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143-473: The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity ( Macedonian : Внатрешна македонска револуционерна организација – Демократска партија за македонско национално единство ), abbreviated as VMRO-DPMNE (Macedonian: ВМРО–ДПМНЕ ), is a conservative and the main centre-right to right-wing political party in North Macedonia . It was established as
286-419: A Macedonian defence force , establishment of an independent currency and international recognition as a sovereign state. After the first multi-party elections in 1990, VMRO–DPMNE became the strongest party in the parliament. It did not form a government because it did not achieve a majority of seats; this forced it to form a coalition with an ethnic Albanian party, but it refused to do so. The party boycotted
429-411: A common church for Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavs which would use a common modern Macedo-Bulgarian literary standard. The period between 1840 and 1870, saw a struggle to define the dialectal base of the common language called simply "Bulgarian", with two opposing views emerging. One ideology was to create a Bulgarian literary language based on Macedonian dialects, but such proposals were rejected by
572-543: A government in coalition with the Democratic Union for Integration (mandate period 2014–2018). The party pursued the " antiquisation " policy between 2006 and 2017, in which it sought to claim ancient Macedonian figures like Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon for the country. The policy was pursued since its coming to power in 2006, and especially since Macedonia's non-invitation to NATO in 2008, as
715-539: A humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfa ) with a mean annual temperature of 12.6 °C (55 °F). Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced rain shadow of the Accursed Mountains to the northwest, being significantly less than what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude. The summers are long, hot and relatively dry with low humidity. Skopje's average July high
858-473: A Mercedes car in 2018 but fled to Hungary when he was ordered to serve his prison sentence. Nevertheless, he remained an honorary chairman of the party until July 2020. On 8 October 2018, Gordana Jankulovska , the former Minister of Interior and senior member of the party, was sentenced to six years in prison for illegally purchasing the Mercedes, which Gruevski had used secretly. Hristijan Mickoski became
1001-402: A combination of smoke from houses, emissions from the industry, buses, and other forms of public transport, as well as from cars, and a lack of interest in caring for the environment. Central heating is often not affordable, and so households often burn firewood, as well as used car tyres, various plastic garbage, petroleum, and other possible flammable waste, which emits toxic chemicals harmful to
1144-422: A consonant and is conjugated as an irregular verb. The perfect tense can be formed using both to be ( сум ) and to have ( има ) as auxiliary verbs . The first form inflects the verb for person and uses a past active participle: сум видел многу работи ("I have seen a lot of things"). The latter form makes use of a clitic that agrees in number and gender with the object of the sentence and the passive participle of
1287-446: A definite direct or indirect object is used, a clitic pronoun will refer to the object with the verb: Јас не му ја дадов книгата на момчето ("I did not give the book to the boy"). The direct object is a remnant of the accusative case and the indirect of the dative. Reflexive pronouns also have forms for both direct and indirect objects: себе се , себе си . Examples of personal pronouns are shown below: Relative pronouns can refer to
1430-598: A fake party without any ideology, etc. The party opposed the Friendship Treaty with Bulgaria in 2017. As a result of the political crisis, the political parties signed the Pržino Agreement , which also resulted in the resignation of Gruevski in January 2016. VMRO-DPMNE was widely accused of nepotism and authoritarianism and was involved in a series of wiretapping, corruption and money-laundering scandals, with
1573-530: A few other activists agreed to make a party for a future independent Macedonia. Under the name VMRO–DPMNE, it was founded on 17 June 1990 in Skopje , as a Macedonian nationalist and anti-communist party. Georgievski was elected as the party's first president in the constituent assembly. The party advocated for the independence of Macedonia, the withdrawal of the Yugoslav National Army , creation of
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#17327727456551716-543: A grammatical aspect ( глаголски вид ) that is a typical feature of Slavic languages . Verbs can be divided into imperfective ( несвршени ) and perfective ( свршени ) indicating actions whose time duration is unknown or occur repetitively or those that show an action that is finished in one moment. The former group of verbs can be subdivided into verbs which take place without interruption (e.g. Тој спие цел ден , "He sleeps all day long) or those that signify repeated actions (e.g. Ја бараше книгата но не можеше да ја најде , "He
1859-419: A grammatical category which specifies the opposition of witnessed and reported actions (also known as renarration). Per this grammatical category, one can distinguish between минато определено i.e. definite past, denoting events that the speaker witnessed at a given definite time point, and минато неопределено i.e. indefinite past denoting events that did not occur at a definite time point or events reported to
2002-549: A letter to Mickoski, in which he expressed the disappointment of the United States with the positions of the party's leadership, including him personally, regarding its position against the Prespa agreement and asked him to "set aside partisan interests" and work to get the name change approved. Despite the party's opposition, eight deputies of the party voted in favour of the initiation of the constitutional amendments to allow
2145-454: A linguistic feature not found in other Slavic languages is the use of the suffix -иња to form plural of neuter nouns ending in -е : пиле - пилиња (a chick - chicks). Counted plural is used when a number or a quantifier precedes the noun; suffixes to express this type of plurality do not correspond with the regular plurality suffixes: два молива (two pencils), три листа (three leaves), неколку часа (several hours). The collective plural
2288-486: A means to disambiguate between two words ( храна , food vs. рана , wound). This explains the rarity of Х in the Macedonian language. ^3 They exhibit different pronunciations depending on dialect. They are dorso-palatal stops in the standard language and are pronounced as such by some native speakers. The word stress in Macedonian is antepenultimate and dynamic (expiratory). This means that it falls on
2431-621: A member of the Balkan sprachbund. This period saw the introduction of many Turkish loanwords into the language. The latter half of the 18th century saw the rise of modern literary Macedonian through the written use of Macedonian dialects referred to as "Bulgarian" by writers. The first half of the 19th century saw the rise of nationalism among the South Slavic people in the Ottoman Empire. This period saw proponents of creating
2574-403: A nationalist and anti-communist party. It has later rebranded itself as Christian-democratic . The party claims that their goals and objectives are to express the tradition of the Macedonian people on whose political struggle and concepts it is based. Nevertheless, it has formed multiple coalition governments with ethnic minority parties. Under the leadership of Ljubčo Georgievski in the 1990s,
2717-411: A new generation of young Macedonian intellectuals rediscovered the history of Macedonian nationalism . Dragan Bogdanovski who was a proclaimed Macedonian rights movement activist had made a blueprint for a Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity . He had also made a statute , book of rules, and an instruction of how the party will work. Ljubčo Georgievski and Bogdanovski, Boris Zmejkovski, and
