80-494: The O'Brien dynasty ( Classical Irish : Ua Briain ; Modern Irish: Ó Briain [oː ˈbʲɾʲiənʲ] ; genitive Uí Bhriain [iː ˈvʲɾʲiənʲ] ) was an Irish Clan and noble house of Munster , founded in the 10th century by Brian Boru of the Dál gCais (Dalcassians). After becoming King of Munster , through conquest he established himself as Ard Rí na hÉireann ( High King of Ireland ). Brian's descendants thus carried
160-462: A Jacobite exile used the title Earl of Thomond, as did his son, who died childless in 1774. At the death of James O'Brien, 3rd Marquess of Thomond , the title Baron Inchiquin passed to a distant cousin and descendant of Murrough , Sir Lucius O'Brien, 5th Baronet , and was passed down to his descendants. Key: Classical Irish Early Modern Irish ( Irish : Gaeilge Chlasaiceach , lit. 'Classical Irish') represented
240-589: A land settlement , or plantation after his conquest of Ireland Oliver Cromwell reputedly said the remaining Irish landowners would go to "Hell or Connacht", referring to their choice of forced migration west across the river Shannon, or death, thus freeing up the eastern landholdings for the incoming English settlers. In the Williamite War in Ireland (1689–91), the Jacobites also retreated behind
320-525: A 12.8 km (4.9 sq mi) immediate pot catchment area covering the slopes of Cuilcagh. This area includes Garvah Lough, Cavan, 2.2 km (1.4 mi) to the northeast, drained by Pollnaowen . Further sinks that source the pot include Pollboy and, through Shannon Cave , Pollahune in Cavan and Polltullyard and Tullynakeeragh in County Fermanagh , Northern Ireland . The highest point in
400-628: A Breacaun to fish between Limerick City and Plassey until 1929. In 1929, the construction of a dam at Ardnacrusha severely impacted salmon breeding and that, and the introduction of quotas, had by the 1950s caused salmon fishing to cease. However, recreational fishing still goes on. Further down the Shannon Estuary at Kilrush the Currach was used to catch herring as well as drift netting for salmon. Dublin City Council published
480-476: A freshwater river, is only about 161 km (100 mi) long. Apart from being Ireland's longest river, the Shannon is also, by far, Ireland's largest river by flow . It has a long-term average flow rate of 208.1 m /s (7,350 cu ft/s) (at Limerick ). This is double the flow rate of Ireland's second highest-volume river, the short River Corrib (104.8 m /s [3,700 cu ft/s]. If
560-474: A goddess in a river is common in Irish mythology and typically represents the dissolving of her divine power into the water, which then gives life to the land". A small myth about Sionann tells that the legendary hunter-warrior Fionn mac Cumhaill was attacked by a number of other warriors at Ballyleague, near north Lough Ree. It is said that when Fionn was near to defeat, Sionnan rescued him, and he arrived with
640-599: A large portion of the island's south including Dublin. The peace didn't last long as Brian used the newly acquired forces of Dublin and Leinster to spearhead an attack against Máel Sechnaill which ended in their defeat and forced Brian to reconsider pressing any further North. The war dragged on but Brian would eventually force Máel Sechnaill to accept his authority when northern branch of the Uí Néill clan refused to support him. Despite his fall in position Máel Sechnaill would become one of Brian's most important allies. Eventually
720-560: A major physical barrier between east and west, with fewer than thirty-five crossing points between the village of Dowra in the north and Limerick city in the south. By tradition the Shannon is said to rise in the Shannon Pot , a small pool in the townland of Derrylahan on the slopes of Cuilcagh Mountain in County Cavan , Republic of Ireland , from where the young river appears as a small trout stream. Surveys have defined
800-447: A role in governance. Throughout the time that the Ó Briains ruled in medieval Ireland, the system of tanistry was used to decide succession, rather than primogeniture used by much of feudal Europe . The system in effect was a dynastic monarchy but family-elected and aristocratic , in the sense that the royal family chose the most suitable male candidate from close paternal relations— roydammna (those of kingly material) rather than
