. There are several mills along the river, as well as several bridges, including three in the city of Trebinje itself, as well as

1416-552: The 2013 census results, the city of Trebinje has 31,433 inhabitants. The Serbian Orthodox church in Trebinje, Saborna Crkva , was built between 1888 and 1908. The Hercegovačka Gračanica monastery, a loose copy of the Gračanica monastery in Kosovo , was completed in 2000. The churches are located above the city, on the historic Crkvina Hill. The 15th-century Tvrdoš monastery is located two kilometres south-west of Trebinje, including

1475-557: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

1534-552: The AU rule. After the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Croat-Muslim volunteer corps ( German : Schutzcorp) terrorized Serb civilians of Bogojevići and other villages in Trebinje, which resulted in 83 children killed and 85 adults hanged. Those and related actions resulted in migrations of the local population to Serbia. During the period of Austro-Hungarian administration (1878–1918), several fortifications were built on

1593-627: The Branković were descended from Vukan Nemanjić , son of Stefan Nemanja . After their father's death, Vuk and his brothers Grgur and Nikola Radonja retreated to the valley of Drenica (central Kosovo). During the final years of Stefan Uroš V 's rule, Grgur and Vuk's governance was limited to their heritance in Drenica. Vuk took advantage of the death of King Vukašin in the Battle of Maritsa (1371) and conquered Sjenica , Zvečan , and part of

1652-557: The JNA and if refused they were executed, and thus they fled the region. Ten of the town's mosques were razed to the ground during the war. Trebinje is one of two municipalities created from the former Yugoslav municipality of Trebinje of the 1991 census, the other being Ravno in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2018, it has a total of 178 settlements that comprise it (including city proper area of Trebinje): According to

1711-513: The Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in

1770-521: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

1829-670: The Museum of Herzegovina. The local football club, FK Leotar Trebinje , plays in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The headquarters of Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske , which is the largest employer in Republika Srpska (as of 2016), is located in Trebinje. As of 2016, most of its economy is based on services. The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018): The plan for

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1888-978: The Niš Airport, was appointed head of the new airport management company. Works will be carried out by a consortium of Herzegovinian construction companies. In September 2020, the RS passed a law on the special procedure of expropriation for the construction of the airport in Trebinje. First flights are expected by 2022, thought works at the airport will continue for up to 4 years. Trebinje is twinned with: [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on

1947-461: The Ottomans ended this situation by attacking Vuk in 1395–96, seizing his land, and giving most of it to prince Stefan Lazarević, while Vuk himself was imprisoned and died in an Ottoman prison. A small part of Vuk's land with the towns of Priština and Vučitrn was given to his sons to hold as Ottoman vassals. He married Mara (Marija) , the daughter of Lazar of Serbia and Milica Nemanjić in 1371. She died on April 12, 1426. They had three sons: He

2006-508: The Trebinje airport was resurrected in 2020 in the context of the RS-Serbia relations. The new airport will be built in the village of Mionići, some ten kilometres from Trebinje. It will feature a 3.5-kilometre runway, taxiways totalling 4.5 kilometres and a 7.000 square metre terminal building. The airport shall be in the full ownership of the Republic of Serbia , which will invest over EUR 50 million in its construction. Mladen Stanković, from

2065-510: The Trebinje walls, defended by 1,000 Ottomans. The Ottomans were busy near Belgrade and with hajduk attacks towards Mostar , and were thus unable to reinforce Trebinje. The conquest of Trebinje and Popovo field were given up to fight in Montenegro. The Venetians took over Hutovo and Popovo, where they immediately recruited militarily from the population. Ottoman rule lasted from 1466 until 1878. The Trebinje region suffered especially in

2124-576: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

2183-527: The battle along with most of his army, Vuk managed to survive and preserve his army, which later gave material for a popular Serbian folk tradition (represented in folk epic poems and tales) that he betrayed Lazar in order to become supreme ruler of Serbia, a theory that is rejected by modern-day Serbian historians but not by the Serb people. Despite the consensus of modern historiography in Serbia that Vuk Branković

2242-555: The country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has

2301-563: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

2360-645: The end of the 12th century Stefan Nemanja conquered provinces that include Trebinje. Under the name of Tribunia or Travunja it belonged to the Serbian Kingdom and the Serbian Empire . In 1373, Trebinje was taken by the Balšić noble family, and later it was incorporated into the expanded medieval Bosnian state under Tvrtko I in 1377. There is a medieval tower in Gornje Police whose construction

2419-574: The local Slavic Muslims. The Christians of Trebinje, together with the Montenegrins, fought against Napoleon 's troops and in several conflicts they managed to defeat the French troops, such as the knife fight which took place on 2–3 October 1806 leaving several thousands of French soldiers dead, after which the French withdrew for a while. Notable participants in the Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) from Trebinje include Mićo Ljubibratić . During