2860-469: A non-paired voiceless fricative, nine pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants and four pairs of stops . Out of all the Slavic languages, Macedonian has the most frequent occurrence of vowels relative to consonants with a typical Macedonian sentence having on average 1.18 consonants for every one vowel. The Macedonian language contains 5 vowels which are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/. For the pronunciation of
3003-883: A perfect tense formed by means of an auxiliary verb "to have", followed by a past participle in the neuter , also known as the verbal adjective . Other features that are only found in Macedonian and not in other Slavic languages include the antepenultimate accent and the use of the same vocal ending for all verbs in first person, present simple ( глед- a -м , јад- а -м , скок- а -м ). Macedonian distinguishes at least 12 major word classes , five of which are modifiable and include nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numbers and verbs and seven of which are invariant and include adverbs , prepositions, conjunctions , interjections , particles and modal words . Macedonian nouns ( именки ) belong to one of three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and are inflected for number (singular and plural), and marginally for case . The gender opposition
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#17327727456553146-455: A person ( кој, која, кое - who), objects ( што - which) or serve as indicators of possession ( чиј, чија, чие - whose) in the function of a question or a relative word. These pronouns are inflected for gender and number and other word forms can be derived from them ( никој - nobody, нешто - something, сечиј - everybody's). There are three groups of demonstrative pronouns that can indicate proximate ( овој - this one (mas.)), distal ( онаа -
3289-440: A person. Adjectives accompany nouns and serve to provide additional information about their referents. Macedonian adjectives agree in form with the noun they modify and are thus inflected for gender, number and definiteness and убав changes to убава ( убава жена , a beautiful woman) when used to describe a feminine noun, убаво when used to describe a neuter noun ( убаво дете , a beautiful child) and убави when used to form
3432-474: A rebel movement formed in 1893) and "DPMNE" (Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity, Demokratska partija za makedonsko nacionalno edinstvo ). After undergoing various transformations, the original organisation was suppressed after the military coup d'état of 1934 , in its headquarters in Bulgaria. At that time the territory of the current North Macedonia was a province called Vardar Banovina , part of
3575-500: A set of three deictic articles: unspecified, proximal and distal definite article). Macedonian, Bulgarian and Albanian are the only Indo-European languages that make use of the narrative mood . According to Chambers and Trudgill , the question whether Bulgarian and Macedonian are distinct languages or dialects of a single language cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis, but should rather take into account sociolinguistic criteria, i.e., ethnic and linguistic identity. This view
3718-419: A short personal pronoun is added: Тоj легна ("He laid down") vs. Тоj го легна детето ("He laid the child down"). Additionally, verbs which are expressed with the reflexive pronoun се can become transitive by using any of the contracted pronoun forms for the direct object: Тој се смее - He is laughing, vs. Тој ме смее - "He is making me laugh"). Some verbs such as sleep or die do not traditionally have
3861-406: A way of putting pressure on Greece as well as in an attempt to construct a new identity on the basis of a presumed link to the world of antiquity. The policy received academic criticism as it demonstrated feebleness of archaeology and other historical disciplines in public discourse, as well as a danger of marginalization . The policy also attracted criticism domestically, by ethnic Macedonians within
4004-546: A way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of potential future earthquakes. Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect Adolf Ciborowski , who had already planned the reconstruction of Warsaw after World War II . Ciborowski divided the city into blocks dedicated to specific activities. The banks of the Vardar river became natural areas and parks, areas between
4147-650: Is Old Church Slavonic . During much of its history, this dialect continuum was called "Bulgarian", although in the late 19th century, its western dialects came to be known separately as "Macedonian". Standard Macedonian was codified in 1945 and has developed modern literature since. As it is part of a dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages , Macedonian has a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Bulgarian and varieties of Serbo-Croatian . Linguists distinguish 29 dialects of Macedonian , with linguistic differences separating Western and Eastern groups of dialects. Some features of Macedonian grammar are
4290-571: Is conditio sine qua non the country to become a member of the EU. In this way, the party effectively halted the European integration of North Macedonia. The party won the 2024 parliamentary elections . It formed a government with VLEN and ZNAM in June. The Youth Force Union ( Macedonian : Унија на млади сили на ВМРО-ДПМНЕ ), also known as UMS ( Macedonian : УМС ), is the youth wing organisation of
4433-486: Is 32 °C (90 °F). On average Skopje sees 88 days above 30 °C (86 °F) each year, and 10.2 days above 35.0 °C (95 °F) every year. Winters are short, relatively cold and wet. Snowfalls are common in the winter period, but heavy snow accumulation is rare and the snowcover lasts only for a few hours or a few days if heavy. In summer, temperatures are usually above 31 °C (88 °F) and sometimes above 40 °C (104 °F). In spring and autumn,
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4576-783: Is Bulgarian followed by Serbo-Croatian and Slovene , although the last is more distantly related. Together, South Slavic languages form a dialect continuum . Macedonian, like the other Eastern South Slavic idioms has characteristics that make it part of the Balkan sprachbund , a group of languages that share typological , grammatical and lexical features based on areal convergence, rather than genetic proximity. In that sense, Macedonian has experienced convergent evolution with other languages that belong to this group such as Greek, Aromanian , Albanian and Romani due to cultural and linguistic exchanges that occurred primarily through oral communication. Macedonian and Bulgarian are divergent from
4719-475: Is a municipality of its own, with Romani as its local official language. It was developed after the 1963 earthquake to accommodate Roma who had lost their house. The population density varies greatly from one area to another. So does the size of the living area per person. The city average was at 19.41 m (208.93 sq ft) per person as of 2002 , but at 24 m (258 sq ft) in Centar on
4862-474: Is added as a suffix to nouns. An individual feature of the Macedonian language is the use of three definite articles, inflected for gender and related to the position of the object, which can be unspecified, proximate or distal. Proper nouns are per definition definite and are not usually used together with an article, although exceptions exist in the spoken and literary language such as Совче то , Маре то , Наде то to demonstrate feelings of endearment to
5005-515: Is an Eastern South Slavic language. It is part of the Indo-European language family , and is one of the Slavic languages , which are part of a larger Balto-Slavic branch . Spoken as a first language by around 1.6 million people, it serves as the official language of North Macedonia . Most speakers can be found in the country and its diaspora , with a smaller number of speakers throughout
5148-571: Is approximately 20 km (12 mi) wide and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the north and south. These ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje, which spreads along the Vardar and the Serava , a small river which comes from the north. In its administrative boundaries, the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 km (21 mi), but it is only 10 km (6.2 mi) wide. Skopje