880-596: A topography quite different from the long upper reaches. Here the river falls by 30 m (98 ft) in only 20 km (12 mi). William Ockenden, also from England, was placed in charge of works on this stretch in 1757 and spent £12,000 over the next four years, without fully completing the task. In 1771 parliament handed over responsibility to the Limerick Navigation Company , with a grant of £6,000 to add to their subscriptions of £10,000. A lateral canal, 8 km (5 mi) long with six locks,
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#1732780040333960-522: A transition between Middle Irish and Modern Irish . Its literary form, Classical Gaelic , was used in Ireland and Scotland from the 13th to the 18th century. Classical Gaelic or Classical Irish ( Gaoidhealg ) was a shared literary form of Gaelic that was in use by poets in Scotland and Ireland from the 13th century to the 18th century. Although the first written signs of Scottish Gaelic having diverged from Irish appear as far back as
1040-542: A translation of the Book of Common Prayer in 1606. An Irish translation of the revised prayer book of 1662 was effected by John Richardson (1664–1747) and published in 1712. ISO 639-3 gives the name "Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic" (and the code ghc ) to cover Classical Gaelic. The code was introduced in the 15th edition of Ethnologue , with the language being described as "[a]rchaic literary language based on 12th century Irish, formerly used by professional classes in Ireland until
1120-493: A warning to the Dalcassians. His army cut down the tree of Magh Adhair , which was sacred to the Dalcassians as it was used as their site of royal inaugurations. This sparked a conflict between Máel Sechnaill and Brian, the object of both men to be recognised as High King. A treaty would eventually be reached between Máel Sechnaill and Brian which split the areas of influence in Ireland between them. Brian gained control over
1200-514: Is gone (formerly neuter nouns transition mostly to masculine, occasionally feminine categories) – but some historically neuter nouns may still optionally cause eclipsis of a following complement (eg. lá n-aon "one day"), as they did in Old Irish. The distinction between preposition + accusative to show motion toward a goal (e.g. san gcath "into the battle") and preposition + dative to show non–goal-oriented location (e.g. san chath "in
1280-407: Is that there is no particular end to a river that empties into an estuary. The 344 km length relates to the distance between Shannon Pot and a line between Kerry Head and Loop Head , the furthest reaches of the land. (It also assumes the current shipping route via Ardnacrusha, which takes 7 km (4.3 mi) off the distance.) The 280 km distance finishes where the Shannon estuary joins
1360-406: The 102 km ( 63 + 1 ⁄ 2 mi) tidal estuary from its total length of 360 km (224 mi), if one also excludes the lakes ( L. Derg 39 km (24 mi), L. Ree 29 km (18 mi), L. Allen 11 km (7 mi) plus L. Boderg , L. Bofin , L. Forbes , L. Corry ) from the Shannon's freshwater flow of 258 km ( 160 + 1 ⁄ 2 mi), the Shannon, as
1440-774: The Déisi Muman who continued to hold territory in Waterford and Tipperary, while the west Déisi controlled areas either side of the River Shannon . During the 8th century, the latter was further divided into the Déisi Deiscirt and the Déisi Tuaisceart who would become the Dalcassians. Prehistoric ancestors of the Déisi Tuisceart and Dál gCais may have been a once prominent Érainn people called
1520-630: The Mairtine . It was during this century that the tribe annexed to Munster the area today known as Clare and made it their home. Taken from the weakened Uí Fiachrach Aidhne it had previously been part of Connacht but was renamed Thomond ( Tuamhain , meaning North Munster). After gaining influence over other tribes in the area such as the Corcu Mruad and Corcu Baiscinn , the Dalcassians were able to crown Cennétig mac Lorcáin as King of Thomond , he died in 951. His son Mathgamain mac Cennétig
1600-788: The River Suck and canal, while Boyle is connected via the Boyle canal, the river Boyle and Lough Key . There is also the Ardnacrusha canal connected with the Ardnacrusha dam south of Lough Derg. Near Limerick, a short canal connects Plassey with the Abbey River , allowing boats to bypass the Curraghower Falls, a major obstacle to navigation. Lecarrow village in County Roscommon is connected to Lough Ree via
