The Turul is a mythological bird of prey , mostly depicted as a falcon , in Hungarian tradition and Turkic tradition , and a national symbol of Hungarians .
70-404: The Turul is probably based on a large falcon . The Hungarian language word turul meant one kind of falcon and the origin of the word is currently thought to be most likely Turkic ( Clauson 1972: 472 .) ( Róna-Tas et al. 2011:2: 954-56) ), which is the language of origin of over 10% of words in modern Hungarian lexicon and the exonym "Hungarian" and the word "Hun". Toġrïl or toğrul means
140-455: A "practical use" of the falcons' association with fertility. A pair of silver disk with Turul motive was found in Rakamaz , Hungary from a 10th century Hungarian cemetery. The most beautiful ornament of noble Hungarian women was a pair of decorative disks hanging from the end of the hair braid. In Hungarian tradition, it originated as the clan symbol used in the 9th and 10th centuries by
210-407: A closely related one. In any case, the genus name Sushkinia is invalid for this animal because it had already been allocated to a prehistoric dragonfly relative. In 2015 the bird genus was renamed Psushkinia . The supposed "Falco" pisanus was actually a pigeon of the genus Columba , possibly the same as Columba omnisanctorum , which, in that case, would adopt the older species name of
280-469: A divine event, because when she was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a falcon that, as if coming to her, impregnated her and made known to her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be generated, but that they would not increase in their land. Because, therefore, a dream is called "álom" in the Hungarian language and his birth
350-467: A dream is called "álom" in the Hungarian language and his birth was predicted in a dream, so he was called Álmos. Or he is thus called Álmos, that is holy, because holy kings and dukes were born of his line. Ügyek's son Előd, fathered a son by the daughter of Eunodubilia in Scythian land, whose name was Álmos, because a bird in the shape of a falcon appeared in his mother's dream when she was pregnant,
420-532: A half-awake, half-ecstatic state during vigil, when the boundaries between dream and reality are blurred. In his 16th-century world chronicle , Lutheran pastor István Székely was the first to publish the "Turul dream" in Hungarian in this context. György Szabados accepted Szabó's theory. He argued the primordial gesta contained the Turul legend, and the text "ex filia Eunodbilia" can be translated as "the woman from
490-408: A lengthwise pattern of blotches, lines, or arrowhead marks. While these three or four groups, loosely circumscribed, are an informal arrangement, they probably contain several distinct clades in their entirety. A study of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data of some kestrels identified a clade containing the common kestrel and related " malar -striped" species, to the exclusion of such taxa as
560-475: A male falcon is tercel ( British spelling ) or tiercel ( American spelling ), from the Latin tertius ( third ) because of the belief that only one in three eggs hatched a male bird. Some sources give the etymology as deriving from the fact that a male falcon is about one-third smaller than a female ( Old French : tiercelet ). A falcon chick, especially one reared for falconry , still in its downy stage,
630-485: A medium to large bird of prey of the family Accipitridae , goshawk or red kite . In Hungarian the word sólyom means falcon, and there are three ancient words describing different kinds of falcons: kerecsen [Greek κερχνηίς] ( saker falcon ), zongor [Turkish sungur = gyrfalcon ] (which survives in the male name Csongor ) and turul . In the legend of Emese , recorded in the Gesta Hungarorum and
700-592: A noble spirit towards the peoples subject to him. As a military insignia, a crowned falcon was painted on both his shield and his flag. This military badge was worn by the Huns, namely the Hungarians, until the time of the son of Prince Taksony, Prince Géza. His title was like this: Attila son of Bendegúz, grandson of the great Nimrod who was raised in Engaddi, by the grace of God, King of the Huns, Medes, Goths and Danes,
770-472: A rushing stream sprang from her womb, it grew, but not in its own land, and from this it was prophesied that glorious kings would come from her loins. Because dream is "álom" in our language, and the birth of that boy was prophesied by a dream, that's why he was called Álmos. According to the Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum , King Attila had the Turul bird on his shield and it was the military badge of
SECTION 10
#1732773233575840-559: A similar example regarding its role at the birth of Rostam . Historians Gyula Kristó and Victor Spinei wrote that Emese's story initially narrated the origin of Álmos's dynasty from a totemic ancestor. Accordingly, Anonymus deliberately transformed this pagan story into a Christianized form. György Szabados emphasized that the Turul is mentioned as occurring in a dream of Emese, when she was already pregnant, while former historiography interpreted this as "impregnation" after Dezső Pais and Dezső Dümmerth made mistranslations. László Geréb provided