5291-401: Is approximately 245 m above sea level and covers 571.46 km . The urbanized area only covers 337 km , with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare. Skopje, in its administrative limits, encompasses many villages and other settlements, including Dračevo , Gorno Nerezi and Bardovci. According to the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants. The City of Skopje reaches
5434-556: Is avoided by some speakers who strive for a clear, formal pronunciation. ^2 Inherited Slavic /x/ was lost in the Western dialects of Macedonian on which the standard is based, having become zero initially and mostly /v/ otherwise. /x/ became part of the standard language through the introduction of new foreign words (e.g. хотел , hotel), toponyms ( Пехчево , Pehčevo ), words originating from Old Church Slavonic ( дух , ghost), newly formed words ( доход , income) and as
5577-589: Is between 4.6 °C in January and 18.1 °C in July. Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city boundaries. The largest is the Treska , which is 130 km (81 mi) long. It crosses the Matka Canyon before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of the City of Skopje. The Lepenac , coming from Kosovo , flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the urban area. The Serava, also coming from
5720-424: Is between 70 and 90 m deep. The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay, sand, silt, and gravel, carried by the Vardar river. It is between 1.5 and 5.2 m deep. In some areas, the subsoil is karstic . It led to the formation of canyons, such as the Matka Canyon , which is surrounded by ten caves. They are between 20 and 176 m deep. Skopje has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ), bordering on
5863-547: Is built on the foot of Mount Vodno, the urban area is mostly flat. It comprises several minor hills, generally covered with woods and parks, such as Gazi Baba hill (325 m), Zajčev Rid (327 m), the foothills of Mount Vodno (the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high) and the promontory on which Skopje Fortress is built. The Skopje valley is near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates and experiences regular seismic activity. This activity in enhanced by
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6006-671: Is characterized by 46–47 phonetic and grammatical isoglosses. In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavic reduced vowels ( yers ), vocalic sonorants, and the back nasal *ǫ. That classification distinguishes between the following 6 groups: The phonological system of Standard Macedonian is based on the Prilep-Bitola dialect. Macedonian possesses five vowels , one semivowel , three liquid consonants , three nasal stops , three pairs of fricatives , two pairs of affricates ,
6149-417: Is generally fixed and falls on the antepenultimate syllable while Eastern dialects have non-fixed stress systems that can fall on any syllable of the word, that is also reminiscent of Bulgarian dialects. Additionally, Eastern dialects are distinguishable by their fast tonality, elision of sounds and the suffixes for definiteness. The Northern dialectal group is close to South Serbian and Torlakian dialects and
6292-457: Is markedly analytic in comparison with other Slavic languages, having lost the common Slavic case system . The Macedonian language shows some special and, in some cases, unique characteristics due to its central position in the Balkans. Literary Macedonian is the only South Slavic literary language that has three forms of the definite article, based on the degree of proximity to the speaker, and
6435-532: Is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians, Turks, and Roma, whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians predominantly reside on the south bank. The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments, apart from the Ottoman Old Bazaar , and the reconstruction, conducted between the 1960s and 1980s, turned Skopje into a modernist city. At the end of the 2000s, the city centre experienced profound changes. A highly controversial urban project, " Skopje 2014 ",
6578-592: Is no vocative case in neuter nouns. The role of the vocative is only facultative and there is a general tendency of vocative loss in the language since its use is considered impolite and dialectal. The vocative can also be expressed by changing the tone. There are three different types of plural: regular, counted and collective . The first plural type is most common and used to indicate regular plurality of nouns: маж - мажи (a man - men), маса - маси (a table - table), село - села (a village - villages). There are various suffixes that are used and they differ per gender;
6721-479: Is not distinctively marked in the plural. Masculine nouns usually end in a consonant or a vowel ( -a , -o or -e ) and neuter nouns end in a vowel ( -o or -e ). Virtually all feminine nouns end in the same vowel, -a . The vocative of nouns is the only remaining case in the Macedonian language and is used to address a person directly. The vocative case always ends with a vowel, which can be either an -у ( јунаку : hero vocative) or an -e ( човече : man vocative) to
6864-542: Is often realized phonetically as [aː] ; e.g. ⟨саат⟩ /saat/ [saːt] ' colloq. hour', ⟨змии⟩ - snakes. In other words, two vowels appearing next to each other can also be pronounced twice separately (e.g. пооди - to walk). The consonant inventory of the Macedonian language consists of 26 letters and distinguishes three groups of consonants ( согласки ): voiced ( звучни ), voiceless ( безвучни ) and sonorant consonants ( сонорни ). Typical features and rules that apply to consonants in
7007-451: Is phonemic in many dialects (varying in closeness to [ ʌ ] or [ ɨ ] ) but its use in the standard language is marginal. When writing a dialectal word and keeping the schwa for aesthetic effect, an apostrophe is used; for example, ⟨к’смет⟩ , ⟨с’нце⟩ , etc. When spelling words letter-by-letters, each consonant is followed by the schwa sound. The individual letters of acronyms are pronounced with
7150-649: Is supported by Jouko Lindstedt , who has suggested the reflex of the back yer as a potential boundary if the application of purely linguistic criteria were possible. As for the Slavic dialects of Greece , Trudgill classifies the dialects in the east Greek Macedonia as part of the Bulgarian language area and the rest as Macedonian dialects . According to Riki van Boeschoten , dialects in eastern Greek Macedonia (around Serres and Drama ) are closest to Bulgarian, those in western Greek Macedonia (around Florina and Kastoria ) are closest to Macedonian, while those in
7293-421: Is the same as of all other modern Slavic languages , i.e. of the subject-verb-object (SVO) type and has flexible word order . Macedonian vocabulary has been historically influenced by Turkish and Russian . Somewhat less prominent vocabulary influences also came from neighboring and prestige languages . The international consensus outside of Bulgaria is that Macedonian is an autonomous language within
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#17327727456557436-843: Is the smartest girl in her class). The only adjective with an irregular comparative and superlative form is многу which becomes повеќе in the comparative and најмногу in the superlative form. Another modification of adjectives is the use of the prefixes при- and пре- which can also be used as a form of comparison: престар човек (a very old man) or пристар човек (a somewhat old man). Three types of pronouns can be distinguished in Macedonian: personal ( лични ), relative ( лично-предметни ) and demonstrative ( показни ). Case relations are marked in pronouns. Personal pronouns in Macedonian appear in three genders and both in singular and plural. They can also appear either as direct or indirect object in long or short forms. Depending on whether
7579-431: Is unknown due to the policies of neighboring countries and emigration of the population, estimates ranging between 1.4 million and 3.5 million have been reported. According to the 2002 census, the total population of North Macedonia was 2,022,547, with 1,344,815 citizens declaring Macedonian their native language . Macedonian is also studied and spoken to various degrees as a second language by all ethnic minorities in