1680-516: The Salmon of Wisdom who swam there, becoming the wisest being on Earth, in others, she merely drank from the well. At any rate, the waters of the well are said to have burst forth, drowning Sionann, and carrying her out to sea. Notably, a similar tale is told of Boann and the River Boyne . It is said that Sionann thus became the goddess of the river. Patricia Monaghan notes that "The drowning of
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#17327800403331760-764: The Shannon River Basin which have headwaters that are further in length (from source to mouth) than the Shannon Pot source's length of 360.5 km (224 miles), such as the Owenmore River , total length 372 km (231 mi) in County Cavan and the Boyle River , total length 392.1 km (243.6 mi) with its source in County Mayo . The River Shannon is a traditional freshwater river for about 45% of its total length. Excluding
1840-607: The sanctuary ; the Vikings of Limerick had earlier killed Brian's mother. Following this the Dalcassians came into conflict with those responsible for the death of Mathgamain, the Eoghanachta represented by Donovan and Molloy. A message was sent to Molloy, where Boru's son Murrough would challenge him in single combat; eventually the Battle of Belach Lechta took place where Molloy along with 1200 of his soldiers were slain. Donovan
1920-516: The 12th century annotations of the Book of Deer , Scottish Gaelic did not have a separate standardised form and did not appear in print on a significant scale until the 1767 translation of the New Testament into Scottish Gaelic; however, in the 16th century, John Carswell 's Foirm na n-Urrnuidheadh , an adaptation of John Knox 's Book of Common Order , was the first book printed in either Scottish or Irish Gaelic. Before that time,
2000-618: The 12th century, the dynasty would go on to provide around thirty monarchs of Thomond until 1542. During part of this period in the late 13th century they had a rivalry with the Norman de Clare house, disputing the throne of Thomond. The last Ó Briain to reign in Thomond was Murrough Ó Briain who surrendered his sovereignty to the new Kingdom of Ireland under Henry VIII of the House of Tudor , becoming instead Earl of Thomond and maintaining
2080-510: The 17th century and Scotland until the 18th century." River Shannon The River Shannon ( Irish : an tSionainn, Abhainn na Sionainne or archaic an tSionna ) is the major river on the island of Ireland , and at 360 km (224 miles) in length, is the longest river in the British Isles . It drains the Shannon River Basin , which has an area of 16,900 km (6,525 sq mi), – approximately one fifth of
2160-490: The 3rd century. Such a connection would have meant that the tribe held kinship with the Eoghanachta , a dynasty who had dominated Munster since the earliest times. While founder mythologies were very common in antiquity and the medieval world, such a connection is generally regarded as fanciful and politically motivated in the context of the rise to prominence of the Dalcassians. Instead, academic histories generally accept
2240-626: The 3rd person plural form is used whenever a 3rd person plural subject is expressed ( laibheóraid na fir "the men will speak"). With regards to the pronouns Classical Gaelic (as well as Middle Irish) shows signs of split ergativity – the pronouns are divided into two sets with partial ergative-absolutive alignment . The forms used for direct object of transitive verbs (the "object" pronouns) are also used: The 3rd usage above disappeared in Modern Irish and even in Classical Gaelic
2320-548: The Dalcassians as being the Déisi Tuaisceart , after adopting a new name — first recorded under their newly adopted name under the year 934 in the Annals of Inisfallen . The Déisi , a people whose name means literally vassals , were originally located where today are south County Tipperary and counties Waterford and Limerick ; the O'Rahilly's historical model counts them as ethnically Érainn . The sept split into
2400-477: The Earldom passed to his nephew Donough by special remainder, and the title Baron Inchiquin passed to his male heirs through his son Dermot . The Earldom went extinct at the death of Henry O'Brien, 8th Earl of Thomond ; the next heir would have been a descendant of Daniel O'Brien, 3rd Viscount Clare who had been attainded in 1691, so the title became forfeit . However, Charles O'Brien, 6th Viscount Clare ,
2480-529: The Eoghanachta for two years until Brian Boru had thoroughly avenged his brother, with the defeat and slaying of Máel Muad in the Battle of Belach Lechta . The following year Brian came to blows with the Norsemen of Limerick at Scattery Island where a monastery was located. Whilst all parties were Christians , when their king Ivar and his sons took refuge in the monastery, Brian desecrated it and killed them in
