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98-475: Triforium is derived from the Latin tres , tria 'three' and foris 'door, entrance'; its Greek equivalent is τρίθυρον, which originally referred to a building with three doors. The earliest examples of triforia are those in the pagan basilicas , where a triforium constituted an upper gallery for conversation and business; in the early Christian basilicas such a passageway was usually reserved for women, and

196-837: A continuation of the Apennines of Abruzzo: the Reatini Mountains with Terminillo (2,213 m), Mounts Sabini, Prenestini , Simbruini and Ernici which continue east of the Liri into the Mainarde Mountains . The highest peak is Mount Gorzano (2,458 m) on the border with Abruzzo. The region's climate , monitored by several dozen meteorological stations (many of which managed by the Lazio Regional Hydrographic and Mareographic Office), shows considerable variability from area to area. In general, along

294-526: A faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. After

392-743: A few in German , Dutch , Norwegian , Danish and Swedish . Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the Catholic Church . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before

490-404: A few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, Salutati , Celtis , George Buchanan and Thomas More . Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include Isaac Newton 's Principia . Latin was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in

588-529: A land area of 17,242 km (6,657 sq mi) and it has borders with Tuscany , Umbria , and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. The region is mainly hilly (56%) and mountainous (26%), with some plains (20%) along the coast and the Tiber valley. The coast of Lazio is mainly composed of sandy beaches, punctuated by

686-705: A limited part of the current region, between the lower course of the Tiber , the Tyrrhenian Sea , the Monti Sabini and the Pontine Marshes . At the end of the World War II and the fall of the Fascist regime , from the end of the 1950s Lazio and Italy saw rapid economic growth , in particular in Rome it is remembered as the period of the " Dolce Vita " in which Rome was the fulcrum of worldly life, of

784-560: A native language, Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during the Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then developed a classicizing form, called Renaissance Latin . This was the basis for Neo-Latin which evolved during the early modern period . In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until

882-422: A population of 5,714,882 million (as of 31 December 2021), Lazio is the second-most populated region of Italy. The overall population density in the region is 341 inhabitants per km . However, the population density widely ranges from almost 800 inhabitants per km in the highly urbanized Rome metropolitan area to less than 60 inhabitants per km in the mountainous and rural province of Rieti . As of January 2023,

980-567: A result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom , traditionally founded in 753 BC, through

1078-407: A separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed. The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within the history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to

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1176-709: A small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university. In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of Western culture . Canada's motto A mari usque ad mare ("from sea to sea") and most provincial mottos are also in Latin. The Canadian Victoria Cross

1274-429: A sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of the language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi , "the speech of the masses", by Cicero ). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be

1372-572: A spoken and written language by the scholarship by the Renaissance humanists . Petrarch and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of authors' works were published by Isaac Casaubon , Joseph Scaliger and others. Nevertheless, despite

1470-432: A strictly left-to-right script. During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200, a new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as

1568-563: A vast alluvial plain surrounding the city of Rome, with an area of approximately 2,100 km (811 sq mi). The southern districts are characterized by the flatlands of Agro Pontino , a once swampy and malarial area, that was reclaimed over the centuries. The Preapennines of Latium, marked by the Tiber Valley and the Liri with the Sacco tributary, include on the right of

1666-693: A vernacular, such as those of Descartes . Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin. Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language ) and later native or other languages. Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than

1764-411: Is Veritas ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages . For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica ,

1862-430: Is pasta . Dishes first attested inside the region's borders include: Guanciale is used in several sauces. Guanciale is the cut of pork obtained from the cheek of the pig, crossed by lean veins of muscle with a component of valuable fat, of a composition different from lardo ("back fat") and pancetta ("belly fat"): the consistency is harder than pancetta and it possesses a more distinctive flavor. Guanciale

1960-516: Is a considerable proportion, but is justified by the presence of Rome, which is the core of public administration, media, utility, telecommunication, transport, tourism and other sectors. Many national and multinational corporations, public and private, have their headquarters in Rome ( ENI , Italiana Petroli , Enel , Acea , Terna , TIM , Poste italiane , Leonardo , ITA Airways , Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane , RAI ). Lazio's limited industrial sector and highly developed service industries allowed