7722-423: Is used for nouns that can be viewed as a single unit: лисје (a pile of leaves), ридје (a unit of hills). Irregular plural forms also exist in the language: дете - деца (child - children). A characteristic feature of the nominal system is the indication of definiteness . As with other Slavic languages, there is no indefinite article in Macedonian. The definite article in Macedonian is postpositive, i.e. it
7865-586: The 1998 election , VMRO–DPMNE formed a coalition government with the Democratic Alternative and Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA), with Georgievski as Prime Minister. In 1999, VMRO–DPMNE's candidate Boris Trajkovski was elected President. Under Georgievski, there was an improvement in Bulgaria–Macedonia relations . He signed a bilateral agreement with Bulgarian prime minister Ivan Kostov regarding good neighbourly relations. In 2001,
8008-616: The 2011 early parliamentary elections . VMRO–DPMNE won 56 seats of the 120-seat Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia, the party formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Union for Integration in the Macedonian Parliament (mandate period 2011–2015). In 2014, early parliamentary elections were held together with the presidential election, VMRO–DPMNE won again 61 seats of the 120-seat Assembly and formed
8151-614: The Aegean . The locality eventually disappeared during the Iron Age when Scupi emerged on Zajčev Rid hill, some 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the fortress promontory. At the centre of the Balkan peninsula and on the road between the Danube and Aegean Sea , it was a prosperous locality, although its history is not well known. During the Iron Age, the area of Skopje was inhabited by
8294-584: The Bulgarian Empire and was referred to as such due to works of the Ohrid Literary School . Towards the end of the 13th century, the influence of Serbian increased as Serbia expanded its borders southward. During the five centuries of Ottoman rule , from the 15th to the 20th century, the vernacular spoken in the territory of current-day North Macedonia witnessed grammatical and linguistic changes that came to characterize Macedonian as
8437-542: The European People's Party . The party won 2008 early parliamentary elections . In the 120-seat Assembly, VMRO–DPMNE won 63 seats and formed a coalition government with the Democratic Union for Integration. In 2009, the VMRO–DPMNE-led coalition "For a better Macedonia" won 56 out of 84 municipalities , the party's presidential candidate Gjorge Ivanov also won the presidential election . The party won again in
8580-672: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia . As the Bulgarian army entered Yugoslav Macedonia as German satellite during WWII, former IMRO members were active in organising Bulgarian Action Committees , charged with taking over the local authorities. After Bulgaria switched to the Allied in September 1944, they tried to create a pro-Bulgarian independent Macedonian state under the protectorate of the Third Reich. VMRO–DPMNE claims ideological descent from
8723-585: The Kosovo border to the north-east. Clockwise, it is also bordered by the municipalities of Čučer-Sandevo , Lipkovo , Aračinovo , Ilinden , Studeničani , Sopište , Želino and Jegunovce . The Vardar river, which flows through Skopje, is at approximately 60 km (37 mi) from its source near Gostivar . In Skopje, its average discharge is 51 m /s, with a wide amplitude depending on seasons, between 99.6 m /s in May and 18.7 m /s in July. The water temperature
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#17327727456558866-591: The Matka Canyon . The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4,361 hectares. Among these are the City Park (Gradski Park), built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century; Žena Borec Park, in front of the Parliament; the university arboretum; and Gazi Baba forest. Many streets and boulevards are planted with trees. Steel processing, which is a crucial activity for
9009-649: The Second World War , when standard Macedonian became the official language of the new Socialist Republic of Macedonia . Skopje is in the north of the country, in the centre of the Balkan peninsula , and halfway between Belgrade and Athens . The city was built in the Skopje valley, oriented on a west-east axis, along the course of the Vardar river, which flows into the Aegean Sea in Greece. The valley
9152-674: The Skopje Basin . Scupi is attested for the first time in the second century AD as a city in Roman Dardania . When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople . During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire , whose capital it was between 972 and 992. In 1004, when it
9295-676: The Vilayet of Kosovo . Its central position in the Ottoman Balkans made it a significant centre of commerce and administration during the Ottoman era. In 1912, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars . During World War I the city was seized by the Kingdom of Bulgaria , and, after the war, it became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia as the capital of Vardarska Banovina . In World War II ,
9438-645: The airport , in Petrovec. Air pollution is a serious problem in Skopje, especially in winter. Concentrations of certain types of particulate matter (PM2 and PM10) are regularly over twelve times the WHO recommended maximum levels. In winter, smoke regularly obscures vision and can lead to problems for drivers. Together with Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina , North Macedonia has the most polluted urban areas in Europe. Skopje's high levels of pollution are caused by
9581-604: The AQILHC (Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern). Skopje topped the ranks in December 2017 as one of the most polluted cities in the world. In 2017, as part of the city's efforts to reduce pollution, a CityTree was installed, and promoted by German ambassador Christine Althauser. On 29 November 2019, a march, organized by the Skopje Smog Alarm activist community , attracted thousands of people who opposed
9724-586: The Albanian phonological development, the basis of evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in the area. Shkupi is the definite form of Shkup in Albanian. Skopje , the name of the city during the Middle Ages, is the local Slavic (Macedonian) rendition of Scupi . The Ottoman Turkish rendition of the city's name is "Üsküb" ( Ottoman Turkish : اسكوب ) and it was adapted in Western languages in "Uskub" or "Uskup", and these two appellations were used in
9867-518: The Bulgarian codifiers. That period saw poetry written in the Struga dialect with elements from Russian . Textbooks also used either spoken dialectal forms of the language or a mixed Macedo-Bulgarian language. Subsequently, proponents of the idea of using a separate Macedonian language emerged. Krste Petkov Misirkov 's book Za makedonckite raboti ( On Macedonian Matters ) published in 1903,
10010-531: The Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum, although since Macedonian and Bulgarian are mutually intelligible and are socio-historically related, a small minority of linguists are divided in their views of the two as separate languages or as a single pluricentric language . 5 May, the day when the government of Yugoslav Macedonia adopted the Macedonian alphabet as the official script of
10153-530: The IMRO Simeon Radev , who was also a Bulgarian diplomat, was installed on the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs but it was later taken down, and according to Makfax , with the explanation that it had been a mistake. The party built new headquarters for itself in Skopje in 2015. In the 2010s and the 2020s, Georgievski criticised the party several times, seeing it as a personal failure and
10296-499: The Macedonian Special Prosecution ordering in 2017 a series of investigations against the party's former leader and ex-Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski, as well as ministers and other high-ranked officials, for involvement in illegal activities. In 2018, amid ongoing investigations, a Skopje court froze the party's property assets. Gruevski himself was sentenced to two years in prison for the illegal purchase of