910-653: A single tradition: the first Hungarian ruling house's own authentic heritage. Emese's story has close analogies in the nomadic, steppe environment. Notably, in The Secret History of the Mongols , it is reported that Genghis Khan 's mother-in-law had a dream that a white falcon ("holding the Sun and the Moon its claws" —the Turul was often depicted as the sun ) flew down from the sky and lit on her hand, thus predicting
980-404: A son, who was named Álmos . But he is called Álmos from a divine event, because when she was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a falcon that, as if coming to her, impregnated her and made known to her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be generated, but that they would not increase in their land. Because, therefore,
1050-493: A white elephant appeared in a dream before the Buddha was born, while István Pál Demény mentioned similar stories from the faith of Native Americans . Consequently both historians rejected the nomadic and steppe nature of the Turul legend, and assumed a much more ancient folkloristic tradition that can be traced back to the dawn of humanity. Emese is also a feminine Hungarian name. According to linguist Dezső Pais, its meaning
1120-771: A yellow background representing the seven fortified cities of the Transylvanian Saxons . The flag and coat of arms of Transylvania were granted by Queen Maria Theresa in 1765, when she established a Grand Principality within the Habsburg monarchy . The Turul is used as in the design of coats of arms of the Hungarian Defence Forces , the Counter Terrorism Centre and the Office of National Security . The central element of
1190-461: Is mother or breastfeeder . Emese means "little mother" in ancient Hungarian. It derives from "eme", mother, and the agglutinating "[s]e", which stands for "little". Its root is Finno-Ugric, c.f. Finnish emä , from Proto-Finnic *emä, from Proto-Uralic *emä, and Hungarian anya , from Proto-Uralic *ańa. Cognates of emä include Estonian ema, Northern Sami eapmi ("pistil"), and Nganasan немы (ńemy). However, as linguist Loránd Benkő wrote,
1260-452: Is known as an eyas (sometimes spelled eyass ). The word arose by mistaken division of Old French un niais , from Latin presumed nidiscus (nestling) from nidus ( nest ). The technique of hunting with trained captive birds of prey is known as falconry . Compared to other birds of prey, the fossil record of the falcons is not well distributed in time. For years, the oldest fossils tentatively assigned to this genus were from
1330-491: Is mere a literary borrowing from Anonymus by adopting the origin myth of Cyrus the Great , denying its nature of an ancient Hungarian tradition. Ethnographer István Pál Demény rejected this view and listed many differences between the two myths. Szabados argued the awareness of the descent of the Árpád dynasty from Attila and the legend of Emese's dream are not two mutually exclusive origin stories, but two complementary elements of
1400-426: Is probably plesiomorphic . These large Falco species feed on mid-sized birds and terrestrial vertebrates. Very similar to these, and sometimes included therein, are the four or so species of hierofalcon (literally, "hawk-falcons"). They represent taxa with, usually, more phaeomelanins , which impart reddish or brown colors, and generally more strongly patterned plumage reminiscent of hawks . Their undersides have
1470-517: Is the case with many birds of prey, falcons have exceptional powers of vision ; the visual acuity of one species has been measured at 2.6 times that of human eyes . They are incredibly fast fliers, with the Peregrine falcons having been recorded diving at speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph), making them the fastest-moving creatures on Earth; the fastest recorded dive attained a vertical speed of 390 km/h (240 mph). The genus Falco
SECTION 20
#17327732335751540-1128: Is the largest bird statue in Europe, and the largest bronze statue in Central Europe . There remain at least 195 Turul statues in Hungary, as well as 48 in Romania (32 in Transylvania and 16 in Partium ), 8 in Slovakia , 7 in Serbia , 5 in Ukraine , 1 in Austria and 1 in Croatia. One of the most recently erected, as of 29 September 2012, on St Michael the Archangel 's Day, is in Hungary's Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park . Some of
1610-484: Is the mother of the Magyar royal dynasty, which sprang from one of the seven original Magyar tribes. Hence, she has been credited as "the mother of all ethnic Hungarians". Emese's Dream, the legend concerning the conception of Prince Álmos , is one of the earliest known tales from Hungarian history. The legend can be tentatively dated to around 860-870, and with certainty to between 820 and 997 (the birth of Álmos and