2058-640: Is a reversal of the original phrase Non terrae plus ultra ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to legend , this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules , the rocks on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In

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2156-403: Is a thriving sector especially as regards tourism linked to art and monuments and places of interest in the region ( Rome in particular), religious tourism (Rome and the sanctuaries of Lazio), summer seaside tourism especially in upper and lower Lazio ( Santa Marinella , Ladispoli , Anzio , Nettuno , Sabaudia , San Felice Circeo , Terracina , Sperlonga , Gaeta ) and summer/winter tourism in

2254-794: Is also the capital and largest city of Italy, and completely encircles Vatican City . Lazio is rich in a multi-millennial heritage: it was the home of the Etruscan civilization , then stood at the center of the Roman Republic , of the Roman Empire , of the Papal States , of the Kingdom of Italy and of the Italian Republic . The historical, artistic, cultural, architectural, archaeological and religious heritage of Lazio

2352-761: Is even less with 7%, compared with 12% from tourism. Since a large part of Lazio's GDP is produced by the service sector , with high value added . Firms are often small to medium in size and operate in the There is some R&D activity in high technology : IBM ( IBM Rome Software Lab ), Ericsson , Leonardo Electronics (Rome-Tiburtina, Rome-Laurentina, Pomezia , Latina ), Rheinmetall ("Radar House") and tire industry: Bridgestone (R&D center in Rome and proving grounds in Aprilia ). The most distinctive industry in Lazio

2450-552: Is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian (Roman Catholic) culture. It was not until the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously. The spoken Latin that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from

2548-594: Is immensely vast and rich in cultural diversity. Some of the greatest artists and historical figures lived and worked in Rome, particularly during the Italian Renaissance period, such as Donato Bramante , Raphael , Leonardo da Vinci , Filippo Brunelleschi , Donatello , Michelangelo , Caravaggio , Gian Lorenzo Bernini , Francesco Borromini , Pietro da Cortona , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Peter Paul Rubens , Anthony van Dyck and Diego Velázquez . In remote antiquity, Lazio ( Latium ) included only

2646-689: Is modelled after the British Victoria Cross which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin Pro Valore . Spain's motto Plus ultra , meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin. It is taken from the personal motto of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and

2744-575: Is one of the most visited regions in Italy and Europe and one of the first in terms of number of international presences. Rome is the most visited city in Italy with around 30 million visitors per year. Among the most visited sites of interest include the Colosseum and Imperial fora , Castel Sant'Angelo and the complex of Hadrian's Villa and Villa d'Este , among the museum itineraries the Pantheon ,

2842-486: Is production of household chemicals, pharmaceutical, hygiene goods and medical products: Sigma-Tau , Johnson & Johnson , Procter & Gamble , Colgate Palmolive , Henkel , Pfizer , Abbott , Catalent , Angelini , Menarini , Biopharma, Wepa . From fruits the most important are kiwifruit (1st place in Italy) and hazel nuts "Nocciola romana". Italy itself is the second largest producer of kiwifruit worldwide and

2940-419: Is salted pork fat, different from bacon , which is smoked. It is a typical product of Lazio, Umbria and Abruzzo . Another important ingredient is pecorino romano cheese . Vegetables are common, artichokes (" carciofi ") being among the most popular: Other popular vegetables are romanesco broccoli , asparagus , fava bean , cima di rapa , romaine lettuce , pumpkin , zucchini and chicory . In

3038-1011: Is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools, the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany, YLE radio in Finland (the Nuntii Latini broadcast from 1989 until it

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3136-478: Is the one with the highest number of hours of sunshine and days with clear skies during the year. The Italian word Lazio descends from the Latin word Latium , the region of the Latins , Latini in the Latin language spoken by them and passed on to the Latin city-state of Ancient Rome . Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic , including, for example, Etruscans, Sabines and other Italics besides

3234-488: Is vested in the Regional Council ( Consiglio Regionale ). Rome is centre-left politically oriented by tradition, while the rest of Lazio is centre-right oriented. In the 2008 general election , Lazio gave 44.2% of its vote to the centre-right coalition, while the centre-left block took 41.4% of vote. In the 2013 general election , Lazio gave 40.7% of its vote to the centre-left block coalition, 29.3% to