10439-1009: The Macedonian language include assimilation of voiced and voiceless consonants when next to each other, devoicing of vocal consonants when at the end of a word, double consonants and elision. At morpheme boundaries (represented in spelling) and at the end of a word (not represented in spelling), voicing opposition is neutralized . ^1 The alveolar trill ( /r/ ) is syllabic between two consonants; for example, ⟨прст⟩ [ˈpr̩st] 'finger'. The dental nasal ( /n/ ) and dental lateral ( /ɫ/ ) are also syllabic in certain foreign words; e.g. ⟨њутн⟩ [ˈɲutn̩] ' newton ', ⟨Попокатепетл⟩ [pɔpɔkaˈtɛpɛtɫ̩] ' Popocatépetl ', etc. The labiodental nasal [ɱ] occurs as an allophone of /m/ before /f/ and /v/ (e.g. ⟨трамвај⟩ [ˈtraɱvaj] ' tram '). The velar nasal [ŋ] similarly occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/ (e.g. ⟨англиски⟩ [ˈaŋɡliski] 'English'). The latter realization
10582-818: The North, had flowed through the Old Bazaar until the 1960s when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted. Originally, it met the Vardar close to the seat of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Nowadays, it flows into the Vardar near the ruins of Scupi . Markova Reka , which originates in Mount Vodno , meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city. These three rivers are less than 70 km (43 mi) long. The City of Skopje incorporates two artificial lakes, on
10725-690: The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia. The party became the main oppositional force which participated in the 2022 North Macedonia protests , surrounding its accession into the EU . In September 2022, the party proposed a referendum under which the friendship treaty between Bulgaria and North Macedonia would be denounced. The party is against the recognition of the Bulgarians in North Macedonia as an official ethnic minority, which
10868-553: The Treska. The lake Matka is the result of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s, and the Treska lake was dug for leisure purposes in 1978. Three small natural lakes can be found near Smilkovci , on the northeastern edge of the urban area. The river Vardar historically caused many floods, such as in 1962, when its outflow reached 1110 m /s . Several works have been carried out since Byzantine times to limit
11011-694: The VMRO-DPMNE, formed in 1991. A number of projects arising from the Youth Force Union were conducted in the past 20 years. It organised demonstrations against the introduction of the Albanian language in the pedagogical faculty of the University of Skopje in 1997. Macedonian language Macedonian ( / ˌ m æ s ɪ ˈ d oʊ n i ə n / MASS -ih- DOH -nee-ən ; македонски јазик , translit. makedonski jazik , pronounced [maˈkɛdɔnski ˈjazik] )
11154-487: The Western world until 1912. Some Western sources also cite "Scopia" and "Skopia". Scopia is the name of the city in Aromanian . When Vardar Macedonia was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, the city officially became "Skoplje" ( Serbian Cyrillic : Скопље ) and many languages adopted this name. To reflect local pronunciation, the city's name was eventually spelled as "Skopje" ( Macedonian : Скопје ) after
11297-419: The air is safe to inhale. The application relies on both government and volunteer sensors to track hourly air pollution. Unfortunately, government sensors are frequently inoperable and malfunctioning, causing the need for more low-cost, but less accurate, volunteer sensors to be put up by citizens. Faults on government sensors are especially frequent when the pollution is measured is extremely high, according to
11440-545: The centre ( Edessa and Salonica ) are intermediate between the two. The Slavic people who settled in the Balkans during the 6th century CE, spoke their own dialects and used different dialects or languages to communicate with other people. The "canonical" Old Church Slavonic period of the development of Macedonian started during the 9th century and lasted until the first half of the 11th century. It saw translation of Greek religious texts. The Macedonian recension of Old Church Slavonic also appeared around that period in
11583-472: The city has been accompanied by development of the trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation, culture and sport. According to the last official census from 2021, Skopje had a population of 526,502 inhabitants. The city is attested for the first name in Geography by Ptolemy c. 150 AD as one of the cities of Roman Dardania . Ptolemy describes
11726-633: The city in Latin as Scupi and ancient Greek as Σκοῦποι . The toponym likely belongs to a group of similar Illyrian toponyms which have been transmitted to Slavic languages in the same way as the modern Macedonian toponym Skopje : Skoplje and Uskoplje in Bosnia, Uskoplje in Dalmatia (Croatia). Shkup , the name of the city in Albanian , developed directly from Roman-era Scupi in agreement with
11869-616: The city was again captured by Bulgaria and in 1945 became the capital of SR Macedonia , a federated state within Yugoslavia . The city developed rapidly, but this was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake . Skopje is on the upper course of the Vardar River and is on a major north–south Balkan route between Belgrade and Athens . It is a centre for the chemical, timber, textile, leather, printing, and metal-processing industries. Industrial development of
12012-510: The city, such as Radišani, with 9,000 inhabitants, whereas smaller villages can be found on Mount Vodno or in Saraj municipality , which is the most rural of the ten municipalities that form the City of Skopje. Some localities outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs, particularly in Ilinden and Petrovec municipality . They benefit from the presence of major roads, railways, and
12155-474: The city. Every day, it receives 1,500 m of domestic waste and 400 m of industrial waste. Health levels are better in Skopje than in the rest of North Macedonia, and no link has been found between the low environmental quality and the health of the residents. The urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the 26 July 1963 earthquake , which destroyed 80% of the city, and by the reconstruction that followed. For instance, neighbourhoods were rebuilt in such
12298-456: The city. Macedonians live south of the Vardar , in areas massively rebuilt after 1963, and Muslims live on the northern side, in the oldest neighbourhoods of the city. These neighbourhoods are considered more traditional, whereas the south side evokes to Macedonians modernity and rupture from rural life. The northern areas are the poorest. This is especially true for Topaana , in Čair municipality , and for Šuto Orizari municipality , which are
12441-420: The club "Ivan Mihailov" is discriminative towards the citizens of the country on national and ethnic grounds. VMRO-DPMNE deputy Rashela Mizrahi declared also the last leader of the organisation whose name it bears to be a fascist . Later, the party submitted a bill demanding that such names be banned for use in the country to increase distancing from fascism and Nazism. The bill was adopted, in collaboration with
12584-472: The country and within the region of Macedonia , including Pirin Macedonia into Bulgaria and Aegean Macedonia into Greece. Variations in consonant pronunciation occur between the two groups, with most Western regions losing the /x/ and the /v/ in intervocalic position ( глава (head): /ɡlava/ = /ɡla/: глави (heads): /ɡlavi/ = /ɡlaj/) while Eastern dialects preserve it. Stress in the Western dialects
12727-403: The country's international position. Foreign diplomats warned that the policy reduced international sympathy for Macedonia's position in the naming dispute with Greece. SDSM was opposed to the Skopje 2014 project and alleged that the monuments could have cost six to ten times less than what the government paid, which may already have exceeded 600 million euros. In 2012, a statue of the member of
12870-569: The country's name change. In April 2022, a Bulgarian club named after the last leader of the historical IMRO, Ivan Mihailov , was officially opened in Bitola . After its opening, the club was set on fire, and Mickoski demanded that the arsonist, who was arrested, be released. The deputy chairman of the party Alexander Nikoloski expressed later his support to the decision of the Commission for Protection against Discrimination, which announced that