1680-577: The Chronicon Pictum , the turul is mentioned as occurring in a dream of Emese, when she was already pregnant. In older literature, this was interpreted as "impregnation", but the text is clear. The Turul's role is one of a protector spirit, that protects the infant Álmos , from harm. This is a very similar motif to the role of the Simurgh in the Iranian epic Shahnameh . In a second dream by
1750-472: The Gesta Hungarorum and the Chronicon Pictum , the Turul is mentioned as occurring in a dream of Emese, when she was already pregnant. In the 819th year of Our Lord's incarnation, Ügyek , who, as we said above, being of the family of King Magog became a long time later the most noble prince of Scythia , took to wife in Dentumoger the daughter of Duke Eunedubelian, called Emese, from whom he sired
1820-569: The Chronicon Pictum in the 14th century). Both works freely intermingle actual historical events with legend and chivalric tales, so it is impossible to know if Emese is mentioned as legend or as an actual historical personage. It is questionable which chronologically was the first text, since the 14th-century Chronincon Pictum preserved the text of several earlier works, including the presumed 11th-century primordial gesta ( Hungarian : ősgeszta ). Historian Bálint Hóman considered
1890-519: The Gelasian , roughly 2.0–2.5 million years ago (Mya), and are seemingly of tropical East African origin. The entire "true kestrel" group—excluding the American species—is probably a distinct and quite young clade , as also suggested by their numerous apomorphies . Other studies have confirmed that the hierofalcon are a monophyletic group–and that hybridization is quite frequent at least in
1960-514: The Kingdom of Hungary postage stamps issued after 1900 feature the Turul. Falcon 38; see text . Falcons ( / ˈ f ɒ l k ən , ˈ f ɔː l -, ˈ f æ l -/ ) are birds of prey in the genus Falco , which includes about 40 species . Some small species of falcons with long, narrow wings are called hobbies , and some that hover while hunting are called kestrels . Falcons are widely distributed on all continents of
2030-481: The gens Eunod or Ünőd". Later, Anonymus mistakenly invented the name Emese and masculinized the phrase "Eunodbilia" to create the name of the chieftain of Dentumoger. Tibor Szőcs argued that the Hungarian word ímés or émés is mentioned in István Székely's 1559 book is an example of a hapax legomenon . Linguist László Balogh read the chieftain's name as an adjective "Yunedubelia" and translated it as "from
2100-518: The kestrels (probably excepting the American kestrel ); usually small and stocky falcons of mainly brown upperside colour and sometimes sexually dimorphic; three African species that are generally gray in colour stand apart from the typical members of this group. The fox and greater kestrels can be told apart at first glance by their tail colours, but not by much else; they might be very close relatives and are probably much closer to each other than
2170-465: The tribe Jenő ". Emese's dream functions as the origin myth of the Árpád dynasty. Beside the "Turul legend", the chronicle tradition also states that Álmos descended "from the line" of Attila the Hun . The 13th-century chronicler Simon of Kéza writes King Attila's coat of arms, which he used on his own shield, depicted a bird with a crown, which is called "Turul" in Hungarian, and also states that Álmos
Turul - Misplaced Pages Continue
2240-480: The Árpád's totemic ancestor was the Turul. And among the captains, Árpád the son of Álmos , son of Előd , son of Ügyek , from the Turul clan, was richer in wealth and more powerful in war. Duke Géza from the Turul clan was the one who, as they say, was the first among the Hungarians who got a summon from heaven in order to receive the Christian faith and baptism. In the legend of Emese , recorded in
2310-407: The " Attilid tradition ". According to him, the "real miraculous (totemistic pagan) element of the legend would be fertilization from the Turul; however, according to the narration of our gestas, Emes [Emese] only dreams of it, and even in a blessed state. The fetus (Álmos) only gets its name from this wonderful dream vision, but it itself was conceived by a mundane father, Ügyek. The miraculous fact of
2380-445: The "falcon". The Eocene fossil "Falco" falconellus (or "F." falconella ) from Wyoming is a bird of uncertain affiliations, maybe a falconid, maybe not; it certainly does not belong in this genus. "Falco" readei is now considered a paleosubspecies of the yellow-headed caracara ( Milvago chimachima ). Emese Emese (fl. 9th century CE) was the daughter of Duke Eunedubelianus ( Hungarian : Őnedbelia ) of Dentumoger ,
2450-412: The 19th century during the reemergence of Hungarian nationalism at that time. "In the 819th year of Our Lord's incarnation, Ügyek , who, as we said above, being of the family of King Magog became a long time later the most noble prince of Scythia , took to wife in Dentumoger the daughter of Duke Eunedubelianus, called Emese, from whom he sired a son, who was named Álmos . But he is called Álmos from