3332-543: The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. In

3430-408: The 2016 Central Italy earthquake . Agriculture, crafts, animal husbandry and fishery are the main traditional sources of income. Agriculture is characterized by the cultivation of wine grapes, fruit, vegetables and olives. Lazio is the main growing region of kiwi in Italy. Approximately 73% of the working population are employed in the services sector, which contribute 85.8% of regional GDP; this

3528-825: The Byzantine Empire , the region became the property of the Eastern Emperor as the Duchy of Rome . However, the long wars against the Longobards weakened the region. With the Donation of Sutri in 728, the Pope acquired the first territory in the region beyond the Duchy of Rome. The strengthening of the religious and ecclesiastical aristocracy led to continuous power struggles between secular lords ( Baroni ) and

3626-506: The Gardens of Bomarzo , the Abbey of Fossanova , Monte Cassino Abbey and Farfa Abbey . Lazio has many small and picturesque villages, 25 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of

3724-583: The Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin. In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are

3822-608: The Indo-European languages . Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio ), the lower Tiber area around Rome , Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . By the late Roman Republic , Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin refers to

3920-574: The Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo-Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed " inkhorn terms ", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by

4018-576: The Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the Vatican City . The church continues to adapt concepts from modern languages to Ecclesiastical Latin of the Latin language. Contemporary Latin is more often studied to be read rather than spoken or actively used. Latin has greatly influenced the English language , along with a large number of others, and historically contributed many words to

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4116-569: The Romance languages . During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as Curse tablets and those found as graffiti . In the Late Latin period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts. As it

4214-636: The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses. While the written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , and Romanian . Despite dialectal variation, which

4312-450: The chyme (mass of partly digested food) is left inside. Typical dishes of this style are: Traditional meat dishes include saltimbocca alla romana (veal wrapped with prosciutto di Parma DOP and sage and cooked in white wine, butter and flour) and abbacchio alla romana (roasted lamb with garlic, rosemary, pepper and chopped prosciutto ). The region gives its name to the professional football club SS Lazio that plays in

4410-545: The coast , there is a mediterranean climate , the temperature values vary between 9–10 °C (48–50 °F) in January and 24–25 °C (75–77 °F) in July. Towards the interior, the climate is more continental and, on the hills, winters are cold and at night, temperatures can be quite frigid. With particular regard to the sunshine duration , it should also be noted that, among the regional capital cities in Italy, Rome

4508-673: The ski resorts of the Lazio Apennines ( Monte Terminillo , Leonessa , Cittareale , Monte Livata, Campo Staffi and Campocatino, Altipiani di Arcinazzo ). Other points of interest in the region are the area of the Roman Castles , located south-east of the city of Rome, around the Alban Hills , made up of a group of towns and cities, partly in the territory of Latium Vetus , surrounded by the Roman Campagna . Also

4606-637: The British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States have Latin mottos , such as: Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: Some law governing bodies in the Philippines have Latin mottos, such as: Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University 's motto

4704-613: The English lexicon , particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are heavily used in English vocabulary in theology , the sciences , medicine , and law . A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As

4802-416: The Grinch Stole Christmas! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales, " fabulae mirabiles ", are intended to garner popular interest in the language. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissner's Latin Phrasebook . Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series,

4900-412: The Italian Serie A . The region has two professional clubs in the top flight, the other being AS Roma , who also play in the highest division of Italian football. Combined, the two have won five Italian championships with Roma winning three and Lazio two. The main sports stadium in Lazio is Stadio Olimpico in Rome which has housed both teams for a prolonged time and hosts Derby della Capitale between

4998-457: The Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 615,108 foreign-born immigrants live in Lazio, equal to 11.1% of the total regional population. Lazio has a system of representative democracy in which the President of the Region ( Presidente della Regione ) is the head of government and of a pluriform multi-party system . Executive power is vested in the regional government ( Giunta Regionale ) and legislative power