13013-416: The country, who saw as dangerously dividing the country between those who identify with classical antiquity and those who identify with the country's Slavic culture. Ethnic Albanians saw it as an attempt to marginalize them and exclude them from the national narrative. Bulgaria also accused the country of falsification of history. According to researcher Anastas Vangeli, it harmed interethnic relations and
13156-599: The country. Outside North Macedonia, there are small ethnic Macedonian minorities that speak Macedonian in neighboring countries including 4.697 in Albania (1989 census), 1,609 in Bulgaria (2011 census) and 12,706 in Serbia (2011 census). The exact number of speakers of Macedonian in Greece is difficult to ascertain due to the country's policies. Estimates of Slavophones ranging anywhere between 50,000 and 300,000 in
13299-754: The drinking water used in Skopje comes from a karstic spring in Rašče , west of the city. The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the Šar Mountains , on the South by the Jakupica range, on the East by hills belonging to the Osogovo range, and on the North by the Skopska Crna Gora . Mount Vodno , the highest point inside the city limits, is 1066 m high and is part of the Jakupica range. Although Skopje
13442-500: The first Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) meeting, Macedonian was declared an official language. With this, it became the last of the major Slavic languages to achieve a standard literary form. As such, Macedonian served as one of the three official languages of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1991. Although the precise number of native and second language speakers of Macedonian
13585-502: The future can be formed by either adding the negation particle at the beginning не ќе одам (I will not go) or using the construction нема да ( нема да одам ). There is no difference in meaning, although the latter form is more commonly used in spoken language. Another future tense is future in the past which is formed using the clitic ќе and the past tense of the verb inflected for person, таа ќе заминеше ("she would have left"). Similar to other Slavic languages, Macedonian verbs have
13728-1360: The government's lack of action in dealing with the city's pollution, which has worsened since 2017, contributing to around 1300 deaths annually. Dardanian Kingdom , 230–28 BC Roman Empire , 28 BC–395 Byzantine Empire , 395–836 First Bulgarian Empire , 836–1004 Byzantine Empire , 1004–1093 Grand Principality of Serbia , 1093–1097 Byzantine Empire , 1098–1203 Second Bulgarian Empire , 1203–1246 Empire of Nicaea , 1246–1255 Second Bulgarian Empire , 1255–1256 Empire of Nicaea , 1256–1261 Byzantine Empire , 1261–1282 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Serbia , 1282–1346 [REDACTED] Serbian Empire , 1346–1371 [REDACTED] District of Branković , 1371–1392 [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire , 1392–1912 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Serbia 1912–1915 [REDACTED] Tsardom of Bulgaria 1915–1918 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 [REDACTED] Tsardom of Bulgaria 1941–1944 [REDACTED] Democratic Federal Yugoslavia ( Democratic Federal Macedonia ) 1944–1946 [REDACTED] Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Socialist Republic of Macedonia ) 1946–1992 [REDACTED] North Macedonia 1992–present The rocky promontory on which Skopje Fortress stands
13871-537: The language are found at universities across Europe ( France , Germany , Austria , Italy , Russia ) as well as Australia, Canada and the United States ( Chicago and North Carolina ). During the standardization process of the Macedonian language, the dialectal base selected was primarily based on the West-Central dialects, which spans the triangle of the communities Makedonski Brod , Kičevo , Demir Hisar , Bitola , Prilep , and Veles . These were considered
14014-463: The largest party in parliament again after a net gain of over a dozen seats in the 2006 parliamentary elections . With 44 of 120 seats, the party formed a government in coalition with the DPA again, with Gruevski becoming the prime minister. In its 2006 party programme, it emphasised the pursuit of EU and NATO membership as its major foreign policy goals. On 15 May 2007, the party became an observer-member of
14157-692: The last decade of the 20th century have been reported. Approximately 580,000 Macedonians live outside North Macedonia per 1964 estimates with Australia , Canada , and the United States being home to the largest emigrant communities. Consequently, the number of speakers of Macedonian in these countries include 66,020 (2016 census), 15,605 (2016 census) and 22,885 (2010 census), respectively. Macedonian also has more than 50,000 native speakers in countries of Western Europe , predominantly in Germany , Switzerland and Italy . The Macedonian language has
14300-648: The leader of the party on 23 December 2017, replacing Gruevski. VMRO-DPMNE has been criticised for its hard-line stance against the Prespa Agreement that was reached in June 2018 between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece , which resolved the long-standing Macedonia naming dispute by renaming the country as North Macedonia and recognising that Macedonian culture and language are distinct and unrelated to ancient Hellenic civilisation . On 16 October 2018, US Assistant Secretary of State Wess Mitchell sent
14443-470: The local economy, is responsible for soil pollution with heavy metals such as lead, zinc and cadmium , and air pollution with nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide . Vehicle traffic and district heating plants are also responsible for air pollution. Water treatment plants are being built, but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the Vardar . Waste is disposed of in the open-air municipal landfill site, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of
14586-436: The main boulevards were built with highrise housing and shopping centres, and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry. Reconstruction had to be quick to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy. To stimulate economic development, the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban extension was anticipated. The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises highrise tower blocks, including
14729-474: The middle vowels / е / and / о / by native Macedonian speakers, various vowel sounds can be produced ranging from [ɛ] to [ẹ] and from [o] to [ọ]. Unstressed vowels are not reduced , although they are pronounced more weakly and shortly than stressed ones, especially if they are found in a stressed syllable. The five vowels and the letter р (/r/) which acts as a vowel when found between two consonants (e.g. црква , "church"), can be syllable-forming. The schwa
14872-634: The most widespread and most likely to be adopted by speakers from other regions. The initial idea to select this region as a base was first proposed in Krste Petkov Misirkov's works as he believed the Macedonian language should abstract on those dialects that are distinct from neighboring Slavic languages, such as Bulgarian and Serbian. Based on a large group of features, Macedonian dialects can be divided into Eastern, Western and Northern groups. The boundary between them geographically runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along
15015-533: The north bank, where the most ancient parts of the city lie, the Old Bazaar was restored and its surroundings were rebuilt with low-rise buildings, so as not to spoil views of the Skopje Fortress . Several institutions, including the university and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, were also relocated to the north bank to reduce borders between the ethnic communities. The north bank
15158-427: The old IMRO, although there is no known continuity between the two organisations. The historical IMRO was as a whole pro-Bulgarian grouping, and its membership was allowed initially only for Bulgarians. Following the death of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito in 1980, SFR Yugoslavia began to disintegrate and democratic politics were revived in Macedonia. Many exiles returned to then SR Macedonia from abroad, and