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2560-771: The Lecarrow canal. Jamestown Canal and the Albert Lock form a link between the River Shannon, from south of Jamestown , to Lough Nanoge to the south of Drumsna . According to Irish mythology , the river was named after a woman (in many sources a member of the Tuatha de Danaan ) named Sionann (older spelling forms: Sínann or Sínand), the granddaughter of Manannán mac Lir . She went to Connla's Well to find wisdom, despite having been warned not to approach it. In some sources she, like Fionn mac Cumhaill , caught and ate
2640-583: The Limerick Vikings clashed with those of Dublin on Lough Ree and were defeated. In the 17th century, the Shannon was of major strategic importance in military campaigns in Ireland, as it formed a physical boundary between the east and west of the country. In the Irish Confederate Wars of 1641–53, the Irish retreated behind the Shannon in 1650 and held out for two further years against English Parliamentarian forces. In preparing
2720-489: The Shannon Navigation Act of 1835 appointing five Commissioners for the improvement of navigation and drainage who took possession of the whole navigation. Over the next 15 years, many improvements were made but in 1849 a railway was opened from Dublin to Limerick and the number of passengers fell dramatically. Freight, which had risen to over 100,000 long tons (100,000 tonnes) per year, was also halved. But
2800-569: The Shannon after their defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. Athlone and Limerick, cities commanding bridges over the river, saw bloody sieges. (See Sieges of Limerick and Siege of Athlone .) As late as 1916, the leaders of the Easter Rising planned to have their forces in the west "hold the line of the Shannon". However, in the event, the rebels were neither well enough armed nor equipped to attempt such an ambitious policy. Though
2880-614: The Shannon has always been important for navigation in Ireland, there is a fall of only 18 m (59 ft) in its first 250 km (160 mi). Consequently, it has always been shallow, with 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) depths in various places. The first serious attempt to improve navigability came in 1755 when the Commissioners of Inland navigation ordered Thomas Omer , a new immigrant from England, possibly of Dutch origin, to commence work. He worked at four places between Lough Derg and Lough Ree where natural navigation
2960-462: The Shannon is a major river by the time it leaves Lough Ree with an average flow rate (at Athlone weir) of 98 m /s (3,500 cu ft/s), larger than any of the other Irish rivers' total flow (apart from the River Corrib at Galway ). The main flow of the river is affected by some distributaries along its course, many of which rejoin it downstream. The Abbey River flows around
3040-548: The Stone of Sionann, threw the stone, and the warriors were immediately killed. It further says that Fionn was afraid of the power of the stone and threw it into the river, where it remains at a low ford , and that if a woman named Be Thuinne finds it, then the world's end is near. The Shannon reputedly hosts a river monster named Cata, the first known mention being in the medieval Book of Lismore . In this manuscript, we are told that Senán , patron saint of County Clare , defeated
3120-538: The area of Ireland. Known as an important waterway since antiquity, the Shannon first appeared in maps by the Graeco-Egyptian geographer Ptolemy ( c. 100 – c. 170 AD). The river flows generally southwards from the Shannon Pot in County Cavan before turning west and emptying into the Atlantic Ocean through the 102.1 km (63.4 mi) long Shannon Estuary . Limerick city stands at
3200-493: The battle") is lost during this period in the spoken language, as is the distinction between nominative and accusative case in nouns, but they are kept in Classical Gaelic. The Classical Gaelic standard also requires the use of accusative for direct object of the verb if it is different in form from the nominative. Verb endings are also in transition. The ending -ann (which spread from conjunct forms of Old Irish n-stem verbs like benaid, ·ben "(he) hits, strikes"), today