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2478-443: The northern Serbian lands ruled by prince Lazar and Vuk. After initial Serbian successes at the battles of Dubravnica (1381), Pločnik (1386), and Bileća (1388), the Ottomans launched a full-scale attack on Serbia, aiming at the very heartland of Vuk's realm in central Kosovo. In the epic Battle of Kosovo (1389), Vuk participated along with his father-in-law Lazar and a contingent of King Tvrtko's army. Unlike Lazar, who died in

2537-509: The official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

2596-408: The previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted

2655-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

2714-633: The son of Beloje , and that family became hereditary rulers of Travunija. By 1040, Stefan Vojislav 's state stretched in the coastal region from Ston in the north, down to his capital, Skadar , set up along the southern banks of the Skadar Lake , with other courts set up in Trebinje, Kotor , and Bar . The town commanded the road from Ragusa to Constantinople , which was traversed in 1096 by Raymond IV of Toulouse and his crusaders . Trebinje diocese has its episcopal seat in Polje near Trebinje. At

2773-526: The surrounding hills, and there was a garrison based in the town. The imperial administrators also modernized the town, expanding it westwards, building the present main street, as well as several squares, parks, schools, tobacco plantations, etc. Trebinje grew rapidly in the era of Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1980. It especially developed its hydroelectric potential with dams, artificial lakes, tunnels, and hydroelectric plants. This industrial development brought

2832-598: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

2891-673: The west to Skopje in the east, with the cities of Pristina and Vushtrri serving as its capitals. The most important cities in Vuk's province were Priština, Prizren, Peć, Skopje, and Ras, as well as the rich mining settlements of Trepča , Janjevo , Gluhavica , and others. After the Battle of Maritza, the Ottomans forced the southern Serbian feudal lords (in present-day Macedonia and Greece), Konstantin Dragaš , King Marko , Toma Preljubović , and others, to become their vassals and started to attack

2950-485: The western part of Serbia, and conquered and divided his lands in 1373. In the partition of Altomanović's land, Vuk got areas of Raška (including the old Serbian capital Ras ) and lands in Polimlje (northern Montenegro). After the death of Đurađ I Balšić (13 January 1378), Vuk captured his cities of Prizren and Peć (Peja) and the area of Metohija . At its peak, the realm of Branković stretched from Sjenica in

3009-495: Was a son of Branko Mladenović (died before 1365), who received the high court title of sevastokrator from Emperor Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–1355) and served as governor of Ohrid (present-day North Macedonia). Vuk's grandfather was Mladen (died after 1326), who was župan (count) in Trebinje under King Stefan Milutin (1282–1321) and vojvoda (duke) under King Stefan Dečanski (1321–1331). Later chronicles alleged that

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3068-630: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

3127-421: Was built by the Ottomans on the location of the medieval fortress of Ban Vir, on the western bank of the Trebišnjica River . The city walls, the Old Town square, and two mosques were built in the beginning of the 18th century by the Resulbegović family. The 16th-century Arslanagić bridge was originally built at the village of Arslanagić, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the town, by Mehmed-Paša Sokolović , and

3186-446: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

3245-406: Was known as Oblast Brankovića ( District of Branković ) or simply as Vukova zemlja (Vuk's land), which he held with the title of gospodin (lord, sir), under Prince Lazar of Serbia . After the Battle of Kosovo (1389), Vuk was briefly the de facto most powerful Serbian lord. Branković was born in 1345 and belonged to a Serb noble family that held a prominent role in the 14th century. Vuk

3304-419: Was not a traitor in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Momčilo Spremić emphasized that there is a possibility that Vuk really betrayed his Serbian allies. After the Battle of Kosovo, Vuk refused to become an Ottoman vassal (unlike prince Stefan Lazarević , son of prince Lazar, who became an Ottoman vassal in late 1389) and started to plan anti-Ottoman action together with the Hungarian king Sigismund. However, Vuk

3363-523: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

3422-471: Was run by Arslanagić family for centuries. The Arslanagić Bridge is one of the most attractive Ottoman-era bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina . It has two large and two small semicircular arches. Among noble families in the Trebinje region mentioned in Ragusan documents were Ljubibratić , Starčić , Popović , Krasomirić , Preljubović , Poznanović , Dragančić , Kobiljačić , Paštrović , Zemljić and Stanjević . The burning of Saint Sava 's remains after

3481-436: Was unable to resist the Ottomans for long. In 1392, they captured Skopje and forced Vuk to become their vassal and pay tribute. Even after that, Vuk showed some resistance to the Ottomans, refusing to participate on the Ottoman side in the battles of Rovine (1395) and Nicopolis (1396) , unlike other Serbian lords such as prince Stefan, prince Marko , and Konstantin Dejanović . He also maintained contacts with Hungary. Finally,

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