15301-832: The one there (fem.)) and unspecific ( тоа - that one (neut.)) objects. These pronouns have served as a basis for the definite article. Macedonian verbs agree with the subject in person (first, second or third) and number (singular or plural). Some dependent verb constructions ( нелични глаголски форми ) such as verbal adjectives ( глаголска придавка : плетен/плетена ), verbal l-form ( глаголска л-форма : играл/играла ) and verbal noun ( глаголска именка : плетење ) also demonstrate gender. There are several other grammatical categories typical of Macedonian verbs, namely type, transitiveness, mood, superordinate aspect (imperfective/perfective aspect ). Verb forms can also be classified as simple, with eight possible verb constructions or complex with ten possible constructions. Macedonian has developed
15444-539: The party and established the VMRO-NP in 2004. Nikola Gruevski was elected as the new leader of the party in May 2003. The widespread public support for EU membership in the 2000s encouraged the party to evolve into a moderate and pro-European party. It also rebranded itself as centre-right and Christian democratic. VMRO-DPMNE opposed the legalisation of the Tetovo University in early 2004. The party became
15587-509: The party changed from a pro-European and а pro-NATO policy, to a Russophilic , pro-Serbian and anti-Western one. His government also managed to build strong anti-EU sentiments within the country. The party's full name consists of the acronyms "VMRO" (standing for Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija and referencing the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO),
15730-473: The party participated in a government of national unity. VMRO–DPMNE's government was defeated at the 2002 parliamentary elections . In an alliance with the Liberal Party of Macedonia , VMRO–DPMNE won 28 out of 120 seats. In 2004, Trajkovski died in a plane crash and Branko Crvenkovski was elected president, defeating VMRO–DPMNE's candidate Saško Kedev . After losing the 2002 elections, Georgievski left
15873-475: The party supported Macedonian independence from Socialist Yugoslavia , and led a policy of closer relationships with Bulgaria. Georgievski left VMRO-DPMNE and formed the VMRO – People's Party in 2004. Under the leadership of Nikola Gruevski , the party promoted ultranationalist identity politics in the form of antiquisation . Its nationalist stances were often also anti-Albanian . During Gruevski's leadership
16016-452: The plural ( убави мажи, убави жени, убави деца ). Adjectives can be analytically inflected for degree of comparison with the prefix по- marking the comparative and the prefix нај- marking the superlative . Both prefixes cannot be written separately from the adjective: Марија е паметна девојка (Marija is a smart girl), Марија е попаметна од Сара (Marija is smarter than Sara), Марија е најпаметната девојка во нејзиниот клас (Marija
16159-516: The population, especially to children and the elderly. The city's smog has reduced its air quality and affected the health of many of its citizens, many of whom have died from pollution-related illnesses. An application called AirCare ('MojVozduh') has been launched by local eco-activist Gorjan Jovanovski to help citizens track pollution levels. It uses a Traffic light system, with purple for heavily polluted air, red for high levels detected, amber for moderate levels detected, and green for when
16302-402: The porous structure of the subsoil. Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518, 1555 and 1963. The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region, the subsoil of which is formed of Neogene and Quaternary deposits. The substratum is made of Pliocene deposits including sandstone , marl , and various conglomerates. It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt, which
16445-441: The property of being transitive. Skopje Skopje ( / ˈ s k ɒ p j eɪ / SKOP -yay , US also / ˈ s k oʊ p j eɪ / SKOHP -yay ; Macedonian : Скопје [ˈskɔpjɛ] ; Albanian : Shkup , Albanian definite form : Shkupi ) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia . It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. Skopje lies in
16588-435: The remaining South Slavic languages in that they do not use noun cases (except for the vocative , and apart from some traces of once productive inflections still found scattered throughout these two) and have lost the infinitive . They are also the only Slavic languages with any definite articles (unlike standard Bulgarian, which uses only one article, standard Macedonian as well as some south-eastern Bulgarian dialects have
16731-560: The republic, is marked as Macedonian Language Day . This is a working holiday , declared as such by the government of North Macedonia in 2019. Macedonian belongs to the eastern group of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages in the Indo-European language family, together with Bulgarian and the extinct Old Church Slavonic . Some authors also classify the Torlakian dialects in this group. Macedonian's closest relative
16874-456: The risks, and since the construction of the Kozjak dam on the Treska in 1994, the flood risk is close to zero. The subsoil contains a large water table which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an underground river. Under the table lies an aquifer contained in marl . The water table is 4 to 12 m under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep. Several wells collect its waters but most of
17017-414: The rivers Vardar and Crna . There are numerous isoglosses between these dialectal variations, with structural differences in phonetics, prosody (accentuation), morphology and syntax. The Western group of dialects can be subdivided into smaller dialectal territories, the largest group of which includes the central dialects. The linguistic territory where Macedonian dialects were spoken also span outside
17160-416: The root of masculine nouns. For feminine nouns, the most common final vowel ending in the vocative is -o ( душо , sweetheart vocative; жено , wife vocative). The final suffix -e can be used in the following cases: three or polysyllabic words with the ending -ица ( мајчице , mother vocative), female given names that end with -ка : Ратка becomes Ратке and -ја : Марија becomes Марије or Маријо . There
17303-439: The same rules ( не‿му‿јá‿даде , did not give it to him; не‿ќé‿дојде , he will not come). Other uses include the imperative form accompanied by short pronoun forms ( дáј‿ми : give me), the expression of possessives ( мáјка‿ми ), prepositions followed by a noun ( зáд‿врата ), question words followed by verbs ( когá‿дојде ) and some compound nouns ( сувó‿грозје - raisins, киселó‿млеко - yoghurt) among others. Macedonian grammar
17446-548: The same stress. Linking is a common feature of the Macedonian language. This linguistic phenomenon is called акцентска целост and is denoted with a spacing tie ( ‿ ) sign. Several words are taken as a single unit and thus follow the rules of the stress falling on the antepenultimate syllable. The rule applies when using clitics (either enclitics or proclitics) such as the negating particle не with verbs ( тој нé‿дојде , he did not come) and with short pronoun forms. The future particle ќе can also be used in-between and falls under
17589-460: The schwa in the same way: ⟨ МПЦ ⟩ ( [mə.pə.t͡sə] ). The lexicalized acronyms ⟨ СССР ⟩ ( [ɛs.ɛs.ɛs.ɛr] ) and ⟨МТ⟩ ( [ɛm.tɛ] ) (a brand of cigarettes), are among the few exceptions. Vowel length is not phonemic. Vowels in stressed open syllables in disyllabic words with stress on the penultimate can be realized as long, e.g. ⟨Велес⟩ [ˈvɛːlɛs] ' Veles '. The sequence /aa/
17732-446: The second round of the 1994 elections claiming fraud in the first round. During the early 1990s, the party presented itself as an extreme right-wing nationalist party with anti-Albanian sentiments. It also promoted the irredentist concept of United Macedonia . By the mid-1990s, it created offices in most major cities. The party opposed the 1995 Interim Accord with Greece. During that period, the party moderated its rhetoric. After winning
17875-456: The south bank, and only 14 m (151 sq ft) in Čair on the north bank. In Šuto Orizari , the average was at 13 m (140 sq ft). Outside of the urban area, the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements. Some of them are becoming outer suburbs, such as Čento , on the road to Belgrade, which has more than 23,000 inhabitants, and Dračevo , which has almost 20,000 inhabitants. Other large settlements are north of