3280-644: The bridges high enough for navigation. Since then the leisure trade has steadily increased, becoming a great success story. There are also many canals connecting with the River Shannon. The Royal Canal and the Grand Canal connect the Shannon to Dublin and the Irish Sea . It is linked to the River Erne and Lough Erne by the Shannon–Erne Waterway . Ballinasloe is linked to the Shannon via
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3360-638: The catchment is a spring at Tiltinbane on the western end of the Cuilcagh mountain ridge. From the Shannon Pot, the river subsumes a number of tributaries before replenishing Lough Allen at its head. The river runs through or between 11 of Ireland's counties , subsuming the tributary rivers Boyle , Inny , Suck , Mulkear and Brosna , among others, before reaching the Shannon Estuary at Limerick . Many different values have been given for
3440-526: The crown automatically passing to the eldest son. This sometimes led to bitter quarrels and in-family warring. Since 1542, as a part of the Peerage of Ireland , the head of the Ó Briain house adopted primogeniture to decide succession of noble titles instead. The Ó Brian emerged as chiefs of the Dál gCais tribe from the south-west of Ireland and according to historian C. Thomas Cairney, the Dál gCais had come from
3520-481: The discharges from all of the rivers and streams into the Shannon Estuary (including the rivers Feale 34.6 m /s [1,220 cu ft/s], Maigue 15.6 m /s [550 cu ft/s], Fergus 25.7 m /s [910 cu ft/s], and Deel 7.4 m /s [260 cu ft/s]) are added to the discharge at Limerick, the total discharge of the River Shannon at its mouth at Loop Head reaches 300 m /s (11,000 cu ft/s). Indeed,
3600-460: The discovery of a reduced eel population. This scheme ensures safe passage for young eels between Lough Derg and the Shannon estuary. Though the Shannon estuary fishing industry is now depleted, at one time it employed hundreds of men along its length. At Limerick , fishermen based on Clancy's Strand used the Gandelow to catch Salmon . The Abbey Fishermen used a net and a boat type known as
3680-408: The end of the last glacial period . Ptolemy 's Geography (2nd century AD) described a river called Σηνος ( Sēnos ) from PIE * sai -/ sei - 'to bind', the root of English sinew and Irish sin ‘ collar ’, referring to the long and sinuous estuary leading up to Limerick. Vikings settled in the region in the 10th century and used the river to raid the rich monasteries deep inland. In 937
3760-573: The estuary of the River Fergus , close to Shannon Airport . Longer claimed lengths emerged before the use of modern surveying instruments. At a total length of 360.5 km (224 miles), it is the longest river in Ireland. That the Shannon is the longest river in the British Isles was evidently known in the 12th century, although a map of the time showed this river as flowing out of the south of Ireland. There are some tributaries within
3840-523: The feuding between Clann Taidhg and Clann Briain (whom de Clare supported). The de Clares failed in conquering Thomond, and were decisively defeated in the Battle of Dysert O'Dea in 1318, thus the Kingdom of Thomond remained outside of foreign control for a further 200 years. In 1543 Murchadh Carrach Ó Briain agreed to surrender his Gaelic Royalty to King Henry VIII and accepted the titles Earl of Thomond and Baron Inchiquin . At his death in 1551
3920-418: The length of the Shannon. A traditional value is 390 km (240 mi). An official Irish source gives a total length of 360.5 km (224.0 mi) (being 258.1 km [160.4 mi] fresh and 102.1 km [63.4 mi] tidal). Some Irish guides now give 344 km (214 mi). Some academic sources give 280 km (170 mi), although most will refuse to give a number. The reason
4000-591: The lower Shannon above Limerick. The old Killaloe to Limerick canal with its five locks was abandoned and the head race constructed from Lough Derg also served for navigation. A double lock was provided at the dam. In the 1950s traffic began to fall and low fixed bridges would have replaced opening bridges but for the actions of the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland which persuaded the Tánaiste to encourage passenger launches, which kept
4080-411: The monster at Inis Cathaigh . Cata is described as a large creature with a horse's mane, gleaming eyes, thick feet, nails of iron, and a whale's tail. Another story has an oilliphéist flee its home in the Shannon, upon hearing that Saint Patrick has arrived to remove its kind from Ireland. Despite being 360.5 km (224.0 mi) long, it rises only 76 m (249 ft) above sea level , so
