The Turpan Khanate ( Chinese : 吐魯番汗國 ), also known as the Eastern Moghulistan , Kingdom of Uyghurstan or Turfan Khanate , was a Sunni Muslim Turco-Mongol khanate ruled by the descendants of Chagatai Khan . It was founded by Ahmad Alaq in 1487 based in Turpan as the eastern division of Moghulistan , itself an eastern offshoot of the Chagatai Khanate .
20-655: Most territories of the Turpan Khanate were conquered by the Yarkent Khanate , the western offshoot of Moghulistan, in 1570. In 1487, Ahmad Alaq gained independence from his brother Mahmud , and ruled the northern part of the Tarim Basin from Turpan in the east (now Gaochang, Turpan in Xinjiang ). Under Ahmad Araq and his eldest son Mansur , Turpan became more Muslim. Ahmad Alaq made peace with
40-455: A campaign in Bolor in 1527–1528, a raid into Badakhshan in 1529, and looting expeditions into Ladakh and Kashmir in 1532. Sultan Said Khan purportedly died in 1533 at Daulat Beg Oldi of a high-altitude pulmonary edema while returning to Yarkent from an expedition into Ladakh and Kashmir. Sultan Said Khan was succeeded by Abdurashid Khan (1533–1565), who began his reign by executing
60-681: A century. In 1509 the Dughlats, vassal rulers of the Tarim Basin , rebelled against the Moghulistan and broke away. Five years later Sultan Said Khan , a brother of the Khan of Eastern Moghulistan or Turpan Khanate , conquered the Dughlats but established his own Yarkent khanate instead. This put an end to the dominance in the cities of Kashgaria of the Dughlat emirs, who had controlled them since 1220, when most of Kashgaria had been granted to
80-3884: A member of the Dughlat family. Abdurrashid Khan also fought for control of (western) Moghulistan against the Kirghiz and the Kazakhs, but (western) Moghulistan was ultimately lost; thereafter the Moghuls were largely restricted to possession of the Tarim Basin. Meanwhile, the Yarkent Khanate was conquered by the Buddhist Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr from 1678 to 1705. The collection of Uyghur Twelve Muqam Chagatai Khan (1226–1242) Qara Hülëgü (1st. 1242–1246) Yesü Möngke (1246–1252) Qara Hülëgü (2nd. 1252) Orghana (regent) Mubarak Shah (1st. 1252–1260) Alghu (1260–1266) Mubarak Shah (2nd. 1266) Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq (1266–1270) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Negübei (1270–1272) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Buqa Temür (127?–1282) Kaidu and Chapar (de facto rulers) Duwa (1282–1306) Duwa (1306-1307) Könchek (1307–1308) Taliqu (1308–1309) Kebek (1st. 1309–1310) Esen Buqa I (1310–1318) Kebek (2nd. 1318–1325) Eljigidey (1325–1329) Duwa Temür (1329–1330) Tarmashirin (1331–1334) Buzan (1334–1335) Changshi (1335–1338) Yesun Temur (1338–1342) 'Ali-Sultan (1342) Muhammad I ibn Pulad (1342–1343) Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur (1343–1346) Amir Qazaghan (de facto ruler) Danishmendji (1346–1348) Amir Qazaghan and Abdullah (de facto rulers) Bayan Qulï (1348–1358) Abdullah (de facto ruler) Shah Temur (1358) Tughlugh Timur (1360–1363) Amir Husayn and Timur (de facto rulers) Adil-Sultan (1363) Amir Husayn (de facto ruler) Khabul Shah (1364–1370) Timur (de facto ruler) Suurgatmish (1370–1384) Timur (de facto ruler) Sultan Mahmud (1384–1402) Tughlugh Timur (1347–1363) Ilyas Khoja (1363–1368) Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat (1368–1392) Khizr Khoja (1389–1399) Shams-i-Jahan (1399–1408) Muhammad Khan (1408–1415) Naqsh-i-Jahan (1415–1418) Uwais Khan (1st. 1418–1421) Sher Muhammad (1421–1425) Uwais Khan (2nd. 1425–1429) Satuq Khan (1429–1434) Esen Buqa II (1429–1462) Dost Muhammad (1462–1468) Kebek Sultan (1469–1472) Yunus Khan (1456–1487) Mahmud Khan (1487–1508) Mansur Khan (1508–1514) Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533) Abdurashid Khan (1533–1560) Abdul Karim Khan (1560-1591) Muhammad Sultan (1591–1610) Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan (1610-1618) Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan (1618–1630) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1630-1633) Mahmud Sultan (Qilich Khan) (1633–1636) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1636-1638) Abdallah (1638–1669) Nur ad-Din Sultan (1667-1668) Ismail Khan (1st. 1669) YuIbars Khan (1669–1670) Ismail Khan (2nd. 1670-1678) Abd ar-Rashid Khan II (1678–1680) Afaq Khoja (1680–1690) Muhammad Imin Khan (1690-1692) Yahiya Khoja (1692–1695) Akbash Khan (1695-1705) Ahmad Alaq (1487–1503) Mansur Khan (1503–1548) Shah Khan (1543–1560) Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan (1570) Koraish Sultan (1570–1588) Muhammad Sultan (1588–1591) Abduraim Khan (1591-1636) Abu'l Muhammad Khan (1636-1653) Ibrahim Sultan (1653–1655) Sultan Said Baba Khan (1655–1680) Alghu Alghu (died 1265 or 1266)