18018-435: The speaker, excluding the time component in the latter case. Examples: Но, потоа се случија работи за кои не знаев ("But then things happened that I did not know about") vs. Ми кажаа дека потоа се случиле работи за кои не знаев ("They told me that after, things happened that I did not know about"). The present tense in Macedonian is formed by adding a suffix to the verb stem which is inflected per person, form and number of
18161-496: The status of an official language only in North Macedonia, and is a recognized minority and official language in parts of Albania ( Pustec ), Romania , Serbia ( Jabuka and Plandište ) and Bosnia and Herzegovina . There are provisions to learn Macedonian in Romania as Macedonians are an officially recognized minority group. Macedonian is studied and taught at various universities across the world and research centers focusing on
18304-401: The subject. Macedonian verbs are conventionally divided into three main conjugations according to the thematic vowel used in the citation form (i.e. 3p - pres - sg ). These groups are: a -group, e -group and и -group. Furthermore, the и -subgroup is divided into three more subgroups: а- , е- and и- subgroups. The verb сум (to be) is the only exception to the rule as it ends with
18447-406: The temperatures range from 15 to 24 °C (59 to 75 °F). In winter, the day temperatures are roughly in the range from 5–10 °C (41–50 °F), but at nights they often fall below 0 °C (32 °F) and sometimes below −10 °C (14 °F). Typically, temperatures throughout one year range from −13 °C to 39 °C. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout
18590-540: The third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, and on the first or only syllable in other words. This is sometimes disregarded when the word has entered the language more recently or from a foreign source. To note which syllable of the word should be accented, Macedonian uses an apostrophe over its vowels. Disyllabic words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable: дéте ( [ˈdɛtɛ] : child), мáјка ( [ˈmajka] : mother) and тáтко ( [ˈtatkɔ] : father). Trisyllabic and polysyllabic words are stressed on
18733-673: The third-to-last syllable: плáнина ( [ˈpɫanina] : mountain) планѝната ( [pɫaˈninata] : the mountain) планинáрите ( [pɫaniˈnaritɛ] : the mountaineers). There are several exceptions to the rule and they include: verbal adverbs (i.e. words suffixed with -ќи ): e.g. викáјќи ( [viˈkajci] : shouting), одéјќи ( [ɔˈdɛjci] : walking); adverbs of time: годинáва ( [godiˈnava] : this year), летóво ( [leˈtovo] : this summer); foreign loanwords : e.g. клишé ( [kliˈʃɛ:] cliché), генéза ( [ɡɛˈnɛza] genesis), литератýра ( [litɛraˈtura] : literature), Алексáндар ( [alɛkˈsandar] , Alexander ). Linking occurs when two or more words are pronounced with
18876-460: The transnational region of Macedonia . Macedonian is also a recognized minority language in parts of Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Romania , and Serbia and it is spoken by expatriate communities predominantly in Australia , Canada , and the United States . Macedonian developed out of the western dialects of the Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum , whose earliest recorded form
19019-457: The two main Roma neighbourhoods. They are made of many illegal constructions not connected to electricity and water supply, which are passed from one generation to another. Topaana, close to the Old Bazaar , is a very old area: it was first mentioned as a Roma neighbourhood in the beginning of the 14th century. It has between 3,000 and 5,000 inhabitants. Šuto Orizari, on the northern edge of the city,
19162-480: The use of a dynamic stress that falls on the ante-penultimate syllable, three suffixed deictic articles that indicate noun position in reference to the speaker and the use of simple and complex verb tenses . Macedonian orthography is phonemic with a correspondence of one grapheme per phoneme . It is written using an adapted 31-letter version of the Cyrillic script with six original letters. Macedonian syntax
19305-423: The vast Karpoš neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the centre. Towards the East, the new municipality of Aerodrom was planned in the 1980s to house 80,000 inhabitants on the site of the old airport. Between Karpoš and Aerodrom lies the city centre, rebuilt according to plans by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange . The centre is surrounded by a row of long buildings suggesting a wall ("Gradski Zid"). On
19448-425: The verb in its uninflected form ( го имам гледано филмот , "I have seen that movie"). Another past form, the aorist is used to describe actions that have finished at a given moment in the past: одев ("I walked"), скокаа ("they jumped"). Future forms of verbs are conjugated using the particle ќе followed by the verb conjugated in present tense, ќе одам (I will go). The construction used to express negation in
19591-491: The year, being heaviest from October to December, and from April to June. The City of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich. However, it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and urban extension. The largest protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno, which is a popular leisure destination. A cable car connects its peak to the downtown, and many pedestrian paths run through its woods. Other large natural spots include
19734-537: Was adopted by the municipal authorities to give the city a more monumental and historical aspect, and thus to transform it into a proper national capital. Several neoclassical buildings destroyed in the 1963 earthquake were rebuilt, including the national theatre, and streets and squares were refurbished. Many other elements were also built, including fountains, statues, hotels, government buildings and bridges. The project has been criticized because of its cost and its historicist aesthetics. The large Albanian minority felt it
19877-607: Was looking for the book but he could not find it"). Perfective verbs are usually formed by adding prefixes to the stem of the verb, depending on which, they can express actions that took place in one moment ( чукна , "knocked"), actions that have just begun ( запеа , "start to sing"), actions that have ended ( прочита , "read") or partial actions that last for short periods of time ( поработи , "worked"). The contrast between transitive and intransitive verbs can be expressed analytically or syntactically and virtually all verbs denoting actions performed by living beings can become transitive if
20020-465: Was not represented in the new monuments, and launched side projects, including a new square over the boulevard that separates the city centre from the Old Bazaar . Skopje is an ethnically diverse city, and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and religious affiliation. Macedonians form 66% of the city population, while Albanians and Roma account respectively for 20% and 6%. Each ethnic group generally restricts itself to certain areas of
20163-613: Was seized by the Byzantine Empire, the city became a centre of a new province called Bulgaria . From 1282, the town was part of the Serbian Empire , of which it was the capital from 1346 to 1371. In 1392, Skopje was conquered by the Ottoman Turks , who called it Üsküb ( اسکوب ). The town stayed under Ottoman control for over 500 years, serving as the capital of the pashasanjak of Üsküp and later
20306-482: Was the first attempt to formalize a separate literary language. With the book, the author proposed a Macedonian grammar and expressed the goal of codifying the language and using it in schools. The author postulated the principle that the Prilep-Bitola dialect be used as a dialectal basis for the formation of the Macedonian standard language; his idea however was not adopted until the 1940s. On 2 August 1944 at
20449-634: Was the first site to be settled in Skopje. The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on this site date from the Chalcolithic ( 4th millennium BC ). Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance, it declined during the Bronze Age . Archeological research suggests that the settlement always belonged to the same culture, which progressively evolved due to contacts with Balkan and Danube cultures, and later with
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