2520-642: The American Falco species of today belong to the peregrine group, or are apparently more basal species, the initially most successful evolutionary radiation seemingly was a Holarctic one that originated possibly around central Eurasia or in (northern) Africa. One or several lineages were present in North America by the Early Pliocene at latest. The origin of today's major Falco groups—the "typical" hobbies and kestrels, for example, or
2590-789: The Fear of the World, the Scourge of God. The first heraldic representations of Transylvania date from the 16th century. The Diet of 1659 codified the representation of the Union of the Three Nations in Transylvania's coat of arms . It depicted a black eagle, a Turul on a blue background, representing the Hungarians , the Sun and the Moon representing the Székelys , and seven red towers on
2660-483: The Hungarians until the time of Prince Géza . King Attila's coat of arms, which he used on his own shield, depicted a bird with a crown, which is called "Turul" in Hungarian. This coat of arms was carried by the Hungarians in the wars of the communities as long as the communities governed themselves, until the time of Prince Géza, the son of Taksony. King Attila himself was feared by his own subjects because of his innate strictness and gloomy look, but he behaved with
2730-655: The Late Miocene , less than 10 million years ago. This coincides with a period in which many modern genera of birds became recognizable in the fossil record. As of 2021, the oldest falconid fossil is estimated to be 55 million years old. Given the distribution of fossil and living Falco taxa , falcons are probably of North American, African, or possibly Middle Eastern or European origin. Falcons are not closely related to other birds of prey, and their nearest relatives are parrots and songbirds . Falcons are roughly divisible into three or four groups. The first contains
2800-482: The Mongols , where Genghis Khan's mother-in-law dreams that an eagle holding the sun and the moon in its claws lands on her hand, in anticipation of the birth of the Mongolian royal dynasty. In some parts of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhs and Kyrgyz carry falcons inside the yurt during childbirth, because their eyes are said to stave off demons that attack pregnant women during childbirth. Macdonald calls it
2870-507: The acceptance of Christianity). In the legend, Emese, the wife of Chief Ögyek (Ügek) , was impregnated by a Turul bird. The Turul appeared to her in a dream and told her that from her womb a great river would begin, and flow out over strange lands. According to dream interpreters, this meant that she would give birth to a son who would lead his people out of their home in Levedia , and that her descendants would be glorious kings. Emese's son
Turul - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-477: The aerial skills required to be effective hunters like the adults. The falcons are the largest genus in the Falconinae subfamily of Falconidae , which also includes two other subfamilies comprising caracaras and a few other species of "falcons". All these birds kill prey with their beaks , using a tomial "tooth" on the side of their beaks — unlike the hawks , eagles and other larger birds of prey from
3010-417: The birth of a child and of the royal dynasty. This is due to the fact that falcons were associated with fertility. Falcons "populate many legends of the foundation of dynasties and empires"; they are popular in the traditions and symbolism of the steppe people, and are not exclusive or originary of any specific ethnic group living therein. 19th-century historian Arnold Ipolyi cited Shahnameh ' s Simurgh as
3080-590: The chronicle confuses it precisely by using Anonymus' addition". Dezső Dümmerth argued that the order of the ancient, more logical dream narration was preserved in the chronicles: Anonymus wrote in a more pleasing style, but he messed up a text in which there was a memory of shamanic divination. György Szabados highlighted that the name of Emese appears in only the Gesta Hungarorum , while the chronicle variants refer to her simply as "the daughter of Eunodbilia". Literary historian Géza Szentmártoni Szabó claimed
3150-530: The consort of the noblest Scythian (i.e. from Dentumoger , Scythia ) prince Ügyek , and the mother of High Prince Álmos in Hungarian historical mythology ; thus, she was the ancestress of the Hungarian royal house of Árpád , the dynasty which founded the Hungarian Kingdom . Due to a lack of reliable source material, it is difficult to separate the legends concerning Emese from her actual role as an historical person. According to tradition, she
3220-486: The correct sentence: "a vulture-shaped bird appeared in her [Emese's] dream when she was pregnant". Szabados cited the 7th-century Chronicle of Fredegar , which implies that the Merovingians were descended from a sea-beast called a quinotaur , thus the Hungarian chronicler had no reason to introduce a Christian line into a legend of steppe tradition. György Szabados revived the story of Māhāmāyā of Shakya , to whom