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#17327800403334160-413: The most cultivated form of the language to student bards , lawyers, doctors, administrators, monks, and so on in Ireland and Scotland. The tracts were edited and published by Osborn Bergin as a supplement to Ériu between 1916 and 1955 under the title Irish Grammatical Tracts . and some with commentary and translation by Lambert McKenna in 1944 as Bardic Syntactical Tracts . The neuter gender
4240-611: The name Ó Briain, continuing to rule the Kingdom of Munster until the 12th century where their territory had shrunk to the Kingdom of Thomond which they would hold for just under five centuries. In total, four Ó Briains ruled in Munster, and two held the High Kingship of Ireland (with opposition). After the partition of Munster into Thomond and the MacCarthy Kingdom of Desmond by Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair in
4320-623: The northeastern, eastern, and southern shores of King's Island , Limerick before rejoining the Shannon at Hellsgate Island . The Shannon Callows , areas of lowland along the river, are classified as a Special Area of Conservation . Settlements along the river (going upriver) include Kilrush , Tarbert , Glin , Foynes , Askeaton , Shannon Town , Limerick , Castletroy , Castleconnell , O'Briensbridge , Montpelier , Killaloe , Ballina , Portumna , Banagher , Athlone , Lanesborough , Carrick-on-Shannon , Leitrim village and Dowra . The river began flowing along its present course after
4400-470: The northern Uí Néill branch would accept Brian's rule as well, unusually for the time this was done peacefully, their submission to Brian was negotiated by the clergy rather than forced in battle. With the most powerful Kings in Ireland now accepting Brian as the High King it was a much easier task for Brian to force the remaining Kings to submit to his rule and though it may have been tenuous he eventually
4480-481: The point where the river water meets the sea water of the estuary . The Shannon is tidal east of Limerick as far as the base of the Ardnacrusha dam . The Shannon divides the west of Ireland (principally the province of Connacht ) from the east and south ( Leinster and most of Munster ; County Clare , being west of the Shannon but part of the province of Munster, is the major exception.) The river represents
4560-402: The rest were taken as slaves. Through much of his reign Mathgamain was competing with his Eoghanachta rival Máel Muad mac Brain . Mathgamain was only defeated in the end by a piece of treachery; he believed he was attending a friendly meeting, but was betrayed at Donnubán mac Cathail 's house, handed over to his enemies and executed in 976. The crown of Munster was briefly back in the hands of
4640-408: The river from Battlebridge to Lough Allen , which was opened in 1820. In the latter part of the 1820s, trade increased dramatically with the arrival of paddle-wheeled steamers on the river which carried passengers and goods. By 1831 14,600 passengers and 36,000 long tons (37,000 tonnes) of freight were being carried. This put new pressure on the navigation and a commission was set up resulting in
4720-472: The river is easily navigable, with only a few locks along its length. There is a hydroelectric generation plant at Ardnacrusha belonging to the ESB . Shipping in the Shannon estuary was developed extensively during the 1980s, with over IR£ 2 billion (€2.5 billion) investment. A tanker terminal at Foynes and an oil jetty at Shannon Airport were built. In 1982 a large-scale alumina extraction plant
4800-665: The river sections and there were still shoals in the summer months, as well as a lack of harbour facilities at Limerick, and boats were limited to 15–20 long tons (15–20 tonnes) load, often less. With the approaching opening of the Grand Canal , the Grand Canal Company obtained permission from the Directors General of Inland Navigation, and asked John Brownrigg to do a survey which found that much of Omer's work had deteriorated badly, so they started repairs. After protracted negotiations on costs and conditions,
4880-658: The sons of Diarmait Ua Briain and Desmond to the leading sept of the dispossessed Eoganacht , the Mac Cárthaigh dynasty. After the death of Domnall Mór Ua Briain , a claimant to the Kingship of Munster, they further retreated beyond the Shannon into the area of modern County Clare in the wake of the Norman Invasion . In 1276 King Edward II granted all of Thomond to Thomas de Clare , taking advantage of