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5096-408: The Latini, the latter were the dominant constituent. In Roman mythology , the tribe of the Latini took their name from King Latinus . Apart from the mythical derivation of Lazio given by the ancients as the place where Saturn , ruler of the golden age in Latium, hid (latuisset) from Jupiter there, a major modern etymology is that Lazio comes from the Latin word "latus", meaning "wide", expressing

5194-441: The Papal States, so that these territories became provincial administrations of St. Peter's estate; governors in Viterbo , in Marittima and Campagna , and in Frosinone administered them for the papacy. Lazio was part of the short-lived Roman Republic , after which it became a puppet state of the First French Republic under the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte . Lazio was returned to the Papal States in October 1799. In 1809, it

5292-410: The Pope until the middle of the 16th century. Innocent III tried to strengthen his own territorial power, wishing to assert his authority in the provincial administrations of Tuscia, Campagna and Marittima through the Church's representatives, in order to reduce the power of the Colonna family . Other popes tried to do the same. During the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France (1309–1377),

5390-401: The Tiber, three groups of mountains of volcanic origin: the Volsini , Cimini and Sabatini , whose largest former craters are occupied by the Bolsena , Vico and Bracciano lakes. To the south of the Tiber, other mountain groups form part of the Preapennines: the Alban Hills , also of volcanic origin, and the calcareous Lepini , Ausoni and Aurunci Mountains . The Apennines of Latium are

5488-422: The Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. Lazio GDP growth from 2013 to 2017 in euro : In 2019 there were 657,855 companies, 10.8% of the national total. The table below shows the GDP, produced in Lazio at current market prices in 2006, expressed in millions of euros, broken down into the main economic macro-activities: The unemployment rate stood at 7.7% in 2022. With

5586-409: The United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was E pluribus unum meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal . It also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from

5684-447: The University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University. There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The Latin Misplaced Pages has more than 130,000 articles. Italian , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Romanian , Catalan , Romansh , Sardinian and other Romance languages are direct descendants of Latin. There are also many Latin borrowings in English and Albanian , as well as

5782-444: The added lands or New Latium, and Latium Vetus, or Old Latium, the older, smaller region. The northern border of Lazio was the Tiber river, which divided it from Etruria . The emperor Augustus officially united almost all of present-day Italy into a single geo-political entity, Italia , dividing it into eleven regions. The part of today's Lazio south of the Tiber river – together with the present region of Campania immediately to

5880-459: The areas around Lake Bracciano and Lake Bolsena , Lazio is home to 14 lakes of volcanic origin. One of the most important archaeological park in Italy is Ostia Antica , known as the port of ancient Rome, Ostia was a city of the Latium Vetus, located near the mouth of the Tiber river . Civita di Bagnoregio , also known as "the dying city", has become a popular tourist destination in the country. According to Istat data relating to 2018, Lazio

5978-690: The author and then forgotten, but some useful ones survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French . Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and Dutch vocabularies. Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Lazio Lazio ( UK : / ˈ l æ t s i oʊ / LAT -see-oh , US : / ˈ l ɑː t -/ LAHT - ; Italian: [ˈlattsjo] ) or Latium ( / ˈ l eɪ ʃ i ə m / LAY -shee-əm , US also /- ʃ ə m / -⁠shəm ; from

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6076-425: The benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin. Parts of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana are written in Latin. Enya has recorded several tracks with Latin lyrics. The continued instruction of Latin is seen by some as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin

6174-409: The careful work of Petrarch, Politian and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following. Neo-Latin literature was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name

6272-421: The centre-right coalition and 20.2 to the Five Star Movement . The current president of Lazio is Francesco Rocca , independent politician and former president of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies , in office in the centre-right coalition . Lazio is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan (province-level) city : One of the most famous forms of food in Lazio

6370-415: The classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as Neo-Latin , or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of renewed study , given their importance for the development of European culture, religion and science. The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown. The Renaissance reinforced the position of Latin as

6468-412: The country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as Sebastiane , The Passion of the Christ and Barbarians (2020 TV series) , have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as The Exorcist and Lost (" Jughead "). Subtitles are usually shown for

6566-432: The cuisine of Lazio, spices are widely used. Among the most used are lesser cat-mint , called in Rome " mentuccia " (for artichokes and mushrooms), squaw mint , called in Rome " menta romana " (for lamb and tripe), laurel , rosemary , sage , juniper , chili and grated truffle . Although Roman and Lazio cuisine use cheap ingredients like vegetable and pasta, poor people needed a source of protein. Therefore, they used