100-754: The Chagatai Khanate , as well as other areas, particularly those that were formerly under the control of the Blue Horde . He also seized control of Samarkand and Bukhara , which had earlier been ruled jointly by the Chagatai Khan and the Great Khan. Alghu supported Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War against Kublai Khan , but later deserted him. In 1262 he rebelled against Ariq Boke and commanded 150,000 soldiers against him;
120-632: The Ming China , which had been in conflict over the control of the Kara Del in Hami since the time of his father Yunus Khan , and exchanged envoys. In the early 1500s, Ahmad Alaq was defeated and killed in a battle against Muhammad Shaybani of the Khanate of Bukhara . Mansur, who succeeded Ahmad Araq to the throne, occupied Turpan and Aksu . Mansur defeated his brother Sultan Said Khan who ruled
140-652: The Yarkand Khanate and the Kashghar Khanate , was a Sunni Muslim Turkic state ruled by the Mongol descendants of Chagatai Khan . It was founded by Sultan Said Khan in 1514 as a western offshoot of Moghulistan , itself an eastern offshoot of the Chagatai Khanate . It was eventually conquered by the Dzungar Khanate in 1705. Yarkent served as the capital of the Yarkent Khanate, which
160-582: The Dughlat by Chagatai Khan himself. The conquest of the Dughlats allowed the Yarkent state to become the foremost power in the region. The reign of Sultan Said Khan was heavily influenced by the khojas . Said Khan also had a close relationship with Babur , his cousin and founder of the Mughal Empire across the Himalayas and Karakoram Range from the Yarkent Khanate. Said Khan's reign included
180-813: The Ming dynasty over Hami as a " holy war ". While Mansur was fighting against Ming China, Sultan Said Khan was under the protection of his cousin, Babur of the Timurid dynasty , in Kabul . In response to Babur's capture of Samarkand , the Mir of Duglat captured the Ferghana Valley and presented it to Sultan Said Khan. Using this as a foothold, Sultan Said Khan returned to Moghulistan and defeated Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat in Dughlat , and in 1514 declared himself Khan. There
200-408: The conflict saw a series of violent clashes over the next two years. Alghu gained the support of the Great Khan's governor of Turkestan , Mas'ud Beg, making him his vizier, as well as of Orghana . The revolt severely weakened Ariq Böke's and contributed to his eventual loss to Kublai Khan . In 1263 Alghu declared his allegiance to Kublai , and then attacked Kaidu , whose lands bordered his, under
220-3101: The control of the Yarkand Khanate. The last thing heard of the Turpan Khanate were embassies sent from Turpan to Beijing in 1647 and 1657. The Qing dynasty of China regarded them as embassies from a genuine Chagatayid. Chagatai Khan (1226–1242) Qara Hülëgü (1st. 1242–1246) Yesü Möngke (1246–1252) Qara Hülëgü (2nd. 1252) Orghana (regent) Mubarak Shah (1st. 1252–1260) Alghu (1260–1266) Mubarak Shah (2nd. 1266) Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq (1266–1270) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Negübei (1270–1272) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Buqa Temür (127?–1282) Kaidu and Chapar (de facto rulers) Duwa (1282–1306) Duwa (1306-1307) Könchek (1307–1308) Taliqu (1308–1309) Kebek (1st. 1309–1310) Esen Buqa I (1310–1318) Kebek (2nd. 1318–1325) Eljigidey (1325–1329) Duwa Temür (1329–1330) Tarmashirin (1331–1334) Buzan (1334–1335) Changshi (1335–1338) Yesun Temur (1338–1342) 'Ali-Sultan (1342) Muhammad I ibn Pulad (1342–1343) Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur (1343–1346) Amir Qazaghan (de facto ruler) Danishmendji (1346–1348) Amir Qazaghan and Abdullah (de facto rulers) Bayan Qulï (1348–1358) Abdullah (de facto ruler) Shah Temur (1358) Tughlugh Timur (1360–1363) Amir Husayn and Timur (de facto rulers) Adil-Sultan (1363) Amir Husayn (de facto ruler) Khabul Shah (1364–1370) Timur (de facto ruler) Suurgatmish (1370–1384) Timur (de facto ruler) Sultan Mahmud (1384–1402) Tughlugh Timur (1347–1363) Ilyas Khoja (1363–1368) Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat (1368–1392) Khizr Khoja (1389–1399) Shams-i-Jahan (1399–1408) Muhammad Khan (1408–1415) Naqsh-i-Jahan (1415–1418) Uwais Khan (1st. 1418–1421) Sher Muhammad (1421–1425) Uwais Khan (2nd. 1425–1429) Satuq Khan (1429–1434) Esen Buqa II (1429–1462) Dost Muhammad (1462–1468) Kebek Sultan (1469–1472) Yunus Khan (1456–1487) Mahmud Khan (1487–1508) Mansur Khan (1508–1514) Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533) Abdurashid Khan (1533–1560) Abdul Karim Khan (1560-1591) Muhammad Sultan (1591–1610) Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan (1610-1618) Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan (1618–1630) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1630-1633) Mahmud