3290-472: The emblem of the Hungarian Defence Forces is the Turul bird with extended wings holding the sword of King Saint Stephen in its claws. There were 3 large Turul statues, each with a wingspan of 15 metres, in Kingdom of Hungary (before the country had its borders reconfigured by the Treaty of Trianon ). The last of the three stands on a mountain near Tatabánya , Hungary , but the other two were destroyed. It
3360-435: The greater kestrel (which lacks a malar stripe), the lesser kestrel (which is very similar to the common, but also has no malar stripe), and the American kestrel, which has a malar stripe, but its colour pattern – apart from the brownish back – and also the black feathers behind the ear, which never occur in the true kestrels, are more reminiscent of some hobbies. The malar-striped kestrels apparently split from their relatives in
3430-400: The hobbies and, if the hierofalcons are excluded (see below), this group typically contains species with horizontal barring on their undersides. As opposed to the other groups, where tail colour varies much in general but little according to evolutionary relatedness, the tails of the large falcons are quite uniformly dark grey with inconspicuous black banding and small, white tips, though this
3500-413: The larger falcon species. Initial studies of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data suggested that the hierofalcon are basal among living falcons. The discovery of a NUMT proved this earlier theory erroneous. In reality, the hierofalcon are a rather young group, originating at the same time as the start of the main kestrel radiation, about 2 Mya. Very little fossil history exists for this lineage. However,
3570-441: The latter work already contained the legend of Emese's dream, which was later adopted by several chronicles, including Anonymus. In contrast, György Györffy argued the Gesta Hungarorum provides a grammatically more complete and tidy story about Emese's dream, while the historian also highlighted the text corruption regarding the name of Eunedubelianus ("Eunodbilia") in the Chronicon Pictum . Györffy claimed that Anonymus created
SECTION 50
#17327732335753640-591: The leader of the Hungarian tribes, in which eagles (the emblem of the Pechenegs , enemies of the Hungarians) attacked their horses and the Turul came and saved them. The image of the Turul and its role is similar to that of the Norse Vedfolnir , which like it perched on the tree of life. The Huns reportedly also used the image of the eagle, which for them symbolized the leader. The image of a bird of prey
3710-446: The lesser and common kestrels. Kestrels feed chiefly on terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates of appropriate size, such as rodents , reptiles , or insects . The second group contains slightly larger (on average) species, the hobbies and relatives. These birds are characterized by considerable amounts of dark slate-gray in their plumage; their malar areas are nearly always black. They feed mainly on smaller birds. Third are
3780-460: The name of Eunedubelianus from Enech, Dula and Belar – characters of the legend of the wondrous hind . Gyula Kristó and many scholars accepted Györffy's consideration. Opposing this viewpoint, philologist János Horváth, Jr. argued the primordial gesta influenced Anonymus' work. Accordingly, "Emese's dream, although stripped of its pagan and totemistic character, could still be included in the oldest written source, which Anonymus logically adds, but
3850-484: The names appearing in the dream are actually symbols, forms of manifestation of totemic animals (Eleud = Ölyűd, " buzzard "; Eunodbilia = Ünődbéli → ünő, " deer cow " or "doe"). Szabó argued Anonymus made the word " emesu " a personal name due to a misunderstanding. According to him, the word emes , i.e. émés , in the form émést , was probably formed from the verb émik , which in the Old Hungarian language meant
3920-521: The overall phylogeny of the Falconidae , is not very informative in the present genus. Nonetheless, a core group containing the peregrine and Barbary falcons, which, in turn, group with the hierofalcon and the more distant prairie falcon (which was sometimes placed with the hierofalcon, though it is entirely distinct biogeographically ), as well as at least most of the "typical" hobbies, are confirmed to be monophyletic as suspected. Given that
3990-457: The peregrine falcon and its relatives, variably sized powerful birds that also have a black malar area (except some very light color morphs ), and often a black cap, as well. They are very fast birds with a maximum speed of 390 kilometres per hour. Otherwise, they are somewhat intermediate between the other groups, being chiefly medium grey with some lighter or brownish colours on their upper sides. They are, on average, more delicately patterned than
4060-581: The peregrine-hierofalcon complex, or the aplomado falcon lineage—can be quite confidently placed from the Miocene - Pliocene boundary through the Zanclean and Piacenzian and just into the Gelasian, that is from 2.4 to 5.3 Mya, when the malar-striped kestrels diversified. Some groups of falcons, such as the hierofalcon complex and the peregrine-Barbary superspecies, have only evolved in more recent times;