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#17327800403334960-466: The subject is a 1st or 2nd person pronoun stated explicitly, the 3rd person form of the verb is used – most verb forms can take either the synthetic or analytic form, for example "I will speak" can be expressed as laibheórad (1st sg. form) or laibheóraidh mé (3rd sg. form and 1st sg. pronoun mé ). The singular form is also used with 1st and 2nd person plural pronouns ( laibheóraidh sinn "we will speak", laibheóraidh sibh "ye will speak") but
5040-493: The tribe of Erainn who were the second wave of Celts to settle in Ireland from about 500 to 100 BC . They were a cohesive set of septs , related by blood, all claiming descent in tradition from a common ancestor of Cas, sixth in descent from Cormac Cas . In the Annals of the Four Masters , the father of Cormac Cas was said to be Oilioll Olum , who was according to tradition King of Munster and King of Leinster in
5120-488: The unmarked and more common pattern is to use the "subject" pronouns like with transitive verbs. The 3rd person subject pronouns are always optional and often dropped in poetry. The infix pronouns inherited from Old Irish are still optionally used in poetry for direct objects, but their use was likely outdated in speech already in the beginning of the Early Modern period. The first book printed in any Goidelic language
5200-581: The use of the English language. English expansion in Ireland, outside of the Pale, was attempted under Mary I, but ended with poor results. Queen Elizabeth I was proficient in several languages and is reported to have expressed a desire to understand Irish. A primer was prepared on her behalf by Christopher Nugent, 6th Baron Delvin . The grammar of Early Modern Irish is laid out in a series of grammatical tracts written by native speakers and intended to teach
5280-512: The usual 3rd person ending in the present tense, was originally just an alternative ending found only in verbs in dependent position , i.e. after particles such as the negative, but it started to appear in independent forms in 15th century prose and was common by 17th century. Thus Classical Gaelic originally had molaidh "[he] praises" versus ní mhol or ní mholann "[he] does not praise", whereas later Early Modern and Modern Irish have molann sé and ní mholann sé . This innovation
5360-405: The vernacular dialects of Ireland and Scotland were considered to belong to a single language, and in the late 12th century a highly formalized standard variant of that language was created for the use in bardic poetry . The standard was created by medieval Gaelic poets based on the vernacular usage of the late 12th century and allowed a lot of dialectal forms that existed at that point in time, but
5440-423: The work the commissioners carried out failed to solve the problems of flooding and there were disastrous floods in the early 1860s. Given the flat nature of most of the riverbank, this was not easily addressed and nothing much was done till the twentieth century. One of the first projects of the Irish Free State in the 1920s was the Shannon hydroelectric scheme which established the Ardnacrusha power station on
5520-413: The work was completed by 1810, so that boats drawing 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) could pass from Athlone to Killaloe . Improvements on the lower levels were also undertaken, being completed by 1814. When the Royal Canal was completed in 1817 there was pressure to improve the navigation above Lough Ree. The Jamestown Canal was repaired, harbours built and John Killaly designed a canal alongside
5600-403: Was acknowledged as High King by all the rulers in Ireland. Brian's descendants, the Ua Briain provided a further three High Kings of Ireland and exercised supremacy in Munster until Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair , taking advantage of war between brothers Diarmait and former High-King Muircheartach , invaded Munster and split it in two in the Treaty of Glanmire (1118) granting Thomond to
5680-483: Was adapted to what has become known as the Irish script. This was published in 1602-3 by the printer Francke. The Church of Ireland (a member of the Anglican communion ) undertook the first publication of Scripture in Irish. The first Irish translation of the New Testament was begun by Nicholas Walsh , Bishop of Ossory , who worked on it until his murder in 1585. The work was continued by John Kearny, his assistant, and Dr. Nehemiah Donellan , Archbishop of Tuam , and it