Sultan (Qilich Khan) (1633–1636) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1636-1638) Abdallah (1638–1669) Nur ad-Din Sultan (1667-1668) Ismail Khan (1st. 1669) YuIbars Khan (1669–1670) Ismail Khan (2nd. 1670-1678) Abd ar-Rashid Khan II (1678–1680) Afaq Khoja (1680–1690) Muhammad Imin Khan (1690-1692) Yahiya Khoja (1692–1695) Akbash Khan (1695-1705) Ahmad Alaq (1487–1503) Mansur Khan (1503–1548) Shah Khan (1543–1560) Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan (1570) Koraish Sultan (1570–1588) Muhammad Sultan (1588–1591) Abduraim Khan (1591-1636) Abu'l Muhammad Khan (1636-1653) Ibrahim Sultan (1653–1655) Sultan Said Baba Khan (1655–1680) Yarkent Khanate The Yarkent Khanate , also known as
SECTION 10
#1732773080439240-609: The pretext that the latter had supported Ariq Böke . Kaidu turned to Berke , Khan of the Blue Horde, for assistance; the latter provided him with resources and an army. Alghu found his territories invaded, and was defeated by Kaidu in battle. However, Alghu struck back and was victorious in a new battle near Otrar . He was buried in Almaliq . He was married to Orghana Khatun and several other wives, with whom he had three sons: This article related to Central Asian history
260-581: The region for about 200 years until it was conquered by the Dzungar Khan, Tsewang Rabtan in 1705. In the first half of the 14th century the Chagatai Khanate had collapsed; on the western part of the collapsed Chagatai Khanate, the Empire of Timur emerged in 1370, and became the dominant power in the region until its conquest in 1508 by the Shaybanids . Its eastern part became Moghulistan , which
280-414: The reign of Shah Khan , and in 1570, the Turpan Khanate was invaded by an army led by Abduraim Sultan (brother of Abdul Karim Khan ), the governor of Khotan in the Yarkand Khanate. The monarch, Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan was captured and taken prisoner, and the Turpan Khanate faded from historical texts. Quraish, who had rebelled, was subdued by the army sent by Abdul Karim Khan, and Turpan came under
300-540: The western Moghulistan and exiled him. Mansur fought again with the Ming dynasty over the Hami-based Kara Del kingdom, and Mansur conquered the kingdom and brought the region under his control in 1513. With the conquest Buddhists from the Hami area migrated to Ming-controlled territory, and Buddhists from areas west of Hami disappeared. Historian Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat characterized Mansur's battle with
320-477: The western Tarim Basin, centered on Kashgar and Yarkand . As a result, the government of Sultan Said Khan and his descendants came to be known as the Yarkent Khanate . From the 16th century onwards, the leaders of the Khojas came to have a strong influence, replacing the Dughlat faction, which had traditionally had a strong influence in Moghulistan. The Turpan Khanate declined rapidly after Mansur's death under
340-612: Was also a faction in the Duglat division that opposed Abu Bakr, and Mirza Muhammad Haidar and others supported Sultan Said Khan. At first, the brothers Mansur Khan and Sultan Said Khan were at odds, but eventually they reconciled, and the Khans of Moghulistan existed side by side in the east and west. Sultan Said attempted to advance into the steppe region to the west, but was blocked by the Uzbeks and Kazakhs , and ended up taking possession of
360-609: Was also known as the Yarkent State ( Mamlakati Yarkand ), from the establishment of the Khanate (1514 AD) to its fall (1705 AD). The previous Dughlat state of Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat (1465–1514) of Kashgaria also used Yarkent as the capital of state. The Khanate was predominantly Uyghur / Turki ; some of its most populated cities were Hotan , Yarkent , Kashgar , Yangihissar , Aksu , Uchturpan , Kucha , Karashar , Turpan and Kumul . It enjoyed continued dominance in
380-550: Was created by Tughluk Timur Khan in 1347 with the capital centered in Almalik , around the Ili River Valley . It comprised all the settled lands of Eastern Kashgaria, as well as regions of Turpan and Kumul which were known at the time as Uyghurstan, according to Balkh and Indian sources of the 16th and 17th centuries. The reigning dynasty of the Yarkent Khanate originated from this state, which existed for more than
400-537: Was the khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1260–1265/6). He was the son of Baidar and the grandson of Chagatai Khan . In 1260 Alghu was appointed as head of the ulus of the Chagatai Khanate by the Great Khan claimant Ariq Böke , in opposition to the child khan Mubarak Shah and his mother Orghana , marrying her. In 1261 he was sent to Central Asia , where he quickly established control of much of
#438561