4130-416: The present diversity of very recent origin suggests that this lineage may have nearly gone extinct in the recent past. The phylogeny and delimitations of the peregrine and hobby groups are more problematic. Molecular studies have only been conducted on a few species, and the morphologically ambiguous taxa have often been little researched. The morphology of the syrinx , which contributes well to resolving
4200-466: The ruling Árpád dynasty . The Árpád dynasty was the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301. The Árpád dynasty is also referred to as the Turul dynasty. The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum mentioned that the Árpád dynasty descended from the gens (clan) Turul, and the Gesta Hungarorum recorded that
4270-491: The species of the former seem to be 120,000 years old or so. The sequence follows the taxonomic order of White et al. (1996), except for adjustments in the kestrel sequence. Several more paleosubspecies of extant species also been described; see species accounts for these. "Sushkinia" pliocaena from the Early Pliocene of Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) appears to be a falcon of some sort. It might belong in this genus or
SECTION 60
#17327732335754340-476: The story is therefore reduced to a simple dream, and with it the pagan stamp is also removed". Horváth claimed the content of the Turul legend was deliberately withered and subordinated to the "Attila genealogy", since the "fertilizing" role of the Turul would have been synonymous with the end of the Hunnic ruler's bloodline. György Györffy and Gyula Kristó shared similar viewpoints. Györffy claimed that Emese's story
4410-415: The unrelated family Accipitridae , who use talons on their feet. The largest falcon is the gyrfalcon at up to 65 cm (26 in) in length. The smallest falcon species is the pygmy falcon , which measures just 20 cm (7.9 in). As with hawks and owls , falcons exhibit sexual dimorphism , with the females typically larger than the males, thus allowing a wider range of prey species. As
4480-480: The world except Antarctica , though closely related raptors did occur there in the Eocene . Adult falcons have thin, tapered wings, which enable them to fly at high speed and change direction rapidly. Fledgling falcons, in their first year of flying, have longer flight feathers , which make their configuration more like that of a general-purpose bird such as a broadwing . This makes flying easier while still learning
4550-433: Was "of the Turul kindred". The historiography is divided on whether the two origin stories are compatible with each other. According to French historian Amédée Thierry , the Turul was the symbol of Attila and described Álmos as the "reincarnation" of the Hunnic ruler. Dezső Dümmerth also connected the Turul legend with the sacredness of Attila. In contrast, János Horváth, Jr. emphasized contradictions between Emese's dream and
4620-460: Was extremely popular in Saka - Scythian culture. More broadly, this image was common among the nomads of Central Asia. Rather than belonging to a specific ethnic group, it was widespread across the steppe, and the union of a falcon and a woman is "firmly located in a shamanic religio-mythical universe." A prominent example among similar legends is that of the Mongols, contained in The Secret History of
4690-520: Was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . The type species is the merlin ( Falco columbarius ). The genus name Falco is Late Latin meaning a "falcon" from falx , falcis , meaning "a sickle", referring to the claws of the bird. In Middle English and Old French , the title faucon refers generically to several captive raptor species. The traditional term for
4760-496: Was named Álmos; his name derives from the Hungarian word álom , meaning dream, thus "Álmos" can be interpreted as "the Dreamt One". The legend has several variants, namely regarding whether Emese was impregnated by the Turul bird or whether she was already pregnant at the time of her dream, and whether the bird appeared to her literally or in a dream while she was asleep. Some variations of the legend may have been introduced in
4830-436: Was predicted in a dream, so he was called Álmos. Or he is thus called Álmos, that is holy, because holy kings and dukes were born of his line." "Ügyek's son Előd, fathered a son by the daughter of Eunodubilia in Scythian land, whose name was Álmos, because a bird in the shape of a falcon appeared in his mother's dream when she was pregnant, a rushing stream sprang from her womb, it grew, but not in its own land, and from this it
4900-457: Was prophesied that glorious kings would come from her loins. Because dream is "álom" in our language, and the birth of that boy was prophesied by a dream, that's why he was called Álmos." Emese is mentioned in two historical works: the Gesta Hungarorum and the Chronicon Pictum . Neither source is contemporary with Emese, as each was written centuries after her death (the Gesta around 1200 and
#574425