6664-429: The decline in written Latin output. Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965 , which permitted the use of the vernacular . Latin remains

6762-405: The educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as the Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies. Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin

6860-436: The feudal lords' power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome. Small communes, and Rome above all, opposed the lords' increasing power, and with Cola di Rienzo , they tried to present themselves as antagonists of the ecclesiastical power. However, between 1353 and 1367, the papacy regained control of Lazio and the rest of the Papal States . From the middle of the 16th century, the papacy politically unified Lazio with

6958-400: The headlands of Cape Circeo (541 m) and Gaeta (171 m). The Pontine Islands , which are part of Lazio, are off Lazio's southern coast. Behind the coastal strip, to the north, lies the Maremma Laziale (the continuation of the Tuscan Maremma), a coastal plain interrupted at Civitavecchia by the Tolfa Mountains (616 m). The central section of the region is occupied by the Roman Campagna ,

7056-774: The idea of "flat land" meaning the Roman Campagna . Much of Lazio is in fact flat or rolling. The lands originally inhabited by the Latini were extended into the territories of the Samnites , the Marsi , the Hernici , the Aequi , the Aurunci and the Volsci , all surrounding Italic tribes. This larger territory was still called Latium, but it was divided into Latium adiectum or Latium Novum,

7154-703: The invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions, such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as: The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How

7252-704: The language of the Roman Rite . The Tridentine Mass (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the Mass of Paul VI (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of

7350-440: The large areas where it had come to be natively spoken. However, even after the fall of Western Rome , Latin remained the common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Late Latin is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as

7448-412: The late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. Latin grammar is highly fusional , with classes of inflections for case , number , person , gender , tense , mood , voice , and aspect . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and

7546-431: The later part of the Roman Republic , up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon script to what ultimately became

7644-421: The less prestigious colloquial registers , attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius . While often called a "dead language", Latin did not undergo language death . By the 6th to 9th centuries, natural language change eventually resulted in Latin as a vernacular language evolving into distinct Romance languages in

7742-422: The main body of the church below, including men as well as women, although the sexes were always separated to left and right. In medieval churches, matronea lost their function of accommodation and became purely architectonic elements, placed over the side aisles with the structural purpose of containing the thrust of the central nave , and came to consist solely of bays so placed. In Early Gothic churches ,

7840-504: The matronea were one of the four elements which constituted the interior walls (arch, matroneum, triforium and clerestory ), but they grew rare in the succeeding period of full-blown Gothic architecture . Latin Latin ( lingua Latina , pronounced [ˈlɪŋɡʷa ɫaˈtiːna] , or Latinum [ɫaˈtiːnʊ̃] ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of

7938-531: The most beautiful compositions of English Gothic architecture. Even when reduced to a simple passage it was always a highly enriched feature. In the 15th-century churches in England, when the roof over the aisles was comparatively flat, more height being required for the clerestory windows, the triforium was dispensed with altogether. In the great cathedrals and abbeys the triforium was often occupied by persons who came to witness various ceremonies, and in early days

8036-436: The new consumer society , the desire for life, beauty and entertainment exploded, becoming the " Hollywood on the Tiber ". Today, Lazio is a large center of services and international trade , industry , public services and tourism , supported by an extensive network of transport infrastructures thanks to its geographical position in the center of Italian Peninsula and the presence of Rome within it. Lazio comprises

8134-400: The original Latin name , pronounced [ˈɫati.ũː] ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy . Situated in the central peninsular section of the country, it has 5,714,882 inhabitants and a GDP of more than €212 billion per year, making it the country's second most populated region and second largest regional economy after Lombardy . The capital of Lazio is Rome , which

8232-466: The other varieties, as it was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing. For many Italians using Latin, though, there

8330-646: The position of industry, favouring the areas with the best links to Rome and those near the Autostrada del Sole , especially around Frosinone . Additional factor was cheap energy supply from Latina Nuclear Power Plant and Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant , which are now out of the operation after Italian nuclear energy referendum. Industry contributes a small part of GDP: its share is 8.9% compared to 25.0% in Veneto and 24.0% in Emilia-Romagna . In Rome it