5760-461: Was built at Aughinish . 60,000-tonne cargo vessels now carry raw bauxite from West African mines to the plant, where it is refined to alumina. This is then exported to Canada where it is further refined to aluminium. 1985 saw the opening of a 915 MW coal-fired electricity plant at Moneypoint , fed by regular visits by 150,000-tonne bulk carriers. A trap and transport scheme is in force on the Shannon as part of an eel management programme following
5840-733: Was destroyed together with Aralt, his brother-in-law and Ivar's remaining son, newly elected king of the Danes and Foreigners of Munster, in Donovan's fortress of Cathair Cuan, which Brian razed. With this Brian Boru was now the King of Munster . Brian's rise did not go unnoticed, however; Máel Sechnaill II from the Clann Cholmáin sept of the Uí Néill , as reigning king of Mide and High King of Ireland marched an army down to Munster to send
5920-586: Was finally completed by William Daniel (Uilliam Ó Domhnaill), Archbishop of Tuam in succession to Donellan. Their work was printed in 1602. The work of translating the Old Testament was undertaken by William Bedel (1571–1642), Bishop of Kilmore , who completed his translation within the reign of Charles the First , however it was not published until 1680, in a revised version by Narcissus Marsh (1638–1713), Archbishop of Dublin. William Bedell had undertaken
6000-400: Was kept conservative and had been taught virtually unchanged throughout later centuries. The grammar and metrical rules were described in a series of grammatical tracts and linguistic poems used for teaching in bardic schools. The Tudor dynasty sought to subdue its Irish citizens. The Tudor rulers attempted to do this by restricting the use of the Irish language while simultaneously promoting
6080-477: Was not followed in Scottish Gaelic , where the ending -ann has never spread, but the present and future tenses were merged: glacaidh e "he will grasp" but cha ghlac e "he will not grasp". The fully stressed personal pronouns (which developed during Middle Irish out of Old Irish pronouns that were reserved for copular predicatives) are allowed in object and optionally in subject positions. If
6160-402: Was obstructed, by installing lateral canals and either pound locks or flash locks . He then continued north of Lough Ree and made several similar improvements, most notably by creating the first Jamestown Canal which cut out a loop of the river between Jamestown and Drumsna , as well as lateral canals at Roosky and Lanesborough . The lower Shannon between Killaloe and Limerick had
6240-597: Was published in 1567 in Edinburgh, a translation of John Knox 's 'Liturgy' by Séon Carsuel , Bishop of the Isles . He used a slightly modified form of the Classical Gaelic and also used the Roman script . In 1571, the first book in Irish to be printed in Ireland was a Protestant 'catechism' , containing a guide to spelling and sounds in Irish. It was written by John Kearney, treasurer of St. Patrick's Cathedral. The type used
6320-477: Was started but the company needed more funds to complete it. In 1791, William Chapman was brought in to advise and discovered a sorry state of affairs – all the locks had been built to different dimensions and he spent the next three years supervising the rebuilding of most of them. The navigation was finally opened in 1799, when over 1,000 long tons (1,000 tonnes) of corn came down to Limerick, as well as slates and turf . But even then, there were no tow paths in
6400-786: Was to expand their territory further according to the Annals of Ulster ; capturing the Rock of Cashel capital of the Eoghanachta, the Dalcassians became Kings of Cashel and Munster over their previous overlords for the first time in history. Mathgamain along with his younger brother Brian Boru began military campaigns such as the Battle of Sulcoit , against the Norse Vikings of the settlement Limerick , ruled by Ivar . The Dalcassians were successful, plundering spoils of jewels, gold and silver, saddles, finding "soft, youthful, bright girls, booming silk-clad women and active well-formed boys". The males fit for war were executed at Saingel, while
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