8428-507: The region to well outperform the Italian economy in 2009 in the heart of the global financial crisis, but it was strongly affected by the COVID-19 crisis of 2020–2021 due to the lock-downs. Industrial development in Lazio is limited to the areas south of Rome. Communications and – above all – the setting of the border of the Cassa del Mezzogiorno some kilometers south of Rome have influenced

8526-640: The roof to strengthen it. A matroneum (plural: matronea ; earlier also matronaeum , plural matronaea ) in architecture is a gallery on the interior of a building, originally intended to accommodate women, in Greek : γυναικαίον , romanized :  gynaikaion , Latinised as gynecaeum . This definition is disputed by Valerio Ascani, professor of the history of medieval art at the University of Pisa : according to Ascani, matronea were in fact intended for all persons who could not, or did not want to, enter

8624-526: The same applied to those in the Eastern Orthodox Church . In Romanesque and Gothic buildings it is either a spacious gallery over the side aisles or is reduced to a simple passage in the thickness of the walls; in either case it forms an important architectural division in the nave of the cathedral or church, and being of less height gives more importance to the ground storey or nave arcade. In consequence of its lesser height its bay

8722-584: The so-called "quinto quarto" ("fifth quarter"), leftovers from animal carcasses that remained after the sale of prized parts to the wealthy. Quinto quarto includes tripe (the most valuable part of reticulum , also called " cuffia ", " l'omaso " or " lampredotto "), kidneys (which need to be soaked for a long time in water with lemon to remove urine smell), heart, liver, spleen, sweetbreads (pancreas, thymus and salivary glands), brain, tongue, ox tail, trotters and pajata ( intestines of calf, fed only with its mother's milk). The intestines are cleaned and skinned but

8820-588: The southeast of Lazio and the seat of Neapolis – became Region I ( Latium et Campania ), while modern Upper Lazio became part of Regio VII – Etruria , and today's Province of Rieti joined Regio IV – Samnium . After the Gothic conquest of Italy at the end of the fifth century, modern Lazio became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom , but after the Gothic War between 535 and 554 and conquest by

8918-630: Was annexed to the French Empire under the name of the Department of Tibre , but returned to the Pope's control in 1815. On 20 September 1870 the capture of Rome , during the reign of Pope Pius IX , and France's defeat at Sedan , completed Italian unification , and Lazio was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy . In 1927, the territory of the province of Rieti, belonging to Umbria and Abruzzo , joined Lazio. Towns in Lazio were devastated by

9016-413: Was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . Late Latin is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at

9114-496: Was much more liberal in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead. Furthermore, the meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail. Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and

9212-441: Was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into the beginning of the Renaissance . Petrarch for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language. Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the post-classical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in

9310-406: Was probably used by the monks and clergy for work connected with the church. The triforium sometimes served structural functions, as under its roof are arches and vaults which carry thrust from the nave to the outer wall. When the flying buttress was frankly adopted by the Gothic architect and emphasized by its architectural design as an important feature, other cross-arches were introduced under

9408-482: Was shut down in June 2019), and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin. A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin. Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include

9506-630: Was surpassed only by China . Infrastructure which has been used for grape growing was easily adapted for kiwifruit cultivation. Only sheep and buffalo herds are significant nationwide. Both are kept predominantly for milk, which is used in the production of pecorino romano and mozzarella di bufala cheese. Sheep herds are the 3rd nationwide after Sardinia and Sicily . 40% of sheep are bred in province of Viterbo . Vineyards cover 47,884 hectares (118,320 acres) in Lazio. 90% of wines are white. In production of quality wine Lazio has rank 14 of 20 with 190.557 hl. There are 3 DOCG wines: Tourism in Lazio

9604-418: Was usually divided into two arches , which were again subdivided into two smaller arches and these subdivisions increased the apparent scale of the aisle below and the clerestory above. On account of the richness of its mouldings and carved ornament in the sculpture introduced in the spandrels , it became the most highly decorated feature of the interior. The triforium at Lincoln has been described as one of

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